Chapter III: Men of the River Drift

Beginning of the Glacial Age—Interglacial Age—Man living in
Europe during this age—Map of Europe—Proof of former elevation of
land—The animals living in Europe during this age—Conclusions
drawn from these different animals—The vegetation of this
period—Different climatic conditions of Europe during the Glacial
Age—Proofs of the Glacial Age—Extent of Glacial Ice—Evidence of
warm Interglacial Age—The primitive state of man—Early English
civilization—Views of Horace—Primitive man destitute of
metals—Order in which different materials were used by man for
weapons—Evidence from the River Somme—History of Boucher De
Perthes’s investigations. Discussion of the subject—Antiquity of
these remains—Improvement during the Paleolithic Age—Description
of the flint implements—Other countries where these implements
are found—What race of men were these tribes—The Canstadt
race—Mr. Dawkins’s views—When did they first appear in Europe?
The authorities on this question—Conclusion.

Chapter IV: CAVE-MEN.

Other sources of information—History of cave explorations—The
formation of caves—Exploration in Kent’s Cavern—Evidence of two
different races—The higher culture of the later race—Evidence of
prolonged time—Exploration of Robin Hood Cave—Explorations in
Valley of the River Meuse—M. Dupont’s conclusions—Explorations in
the Valley of the Dordogne—The station at Schussenreid—Cave-men
not found south of the Alps—Habitations of the Cave-men—Cave-men
were hunters—Methods of cooking—Destitute of the potter’s
art—Their weapons—Clothing—Their skill in drawing—Evidence of a
government—Of a religious belief—Race of the Cave-men—Distinct
from the Men of the Drift—Probable connection with the Eskimos.

Chapter V: ANTIQUITY OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE.

Interest in the Antiquity of man—Connected with the Glacial
Age—The subject difficult—Proofs of a Glacial Age—State of
Greenland to-day—The Terminal Moraine—Appearance of the North
Atlantic—Interglacial Age—Causes of the Glacial Age—Croll’s
Theory—Geographical causes—The two theories not antagonistic—The
date of the Glacial Age—Probable length of the Paleolithic
Age—Time Since the close of the Glacial Age—Summary of results.

Chapter VI: THE NEOLITHIC AGE IN EUROPE.

Close of the first cycle—Neolithic culture connected with the
present—No links between the two ages—Long lapse of time between
the two ages—Swiss lake villages—This form of villages widely
scattered—Irish cranogs—Fortified villages—Implements and weapons
of Neolithic times—Possessed of pottery—Neolithic
agriculture—Possessed of domestic animals—Danish
shell-heaps—Importance of flint—The art of navigation—Neolithic
clothing—Their mode of burial—The question of race—Possible
remnants— Connection with the Turanian race—Arrival of the Celts.

Chapter VII: THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE.

Races of Men, like Individuals—Gradual change of Neolithic Age to
that of Bronze—The Aryan family—First Aryans Neolithic—Origin of
Bronze—How Great discoveries are made—Gold the first metal—Copper
abundant—No Copper Age—The discovery of Tin—Explanation of an
Alloy—Bronze, wherever found, the same composition—What is meant
by the Bronze Age—Knowledge in other directions—Gradual Growth of
Culture—Three Centers of Bronze production—Habitations during the
Bronze Age—The Bronze Ax—Implements of Bronze—Personal
ornaments—Ornaments not always made of Bronze—Advance in Arts of
living—Advance in Agriculture—Warlike Weapons—How they worked
Bronze—Advance in Government—Trade in the Bronze Age—Religion of
the Bronze Age—Symbolical figures—Temples of the Bronze
Age—Stonehenge.

Chapter VIII: THE IRON AGE IN EUROPE.

Bronze not the best metal—Difficulties attending the discovery of
Iron—Probable steps in this discovery—Where this discovery was
first made—Known in Ancient Egypt—How this knowledge would
spread—Iron would not drive out Bronze—The primitive
Iron-worker—The advance in government—Pottery and ornaments of
the Iron Age—Weapons of early Iron Age—The battle-field of
Tilfenau—Trade of early Iron Age—Invention of Money—Invention of
Alphabetic Writing—Invasion of the Germanic Tribes—The cause of
the Dark Ages—Connection of these three ages—Necessity of
believing in an Extended Past—Attempts to determine the
same—Tiniere Delta—Lake Bienne—British Fen-lands—Maximum and
Minimum Data—Mr. Geikie’s conclusions—The Isolation of the
paleolithic Age.

Chapter IX: EARLY MAN IN AMERICA.

Conflicting accounts of the American Aborigines—Recent
discoveries—Climate of California in Tertiary Times—Geological
changes near its close—Description of Table Mountain—Results of
the discoveries there—The Calaveras skull—Other relics—Discussion
of the question—Early Californians Neolithic—Explanation of
this—Date of the Pliocene Age—Other discoveries bearing on the
Antiquity of man—Dr. Koch’s discovery—Discoveries in the Loess of
Nebraska—In Greene County, Ill.—In Georgia—Difficulties in
detecting a Paleolithic Age in this country—Dr. Abbott’s
discoveries—Paleolithic Implements of the Delaware—Age of the
deposits—The race of Paleolithic man—Ancestors of the
Eskimos—Comparison of Paleolithic Age in this country with that
in Europe—Eskimos one of the oldest races in the World.

Chapter X: THE MOUND BUILDERS.

Meaning of “MOUND BUILDERS”—Location of Mound Building tribes—All
Mounds not the work of men—Altar Mounds—Objects found on the
Altars—Altar Mounds possibly burial Mounds—Burial Mounds—Mounds
not the only Cemeteries of these tribes—Terraced Mounds—Cahokia
Mound—Historical notice of a group of Mounds—The Etowal
group—Signal Mounds—Effigy Mounds—How they represented different
animals—Explanation of the Effigy Mounds—Effigy Mounds in other
localities—Inclosures of the Scioto Valley—At Newark, Ohio—At
Marietta, Ohio—Graded Ways—Fortified Inclosures—Ft. Ancient,
Ohio—Inclosures of Northern Ohio—Works of unknown import—Ancient
Canals in Missouri—Implements and Weapons of Stone—Their
knowledge of Copper—Ancient mining—Ornamental pipes—Their
knowledge of pottery—Of Agriculture—Government and Religion—Hard
to distinguish them from the Indians.

Chapter XI: THE PUEBLO COUNTRY.

Description of the Pueblo Country—Historical outline—Description
of Zuñi—Definition of a Pueblo—Old Zuñi—Inscription Rock—Pueblo
of Jemez—Historical notice of Pecos—Description of the Moqui
tribes—The Estufa—Description of the San Juan country—Aztec
Springs—In the Canyon of the McElmo—The Ruins on the Rio
Mancos—On Hovenweep Creek—Description of a Cliff-house—Cliff
Town—Cave Houses—Ruins on the San Juan—Cave Town—The Significance
of Cliff-houses—Moqui traditions—Ruins in Northern New
Mexico—Ruins in the Chaco Cañon—Pueblo Bonito—Ruins in
South-western Arizona—The Rio Verde Valley—Casa Grande—Ruins on
the Gila—Culture of the Pueblo Tribes—Their Pottery—Superiority
of the Ancient pottery—Conclusion.

Chapter XII: THE PREHISTORIC AMERICANS.

Different views on this Subject—Modern System of
Government—Ancient System of Government—Tribal Government
universal in North America—The Indians not Wandering
Nomads—Indian houses Communal in character—Indian Methods of
Defense—Mandan Villages—Indians sometimes erected Mounds—Probable
Government of the Mound Builders—Traditions of the Mound Builders
among the Iroquois—Among the Delawares—Probable fate of the Mound
Builders—The Natchez Indians possibly a remnant of the Mound
Builders—Their early Traditions—Lines of resemblance between the
Pueblo Tribes and the Mound Builders—The origin of the
Indians—America Inhabited by the Indians from a very early
time—Classification of the Indian Tribes—Antiquity of the Indian
Tribes.

Chapter XIII: THE NAHUA TRIBES.

Early Spanish discoveries in Mexico—The Nahua tribes
defined—Climate of Mexico—The Valley of Anahuac—Ruins at
Tezcuco—The Hill of Tezcocingo—Ruins at Teotihuacan—Ancient
Tulla—Ruins in the Province of Querataro—Casa Grandes in
Chihuahua—Ancient remains in Sinaloa—Fortified Hill of
Quemada—The Pyramid of Cholula—Fortified Hill at Xochicalco—Its
probable use—Ruins at Monte Alban—Ancient remains at Mitla—Mr.
Bandelier’s investigations—Traditions in regard to Mitla—Ruins
along the Panuco River—Ruins in Vera Cruz—Pyramid of
Papantla—Tusapan—Character of Nahua Ruins.

Chapter XIV: THE MAYA TRIBES.

The geographical location of the Maya tribes—Description of
Copan—Statue at Copan—Altar at Copan—Ruins at
Quiriga—Patinamit—Utatlan—Description of Palenque—The Palace at
Palenque—The Temple of the Three Inscriptions—Temple of the
Beau-relief—Temple of the Cross—Temple of the Sun—Maler’s Temple
of the Cross—Significance of the Palenque crosses—Statue at
Palenque—Other ruins in Tobasco and Chiapas—Ruins in
Yucatan—Uxmal—The Governor’s House—The Nunnery—Room in
Nunnery—The Sculptured Façades—Temple at
Uxmal—Kabah—Zayi—Labna—Labphak—Chichen-Itza—The Nunnery—The
Castillo—The Gymnasium—M. Le Plongon’s researches—The tradition
of the Three Brothers—Chaac-Mal—Antiquity of Chichen-Itza.

Chapter XV: THE CULTURE OF THE CIVILIZED TRIBES.

Different views on this question—Reasons for the same—Their
architecture—Different styles of houses—The communal house—The
teepan—The teocalli—State of society indicated by this
architecture—The gens among the Mexicans—The phratry among the
Mexicans—The tribe—The powers and duties of the council—The head
chiefs of the tribe—The duties of the “Chief-of-Men”—The mistake
of the Spaniards—The Confederacy—The idea of property among the
Mexicans—The ownership of land—Their laws—Enforcement of the
laws—Outline of the growth of the Mexicans in power—Their tribute
system—How collected—Their system of trade—Slight knowledge of
metallurgy—Religion—Quetzalcohuatl—Huitzilopochtli—Mexican
priesthood—Human sacrifice—The system of Numeration—The calendar
system—The Calendar Stone—Picture-writing—Landa
Alphabet—Historical outline.