Chapter XLIX: Appendix: On Some of the More Important Minerals Used in Medicine (2)

— used as food when boiled, 34.

Polynesian disease spirits, 12.

Polypus of nose, 182, 316.

Pomegranate, 237.

Possession, demoniacal, 10, 20, 86, 99, 138, 143, 403.

Potash, 487.

Potassium, 487.

Pott, P. (1713-1788), 433.

Poultices, use of, by savages, 33.

“Powder of sympathy,” 397.

Prairie Indians trace all diseases to one demon, 13.

Praxagoras of Cos (4th cent. B.C.), 192.

Precious stones as charms, 75.

Pre-existence believed by Empedocles, 161.

Pregnancy, ceremonies in, 144.

— changes induced by, 219.

Prescriptions of Egyptian physicians, 66, 67.

Preventive medicine, 100.

Priest and medicine-man formerly one, 8, 86.

Priest-magicians of Egypt, 62.

— physicians, 27, 30, 86, 270, 271.

Priests of the Jews, no monopoly of medicine, 75.

Priestley, J., 448, 464.

Primitive man as seen in Australian aborigines, 24.

Primrose, James, 389.

_Principia_, 379.

Probe, the, 245.

Prognosis, 107.

— in Hippocratic teaching, 176.

Prometheus, 151.

Prophetical intoxication, 31.

Propitiation of disease-demons, 16, 136.

— of gods for cure of diseases, 270.

Protestantism in science, 346.

Proteus signifies matter, 165.

Prussic acid, 222, 436.

Psychical school, 419, 421.

Ptah, Egyptian god, 58.

Ptolemy Soter patron of the arts and sciences, 194.

Ptomaines, 476.

Public sanitary service of Rome, 210.

_Pulque_, 46.

Pulse, doctrine of the, 196.

— the, in Hindu medicine, 115.

— Galen’s description of, 113, 232.

Purgatives, 43, 156, 314.

Purging discovered by Melampus, 156.

Purkinje, 481.

Puschmann, T., 467.

Putrefaction, 471, 472.

Puyung of the Malay forest tribes, 22.

Pythagoras (born 582 B.C.), 162.

— learned his doctrine from Oriental philosophers, 99.

Pythagorean school at Crotona, 161.

Q.

Quain, R., 467.

Quarantine, 339.

Quassia-wood, 38.

“Quid pro quo,” origin of the expression, 314.

Quinine, 342, 449.

Quintus (Roman anatomist), 209, 225.

R.

Rabbits do not vomit with ipecacuanha, 4.

Rabelais, François (c. 1490-1553), 352.

Radcliffe, John (1650-1714), 425.

Radishes to prevent hydrophobia, 285.

Rain, prayers to, 9.

Rainy season and the gods, 29.

Ramus (c. 1562), 368.

Rasori, G. (1762-1837), 445.

Rats amputate their own legs, 3.

Recipe books, 313, 323.

Recurrent nerves, when discovered, 209.

Reflex action, 457.

Reform of medicine, 345, 391.

Reformation, its effect on medicine, 369.

Reichenbach, Von, 430.

Reimarus, J. A. H. (1729-1814), 463.

Re-incarnation believed by Empedocles, 161.

Remak, R. (1815-1865), 457.

Remedies used by animals, 3.

Repentance as a cure of disease, 88.

Resection of jaw, 316.

— of joints, 460, 461.

Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522), 337.

Revival of learning, 337.

Rhazes (9th cent.), 295, 296.

Rheumatism first described, 214.

— remedies in, 37, 38, 43.

— miraculous cures of, 481.

Rhinoplastic surgery, 367.

Rhiwallon (Welsh physician, 13th cent.), 283.

Rhubarb first introduced, 243.

Richard Fitz-Nigel, 307.

Richardson, B. W. (b. 1828), 480.

Richter (1742-1812), 433.

Rickets, 389.

_Rig Veda_, 47, 96, 97.

Rishis or Hindu sages, 100.

Robert of Gloucester on Anglo-Norman surgery, 306.

Robertson, Dr., on the progress of man, 6.

Roeschlaub, J. A. (1768-1835), 446.

Roger of Parma (c. 1210), 316.

Rokitansky, K. von (1804-1878), 454.

Rolando, 316.

Romanes, G. F., 452.

Roman medicine, 205.

Rose water, 302.

Rosenkreuz, Christian, 370.

Rosicrucians, 370.

Rosy Cross, Society of, 370.

Rousset, François (about 1581), 362.

Roux, P. J. (1780-1854), 461.

Royal Society, the, 380.

Rudbeck, O. (1630-1702), 390.

Rufus of Ephesus (A.D. 98-117), 209, 223.

Ruini, C. (c. 1598), 375.

Rune lays, 252.

S.

Sabatier (1723-1811), 433.

Sabbath, origin of, was Accadian, 95.

Sabines, the, 205.

Sacred plants, 46, 48, 142.

Sacrifices of tobacco to the sun, 48.

Sacrificial medicine, 14, 48.

Saffron, 285.

Sage, 286.

Saint Vitus’s dance, 331.

Saints as healers, 333.

Sal-ammoniac, 487.

Sala, 419.

Salaries of court physicians, 164, 211.

Salerno, school of, 308, 349.

— in decay, 318.

Saliva, magic properties of, 259.

— superstitions of South Sea Islanders concerning, 17.

Salivary glands first described, 236.

Salt used as medicine by animals, 3.

Salve against goblins and temptations, 278.

Samoans, their theory of diseases, 21.

Samoyed tribes, 86.

Samulus, 270.

Sanderson, J. B. (b. 1828), 480.

Sanitary precautions in the East, 77.

— reform, 357.

— science, 477.

Santals of Bengal think good spirits enter fruit trees, 14.

Santorini, G. (1681-1737), 436.

Saracens, medicine of the, 291.

— their sympathy with Jews, 84.

Sarpi, P. (1552-1623), 390.

Sarsaparilla, 342, 375.

Sassafras, 342, 374.

Sauvages, De (1706-1767), 422, 424.

Savages are like primitive man, 5.

— require large doses, 37.

— their theory of evil spirits, 20, 139.

— their voracity, 38.

— weak as compared with civilised man, 38.

_Sawan_, the cause of convulsions, 14.

Saws, 244.

Saxon leechdoms, 252.

Scammony, 275.

Scapegoat of the Jews, 15.

Scapulars of Catholics, 75.

Scarabs, 250.

Scarification practised by savages, 33.

Scarpa, A. (1748-1832), 433.

Schelling (1775-1854), 450.

Schizomycetes, 473.

Schmidt, J. A., 463.

Schmucker (1712-1786), 433.

Scholasticism, the parent of modern science, 239.

Schools of medical theory, 418.

Schroeder, 472.

Schuk, F. (1804-1865), 462.

Schulze, F., 472.

Schwann, 472, 473.

Science, age of, 441.

Scientific medicine, 393.

Scourges and plagues, incantations against, 15, 86.

Scribonius Largus (A.D. 45), 214.

Scripts as medicine, 260, 261.

Scrofula, 183, 370.

Scudamore, C. (1779-1849), 467.

Scurvy, 374.

— banished the fleets, 427.

Scythian remedy for hunger, 197.

Scythians, the, 203.

Seamen, diseases of, 427.

Seat of the soul, 196, 379.

“Security” offered for sick persons in China, 127.

Seer, the evolution of, 9.

Seidlitz waters, 424.

Selago, a sacred plant, 270.

Selmi, 476.

Semitic and Aryan intellects compared, 292.

Semmelweis, L. J. P. (1818-1865), 479.

Seneca on doctors, 224.

Seneka, 342.

Senna introduced, 296.

Separation of medicine from surgery, 305.

Septenary theory, 164.

Septine, 480.

Serapion of Alexandria (B.C. 270), 199, 201.

Serapion the elder, 295.

— the younger (about 1070), 296.

Serapis, Egyptian god, 59, 60.

Serpentaria, 342.

Serpent on the rod of Æsculapius, 149.

— the cause of diseases, 142.

Servetus (1511-1553), 367, 385.

Set, representative of physical evil amongst Egyptians, 58.

Setons, 237, 316.

Sex of bees, 391.

Sexual organs of plants, 391.

Shadows on souls, 9.

_Shaitan_, the cause of disease, 138.

Shamans of Northern Asia, 27, 86, 125, 139.

Shampooing, 44.

Sharp, S. (1700-1778), 433.

_Shastres_, 100.

Siam, its religion and theory of disease, 14.

Siberians, 86.

Sickness, remedies for, 34, 37.

Siebold (1736-1807), 433.

Sieveking, E. H. (b. 1816), 455.

Signatures, doctrine of, 133, 257, 416, 417.

Silk-worm disease, 473, 474.

Silver, 488.

_Similia similibus_ theory, 234.

Simon, 478, 479.

Simpson, J. Y., 465.

Sioux Indian medicine, 32.

Siva afflicts Hindu children with epilepsy, 120.

Skatological medicine, 394-397.

Skeleton made by a Rabbi, 83.

— of ivory, 114.

Skin diseases, 455.

Skoda, J. (1803-1881), 455.

Slaves in Roman world, 239.

Slavonic rustics exorcise spirits with urine, 30.

Sleeping and dreams, 20, 22.

Sloane, Hans (1660-1753), 425.

Small-pox, 295, 297, 432.

— in Timor-laut, 28.

— caused by demons, 12, 129.

— exorcised by urine, 30.

— goddess, 12, 13, 119, 120, 128, 129.

Smellie, W. (1608-1763), 435.

Smith, S., 478.

Snake-bite, treatment of, by savages, 33.

— remedies for, 108.

— wine, 131.

Snellen, H., 463.

Snipe, the, as a surgeon, 3.

Society Islanders and disease-demons, 21.

— their skill in surgery, 43.

Socrates on invalidism, 185.

Soda, 486.

Sodium, 486.

Softening of the brain, 456.

Solomon composed incantations to cure diseases, 78.

_Soma_ as a drink and a deity, 47.

Sonnenschein, 476.

Soranus of Ephesus, 218.

Sorcery in Accadia, 86.

— in Australia, 12.

— a cover for ignorance, 26.

— laws against, 405.

Soul, immortality of, 8.

— origin of, 339.

— the seat of, 196, 232, 379.

Souls as shadows, 9.

— theory of, 20-23.

Spallanzani, 472.

Spears spiritually poisoned, 23.

Specialism of Egyptian medicine, 63.

Speculum, the, 177.

— anciently used, 219, 244.

Speech, faculty of, its seat, 458.

Spells, 90, 237.

Spencer, Herbert (b. 1820), 452.

— on plant-worship, 47.

Spermatozoa discovered, 389.

Spiders as amulets, 256.

— as disease-demons, 30.

Spigel (1578-1625), 364.

Spinoza (1632-1677), 379.

Spirits, belief in, universal, 20, 139.

— of material objects, 24.

— of weapons, 23.

— their influence in healing, 33.

— distilled, invented, 326.

Spiritual spears, 23.

Spleen, the, 389.

— removed by the Rabbis, 83.

Splenic fever, 474.

Splints, 244.

— use of, in the surgery of savages, 33, 41.

Spontaneous generation theory, 472, 473.

Sprengel, Kurt (1766-1833), 466.

Springs, medicinal, 272.

Spry, E., 428.

Spurzheim, C. (1776-1832), 456.

Squill as a diuretic, 222.

Stahl (1660-1734), 421, 423.

Stammering, treatment of, 235.

Stark, W. (1742-1770), 429.

State medical service in Rome, 210.

Steam power, 337.

Sterility, 242.

Sternum trepanned, 316.

Stethoscope, invention of, 453.

Stieglitz (1767-1840), 446.

Stolen property as a charm, 265.

Stone, cutting for the, 44, 45, 393.

Stones as charms, 257, 394.

— healing by, 33.

Storm gods of India, 9.

_Strictus et laxus_, 214.

Stromeyer, G. F. L. (1804-1876), 462.

Strumous glands, 229, 235.

Styptics, discovery of, 41.

Subordination of surgery to medicine, 305.

Sucking diseases out of patients, 22, 27, 28, 33.

Sulphur, 273, 487.

— as a disinfectant in the Odyssey, 154.

— first used for skin diseases, 201.

_Suonetar_, the healer, 15.

Supernatural invoked when natural means fail, 26.

Superstition, absence of, from the Psalms of David, 74.

— origin of, 24.

— originally engrafted on medicine, 26, 351, 403, 405.

Superstitions, medical, 327.

— their universality, 18.

— in Chinese medicine, 132.

Suppositories, 177.

Surgeons to be propitiated, 103.

Surgery, 228, 235.

— French, 368, 433.

— a scientific profession, 434.

— savage, 40, 41.

— of the Brahmans, 103.

— of the Hindus, 114, 117, 118.

— of Egyptians, 70.

— older than medicine, 41, 104.

— subordinated to medicine, 305.

Surgical instruments of the Bible, 79.

Susruta, 103, 289.

Sutherland, 478.

_Sutras_, commentaries on the Vedas, 100.

Sutton, Thomas (d. 1835), 456.

_Svastika_, the mystic, 134.

Swaine, 474.

Swammerdam, J. (1637-1686), 391.

Sweating Sickness, 338, 356, 357, 360.

Swieten, Van (1700-1772), 430, 437.

Sydenham Society, 467.

Sydenham, Thomas (1624-1689), 381, 383.

Sylvanus, a demon of the lying-in chamber, 54.

Sylvaticus, 327.

Sylvius (De la Boë) (1614-1672), 380.

Syme, J. (1799-1870), 460.

Sympathetical cures, 397.

Sympathetic nerve, 389.

Syphilis, 340.

— less frequent amongst Jews than Christians, 76.

Systems of modern medicine, 445.

T.

Tablets on which were recorded cures in temples, 167.

Tagliacozzi, G. (1546-1599), 367, 368.

Tahiti people, their fermented liquor, 49.

Tait, Lawson, 460.

Taliacotian operation, 367.

Talismans, 29, 32, 86, 247, 260.

Talmud, surgery of, 82.

— pathology of, 82.

Talmudists, medicine of the, 82.

Tamils of Ceylon, sorcery of the, 408.

Tapeworm, treatment for, 228, 237.

Tapping for dropsy, 245.

Tarantism, 339.

Tarawan folk, sorcery of, 22.

Tarsus, bones of, 337.

Tartars, their theory of fevers, 31.

Tar water, 177.

Tasmanians think diseases caused by devils, 13, 21.

Tauut, Egyptian god same as Thoth, _q.v._, 58.

Taylor, A. S. (1806-1880), 454.

_Tchutgours_, Tartar disease-demons, 135, 136.

Tea intoxication, 50.

Teeth-worms, 414, 415.

Telescopes, 389.

Temples of Æsculapius, 149, 157, 168.

_Teraphim_ of Laban, 75.

Teutons, medicine of the, 272.

Thales of Miletus (circ. 609 B.C.), 158.

_Tharragarry_, evil spirits of Australians, 24.

Themison of Laodicea (B.C. 50), 213, 214.

Theon of Alexandria, 226.

Theophrastus (born 371 B.C.), the originator of the science
of plants, 193.

Theories of disease, 12, 86, 270.

Theosophy, 337.

Theosophists of Chaldæa, 90.

Therapeutics, 392.

— Galen on, 232.

Therapeutists, or Healers, 82.

Theriaca (a famous cure all), 218, 220, 221.

Thermometry, clinical, 439, 455.

Thessalus of Tralles (A.D. 60), 218.

Theurgic healing, 66.

Theurgy of Egypt, 61, 66.

Thibet, physicians of, 134.

Thibetans, their theory of disease, 16, 249.

Thilenius, G. M., 435.

_Thimmool_, a magical weapon, 24.

Thompson, H. (b. 1820), 460.

Thorbern, 391.

Thor’s hammer, 134.

Thoth, Egyptian god of letters and medicine, 58, 60, 65, 150.

Thrax (A.D. 457-474), 236.

Thrita, the first physician of Zoroastrians, 142.

Thunder, prayer to, 9.

Thymus gland, 361.

Thyroid gland, functions of, 458.

_Tietajat_, the learned men of Finland, 14.

Timor-laut, fish poisoning in, 35.

— prophylactic against small-pox in, 28.

Timor tribes, their theories of disease, 31.

Titans, discoverers of medicinal herbs, 85.

_Tla-guill-augh_, a medicine man, 17.

Toad and the plantain, 3.

Tobacco, 369.

— the “sacred herb” of Peru, 48.

Toddy of the cocoa-nut palm, 49.

Tomahawk, the spirit of, 23.

_Toogi-toogi_, 43.

Toothache, charm for, 286.

“Toothache shrub,” 38.

Totemism, 32.

Touching for the evil, 371, 372.

“Touching pieces,” 373.

Tourniquet, the, 431, 432.

Toynbee, 478.

Toxicology, 105, 449, 454.

Tracheotomy, 213, 228, 235, 244.

Transference of disease, 414.

Transfusion of blood, 350.

Travers, B. (1783-1858), 459.

Trepan, the, 244, 316.

Trepanning the skull, 44, 45, 206, 285.

Trephine, the, 244.

Trephining the skull, 113, 184, 216.

“Triacle,” 275.

Triads, the Welsh, 280, 281.

Tribal magic, 24.

Trithemius (c. 1500), 346, 347.

Troja (1747-1827), 433.

Trotula (about 1059), 313.

Trousseau, A. (1801-1866), 456.

Tuberculosis, 429, 453, 454.

Tude plant, a sacred shrub, 48.

Tumours, malignant, 316.

Turanian priests of magic, 138.

Turkish bath, 43.

Turner, D. (1667-1741), 431.

Turpentine in hæmorrhage, 431.

Tylor, Dr. E. B., on animism, 8, 10.

— on primitive man, 6.

Tyndall, J. (b. 1820), 472, 480.

Typhus fever, 363.

Tyson, E. (d. 1708), 438.

U.

Unburied men as vampires, 16.

Uncleanness of women, 143, 144.

Universal medicine, the, 100.

Universities, rise of the, 300, 303.

Upanishads, the, 97.

Urea, 436.

Urethra, operations on, by savages, 43, 77.

Urethrotomy, 216, 228.

Urine, use of, in medicine, 67, 396.

— its use in exorcism, 30, 78.

Uroscopy, 294, 323.

Uterus, dissection of the, 219.

Uvula, amputation of, 391.

V.

Vaccination, 439.

Valingen, F. de (1725-1805), 428.

Valsalva, A. (1666-1723), 436.

Valves of the heart, 361.

— of the veins, 364, 386.

Vambery on opium-eating, 47.

Vampires, 16.

Vapour baths in dropsy introduced by Chrysippus, 195.

Varicose veins, 183.

Varolius, C. (1545-1575), 364.

Vascular system understood by Diogenes of Apollonia, 160.

Vaso-motor nerves, 436, 457.

Vazimbas inflict diseases in Madagascar, 13.

Vectius Vallens (circ. A.D. 37), 214.

Vedas, the, 98, 99.

Vedic hymns, 47, 97.

Veins, anatomy of, 160.

Velpeau, A. (1795-1867), 461.

Vervain, 270.

Vesalius, Andrew (1514-1564), 365, 366.

Veterinary medicine of Hindus, 102, 117.

— of the Mongols, 135.

Vicary, Thomas (c. 1530), 358.

Vicq d’Azyr, F. (1748-1794), 391.

Vidus Vidius, 374.

Vienna school, 431, 454, 455.

Vieussens, R. (c. 1684), 389, 419.

Vinario, 330.

Virchow, R. (b. 1821), 455.

Virgil, sorcery in, 405.

Viridet, 419.

Vision, discovery of the laws of, 337.

_Vis Medicatrix Naturæ_, 176.

Vital-fluid school, 419, 421.

Vivisection of animals, 379, 483, 485.

— in magic, 251, 254, 279, 286.

— of human beings, 195, 197, 200, 218, 373, 374.

Vocal organs, anatomy of, 364, 391.

Volta, 450.

Vomiting the devil, 30.

Votive tablets in Greek temples, 157, 168.

W.

Wagner, 481.

Wäinämöinen, conqueror of disease-demons, 15.

Wallace, Alfred R. (b. 1822), 452.

Walther, Von (1782-1849), 462.

Wardrop, J. (1782-1869), 459.

Wardroper, Mrs. (d. 1892), 467.

Warts, superstitions concerning, 415, 416.

Water of baptism, its magical properties, 272.

Waters, mineral, 400.

Watje, their theories of disease, 28.

Watson, Thomas (1792-1882), 454.

Watson, W. (1715-1787), 427.

Wax-figures in sorcery, 66.

“Weapon salve,” 398.

Wells, poisoning of, 35.

Wells, Spencer (b. 1818), 460.

Welsh medicine, 280.

West Indies, sorcery in, 22.

Wharton, J. (died 1673), 389.

Whewell on medical theories, 418-420.

Whistler, D. (died 1684), 389.

White, C. (c. 1768), 434.

White magic, 66, 409.

Whooping cough, 363.

Wichmann, J. E. (1740-1802), 429.

Wilks, S. (b. 1824), 455.

Willan, R. (1757-1812), 427.

Willis, Thomas (1621-1675), 391.

Wilson, E. (1809-1884), 460.

Wine, 150.

_Wingo_, an Australian superstition, 17.

Winslow, Forbes, 457.

Winston, Thomas (b. 1575), 381.

Wirsung, G. (died 1643), 391.

Wiseman, Richard (1625-1686), 389.

Witchcraft as cause of disease, 12, 16, 403, 405.

— and medicine, 403.

Wizards of Australia, 23.

— of Patagonia, 21.

Wizard-priests, 27, 29, 30.

Woi-worŭng, an Australian tribe, 23.

Women as poisoners, 324, 404.

— diseases of, 219, 242, 243, 294, 313, 361, 429.

— doctors, 271, 307, 313, 326.

— forbidden by Athenians to practise medicine, 202.

—, Jewish laws concerning, 77.

Woolaston, W. H. (1766-1828), 449.

Worm, Olaus, 394.

Wormian bones, the, 364.

Worms, remedies for, 36, 237.

Worm-seed, 36.

Worship of plants arose from their intoxicating influence, 47.

Wotton, Edward, 360.

Wren, Sir C. (1632-1723), 391.

Wunderlich (1815-1877), 455.

X.

Xenocrates of Aphrodisias (c. 70 A.D.), 395.

Xenophon of Cos (A.D. 53), 198.

_Xirac_, a fermented liquor of the Rio Negro, 48.

Y.

_Yambo_, the spirit of man, 23.

Yeast-plant, 452, 473.

Yonge, J. (1646-1721), 431.

Young, Thomas (1773-1829), 463.

_Yountoo_ charms, 27.

Youths, savage, initiations of, 43.

Z.

Zacchia, P. (c. 1621), 376.

Zamolxis, 164.

Zedekiah, a Jewish physician, 84.

_Zend Avesta_, 47, 141, 143.

Zenon, 225.

Zerbis, G., de, 337.

Zinc, 350.

Zoology, 391.

Zoroaster, 141, 143.

— and his teaching emanated from India, 99.

Zuelza, 476.

Zulus, their theory of diseases, 21, 22.

— trace diseases to the rainbow and evil spirits, 13.

Zwelfer, J. (c. 1651), 394.

Zymotic diseases, 480.

Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Provincial Medical Journal_, March, 1892.

[2] _Histoire de Medicine depuis son Origine, etc._

[3] Pratt’s _British Grasses_, pp. 69, 125.

[4] Vol. ii. p. 384.

[5] Miss Gordon Cumming.

[6] _Science Gossip._

[7] Morley’s _Life of Cornelius Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 129.

[8] Ringer, _Materia Medica_, Fifth Edition, p. 454.

[9] Berdoe, _The Healing Art_, p. 18.

[10] _Prehistoric Times_, Fifth Edition, p. 430.

[11] _Primitive Culture_, vol. i. p. 32.

[12] _Hist. America_, Book IV. chap. ii.

[13] _Primitive Folk_, p. 10.

[14] Nordenskiöld, _Voyage of the Vega_.

[15] _India’s Teaching_, p. 192.

[16] _Tr. Eth. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 235. Grey, _Australia_, vol. ii. p. 337. Boniveh, _Tasmanians_, pp. 183, 195.

[17] _Journ. Ind. Archip._, vol. i. p. 307.

[18] _Journ. Ind. Archip._, vol. iii. p. 110, vol. iv. p. 194.

[19] Taylor, _New Zealand_, pp. 48, 137.

[20] _Folk Medicine_, p. 3.

[21] _Ibid._, p. 7.

[22] Hodgson, _Abor. of India_, p. 170; cited in _Folk Med._, p. 10.

[23] _Folk Med._, p. 11.

[24] _Ibid._, p. 11.

[25] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 114.

[26] Hunter, _Rural Bengal_, p. 210.

[27] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._

[28] _Ency. Brit._, vol. iv. p. 58.

[29] _Ibid._

[30] _Ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 607.

[31] _Ibid._, vol. xxi. p. 853.

[32] _Western Africa_, p. 217.

[33] Lenormant, _Chaldean Magic and Sorcery_, pp. 258-262.

[34] _Kalevala_, 15th runa.

[35] Sir Joseph Hooker, _Himalayan Journals_, Ed. 1891, p. 416.

[36] Lang, _Custom and Myth_, p. 208.

[37] _Folk Medicine_, pp. 17, 18.

[38] E. Palmer, _Notes on Australian Tribes_.

[39] _The Medical Profession in Ancient Times_ (New York, 1856).

[40] _Denmark, its Hygiene and Demography_, 1891, p. 57.

[41] _The Races of Man_, p. 292.

[42] _Proc. Roy. Soc._, xxvii. 309, 1878.

[43] Tylor’s _Anthropology_, p. 344.

[44] Tylor’s _Anthropology_, p. 354.

[45] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 103.

[46] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._

[47] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._, vol. i. pp. 363, 395; vol. ii. pp. 193, 274. Schoolcraft, part iv. p. 49.

[48] Roman Paul, xix., in _Life of Colon_.

[49] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. ii. pp. 207, 231 (Caribs).

[50] _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 131.

[51] _Races of Man_, p. 61.

[52] Dr. G. W. Parker, on “The People of Madagascar,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1883, p. 478.

[53] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 187.

[54] A. H. Keane, _On the Botocudos_.

[55] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 293.

[56] _Ibid._, p. 475.

[57] _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 222.

[58] Clem. Alex., _Miscellanies_, book vi.

[59] _Ibid._

[60] _History of America_, book iv. 7.

[61] Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, chap. xvii.

[62] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 10.

[63] Forrest, _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 319.

[64] _Origin of Civilization_, p. 26.

[65] _Nat. His. Man._, p. 535.

[66] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 232.

[67] _Primitive Folk_, p. 237.

[68] _Ibid._, p. 80.

[69] Th. Halm, _Globus_, xviii.

[70] Landas, _Superstitions Annamites_.

[71] _Primitive Folk_, pp. 83, 84.

[72] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 473.

[73] Prof. Monier Williams, and Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 234.

[74] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 427.

[75] Starcke, _Primitive Family_, p. 32.

[76] _Primitive Folk_, p. 234.

[77] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 299.

[78] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 310.

[79] _National Dispensatory_, p. 986.

[80] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 251.

[81] _Ibid._, p. 251.

[82] _Ibid._, p. 11.

[83] _Ibid._, p. 132.

[84] _Wh. Jour._, vol. iv., 2nd sec., p. 519.

[85] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 132.

[86] Herbert Spencer’s _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 50.

[87] Sydenham’s Works, vol. i. Preface to _Medical Observations_.

[88] See _British Medical Journal_, July 30th, 1892, p. 238.

[89] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 295.

[90] Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, p. 483. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 277.

[91] Massage, by W. E. Green, M.R.C.S. (_Prov. Med. Jour._, May 2nd, 1892, p. 242).

[92] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vii. p. 1.

[93] See also Surgeon Fletcher’s report in the _U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region_, vol. v. 1882.

[94] _Hist. de la Méd._, tome vii. p. 208.

[95] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 70.

[96] _Ibid._

[97] _Ibid._, p. 76.

[98] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, tom. xxi. p. 5. Hottentots and negroes in Central Africa, according to Livingstone, have from remote times practised inoculation in a similar manner.

[99] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vii. p. 34.

[100] Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstition_, p. 24.

[101] _Principles of Sociology_, Herbert Spencer, vol. i. p. 374.

[102] _Ibid._

[103] _Meliosma simplicifolia_, or _Millingtonia_.

[104] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 222.

[105] Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, chap. xvii.

[106] Barth, _Travels in Africa_, Ed. 1890, p. 416.

[107] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 136.

[108] _Ibid._, p. 251.

[109] Hooker, _Himalayan Journals_, Ed. 1891, p. 204.

[110] Blavatsky, _Caves and Jungles of Hindostan_, p. 13.

[111] Quoted in the article on “Drunkenness” in _Ency. Brit._

[112] See _Third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Health_.

[113] _Early Hist. Mankind_, p. 288.

[114] _Hist. Gén. des Antilles habiteés par les Français_: Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 371, etc.

[115] _Early Hist. Mankind_, p. 294.

[116] iii. 4, 17.

[117] Pt. iii., Canto i.

[118] Notes to his edition of _Hudibras_, 1744, _loc. cit._

[119] Starcke, _The Primitive Family_, p. 52.

[120] _Ibid._

[121] Vol. ii. p. 275.

[122] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 202.

[123] _Ibid._, p. 192.

[124] _Natural History_, Book xxviii., ch. 23.

[125] _De Civ._, Lib. vi. 9.

[126] _Hist. Med._, Eng. Trans., p. 16.

[127] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Médicine_.

[128] Lib. de Iside et Osiride.

[129] _Official Guide Brit. Mus._, “Egyptian Antiquities,” pp. 107-8.

[130] Clem. Alex., _Strom._, lib. vi. p. 196.

[131] vii. 56.

[132] _Ancient Egyptians_, vol. ii. p. 358.

[133] Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 16, says, for a doctor to recommend his skill, it was sufficient to say that he had studied at Alexandria.

[134] Clem. Alex., _Strom._

[135] _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 24.

[136] Book ii. 84.

[137] _Ancient Egyptians_, vol. iii. p. 477.

[138] Plin. xix. 5.

[139] _Official Guide_, p. 111.

[140] Chabas, _Mélanges Égyptologiques_, p. 64.

[141] Ebers, _Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 62.

[142] _Contra Celsum_, lib. 8.

[143] _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 96.

[144] _Ibid._, pp. 96, 97.

[145] Brugsch, _Egypt under the Pharaohs_, vol. ii. p. 184.

[146] _Hist. Egypt_, by Brugsch-Bey, vol. ii. p. 163-4.

[147] _Odyssey_, iv. 229-232.

[148] Chap. xlvi., v. 11.

[149] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, viii. 27.

[150] Chabas, _loc. cit._, p. 66.

[151] _Pharaohs and Fellahs_, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 219.

[152] _Uarda_, vol. i. p. 32.

[153] _Ibid._

[154] Baas’ _Hist. Med._ (Eng. Trans.), p. 19.

[155] _History of Egypt_, vol. i. p. 58.

[156] _Mélanges Égyptologiques_, Paris, 1862, p. 117.

[157] Priests and physicians were educated in high schools, the highest degree in which was that of the “scribes,” who were maintained at the cost of the king. Ebers, _Uarda_, vol. i. p. 20.

[158] Lefébure has treated the subject in _Le Mythe Osirien_.

[159] See Cooper’s _Surgical Dict._, art. “Surgery.”

[160] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 146.

[161] _Pharaohs and Fellahs_, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 254.

[162] _Superstitions of Medicine_, etc., p. 7.

[163] _Uarda_, Ebers.

[164] Brugsch, _Hist. Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 296.

[165] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 153.

[166] _Ibid._, p. 172.

[167] Ebers, _Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 61.

[168] Gen. xxxi. 19, 30.

[169] Chap. iii. 4.

[170] _Isis Unveiled_, vol. i. p. 570.

[171] Judges xvii.-xviii.

[172] Ezekiel xxi. 19-22.

[173] _Primitive Culture_, vol. i. p. 267. 2 Samuel xxiv. 16; 2 Kings xix. 35.

[174] 3tes Heft, p. 25.

[175] _Ibid._, p. 27.

[176] _Races of Man_, p. 153.

[177] _Ibid._, p. 293.

[178] _Antiquities of Israel_, p. 90.

[179] “Finditur usque ad urethram à parte inferâ penis.”—Eyre, vol. ii. p. 332.

[180] _Arabian Nights_, vol. ii. p. 160, note 3.

[181] _Antiquities of Israel_, p. 156.

[182] _Wars_, vii. 6, 3.

[183] Book VIII. chap. iii. 5.

[184] _Antiq._, Book VI. chap. viii. 2.

[185] Note to Whiston’s Josephus, _loc. cit._

[186] 1 Sam. xvi. 15.

[187] _Religious Encyclopædia_, vol. ii. p. 1454.

[188] _Medica Sacra_, p. 40 _et seq._

[189] _Arabian Nights_, vol. ii. p. 4.

[190] _Ecclesiasticus_ xxxviii. 1, 3, 4, 12. From the many references to disease in this book, it has been supposed by some commentators that the author was a physician. The writer of the article on “Medicine,” in _Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible_, remarks that “if he was so, the power of mind and wide range of observation shown in this work, would give a favourable impression of the standard of practitioners; if he was not, the great general popularity of the study and practice may be inferred from its thus becoming a common topic of general advice offered by a non-professional writer.”

[191] _Wars of the Jews_, Book II. chap, viii; _Antiq._, xviii. 1, 5.

[192] See Lightfoot on the _Colossians_.

[193] _Works_, vol. i. p. 10.

[194] _Ibid._, vol. vii. p. 7.

[195] _History of Medicine_, p. 36.

[196] “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—_Lightfoot._

[197] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 74.

[198] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I. 2, 4.

[199] _A History of the Jews_, Book xxiii.

[200] _Ibid._

[201] G. S. Faber, _The Cabiri_, vol. i.

[202] Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in _Ency. Brit._

[203] _Hist. Babylonia_, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22.

[204] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, pp. 139, 140.

[205] See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, chap. xi.

[206] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 42.

[207] _Ibid._, p. 179.

[208] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 181.

[209] _Ibid._, pp. 204-209.

[210] _Ibid._, p. 35.

[211] _Ibid._, p. 36.

[212] _Ibid._, p. 36.

[213] _Ibid._, p. 41.

[214] See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._; _Records of the Past_, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. _Book of the Dead_; Lenormant, Maspero, and others.

[215] _Herodotus_, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson.

[216] _Records of the Past_, vol. i. p. 135.

[217] _Hist. Babylon_, p. 22.

[218] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 6.

[219] _Nineveh and its Palaces_, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164.

[220] _Records of the Past_, vol. iii. p. 140.

[221] _Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms_, trans. by H. F. Talbot. _Records of the Past_, vol. iii. p. 143.

[222] _Folk Medicine_, p. 165.

[223] From Baas’ _Hist. Med._, p. 28.

[224] See Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, chap. i.

[225] _Indian Wisdom_, p. xxvi.

[226] _Indian Wisdom_, p. 84.

[227] _Ibid._, p. 89.

[228] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct., 1892, p. 287.

[229] _Hist. India_, 4th ed., p. 48.

[230] _Hist. India_, 4th ed., p. 123.

[231] _Hist. Philos._, vol. i. p. 394.

[232] _School of Philos._, p. 547.

[233] Max Müller: _Zend-Avesta_, 83.

[234] _Ordinances of Menu_, Trübner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54.

[235] The first fine is the lowest, _i.e._ two hundred and fifty _panas_. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.[236] At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”[237]

[236] Elphinstone, _Hist. of India_, 4th edition, p. 41.

[237] _Ordinances of Menu_, iii. 150-168.

[238] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 41.

[239] Hunter’s _Indian Empire_, p. 109.

[240] _Asiatic Quarterly Rev._, Oct. 1892, p. 290.

[241] _Ibid._

[242] Tract vi. p. 125.

[243] Weber, _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 270.

[244] _Ibid._

[245] Wise’s _Hindu Medicine_, p. 184.

[246] _Hindu Medicine_, p. 8.

[247] _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 268.

[248] Wise’s _Hindu Medicine_, p. 213.

[249] There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes.

[250] Ainslie’s _Materia Indica_, vol. ii. p. 525.

[251] Arrian’s _Indian History_, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729).

[252] Strabo, _Geography_, Book xv. c. 1.

[253] _Indian History_, vol. ii. p. 219.

[254] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 150.

[255] Weber, _Sanskrit Literature_, p. 265.

[256] _Tracts on India_, p. 139.

[257] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 134.

[258] Monier Williams, _Indian Wisdom_, p. 56.

[259] _Ibid._, p. 57.

[260] _Indian Wisdom_, p. 66.

[261] John ix. 2.

[262] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

[263] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

[264] _A Manual of Budhism_, pp. 238.

[265] Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61.

[266] A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists.

[267] Haeser.

[268] _Materia Indica_, vol. ii. p. vii.

[269] _Ibid._

[270] _Ibid._, p. viii.

[271] _Oriental Magazine_, March, 1823.

[272] Wise, _Hist. Hind. Med._, vol. i. pp. 131, 132.

[273] _Indian Empire_, p. 106.

[274] _Oriental Magazine_, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356.

[275] _Indian Empire_, p. 108.

[276] _Ibid._

[277] _Ibid._, p. 146.

[278] _Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus._

[279] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 153.

[280] Prof. H. H. Wilson’s _Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus_.

[281] _Brit. Med. Journ._, June 25, 1892, p. 1382.

[282] Mocre, _History of the Small-pox_, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstitions_, p. 81.

[283] Paris’s _Pharmacologia_, p. 26.

[284] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 150.

[285] _Asiatic Quarterly Rev._, Oct. 1892, p. 291.

[286] Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India.

[287] See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in _Harper’s Magazine_, December, 1892.

[288] Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” _Ency. Brit._

[289] Cummings, _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 188.

[290] Baas, _Hist. Med._

[291] “Doctoring in China,” _National Review_, May, 1889.

[292] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 145.

[293] _Folk Medicine_, p. 4; Dennys, _Folklore of China_, p. 96.

[294] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 153.

[295] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 275.

[296] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 265.

[297] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 275.

[298] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 154.

[299] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 116.

[300] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xi. p. 272.

[301] _Travels in Tartary_, vol. i. chap. vii.

[302] _National Dispensatory_, p. 754.

[303] Gordon Cumming’s _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 174.

[304] “Doctoring in China,” _National Review_, May, 1889.

[305] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. ii. p. 321.

[306] Southey, _Common Place Book_, ser. iv. p. 547.

[307] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Surgery.”

[308] _Chambers’ Journal_, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831.

[309] _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 173.

[310] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 173.

[311] _Folk Lore of China_, p. 49.

[312] _Ibid._

[313] _Travels in Tartary._

[314] _Travels in Tartary._

[315] _Travels in Tartary_, vol. i. chap. ix.

[316] _La Magie et l’Astrologie_, p. 13.

[317] _Vorlesungen über die Finnische Mythologie_, p. 173.

[318] _La Magie et l’Astrologie_, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 212.

[319] _National Druggist._

[320] Darmesteter, _Zend-Avesta_.

[321] _Zend-Avesta_; _Vendîdâd._ _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 219.

[322] _Ibid._

[323] _Rig-Veda_, x. 97, 17.

[324] _Vendîdâd_, Fargard xx. 7.

[325] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 83.

[326] _Herod._, i. 138.

[327] _Zend-Avesta._ Translated by J. Darmesteter in _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them.

[328] _Zend-Avesta_, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13.

[329] Our word Peony derives its Latin name (Pæonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root.

[330] vii. 23.

[331] Wheelwright’s translation of _Pindar_. _Third Pythian Ode_, 80-95.

[332] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 219 note.

[333] _Il._, V. 447.

[334] Sophoc., _Ajax_.

[335] Cicero, _De Nat. Deor._, iii. 22.

[336] _Prometheus._ Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed.

[337] Book XIX.

[338] _Hist. de la Médicine_, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv.

[339] _Ibid._

[340] I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in _The British Medical Journal_ for much of the information in this section.

[341] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix.

[342] Arctinus, _Ethiopis_. Translated in Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 35.

[343] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii.

[344] Lib. VIII., cap. 26.

[345] Cic., _Tusc. Dis._, III. 1.

[346] Hippocr., _De Prisca Medic._

[347] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv.

[348] Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113.

[349] _Hist. Med._, p. 88.

[350] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 46.

[351] See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in _Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography_, loc. cit.

[352] Aristotle, _Hist. Animal._, iii. 2.

[353] _Ency. Brit._, Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178.

[354] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 88.

[355] _Ibid._, p. 89.

[356] _Laertius_, c. 77, c. 59.

[357] _Ibid._, c. 62.

[358] Diodor., i. 69, 98.

[359] Grote, vol. iv. p. 529.

[360] Book xx. 73.

[361] See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” _Ency. Brit._

[362] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 89. Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 14. Dr. Adams, _Introd. Hippoc._, vol. i. p. 134.

[363] _Histoire de la Médicine_, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv.

[364] Lib. 3, cap. 4.

[365] Sprengel, _Hist. Méd._, p. 36.

[366] Pratt, _Flowering Plants_, vol. i. p. 57.

[367] _Herod._, iii. 137.

[368] _Hist. Nat._, xxviii. c. 29.

[369] _De Carnibus._

[370] Vol. i. p. 151.

[371] Ovid’s _Metamorph._, Dryden’s translation, Book XV.

[372] The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (_De Art. Gymnast._, Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):—

“Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.”

“A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.”

“Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Medicina.”)

[373] The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point.

[374] Adams, _Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 7.

[375] Galen, _De Sanitate tuenda_.

[376] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 11.

[377] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 91.

[378] All-heal.

[379] Dr. Puschmann, in his _History of Medical Education_, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice.

[380] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 93.

[381] Plut., _Symp._, viii. 4, § 4.

[382] Plato, _De Leg._, xi.

[383] _Ibid._, iv.

[384] Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter.

[385] Vol. ii. p. 569.

[386] Vol. vi. p. 1152.

[387] _Works of Hippocrates_, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565.

[388] _Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate_, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3.

[389] Adams, _Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 18.

[390] _Epidem._, vi.

[391] _Ibid._, i.

[392] Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection.

[393] Νοὐσων φύσιες ἰητροἰ. _Epid._, vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606.

[394] See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s _International Encyclopædia of Surgery_, vol. vi.

[395] _Genuine Works of Hippocrates_, vol. i. pp. 20, 21.

[396] Adams, _Genuine Works of Hippocrates_, vol. i. pp. 129, 130.

[397] Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams).

[398] Baas, _Hist. Med._, Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112.

[399] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., bk. iv.

[400] Celsus, _De Medic._, Prælat, in lib. i.

[401] _Hist. Nat._, xxvi. 6.

[402] On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his _Paulus Ægineta_, vol. i. p. 186.

[403] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. i. pp. 422-3.

[404] _Œuvres d’Hippocr._, vol. i. p. 202, etc.

[405] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Acut._, iii. 17.

[406] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._ Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 35.

[407] _Études Biographiques_ par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The _Treatise on Stones_ by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals.

[408] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 6.

[409] Galen, _De Uteri Dissect._, c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895.

[410] _De Anima_, c. 10, p. 757.

[411] _De Medic._, i. Præf., p. 6.

[412] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, pp. 121-123.

[413] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 76.

[414] Plutarch’s _Life of Demetrius_.

[415] He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology.

[416] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, pp. 121-123.

[417] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. II. c. iii.

[418] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s _Dict. Class. Ant._ Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own!

[419] _De Med._, vii. 26. See also Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 220.

[420] Plin., _Hist. Nat._, xxvi. 6.

[421] _De Med._, Præfat.

[422] Celsus, _Of Medicine_.

[423] _Life of Demetrius._

[424] _Hist. Med._, p. 129.

[425] _Hist. de la Méd._; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii.

[426] Celsus, _Of Medicine_, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans.

[427] Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of _Paulus Ægineta_, p. xii.

[428] iii. 131.

[429] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 611.

[430] _Herodotus_, iv. 68.

[431] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vi. p. 28.

[432] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, art. “Therapeutica.”

[433] _Titus Livius_, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, lib. xxviii., c. ii.

[434] _De Civ. Dei._, lib. iv. cap. xxi.

[435] _Ibid._, cap. xxiii.

[436] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 131.

[437] Puschmann, _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 86.

[438] _Ibid._, p. 97. Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 152.

[439] _Hist. Nat._, xxix. 8.

[440] _Life of Cato the Censor._

[441] _Hist. Nat._, xxix. cap. 8.

[442] _Epist._ 93.

[443] See Baas, _Hist. of Med._, and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133.

[444] Bostock, _Hist. of Med._

[445] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 98.

[446] _Epigrams_, x. 56.

[447] _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 131.

[448] Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, tom. vii. p. 38.

[449] _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 117.

[450] Galen, x. 987. Plin., _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 8.

[451] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 5.

[452] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 611.

[453] Puschmann’s _Med. Educ._, 126.

[454] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Chron._, iii. 8.

[455] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vi. p. 138.

[456] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 137.

[457] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. ii. p. 24.

[458] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 140.

[459] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Chron._, i. l. p. 286.

[460] _Sat._, x. 221.

[461] Galen, _Introd._, c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. Kühn.

[462] _De Medic._, lib. i., Præf.

[463] Le Clerc, _Hist. Méd._, Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1.

[464] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 143.

[465] Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” _Ency. Brit._

[466] Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” _Ency. Brit._

[467] _Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin._

[468] _A. C. Celsi Med. Præf._, ad lib. 7.

[469] _De re Med._, lib. 1.

[470] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. ii. p. 50.

[471] Sprengel, _Hist. Méd._, vol. ii. p. 37.

[472] Baas, _Grund. der Ges. der Med._, p. 144.

[473] _Mechanical Account of Poisons._

[474] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, ix. 17.

[475] _National Dispensatory_, p. 1515.

[476] Conf. Gal. Comment. in _Hippocr._, lib. vi.; _De Morb. Vulgar._, vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337.

[477] _History of Inventions_, art. “Apothecaries.”

[478] _Plin._, lib. xxxiv. cap. 11.

[479] _C. Steph._, 1133.

[480] _Peloponnesian War_, ii. 48.

[481] _Annal._, xiii. c. 15, 16.

[482] _Nero_, 33.

[483] _The Instructor_, Book II.

[484] Seneca, _De Benefic._, vi. 15, 16, 17.

[485] John Henry Newman’s _Life of Apollonius Tyanæus_.

[486] By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount.

[487] Newman’s _Life of Apollonius_.

[488] Galen, _De Temperamentis_.

[489] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc.

[490] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, art. “Eclectici.”

[491] _Nat. Hist._, xx. 40; xxiv. 120.

[492] vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252.

[493] See Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 167.

[494] _De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum_, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii.

[495] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 167.

[496] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, Introd. vol. i. p. 15.

[497] Bostock, _Hist. of Med._

[498] _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 389.

[499] _De Usu_, Part iii. 10.

[500] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150.

[501] _De Motu Musc._

[502] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 388.

[503] See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ _Commentary on Paulus Ægineta_, vol. ii. p. 12.

[504] _De Dignosc. Puls._, iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902.

[505] Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._

[506] Galen’s _Art of Physic_.

[507] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Surgery.”

[508] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._, art. “Galen.”

[509] Cardan, _De Subtil._

[510] _Hist. of Med._, vol. i. p. 115.

[511] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._, vol. i. p. 126.

[512] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 113.

[513] Freind, _Historia Medicinæ_, p. 383.

[514] _Ibid._, p. 380.

[515] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._

[516] _Hist. Med._

[517] Freind, _Hist. Med._

[518] _Ibid._

[519] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 201.

[520] _Ibid._

[521] _North Brit. Rev._, vol. 47.

[522] Browning’s _Parleyings_, p. 44.

[523] Cato, _De re Rustica_, c. 2.

[524] Sat. vi.

[525] Prescott says, _Conquest of Mexico_, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’”

[526] _Ecclesiastical History_, lib. vi. ch. xlii.

[527] Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_. St. Basil the Great.

[528] _Ibid._, loc. cit.

[529] p. 153.

[530] _Eccl. Hist._, lib. vii. c. xxi.

[531] See Balmez, _European Civilization_, p. 436.

[532] Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.).

[533] Fleury’s _Eccl. Hist._, Book xxi. 3, note _e_.

[534] _Ibid._, xxiii. 24.

[535] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, p. 56.

[536] _Ency. Brit._, vol. i. p. 181.

[537] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 189.

[538] _Pharaohs_, _Fellahs_, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243.

[539] Preface to _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i. p. xxi.

[540] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. xxiii.

[541] Vulpes, _Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei_, Napoli, 1847.

[542] _Ibid._

[543] Vulpes, _ut supra_.

[544] _Medical Superstitions_, p. 56

[545] Marsden, _Hist. Sumatra_, p. 189.

[546] Pettigrew, _Medical Superstitions_, p. 61.

[547] _Custom and Myth_, p. 148.

[548] _Custom and Myth._, p. 150.

[549] _Rivers of Life_, J. G. R. Forlong.

[550] _Anthropological Journal_, vol. xii. p. 572.

[551] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 68.

[552] Hooker, _Himalayan Journ._, Ed. 1891, p. 141.

[553] _Travels in Africa_, Ed. 1890, p. 488.

[554] Plin., xxi. 104.

[555] Plin., xxii. 24.

[556] Plin., xxx. 30.

[557] _Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries_, 1892, pp. 122-3.

[558] From _Ritual of the Dead_. Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 90.

[559] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 94.

[560] Pratt’s _Flowering Plants_, vol. i. p. 50.

[561] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxx. chap. 20.

[562] _Ibid_., Book. xxx. chap. 24.

[563] _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, Smith’s art. “Amulets.”

[564] H. N. xxv. 9.

[565] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45.

[566] _Hist. Med._, p. 772.

[567] Vol. ii. p. 139.

[568] Heathen charm.

[569] A blackberry.

[570] Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit.

[571] Plin., xxx. 30.

[572] See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of _Pliny’s Natural History_.

[573] Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556.

[574] _Galen de Facult. Simpl._, lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. Kühn.

[575] “A Gnostic device. See Montfauçon, plates 159, 161, 163.”

[576] This also is Gnostic.

[577] Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense.

[578] Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx.

[579] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part 2, sec. 5.

[580] Rev. C. A. John’s _Flowers of the Field_.

[581] Brand’s _Observations_, vol. ii. p. 67.

[582] _Hist. Nat._, xxxvii. 10.

[583] Brand’s _Observations_, etc., vol. ii. p. 63.

[584] Burton’s _Anatomy_, p. 454.

[585] _Saxon Leech Book_, II. ch. lxvi.

[586] See _Curious Myths of Middle Ages_, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273.

[587] Morley’s _Life of Corn. Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 165.

[588] _History of Medicine_, p. 107.

[589] _Secret Miracles of Nature_, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164.

[590] _Vulgar Errors._

[591] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii.

[592] Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_, vol. iii. p. 139.

[593] _Encylopædia of Antiquities_, vol. i. p. 336.

[594] _Medical Superstitions_, p. 45.

[595] Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, 5th Ed., p. 23.

[596] _Park’s Travels_, vol. i. p. 357.

[597] _Astley’s Voyages_, vol. ii. p. 35.

[598] _Siberia_, p. 310.

[599] Vambery’s _Travels in Central Asia_, p. 50.

[600] Masson’s _Travels in Belochistan_, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302.

[601] _The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal_, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2.

[602] _L’Amulette de Pascal. Médecine et Médecins._ Par E. Littré. Paris, 1872.

[603] Arnot’s _Hist. Edin._

[604] Vol. i. p. 192.

[605] _Præcepta de Medicina_ of Serenus Samonicus.

[606] Lardner, _Works_, vol. ix. pp. 290-364.

[607] Pettigrew, _Medical Superstitions_, p. 52.

[608] Vol. iii. p. 29.

[609] Morley’s _Life of Cornelius Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 80.

[610] _Ibid._, p. 81.

[611] Henry’s _Hist. of Great Britain_, vol. i. p. 147.

[612] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 279.

[613] _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 279.

[614] _Ibid._, p. 281.

[615] Plin., _Hist. Nat._, lib. xxx. c. i.

[616] Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35.

[617] _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. pp. 278, 279.

[618] _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 278.

[619] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxx. chap. iv.

[620] See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, vol. v. p. 426.

[621] Holinshed, _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 506.

[622] _Hist. Med._, p. 249.

[623] _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 187.

[624] _Ibid._, p. 186.

[625] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133.

[626] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 42.

[627] See Tennyson’s poem, _The Victim_.

[628] Grimm.

[629] _Ibid._

[630] Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. ii. p. 586.

[631] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_, p. 588.

[632] _Ibid._, p. 602.

[633] _Ibid._, p. 604.

[634] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 874.

[635] _Eccl. Hist._, lib. iii. cap. 18.

[636] Strutt’s _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 345.

[637] _Chronicles of England_, vol. ii. p. 248.

[638] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, lib. v. cap. 3.

[639] _Chronicles of England_, vol. ii. p. 248.

[640] Strutt’s _Horda Angel Cynnan_, vol. i. p. 70.

[641] Strutt, _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, _Eccl. Hist._, iii. 18.

[642] _Leech Book_, ii. p. 289.

[643] _Ibid._, p. xxv.

[644] A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time.

[645] Recherches critiques sur l’âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819.

[646] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix.

[647] _Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England_, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.)

[648] _MS. Reg._, 12. D. xvii.

[649] _Leech Book_, I. xiii. p. 57.

[650] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 117.

[651] The doctor and the patient.

[652] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 137.

[653] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 137-8.

[654] Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers.

[655] Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix.

[656] A formula of Benediction.

[657] _Polypodium vulgare._

[658] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. pp. 138-9.

[659] _Leech Book_, III. vol. ii. p. 343.

[660] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 335.

[661] _Ibid._, p. 335.

[662] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 307.

[663] _Ibid._, vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii.

[664] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii.

[665] _Leech Book_, iii. p. 307.

[666] _Myv. Arch._, iii. p. 129.

[667] _Meddygon Myddfai_, Preface, p. ix.

[668] Llanover MS.

[669] _Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales_, vol. ii. p. 515.

[670] _Meddygon Myddfai_, p. xi.

[671] _Ibid._, p. xiii.

[672] _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, vol. i. p. 41 etc.

[673] _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, vol. i. p. 315.

[674] _Ibid._, p. 507.

[675] _The Physicians of Myddvai_, Llandovery, 1861.

[676] Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s _Hist. of Eng._, vol. i. p. 320.

[677] _Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales_, v. i. p. 313.

[678] See on this Balmez, _European Civilization_, p. 214.

[679] Pococke, _Hist. Dynast._, p. 128; Freind, _Hist. Med._, Lat. Ed., p. 472.

[680] Puschmann, _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 156.

[681] L. Leclerc, _Hist. de la Méd. Arabe_, i. p. 38.

[682] Freind, _Hist. Med._, p. 473, Ed. 1733.

[683] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii.

[684] Weber, _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 266.

[685] Royle, _Antiquity of Hindu Medicine_.

[686] Weber, p. 266.

[687] Puschmann, p. 160.

[688] Leo Afric., _De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib._

[689] _The Saracens_, p. 191.

[690] _Ibid._

[691] _Ibid._, pp. 191, 192.

[692] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii.

[693] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 158.

[694] Freeman’s _Saracens_, p. 54.

[695] Kingsley’s _Alexandria_, p. 148.

[696] Sismondi, _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 51.

[697] _Hist. Med._, p. 123.

[698] See Thompson’s _Hist. Chem._, vol. i. p. 112.

[699] Berington’s _Lit. Hist. Middle Ages_, p. 415.

[700] Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii.

[701] _Imp. Dict. Biog._, art. “Averrhoès.”

[702] Puschmann, p. 162.

[703] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 220.

[704] _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 66.

[705] _Ibid._

[706] _Decline and Fall_, etc., chap. lii.

[707] _Dictionary of Islam_, art. “Da’wah.”

[708] Baas, _History of Medicine_, p. 224.

[709] Sismondi, _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 68.

[710] _Ibid._

[711] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s _Dict. Classical Biog._