Chapter V: VADDAH, see VEDDAHS

VAIDIC, _see_ VEDIC.

VAIQUENO, VAIKENO.

MALAYAN: dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace.

VALAAT.

Iranian: name for modern PERSIAN; common dialects, vulgar speech.

VALAIS.

ROMANCE: French canton of Switzerland.

VALDIERI.

Romance: dialect of FRANCO-ITALIAN.

VALENCIAN, VALENTIAN.

Romance: belonging to the same division as the LIMOUSIN, _i.e._, the PROVENÇAL; a dialect of SPANISH. Dicty. by Lamarca, Valencia, 1842.

VALTELINESE.

Romance: dialect of ITALIAN, closely allied to RHÆTO-ROMANIC.

VANCOUVER’S ISLAND.

AMERICAN: (1) The COWICHAN may be spoken by about 4,000 people. (2) The QUAKWOLTH, by about 2,000. (3) The KOSKEEMO by only two or three hundred; while (4) the AHT is spoken in its different dialects in Vancouver’s Island and southwards along the shores of the mainland of Washington Territory to nearly the Columbia river by about 4,500 people; indeed the Chinook, spoken by the Chinooks who once thickly lined the lower shores of that river, is a dialect of the AHT (see Irving’s “Astoria”). (5) The “Chinook Jargon,” a rough trading jargon, founded on the CHINOOK, but mixed up with corrupted CANADIAN FRENCH, ENGLISH, a few SPANISH, two HAWAIAN, and numerous words from other Indian languages, and universally understood by traders, travellers, and colonists of any “standing” in the region. (_Vide_ Vocaby. by George Gibbs, published by the Smithsonian Institution.) R. B.

VANDAL.

A form of the word WEND. “Histoire” by Marcus, Paris, 1836.

VAN DIEMEN’S LAND.

TASMANIAN: dialects were, according to authorities, four, six, eight; or many more, according to Mr. G. Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines. Mr. Clarke, catechist on Flinders Island, recognised ten dialects in 1834 among the two hundred native exiles. A _Lingua Franca_ was of necessity made among them. Dr. Milligan prepared, from Messrs. Dove, Jorgenson, Geary, King, Labillardière, Peron, Robinson, Scott, Sterling, and Lhotzky, a vocabulary of 2,500 words, only one or two of which were true reduplicatives. According to Mr. Logan, the Tasmanian was an ancient form of the tongues once spoken in south-eastern Asia. The language was defective in abstract names. J. B.

VANIKORO.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN, somewhat allied to TANEMA.

VANNETAIS, VANNETEUSE.

Celtic: sub-dialect of BAS-BRETON, spoken at Vannes. Dicty. by Armerie, Leyden, 1774: Grammar by Guillome, Vannes, 1836.

VARANGIAN.

Put for WARANGIAN, a form of the word Varini for the Warrings. See paper by Mr. Hyde Clarke in “Ethnol. Journal,” but compare the Slavonic word “warjazi,” allies. The Varangian guard at Constantinople was recruited from N. Europe. _See_ FERINGEE.

VASKISH, _see_ BASQUE.

VASSE R.

District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Captain Grey, 1841.

VATIALAISET.

TSCHUDIC: a name for the VOD.

VAUDOIS (PAYS DE VAUD).

ROMANCE: vernacular language of the Waldenses, formed from the old Provençal, or LANGUE D’OC, still spoken in Switzerland. “Observations,” &c., by Develay, Lausanne, 1824.

VAYU.

NON-ARYAN: a dialect of Nipal, somewhat allied to CHEPANG. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

VEDAS.

The sacred writings of the Brahmins, from the word “vid,” _i.e._, wit, knowledge.

VEDDAHS.

CINGHALESE: low race of Ceylon.

VEDIC.

The language of the Vedas; the oldest form of SANSKRIT.

VEI, VEY.

African: dialect of the MANA class, vernacular at Great Cape Mount, W. Africa; using a native alphabetic character of recent origin, which is stated to be founded on ARABIC, called the Vey Phonetic (Forbes). Grammar by Kölle, London, 1853.

VELAY.

ROMANCE: dialect of Provençal. Vocaby. in “Mems. de la Société des Antiq.,” vol. ix.

VENDEE.

ROMANCE: _patois_ of France, largely CELTIC. Grammar in “Memm. de l’Acad. Celtique,” 1809.

VENEDI, VENDES.

GERMAN name for Slavonians. _See_ WENDIC.

VENETIAN.

Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Boerio, Venice, 1829.

VENEZUELAN, _see_ WAPISIANA.

VERDEN, _see_ BREMISCH.

VERKHOVI.

Ugrian: SAMOIED dialect of the River Obi.

VERNACULAR.

Literally “native”; the natural speech of a race or country.

VERONESE.

Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Angeli, Verona, 1821.

VES, _see_ VOD.

VESP, _see_ TSCHUDIC.

VICENZA.

Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN of Italy.

VICTORIA.

AUSTRALIAN: dialects of Port Phillip, once numerous, now nearly all lost. Some of them, says Mr. Parker, called after their negatives, as some in N.S. Wales from their affirmatives. J. B.

VIENNAISE, VIENNESE (WIEN).

Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN of the Austrian Empire, as spoken at Vienna; the ancient VINDOBONA.

VIKANERA, _see_ BIKANIRA.

VIKINGAR, VIKINGS.

So-called Sea-Kings, or “Creekers”; pirates of the Baltic.

VILELA.

American: LULE dialect of the Gran Chaco and republic of Cordova.

VINCENT (ST.) ISLAND.

(1) See W. INDIES. (2) (Gulf of) Native AUSTRALIAN. Köler “Notice” by, Berlin, 1842.

VINGOUR, _see_ UNGARN.

VIRAT, _see_ BUTTANIR.

VIRGINIAN.

American: called NEW ENGLAND INDIAN, and classed as MOHEGAN.

VITI, _see_ FEEJEEAN.

VLACK.

Crude form of the word WALLACHIAN. ☞

VOD.

Tschudic: same as the Vadjalaine (sing.), or Vadjalaiset (in the plural), who speak a dialect of the FIN, called VES.

VOGUL, WOGUL.

Ugrian: a branch of the TSCHUDIC stem, representing the dialects of FIN spoken along the course of the River Volga. Klaproth distinguishes four dialects: (1) the TSCHUSSOWAIA; (2) WERCHOTURIE; (3) TSCHERDYN; (4) BERESOV. _See_ MORDVINIAN.

VOIGHTLANDIC.

Teutonic: dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

VOLGA-FINNISH.

TCHUDIC: same as MORDVINIAN.

VOLSCIAN.

Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN and UMBRIAN. See Fabbretti’s Glossary, Turin, 1858.

VOSGES, _see_ RENNES.

VOTIAK, _see_ WOTAGIAN.

VULGAR-TONGUE.

A name once used for true idiomatic ENGLISH; the term “vulgar” is used for the language of the lower orders. See Dicty. by Grose, 1785, since reprinted (1868). _See_ LINGUA VULGARIS.

VUTA-HUILLIGHE.

AMERICAN: Vuta or Huilliche. This latter word means “Men of the South,” and is an Araucanian name. Hence it applies to the tribes between Chili and Tierra del Fuego. The Chonos of the Island of Chiloe is decidedly Chileno. Elsewhere the division between their language and the Patagonian is not known in detail. Falkner’s “Description of Patagonia,” Hereford, 1774. Darwin in “Voyage of the Beagle.” R. G. L.

W.

WAAG.

Abyssinian; a name for HHAMARA, _i.e._, the AGAU dialect of Lasta.

WAAILATPU, WILLATPOO.

American: same as CAYUS; spoken in Oregon to the S. of Lower Columbia R.

WACCOA.

American: same as WOKKON; extinct dialect of N. Carolina. _See_ WOCCON.

WACOE.

American: Pawnee Indians; the word is an English corruption of the Spanish HUECO applied to the TALLEWITSU.

WADEY, WADREAGH.

Sub-Semitic; Berber races speaking TUARIK.

WAHABEES.

Name for Mohammedan sectaries or reformed Moslemim, a very fanatical body.

WAHITAHO.

Polynesian; dialect of the Friendly Islands, allied to MAYORGA.

WAHKYECUM, WAKAIKAM.

American: sub-division of CHINOOK.

WAHTANI.

American: same as MANDAN.

WAHTOHTANI, WAHTOKTAK.

American: same as OTO.

WAIGIU.

Negrito: PAPUAN dialect to the N.W. of New Guinea.

WAIHU.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of Easter Island. _See_ TEAPY.

WAIKNA.

AMERICAN: dialect of the Mosquito coast.

WAIKUR, WAICURI.

American: also called GUAICUR and MONQUI; language of Lower California with dialects known as ARIPE and CORA.

WAISAMU.

MALAYAN; dialect of Ceram.

WAIYAMERA, WOYAWAI.

American: dialects of British Guyana, classed by Schomburgk as CARIB-TAMANAQUE.

WAKAMBA.

African: Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class.

WAKASH.

American: same as YUCUATL; ATNA or SELISH dialect of Vancouver Is.; also called NOOTKA or NUTKA. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii. _See_ TLAOQUATSH.

WAKHI.

Tribes of Shiah-Mohammedans in Wakhan, Central Asia.

WALCHEREN.

DUTCH: provincial dialect of Holland.

WALDENSIAN, _see_ VAUDOIS.

WALING.

Non-Aryan: language of the KIRANTI group, E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

WALLA-WALLA.

American: dialect of Sahaptin, closely allied to KLIKETAT. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.

WALLACHIAN (VLACK).

Romance: a mingled dialect of LATIN and SLAVONIC, also called ROUMAN or RUMANYO. It is divided into (1) Northern dialect, called DACIAN or DACO-ROMAN, spoken in Moldavia, Bessarabia, &c.; (2) South of the Danube, called MACEDO- or KUTZO-WALLACHIAN. The people called Rumanje are by some stated to be Thracians, by others Illyrians by descent, but the language is that of the Roman colonists settled in Dacia under the Emperor Trajan. They still use the old CYRILLIC alphabet for liturgical purposes, but a more simplified character is in general use. Grammar by Iszer, Kronstadt, 1855; Dicty. by Cihao: “Dictionnaire d’Etymologie Daco-Romane,” Francfort, 1870.

⁂ This language has the peculiarity, like the BASQUE, of postposition of the article: thus, “ochiu’l (oculus ille)” = “the eye”; “omu’l” = “man the,” for “the man.” Farrar. ☞

WALLAMETTE, _under_ WI.

WALLIS ISLANDS.

Polynesian: same as UEA. _See_ LOYALTY IS.

WALLON _or_ WALLOON (ROUCHI-FRANCAIS).

Romance: FRENCH _patois_ of Flanders and Belgium. Dicty. by Grandgagnage, Liége, 1845-50. _See_ LIEGEOISE.

WAMMA, WAMMER.

MALAYAN: islands of the lesser Sunda group, peopled with Alfuru. _See_ AROO.

WANAMI.

American: same as UNAMI. Turtle-tribe of Delawares.

WANAT.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as IROKESE.

WANDAMIN.

Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.

WANGEROG.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of FRIESIC. See Hœfer’s “Zeitschrift,” Berlin, 1845.

WANGPO.

Indian: dialect of KUNAWARI.

WANICA, WANIKA, WONICA.

African: Kaffir dialect of the SUAHILI class.

WANUMBAE, _see_ AROO.

WAPANACHKI.

American: form of the word ABENAKI.

WAPISIANA (WAPISIAN, WAPITYAN).

American: dialect of CARIB, spoken in Demerara and Venezuela.

WAPISIAN-PARAUANA.

American: Schomburgk’s class name for a division of the CARIB languages of British Guyana.

WARACHIN, WARATSHIN.

Caucasian: chief dialect of the UDE, on which Schiefner’s Grammar is founded. H. C.

WAROW, WARROW.

AMERICAN: unclassed language of British Guyana.

⁂ Spoken between the Orinoco, along the coast, and in the lowlands of the Delta. On the strength of these conditions the Warows have been described as people living on trees. They are good boatmen. R. G. L.

WARSAU.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Gold Coast.

WASCO, _see_ CHINOOK.

WASHA, WAWAH, WAWASH.

American: names for the OSAGE.

WASHINGTON IS., _see_ MARQUESAN.

WATELEI, _see_ AROO.

WATIALAISET, WATLANDIC.

Tschudic: FIN dialect, much Teutonized.

WATIE, WATJE.

African: dialect of the MANA class.

WATLAKA, WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS).

American: dialect of ATNA or SELISH, known as UPPER CHINOOK, Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

WATTASUN.

American: MANDAN name for the Black-shoe tribe of Crows. _See_ UPSAROKA.

WAWU.

African: NIGRITIAN dialect adjoining Dahomey.

WAYAPO.

MALAYAN: dialect of Booro. Vocaby. by Wallace.

WEA.

American: ALGONKIN of the Illinois division, and closely allied to PIANKESHAW. See Primer, “Cherokee Mission Press,” 1837.

WEE-O-HOW, _see_ SHASTA.

WEITSPEK, WEIYOT, WISHOSK.

American: Indians of N.W. California, on the Clamat, and somewhat allied to TSAMAK.

WELLINGTON.

Australian: dialect of KAMILAROI.

WELSH (CYMRAEG).

Celtic: pre-Roman dialect of Britain, closely allied to ARMORICAN or Bas-Breton, to CORNISH, the extinct dialect of Cornwall, and still spoken by the Cymru, natives of the principality of Wales in Great Britain. It is a language of the same class as ERSE or IRISH, GAELIC and MANX, but more largely influenced by LATIN. Grammars by Rowland, 3rd ed., Bala, 1864; and Spurrell, 1870; Dictys. by Evans, Pughe, Pryse, Richards, and Spurrell.

WENDIC, WENDISH.

(1) Same as SLAVO-WENDIC or LETTO-SLAVONIC; class-name for combined stem of languages comprising OLD-PRUSSIAN and its varieties, with others of the SLAVONIC family.

(2) Same as SORBO-WENDIC; also called SORABIC, or SORBIAN, the language of Lusatia, N. Germany. They use the GERMAN character. Grammar by Jordan, Prag, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852; Dicty. by Zwahr, Spremberg, 1846-7. _See_ WINIDI.

WEST INDIES.

Long extinct; a few words only are known, taken from the language of St. Domingo. _See_ TAINO.

WESTMORELAND.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossaries by Wheeler and Gough.

WESTPHALIAN.

Teutonic: classed as LOW-GERMAN.

WETTER.

MALAYAN: a small island of the Timor group, peopled with Alfuru.

WHIDAH, WIDAH (ATYE).

African: also called FIDAH; NIGRITIAN dialect of Guinea; it is allied to DAHOMEY and to CARIB. H. C. _See_ JUDA.

WHITE-RUSSIAN.

SLAVONIC: dialects of the governments of Smolensko and Moghilov. It has no literature, except the Lithuanic Code.

WIDAH, _see_ WHIDAH.

WIEN, _see_ VIENNAISE.

WIHINASHT, WIHINAST.

AMERICAN: Western Shoshones; Snake Indians of Texas. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

WILLAMET, WALLAMETTE.

American: Indians of Oregon, closely allied to CAYUSE. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

WILTSHIRE, WILTS.

Provincial dialect of Wiltshire in England. Glossary by Akerman.

WILTZIAN.

SLAVONIC. Same as LUITIZIAN.

WINDIC.

Slavonic: SLOVENIAN dialect of Windismark (Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola) in Austria.

WINEBAGO.

American: also called NIPPEGON; SIOUX dialect of Wisconsin. Vocaby.: “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

WIRADUREI.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Kamilaroi, spoken near the N. border of N.S. Wales. Mr. Horatio Hale found “o” repeated sixty-seven times to six of “u.” J. B.

WISHOSK, _see_ WEITSPEK.

WITCHITA, WITSHITA.

American: dialect of Texas, spoken on the Red R., and classed as PAWNEE.

WITOURO.

Australian: Kamilaroi dialect, allied to WIRADUREI, spoken N. of Adelaide. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

WLACHISH, _see_ WALLACHIAN.

WOCCON, WOKKON (WACCOA).

AMERICAN: primitive dialect of N. Carolina.

⁂ Along with Catawba, they are the best representatives of the native population. This is indicated because the Pamticoughs and the Tuscaroras, with whom they are associated in respect to their geography, are intrusive. From both of these the Woccon and Katawba are widely separated, and (as far as we are informed by our scanty data) they are, as separate languages, divided from one another. Each is known from a single specimen, viz.: that of Lawson, &c., London, 1709. Both the Woccon and the Catawba have long been extinct. R. G. L.

WODDOWRONG.

Australian: allied to KOLIGON; spoken to E. of Lake Colac, Victoria. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

WOGUL, WOGULIAN, _under_ V.

WOKAN, WOKKAM.

MALAYAN: island of the lesser Sunda group. _See_ AROO.

WOKKON, _see_ WOCCON.

WOLAITSA, WORAITSA, WORRATTA.

African: dialects of the GONGA class, spoken in Abyssinia, about 10° N.L., and allied to KAFFA. _See_ YANGARO.

WOLAROI.

AUSTRALIAN: district distinguished by a dialectical variation of speech.

WOLF INDIANS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Delawares (called Minsi), and Mohigans (called Mech-chaooh).

WOLLONDILLY.

AUSTRALIAN: river name.

WOLOF (OUOLOFE).

AFRICAN: dialect of Senegambia. Grammar by Boilat, Paris, 1858; Dicty. by Dard, Dakar, 1855. _See_ JALLOOF.

WOOLWA, WULWA.

American: tribe on R. Mico, Honduras, speaking the CHONTALES language; called Caribs by the Spaniards. They “have themselves a vague tradition that they came originally from the shores of Lake Managua.” Squier, &c. R. G. L.

WORATTA, _see_ WOLAITSA.

WOTAGIAN, WOTIAK.

Tschudic: dialect spoken by the Ugrians of Viatka (Votiaks) in Russia, classed as PERMIAN FINS. See Gabelentz in Höfer’s “Zeitschr,” Berlin, 1845.

WOYAWAI, _see_ WAIYAMERA.

WUCH, _see_ MOULTANI.

WUGI, _see_ BUGIS.

WULWA, _see_ WOOLWA.

WUN.

African: NIGRITIAN dialect of Timbuctoo.

WURGELAH.

Sub-Semitic: Berber race speaking TUARIK.

WYAGO.

MALAYAN: Dyak fishermen of Borneo. _See_ BAJAU.

WYANDOT.

American: same as HURON; Mohawk Indians classed as Huron-Iroquois. It is spoken at Caughnawaga, near Montreal in Canada.

ADDENDA.

WABRO, WAIKY-WAIKY.

AUSTRALIAN: dialects of the McLeay river. J. B.

WATTY-WATTY.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of New England, N.S. Wales. (C. Hodgkinson.)

WEEAHS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Indian territory. _See_ SHASTI.

WEST SAXON.

Main dialect of ANGLO-SAXON, spoken in Wessex, and the South generally, while a distinct dialect, NORTH-ANGLIAN (Northumbrian), was spoken in the North. See papers by Mr. J. M. Kemble in the “Proceedings of the Philological Society,” 1845-7. G. R.

WESTERN-PORT.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Port Philip. Vocaby. by Dr. Bunce. J. B.

WINIDI.

A form of WEND. GERMAN name for the Slavonians.

WIRAIROI.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of the boundaries of Queensland and N.S. Wales, derived, says Mr. Ridley, from the affirmative “wirai.” J. B.

WIRALHERE.

Australian: a dialect of KAMILAROI.