Chapter M: MAAS, see MOSEL (3)

SHANDOO.

INDO-CHINESE: tribe of N. Arracan. A. C.

SHANGALLA, SHANKALI.

AFRICAN: name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the hills; as Dizzela and Tacazze.

⁂ It is an AGAW language. H. C. _See_ GALLA.

SHANGHAI.

Local dialect of CHINESE. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by Edkins.

SHARA.

American: name for SHYENNES.

SHARAIGOL.

Tatar: same as SHARRA, or Eastern MOGHOL of Mantchuria.

SHASTI, _also_ SASTE, SHASTA.

AMERICAN: dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to PALAIK, to KULANAPA, and OREGONES.

⁂ The native name is “Wee-o-how,” _i.e._, “Stone-house,” a retreat in the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California. They are, however, a race alien to the MODOCS, and speak a different language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see YEKA.

SHAWANOE.

American: also SHAWHAY, SHAWNEE, SHAWNOE; S. branch of ALGONKIN; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found west of the Mississippi. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 470.

SHAWI, _see_ SHOWIAH.

SHEBA, _see_ SHEVA.

SHEBAYI.

American: CARIB of French Guiana.

SHEFFIELD.

One of the provincial dialects of ENGLISH belonging to Yorkshire. See Bywater’s “Sheffield Dialect,” 1839. _See_ HALIFAX.

SHEKAK.

Unclassed: N. dialect of KURDISH.

SHEKAWATTY.

Indian: HINDI dialect of Rajpootana.

SHELLU, _see_ SHILHA.

SHEN.

Dravidian: archaic dialect of TAMIL, called HIGH-TAMIL.

SHENDU.

INDO-CHINESE: dialect of Burmah; same as HEUMA.

SHENVI.

Indic: MARATHI dialect of Bombay. Allied to KONKANI.

SHERBRO-BULLOM.

African: MANDINGO of the Banana Islands. _See_ BULLOM.

SHESHATAPOOSH.

American: ALGONKIN of Labrador, closely allied to NARRAGANSETTS. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 108. _See_ SKOFFI.

SHEVA, SHEBA.

Semitic: local dialect of AMHARIC.

SHIA-PUSH, _or_ SIAH-POSH.

SANSKRITIC: spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Kush. _See_ PUSHTOO.

SHIBBOLETH, SIBBOLETH.

HEBREW term, used as a test-word; peculiarities of speech; thence applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See Judges xii. 6.

SHIENNE, _see_ SHYENNE.

SHIGHNIS.

TATAR: tribes of Badakshan.

SHIHO, SHIKO.

ABYSSINIAN: tribe of Danakil; EDO and GUMEDDO are thus classed.

SHIKAN.

African: NIGRITIAN of the Gaboon.

SHIKASTAH.

Cursive form of TALIK characters, used in Persian as a running hand.

SHILHA.

The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gætulians. It is now spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though immensely overrun by ARABIC, it preserves its ancient grammar as a LIBYAN tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kindred languages. In the “Journal of the Asiatic Society” (1847) a long specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (“The Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim”), with a tentative interlineary Latin translation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.

SHILLUK.

African: dialect of KORDOVAN, closely allied to DENKA.

SHIMAGAC, _see_ ZAPARA.

SHINA.

Indian: dialect of SANSKRIT, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan.

SHINICOOK.

AMERICAN: Indians of Long Island, allied to MONTAK.

SHO, SHOU.

Indo-Chinese: also called PWO, KAREN dialect of Burmah. _See_ KHYEN.

SHOSHONE.

AMERICAN: Serpens; Snake Indians; classed as PADUCAN. Also called Radigeurs, or Root-diggers. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vols. ii., iv.

⁂ It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to ANDAMAN, KIRIRI, SABUJA, GONGA, &c. H. C. _See_ MARADIÇOS.

SHOULAH, _see_ SHILHA.

SHOUSHWAP, SHUSHWAP.

American: same as ATNA. _See_ SELISH.

SHOWIAH.

(Fr. Chaouia), one of the BERBER or LIBYAN languages. The name Kabâil, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with ARABIC, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article “El” (or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with us in the words “Alcoran,” “Alcohol”; and feminine nouns take T at each end: as “Tamdint,” from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, especially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it represents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gætulian. Brosselard’s Dictionary, “Français-Berbère,” whatever its value to a traveller, disappoints a philologer; for by far the greater part of it is Arabic in disguise. Hanoteau’s “Grammaire Kabyle,” gives a large mass of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.

SHYAN, _see_ SHAN.

SHYENNE.

(Fr. Cheyenne). American: ALGONKIN dialect of the Kansas, allied to ARRAPAHO. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

SIAH-POSH, _see_ SHIA-PUSH.

SIAMESE.

Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic language, called, in full, SA-YAME-PHASA, also TAI, or T’HAI; founded on CHINESE, it contains many elements of MALAY; its alphabet resembles PALI. Grammar by Pallegoix, Bangkok, 1850; Dicty., Paris, 1854.

SIAU.

MALAYAN: group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace’s “M. Archip.”

SIBERIAN.

Ugrian: a geographical term, embracing dialects of TURK or TATAR, with the FINNISH, as OSTIAK and SAMOIED. It is sometimes applied especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena.

SIBNOW.

DAYAK of Borneo: allied to BIAJUK.

SIBSAGAN.

Non-Aryan: MIRI dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SICAUNIE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Tacullies. _See_ SIKANNI.

SICILIAN.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Biundi, Palermo, 1857.

SICULAN.

Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with ETRUSCAN. See Müller’s “Etrusker,” Breslau, 1828. _See_ SZEKLER.

SIDEIA.

MALAYAN: language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an alphabet conformable to the CHINESE.

SIEBENBURGISCH.

TEUTONIC: Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as LOW-GERMAN.

SIENA, _see_ SANESE.

SIFAN.

CHINESE word for “Western Barbarians;” the languages are unclassed. ☞

SIGNS, LANGUAGE OF.

AMERICAN: described in the “Philosophical Transactions,” Philadelphia, 1804.

⁂ Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at Constantinople. H. C.

SIKANNI.

American: ATHABASCAN dialect of N. Caledonia; also called Tsikanne. Vocaby. by Howse. _See_ TAKULLI.

SIKH (PUNJABI).

Indic: dialect of SANSKRIT, deduced from SAREWASTI or PRACRIT, and much influenced by ARABIC and PERSIAN. The word Sikh means “disciple,” or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469-1539. Its alphabetic character resembles HINDI, and it is the vernacular speech of the Punjab, or “Country of the five” waters or rivers. Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana.

SIKKIM, _see_ LEPCHA.

SILESIAN (SCHLESIEN).

(1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN; local dialect of Upper Silesia, &c.

(2) Slavonic: sub-dialect of POLISH. _See_ GLATZ.

SILLA.

AMERICAN: language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico.

SILONG.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim.

SIMILATON.

American: LENCA dialect of Honduras.

SIMISENCHI.

AMERICAN: name for the Piros or Chuntaquiros.

SINA, SINOLOGIST.

Used for CHINESE, and any profound student of that language and its literature. “S” is the invariable equivalent for “ch” in Semitic languages.

SINAITIC.

Epigraphic: name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady-Mukatteb, or “written valley,” in the peninsula of Sinai.

The language of these inscriptions is ARABIC, with a slight ARAMAIC influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the ARAMAIC, the PALMYRENE, and the modern ARABIC. The view of the inscriptions taken by the Rev. C. Forster (“Voice of Israel,” London, 1860) is not generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer: “Inscriptiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatæ,” Leipzig, 1840-3. Also “Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft,” 1849, pp. 129-215. G. R.

SIND.

One of the multitudinous names for GIPSY, probably = “dark”; but Sindh means “sea, ocean, water.” Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus) river.

SINDHI.

Indian: dialect of HINDI spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in use—viz., the ARABIC and the GURMUKHI. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay, 1849-55; Grammar, 1849.

SINDONGA.

African: allied to OTYIHERERO.

SINGHALESE, SINHALESE.

The language of Ceylon. ELU, or high-Sinhalese, is DRAVIDIAN, and closely resembles TAMIL; its written characters, however, are more like CANARESE. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by SANSKRIT; PALI is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ CINGALESE.

SINGHBHUM.

Same as KOL; Non-Aryan language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SINGHPO _or_ SINGPHO.

Singh = “lion.” INDO-CHINESE: large class of dialects spoken by hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See “Asiatic Journal of Bengal,” 1837; and Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SINGKAL.

Malayan: BATTA dialect of Sumatra.

SIOUX.

AMERICAN: Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier; and the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden, Philadelphia; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner.

SIRAIKI.

Indic: dialect of SINDHI.

SIRANG, _see_ CERAM.

SIRANIAN, SIRENIAN, SIRJENIC.

Ugrian: same as ZIRIANIAN; FINNISH dialect of Vologda, in Russia. Grammar by Castrén, Helsingfors, 1844.

SISUTA, _see_ SESUTO.

SITCHA, SITKA, SITSKA.

American: names for KOLUSH.

SITUFA, SITUGA.

American: Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of BETOI.

SIWAH.

African: allied to the BERBER of Morocco; it is the dialect spoken in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7.

SKIPETAR.

ILLYRIC: native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the word Skipétar is of TURANIAN origin. ☞

SKITTEGAT.

American: dialect of the HAIDAH.

SKOFFI.

American: put for “Escopie,” name for SHESHATAPOOSH.

SKWALLY.

American: same as NASQUALLY. Classed by Hale as ATNAH or SELISH. Scouler’s name is SQUALLYAMISH.

SLANG.

Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders, especially those of large towns. See Hotten’s “New Dictionary,” “Slang,” &c.

SLAVIC, SLAVONIC, _or_ SLAVONIAN.

Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov = man (RUSS, cheloväku; POLISH, czlowiek); others derive it from “sru,” “slu,” “famous”; or from “slovo”: “word,” the people being “slovenie,” “the speakers.” Also called VENIDI, WINIDI, WENDS.

SLAVONIC.

(1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Russian has been formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6.

(2) Class name for a division of WENDIC, comprising OLD BOHEMIAN, POLATIAN (extinct), ECCL. SLAVONIC (extinct), BULGARIAN, CZECH, CROATIAN, ILLYRIAN, LUSITANIAN, POLABIAN, POLISH, RUSSIAN, RUTHENIAN, SERVIAN, SLOVACK, SLOVENIAN, SORABIC.

They have two forms of alphabetic character:—(1) The CYRILLIC, (2) the GLAGOLITIC, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331.

SLESWICK, _see_ SCHLESWIG.

SLOVACK.

SLAVONIC of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870. _See_ HUNGARIAN.

SLOVENIAN.

SLAVONIC of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko, Grätz, 1832. _See_ SERVIAN.

SMALL-ROBES.

AMERICAN: tribe of Blackfeet.

SNAKE INDIANS.

AMERICAN: tribe of Shoshones. _See_ NAGA.

SOAHILI, _under_ KI.

SOANA.

Romance: dialect of FRANCO-ITALIAN.

SOBO.

African: closely allied to BINI.

SOCIETY’S ISLANDS, _see_ TAHITIAN.

SOCOTRA, _see_ SOKOTRAN.

SOERABAYAN, _see_ SURABAYA.

SOERIKONG.

American: dialect of CARIB.

SOFALA.

African: dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.

SOGDI.

IRANIC: dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara.

SOHILI, _under_ Ki.

SOIONY, SOIOT.

Ugrian: Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as TURKEE, sometimes called SAMOIED; allied to KOIBAL.

SOK, SOKPA.

NON-ARYAN dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SOKHA, SOKHALA.

Turkee: classed as YAKUT.

SOKKO, ASOKKO.

African: class-name for a division of MANA or MANDINGO. ☞

SOKNA.

African: dialect of TUARIK.

SOKOTRAN.

Semitic: ARABIC dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf.

SOLEDAD (LA).

AMERICAN: Indians of California, on River Salinas. Same as MUTSUN.

SOLI.

INDIAN: wandering tribes of Korawa.

SOLIMANI.

Name for Affghans.

SOLOMON ISLANDS.

Polynesian: dialects are BAURO and GUADALCANAR.

SOLOR.

Javanese, with NEGRITO elements. Solor is an island of the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.

SOMAULI.

Abyssinian: division of the GALLA class. It is spoken from about Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70° N. lat. inland, and to Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town.

It is allied to AGAW. H. C.

SOMERSET.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley’s “Illustrations,” London, 1834; also by Jennings.

SONDER.

Malayan: dialect of MENADU.

SONGAI, _see_ SUNGHAI.

SONGO.

African: dialect of KAFFIR.

SONGPU.

Indo-Chinese: NAGA dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng.

SONINKE.

African: same as SWANINKE. _See_ SERACOLET.

SONORA, _see_ PIMA.

SONTALI (SANTALI).

INDIAN: remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

SOOLOO, _see_ SULA.

SORB, SORABIC, SORABIAN.

The SLAVONIC of Upper Lusatia; the language of Lower Lusatia is called SERSKISH. _See_ WENDIC.

SOSIMILCHI.

AMERICAN: entered in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as NAHUATLAC.

SOUAILI, SOWAULI, _under_ KI.

SOUDAN, _see_ NIGRITIAN.

SOULETIN.

One of the four literary dialects of BASQUE.

SOULIERS-NOIRS.

American: FRENCH name for Ahnahaways, called “Blackfeet;” tribe of Crow Indians.

SOURIQUOIS, _see_ MIC-MAC.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN.

See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1841.

SOW.

DAYAK of Borneo; allied to BIAJUK.

SOWAKIM, SUAKIM.

African: same as BISHARI.

SOWAULEE, SOHILI.

African: same as SOUAHILI, SWAHILI; the language spoken along the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to Mombaz. R. G. L.

SPANISH.

ROMANCE: the language of Spain, founded on LATIN, with a combination of CELTO-IBERIAN, largely augmented by GOTHIC and influenced by ARABIC; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called CASTILIAN; other dialects are called CATALONIAN or LIMOUSIN, GALICIAN (GALLEGO), and ARAGONESE. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870; Grammar, 1869.

⁂ The remains of the Iberian language are known as BASQUE. ☞

SPARTAN.

Hellenic: the ancient dialect of Laconia; a form of DORIC GREEK, with some peculiar words.

SPOKEIN.

AMERICAN: tribe of Flat Heads.

SQUALLYAMISH.

American: same as SQUALLY. Dialect of Puget’s Sound, spoken about 49° N. lat. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1841.

STAGES OF LANGUAGE.

Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional.

STEIERMARKISH.

(1) Wendic: sub-dialect of SLOVENIAN.

(2) GERMANIC. See Sartoris: “Neuester Reise,” Leipsig, 1811. _See_ STYRIAN.

STICKEEN.

AMERICAN: tribe of Kolush.

ST. JOHN’S, _see_ PASSAMAQUODDS.

STOCKHOLM.

SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of Sweden. See Radloff’s “Beskrifning,” Upsala, 1805.

STONE-INDIANS.

American tribe of Assineboines, classed as DAKOTAH.

STRASBURG.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816.

SUABIAN, _see_ SWABIAN.

SUAHELI, _see_ SWAHILI.

SUAKEN.

African: dialect of BEJA, or BISHARI, spoken about 19° 20′ N. lat.

SUANIAN, SUANIC, _or_ SWAN.

Caucasian: dialect of GEORGIAN, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia. Grammar by Rosen. H. C.

SUB-DERAT.

Abyssinian: dialect of the ADAREB.

SUB-DIALECTS, _under_ D.

SUBTIABO.

American: native language of Honduras; quoted as a dialect of LENCA, in the Spanish translation of Squier’s “Notes,” &c. Small Vocaby. in Dr. Latham’s “Elements,” p. 436.

SUDANIA, _see_ NIGRITIAN.

SUDRA.

INDIAN term: low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.)

SUFFOLK.

Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. ANGLIAN. Glossary by Moor; “Forby’s Vocabulary.” _See_ HAWSTEAD.

SUISSE-ROMANDE.

Same as RHÆTO-ROMANIC. _See_ SWISS.

SULA _or_ SULU.

Malayan: closely allied to CAJELI. _See_ SULTAN.

SULTAN.

MALAYAN: language of Sulu and Borneo.

SUMATRA, _see_ BATAK.

SUMBA.

A smaller island than Sumbawa; it also is in the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.

SUMBAWA, _see_ BIMA.

SUMCHU.

Indo-Chinese: KUNAWAR dialect of Thibet.

SUMENAP.

JAVANESE of Madura.

SUNDANESE.

The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooï in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java has been very limited: hence both the people and their language are less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally belonging to the MALAYAN family, differs considerably from the Javanese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the BATTA and MALAY of Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language as in Javanese—the former being called BASA-MENAK, the latter BASA-KURING. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not considerable, and most of them are derived from JAVANESE. The Sundanese was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some slight modifications. P. J. V. _See_ BATAVIAN-MALAY.

SUNGHAI, SONGAI, SONGHAY.

AFRICAN: dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between 13° and 18° N. lat. R. G. L.

SUNGNEM, SUNGNUM.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of KUNAWARI.

SUNTAH.

DAYAK of Borneo, closely allied to SOW.

SUNWAR, _see_ SANWAR.

SUOMI, SUOMELAINI, SUOMELAISET.

Tchudic: name for FIN. SUOME = swamp, _i.e._, “Fenners,” or “men of the fens.”

SURABAYA.

MALAYAN: local dialect of Java. Called LOW-MALAY.

SURA-CANI.

Language of the heavenly regions; local name for SANSKRIT.

SURGA.

African: dialect of TUARIK.

SURI-BUTAN.

That is, “little Thibet,” of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne’s “Travels,” London, 1842. _See_ BHOT.

SURINAM-NEGRO.

Creolese: mingled dialect of ENGLISH and DUTCH, spoken in Guiana; also called NEGRO-ENGLISH. “Proeve, &c.,” by Van der Vegt, Amsterdam, 1844. _See_ SARAMACCA.

SURSEE, SUSSEE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line.

SUSDALISH.

Slavonic: sub-dialect of RUSSIAN.

SUSOO.

African: MANDINGO dialect of Senegambia.

SUSSEX.

Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd edition, 1853; Works by M. A. Lower.

SUTRA-RENCHONG.

JAVANESE alphabet of Sumatra. _See_ PALEMBANG.

SWABIAN (SCHWABISCHE).

(1) Sub-dialect of old HIGH-GERMAN; typical dialect of the middle ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of the Minnesingers.

(2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. _See_ HALLE.

SWAHILI.

African: KAFFIR language of Zanzibar; also called KI-SUAHELI. Handbook by Steere, London, 1870.

SWANINKE, _see_ SERACOLET.

SWAUTI.

PAROPAMISAN: dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to SHINA.

SWEDEN, NEW.

AMERICAN: now New Jersey. _See_ MYNCQUESAR.

SWEDISH.

Teutonic: language of the SCANDINAVIAN class, closely allied to DANISH, and differing but little from modern NORWEGIAN. The name is that of the ancient Suiones. Dialects are GOTHLANDIC, HELSINGLAND, SCHONEN, STOCKHOLM. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stockholm, 1868. _See_ DALECARLIAN.

SWEO-GOTHIC, SUIO-GOTHIC.

A name given to OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre’s “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light on English Etymology. W. W. S.

SWISS (SCHWEIZ).

(1) Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See “Die Schweizerische Mundart,” Frauenfeld, 1838.

(2) Romance: _patois_ of FRENCH. See “Histoire,” &c., by De Ladoucette, Paris, 1834.

(3) Dialects: “Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian.”—Taylor’s “Words and Places,” London, 1865, p. 49.

⁂ According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872]—384,561 families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759 Romansch. _See_ ROMANA.

SYDNEY.

Australian: somewhat allied to MURUYA.

SYLLABIC.

Said of alphabets with “letters that represent syllables instead of simple sounds.” _See_ JAPANESE.

SYOUAH, _see_ SIWAH.

SYRIAC.

Semitic: typical language of the ARAMAIC, N. branch; closely allied to HEBREW, and written in an alphabetic character of its own; it has a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. PALMYRENE is the Syriac of Tadmor: and ESTRANGELO is the name of its oldest written character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855; Archaic (N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli; Chrestomathia by Roediger, Halle, 1868. _See_ PESHITO.

SYRJENIC, _see_ SIRENIAN.

SYRO-ARABIC.

Same as SEMITIC.

SYRO-CHALDEE.

Semitic: the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of Kurdistan; it is a corrupted form of SYRIAC, is written in a modification of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic Turkey and Persia.

SYROJEDIC.

Same as SAMOIED; “raw-flesh eaters.”

SZAUAKEN, _see_ SUAKEN.

SZEHLEH.

African: a name for MOBBA.

SZEKLER.

Old tribes of Magyar. Same as SICULI.

SZMUDIC, _see_ SAMOGITIAN.

ADDENDA.

SABÆANS.

SEMITIC: indigines of S. Arabia; they have much lighter skins than the Himyarites.

SAH-ISSAH-DINNE.

AMERICAN: “People of the rising Sun”; native name of the Chepewyans.

SHAMANISM.

PERSIAN word: “idolatry,” as applied to the Samoieds, &c., of Siberia.

SHROPSHIRE.

A dialect of ENGLISH. See Audelay’s “Poems” (Percy Soc.); and Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua.” W. W. S.

SOLIMA.

African: a language like SUSOO. H. C.

SOOSOO, _see_ SUSOO.

SOUR, _see_ SAVARA.

SOYOTES.

Name for Chinese Samoieds.

STYRIAN.

Slavonic: sub-dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in the Austrian province of Styria. G. R.

SUIO-GOTHIC.

Another name for OLD SWEDISH. See Ihre: “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S.

SWAN, _see_ SUANIC.

SYRMIAN.

Slavonic: a dialect of SERVIAN, spoken in Syrmia, a district of Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R.

T.

TABERISTANI.

Iranic: a local dialect of PERSIAN.

TABLUNG.

Indo-Chinese: NAGA dialect of E. frontier, Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

TACAZZE.

African: dialect of SHANGALLA. _See_ TAKAZZE.

TACHI.

AMERICAN: tribe of the Caddo Confederation, from whom the word Texas is derived. Same as INIES.

TACUNHA, _under_ TI.

TADJIK, TAJIK.

Indigenous tribes of modern Persia. The name is also applied to the Persian population of Bokhara, Khiva, Kokand, and the Pamir table-land.

⁂ They are an oppressed race, subject to the dominant Turkish or Tatar hordes. See Vambéry’s “Travels in Central Asia.” G. R.

TADMOR, _see_ PALMYRENE.

TAFOE.

African: a name for the INTA.

TAGAL.

JAVANESE: dialect of Sumatra.

TAGALA.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Philippine Islands, using an alphabet allied to the BATTA. Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,” and Dicty.

TAGORIAN.

Caucasian: dialect of OSSET. It is the same as DUGORIAN.

TAGUL-ANG-DANG, TAHEANG.

Malayan: dialects of MENADU.

TAHITIAN.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia, spoken by the natives of Tahiti and of the Society Islands. It is also spoken in the Austral Islands, a group of five islands to the south of Tahiti. W. G. L.

TAHLEWAH.

AMERICAN: dialect of R. Klamatl in U. California. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii.

TAI _or_ T’HAY.

That is phasa-t’hay, “language of the free.” TURANIAN: native name for the vernacular speech of Siam. It includes the SIAMESE, AHOM, LAOS, KHAMTI, and KASSIA dialects; it is monosyllabic, and destitute of inflections. The people called Ahom were formerly the dominant race.

TAIEMALA.

AFRICAN: tribe of the Danakil.

TAIGINSKI.

Ugrian: a class of Samoied, allied to MOTORIAN.

TAINI _or_ TAINO.

American: native name of the occupants of Hayti, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, when first discovered; the Caribs called them Ygneri. Compare the word Inaina for “man” in ATNA. ☞

TAI-PING.

Chinese rebels; national party as opposed to the Moghol dynasty.

TAI-WAN, _see_ SIDEIA.

TAJIK, _see_ TADJIK.

TAK, TAKPA, TAKYUL.

Thibetan: a dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

TAKA, TAKUE.

African: names for the BEJA or BOJE.

TAKAZZE.

African: dialect of AGAU; also called TSCHERAT-AGAW. _See_ TACAZZE.

TAKELI, TUKLAVE.

African: dialect of the frontier of Kordovan. Rüppel’s vocabulary connects it with the SHABUN, FERTIT, and KOLDAGI more closely than with the FURIAN and SHILUK. R. G. L.

TAKULLI, TAHKALI.

American: also called CARRIER, NAGAIL, and CHIN. It is the ATHABASKAN of New Caledonia, spoken on the upper part of Frazer’s River. Authorities—A. Mackenzie: “Voyages,” &c., London, 1801; D. W. Harmon: “A Journal of Voyages and Travels,” Andover, 1820; H. Hale: “Ethnology and Philology,” Philadelphia, 1846. The last of these uses the compound Tahkali-Umpqua as a class name for the ordinary Takulli, and the outlying members of the Athabaskan class in the south of Oregon. R. G. L.

TAKUN.

Used in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” for the orang-benua of Malacca; apparently JAKUN.

TALAIN.

Same as MON. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ PEGUESE.

TALAMANCA.

District of Costa-Rica; languages unclassed.

TALATUI.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the river Kassima; also called MOQUELUMNE, and allied to SAN RAFAEL. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

TALAUR.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

TALAUT, _see_ SALIBABOO.

TALIK.

Name of PERSIAN written characters, adopted from NESHKI ARABIC; used also in Hindustani, Pushtoo, &c. _See_ SHIKASTAH.

TALISH.

Iranic: sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.

TALKEE-TALKEE.

American: NEGRO-DUTCH of Guyàna.

TALLEWITSU.

American: same as WACOE. _See_ HUECO.

TALMUDIC.

Semitic: name for the later HEBREW, as used by the Rabbins. It abounds with HELLENISMS.

TALUHET.

AMERICAN: tribes of Puelches; Indians of the Pampas.

TAMANACK (TAMANAQUE).

American: dialect of the CARIB class, spoken on the Orinoco, near the mission of Encamarada. The compound Caribi-Tamanak, and by some Tamanak alone, has been used as a class name. R. G. L.

TAMAZIGHT, TAMASHIGHT, TAMACHEK’.

The language of the Tawâriq (Fr. Touâreg), as the Arabs name the people who dwell over an immense space of Africa, south of the Atlas. (_See_ LIBYAN for the class.) Dr. Richardson calls the language TOUARGHEE; Duveyrier calls it TARGISCH. It is remarkably free from Arabic importations, and has an alphabet of its own, highly peculiar, called the Tefínagh; only consonants are written, so that the writing is a shorthand, difficult to read; the more so, because the laws of grammar help little to the vowels. Hanoteau defines the language as “limited to the West by a curve line drawn from Waregla (Wergela) through the oasis of Touât towards Timbuctoo; to the South by the Niger and the kingdoms of Bornou and Haussa; to the East by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos; to the North by Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers.” This vast extent, as well as its purity, makes it the chief of the LIBYAN languages. Its consonant sounds are fewer than those of the Zouave, which has borrowed from Arabic. In the fifth volume of Barth’s African Travels are words and sentences of considerable extent in Tamashight; but the publication of Hanoteau’s ample Grammar somewhat lessens their importance. F. W. N.

TAMBACTU, _see_ WUN.

TAMBI.

African: same as ADAMPI.

TAMBORA, TEMBORA.

Malayan: dialect of SUMBAWA.

TAMIL, TAMUL.

Dravidian: dialect of the CARNATIC, South India, and closely allied to CANARESE, MALAYALIM, and TELUGU or TELINGA; it is also spoken in parts of Ceylon. It is agglutinative, is spoken in dialects called HIGH and LOW TAMIL, and uses an alphabet said to be derived from the DEVANAGRI. There is also an archaic dialect, now extinct. Grammar by Pope, Madras, 1859; Dictionary by Winslow, Madras, 1862.

TAMOIAE, TAMOYO.

American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro. Also called TUMMIMIOI (Tummimivi in Jülg’s “Vater.”)

⁂ This belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class. H. C.

TAMULIC.

A name for the entire class of DRAVIDIAN or NISHADA dialects, including, besides TAMIL, the MALAYALAM, the TULUVA, the TELINGA or TELUGU, and the CANARESE. G. R.

TANA _or_ TANNA.

(1) Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of the New Hebrides.

(2) _See_ BHASA.

TANAWANKO.

Malayan: ALFURU dialect of Celebes; Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” vol. ii.

TANAYNTHARI, TANENGSARI.

Monosyllabic: dialects of Tennaserim.

TANDIA.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN.

TANEMA, TANEANU.

NEGRITO: dialects of Vanikoro, an island of the South Seas.

TANGATA.

POLYNESIAN word for “man.” _See_ KANAKA.

TANGUHTI.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of BHOT. Tangut is the local name for the Tibetan people; applied by Moghols.

TANKHUL.

Indo-Chinese: a NAGA dialect.

TANTI CALLERU.

Indian: CANARESE name for the Thugs.

TAO.

AMERICAN: Pueblo Indians of New Mexico.

TA-OUNGURONG.

Australian: cf. “orang,” MALAY word for man. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

TAPARITA.

American: dialect of OTTOMAKU.

TAPIGUAE.

American: Tupi Indians of Brazil, about Pernambuco.

TAPII.

American: dialect of CHIQUITOS.

TAPPA, TAPUA.

African: names for the NUFI.

TAPPEN.

American: GERMAN name for the TUPIS; Brazilian Indians of the Rio Grande.

TARAHUMARA.

American: spoken in New Biscay, and closely allied to PIMA. Dictionary by Steffel, Brünn, 1791.

TARAKAI.

AINO: a dialect of the Kurile Islands, E. Asia.

TARASKA, TERASCO.

American: a dialect of Michoacan in Mexico. It is stated, on doubtful authority, to be the same as PIRINDA.

TARAWAN.

MICRONESIAN: dialect of N. Pacific, allied to GUAHAM.

TAREMUKI.

Indian: HINDUSTANI dialect, mingled with CANARESE, spoken by wandering tribes; also called GHISSARIS, LOHARS, and BAIL-KUMBARS.

TARIANA.

American: dialect of the Rio Negro, allied to BARREE and BANIWA. Vocabulary in Wallace’s “Amazons.”

TARNATA.

MALAYAN: extinct dialect of the Moluccas. _See_ TERNATI.

TARTAR (_correctly_ TATAR).

TURANIAN: language of the Alatys, a race much scattered over N. Asia; it is used in two senses: first as a collective name for all the languages spoken by the nomadic races of Northern Asia; and secondly for that class of them which is now represented by TURKISH as its most polished form.

⁂ Turkish is sometimes applied to the Osmanli or Western Turkish, and Tartar to Eastern Turkish. H. C. _See_ ALATYAN.

TARUMA.

American: unclassed; it is spoken in British Guyana.

TAS.

Ugrian: a name for SAMOIED (Klaproth).

TASMANIAN.

NEGRITO: original dialect of Van Diemen’s Land; now spoken only in Flinders’ Island; it is allied to PAPUAN, AUSTRALIAN, and other MELANESIAN languages. Vocaby. by Lhotsky, “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1839.

TAT.

Iranic: PERSIAN sub-dialect of Daghestan, &c.

TATAR, _see_ TARTAR.

TATER.

Romany: variety of NORWEGIAN GIPSY.

TATI-MOLO, TATI-QUILHATI.

American: dialects of TOTONAKA.

TAVASTRIAN.

Tchudic: same as Hamalaiset; one of the two divisions of the FIN of Finland, &c.: KARELIAN being the other. The term, in geography, applies to the parts about Tavastahus, in the south-west of Finland, between 60° and 62° N. lat., where the division to which it applies touches the Baltic. From 62° to 64°, the language is mainly Swedish. The language of this district is called by the Fin philologues, TAVASTRIAN, as opposed to KARELIAN. R. G. L. _See_ QUAIN.

TAWGI, _see_ TURUCHANSKI.

TA-YUE-TCHI.

THIBETAN name for the Indo-Scythic race.

TCHERKESS, _see_ CIRCASSIAN.

TCHINGHIANES.

ROMANY: name for GIPSY; used in Turkey. See “Etudes,” par Paspati, Constantinople, 1870.

TCHOKOYEM, }
TCHUDIC, } _under_ TS.
TCHUKTCHI, }

⁂ These words in “Ts” may also be written “Ch” in English.

TEAPY.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of Easter Island, called by the natives RAPA-NUI _i.e._, “Great Rapa.”

TEBO.

AFRICAN: same as IBO.

TEDA, TIBBU.

African: a dialect of the KANURI.

⁂ Placed by Barth and others in the same class, and with the KANURI, but originally considered to be BERBER or AMAZIGH. R.G.L. ☞

TEERHAI, _see_ TIRHAI.

TEESDALE.

Provincial dialect of England, belonging to the county of Durham. Glossary, London, 1849. W. W. S.

TEHUELET.

American: Indians of E. Patagonia, classed as ARAUCANIAN. Tribes are—(1) Tehuel Cunny, including Yacana Cunny, Sehusk Cunny, Culilan Cunny. (2) The Callilehet, or Serranos. Muster’s “Patagonians,” London, 1871.

TEHULATE, TELUTI.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

TEKE, TEKKES.

Turcomans: Tátar tribes of the Attrek, between Merv and the Caspian. Tekke is the BUKHARIST word for a Mohammedan convent.

TEKEENIKA.

AMERICAN: _i.e._, Te-Kennekas; Indians of Tierra del Fuego.

TEKEZA.

African: one of the three species assigned by Bleek to the south-eastern branch of the central KAFIRS. It is only known through short vocabularies, the most important of which is for the dialect of the Lourenzo Marques of Delagoa Bay. R. G. L.

TELEUT, TELENGUT.

Alatyan: a form of TURKEE spoken in Siberia. Ethnologically they are classed as MOGHOLS, and called WHITE KALMUKS of the Upper Obi, also URIATS. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 107.

TELING.

INDIAN: wandering tribes of Korawa.

TELINGA, TELUGU.

Dravidian: the vernacular speech of Hyderabad in the Dekhan, and of part of the east coast in Madras. It is closely allied to TAMIL, with a cursive alphabet like the CANARESE. Grammar (1857), Dictionary (1853), by Brown, Madras.

TELUTI, _see_ TEHULATE.

TEMAHUQ, _see_ TUARIK.

TEMBORA, _see_ TAMBORA.

TEMBU.

African: same as ATTEMBU, a dialect of NIGRITIAN.

TEMBUKTOO, _under_ TI.

TEMPIO.

Romance: ITALIAN dialect of Sardinia.

TENERIFFE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Canary Islands.

TENGSA.

Indo-Chinese: NAGA dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

TENIMBER, _see_ TIMORLAUT.

TEOR.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”

TEPANECHI.

American: dialect of NAHUATLAC.

TEPEGUANA.

AMERICAN: dialect of Sinaloa in Mexico.

TEPOZKOLULA, TLAHIAKO.

American: dialect of MIXTECA. Mexican Indians of Oajaca.

TERASCO, _see_ TARASKA.

TERESSA.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Nicobar Islands.

TERNATI.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the Islands of Ternate and Tidor; it is allied to BUGIS, and includes NEGRITO affinities.

TESHU-LUMBU.

Bhot: local dialect of TIBETAN.

TESUQUE.

American: Pueblo Indians, closely allied to PIMA.

TETO.

Negrito: BELONESE dialect of E. Timor. Vocaby. by Wallace. _See_ BRISSI.

TETON.

AMERICAN: tribe of Sioux or Dacotah Indians, living between the Missouri and the Mississippi.

TETTE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique coast.

TEUTONIC.

GERMAN word “thiod” = “people”; corrupted to DEUTSCH or DUTCH, and Latinised as TEUTONIC. Generic term for German: (1) Low-German, or Saxon, is the DEUTSCH of N. Germany. (2) High-German is Alemannic—_i.e._, the DEUTSCH of S. Germany and the upper Rhine. The earliest specimen is, perhaps, the “Rules of St. Benedict,” belonging to the eighth century. (3) Bavarian is the DEUTSCH of the upper Danube. (4) Frankish is the DEUTSCH of the middle Rhine; the earliest specimen is “Isidore,” of the eighth century.

Modern dialects are: (1) SWISS, (2) RHENISH, (3) DANUBIAN of Austria, Bavaria, the Tyrol, &c. _See_ SCANDINAVIAN.

TEUTONIC SAXON.

Class-name for the combined lines of HIGH and LOW-GERMAN, excluding the Scandinavian, or northern branch.

TEXAN.

American: tribes of Caddoes, &c. Dr. Latham classifies the languages thus: (1) ADAHI, (2) ATTAKAPA, (3) CADDO, (4) CHOKTAH, (6) CUMANCH, (6) WITSHITA. The tribes are very numerous, comprising: Acossesaws, Adahi, Aliche or Eyish, Andarcos or Unataquas, Attacapa, Avoyelles, Aynic, Bidias, Caddo, Caicaches, Cances, Carankahuas, Chikkasahs, Choktah, Coke, Comanch or Cumanch, Coshattas, Iawanis or Ionis, Ketchi or Kichai, Lipans or Sipans, Mascovie, Mayes, Nabaduches, Nacodocheets, Navaosos, Sioux, Tawacani, Toncahuas or Toukaways, Towakenos, Towiachs or Towecas, Tuhuktukis, Xaramenes, Waco or Wico, Washitas, Witshita. _See_ TACHI.

T’HAI, _see_ TAI.

THAKSYA.

Indo-Chinese: BHOT dialect of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

THAMI.

Non-Aryan: older DRAVIDIAN dialect of Nipal.

THAROO.

Indian: dialect of HINDI, spoken in Nipal Surai. A. C.

THARU.

NON-ARYAN: dialect of Nipal. See Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

THAUMPE.

Indo-Chinese: SHAN dialect of Ava.

THEBAIC.

Egyptian: old COPTIC dialect of the upper Nile, in S. Egypt.

THEBAN.

HELLENIC: extinct dialect of ancient Greece. Orionis et Sturzius: “Thebani Etymologicon,” Leipsic, 1820.

THEBURSKUD, THOBURSKID.

Indo-Chinese: name for the SUNGNUM of Koonawar.

THENGAIS.

INDO-CHINESE: tribe of Singpho.

THERVINGS.

A tribe of so-called Goths.

THIBETAN, TIBETAN.

BHOT or BHOTIYA: the vernacular language of Tibet; originally monosyllabic, and somewhat resembling CHINESE; it has now almost lost that characteristic. Tibet is also called Bhotan—_i.e._, Tih-bot, “Land of the Bot.” There are local dialects of Butan, Lhassa, and Ladak; it is classed as INDO-CHINESE, and the written characters are founded on the DEVANAGARI alphabet, and written from left to right. Grammar by Jaeschke, Kyelang, 1865; and Dictionary, 1866; also by Csoma de Korös, Calcutta, 1834. _See_ SURI-BUTAN.

THOCHU.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of BHOT. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

THOUNG-LHU.

Dialect of BURMESE, somewhat allied to KAREN.

THRACO-ILLYRIAN (PELASGIC).

Class-name for the languages illustrated by ALBANIAN.

THUG, THUGGEE.

Indian: a cant or slang form of HINDOSTANI, used by homicidal tribes of India; they are called Phansigars by the Hindus, Ari Tulucar in Tamil, and Tanti Calleru in Canarese. Vocaby. by Sleeman, Calcutta, 1836.

⁂ This dialect contains some curious remains, allied to KORIAK and KAMCHATKAN. H. C. _See_ RAMASI.

THUGGA.

Inscriptions; bilingual: LIBYAN and PHŒNICIAN. Found in N. Africa, and preserved in the British Museum; also at Lyons, in France. They are allied to the HIMYARITIC, and have affinities with the Hamath stones of Syria. H. C.

THULUNGYA.

Non-Aryan: dialect of the KIRANTI group, in E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

THURINGIAN.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of old HIGH-GERMAN. See “Volks-dialektes, &c.” by Wendel, Coburg, 1822.

TIBBOO, _see_ TEDA.

TIBERACOTTES.

AMERICAN: Indians of British Guyana. _See_ TIVERIGHOTTO.

TIBETAN, _under_ TH.

TICINO _or_ TICINESE.

Romance: dialect of ITALIAN spoken in southern Switzerland.

TICOPIA.

Polynesian: closely allied to MAYORGA.

TICUNA, TUCANO, TACUNA, TIKUNA.

AMERICAN: Chimanos Indians of New Granada. It is a name applied from the use of poisoned arrows.

TIDORE.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas, spoken in the island of Tidor, and nearly the same as TERNATI.

TIE-CHEW.

Local dialect of CHINESE. First lessons by Dean, Bangkok, 1841.

TIEMBA.

African: dialect of ASHANTEE.

TIERRA DEL FUEGO, _under_ FUEGIAN.

TIGRE, TIGRINNA.

Sub-Semitic: modern dialect of ETHIOPIC, called “lisana Gheez.” It is spoken in N. Abyssinia, and closely resembles AMHARIC. Grammar by Prætorius, Halle, 1871; Vocaby. by Beurmann, 1868.

TIHUEX.

AMERICAN: Keres Indians of New Mexico.

TIKOMERI.

American: MOXOS dialect spoken in the S. Xaverio Mission, Bolivia. It is allied to MAIPUR.

TILANGANG, TILANJANG.

Malayan: same as ENGANO, an island west of Sumatra. P. J. V.

TIMBIRAS.

American: tribes of Brazil, known as—(1) de Mata, (2) de Canella fina, (3) de Bocca furada. The language is closely allied to GEIKO and TOKANTIN.

TIMBORA, TIMBORO.

Malayan: dialect of JAVANESE, somewhat allied to SASAK.

TIMBUKTOO.

African: typical language of NIGRITIA, pure Negro of the Soudan. _See_ WUN.

TIMMANI.

AFRICAN: A language spoken near Sierra Leone; dialects are KRANGOS and LOGOS.

⁂ It is allied to BULLOM, BAGO, and LANDOMA. H. C.

TIMOR, TIMUR (TIMORESE).

Malayan: language of Timor, the largest island of the lesser Sunda group; it is JAVANESE, inclining to NEGRITO. Diss. in Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar.

⁂ There are three chief dialects of Timorese: (1) The BELONESE, in Eastern Timor; (2) the TIMORESE “arctiori sensu;” (3) the dialect of KUPANG. P. J. V.

TIMORLAUT.

MALAYAN: largest island of the Tenimber group; peopled with straight-haired Polynesians.

TIMUACA, TIMUICANA, TIMUIQUANA.

AMERICAN: dialect of Florida, spoken in the neighbourhood of St. Augustin.

TINGUA.

AMERICAN: extinct dialect of Florida.

TINNE.

AMERICAN: native name for ATHABASCAN; the Tinnes proper use a native alphabet of linear character, resembling the CREE.

TIRHAI.

Indian: dialect of SWAUTI, closely allied to DEER. Vocaby. by Leech, “Journal of the A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

TIRHITIYA, _see_ MITHILI.

TIROL, _under_ TY.

TIVERIGHOTTO.

AMERICAN: Carib-Tamanaque Indians of British Guyana.

TIWI.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Gaboon.

T-KA.

AMERICAN: native name of the Hamburgh Indians, inhabiting the mouth of the Otte-tie-e-wa, or Scott’s River. They speak a dialect of SHASTA. _See_ IDDOA.

TLAHUICI, TLAHIAKO.

American: MIXTECA dialect of Oajaca in Mexico.

TLAMATL, _see_ LUTUAMI.

TLAOQUATSH.

American: dialect of WAKASH, spoken in the S.W. of Vancouver’s Island.

TLAPANEKA.

AMERICAN: Pueblo Indians of Tlapa, in Mexico. (Humboldt.)

TLASKALTECA.

American: NAHUATL of the Balsam coast, San Salvador. (Scherzer.)

TLATSAP.

American: same as CLATSOP; a division of CHINOOK.

TLATSKANAI.

American: Athabascan Indians of R. Columbia; classed as TACULLIE-UMPQUA. (Hale.)

TNAINA.

American: native name for the KENAI. _See_ ATNA.

TOBA (TOBASCHE).

Malayan: BATTA dialect of Toba Lake in Sumatra. _See_ Grammar by Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1864. P. J. V.

TOBI.

MICRONESIAN: dialect of Negrito, allied to PELEW.

TOBO.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram. Vocaby. by Wallace.

TOBOLSK.

Ugrian: TURKEE dialect of Siberia, closely allied to TSHULIM. Dicty. by Giganow, St. Petersburg, 1804.

TOCANTIN.

American: branch of the OMAGUA stem; it is spoken in the Provinces of Goyaz and Para, Brazil.

TODA, TODUVA.

NON-ARYAN language of S. India, mostly spoken in the Nilgherries and Coorg. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ TUDA.

TOKA, _see_ LOYALTY ISLANDS.

TOKISTINE, TONOKOTO.

American: Lule Indians of Paraguay; allied to VILELA.

TOLTEK.

American: Mexican Indians, intrusive at the date of their subjection by the Spaniards, and then speaking the NAHUATLAC language.

TOMA, TOMO.

AMERICAN, _i.e._, Tomo-Maroa; BANIWA Indians, quoted by Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853.

TOMBARA, _see_ NEW IRELAND.

TOMOHON, TOMORE.

MALAYAN: dialects of Macassar or Celebes. (Wallace.)

TOMSKI, TIMSKI.

Ugrian: SAMOIED dialect of Asiatic Russia. (Klaproth.)

TONDANO.

Malayan: dialect of MENADU.

TONGAN.

POLYNESIAN: a dialect spoken by natives of the Friendly Islands, a large group in Eastern Polynesia, comprising Tongataboo, Hapai, Vavau, and many smaller islands. The group is situated in 15° 50′ to 21° 7′ S. lat., and 173° to 175° W. long. It is closely allied to SAMOAN. W. G. L.

TONKINESE (TONQUIN).

Indo-Chinese: dialect of S.E. Asia, closely allied to ANAMITE, CAMBOJAN, and COCHIN-CHINESE.

TONOCOTE.

AMERICAN: dialect of Lule or Villela, in Paraguay.

TONSEA.

Malayan: dialect of MENADU.

TOOKPA, TUKPA.

INDO-CHINESE; dialect of Eastern Tibet.

TOON-PAOOH.

AMERICAN: Turtle-tribe of Mohighans.

TOORKS.

Tribes of Turkestan. _See_ UZBEK.

TORGOT, _see_ KERAT.

TOSK.

(1) Illyric: a dialect of ALBANIAN. Vocaby. and Grammar in Von Hahn.

(2) Italic. _See_ TUSCAN.

TOTONACA.

American: MEXICAN dialect of Puebla and Vera Cruz.

TOUCOULOR.

African: same as FULA.

TOULOUSE.

Romance: modern dialect of LANGUE D’OC, spoken in S.W. France.

TOUN-BARIRIG.

Malayan: quoted by Mr. Wallace as a local dialect of MENAUDU; including also TOUNBASSIAN, TOUNPASSO, TOURNSHON, and TOUWASANG. See “Malay Archipelago.” _See_ MINAHASSA.

TOUNG, _see_ TUNG.

TOUNG-LHU.

Monosyllabic language of Burmah and Tennaserim. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

TOWAREK, _see_ TUARIK.

TRANS-CAUCASIAN TATAR.

Ugrian: class-name for several local dialects of TURKISH, spoken in Russia. It is the same as TURKO-TATAR.

TRANS-GANGETIC.

Class-name for CHINESE and INDO-CHINESE, and allied languages.

TRANS-HIMALAYAN.

Class-name: used for SUB-TURANIAN, or early DRAVIDIAN. _See_ INDO-CHINESE.

TRANSYLVANIAN, _see_ SIEBENBURGISCH.

TRAUGAN, _see_ AROO.

TRECONIAN.

KELTIC: sub-dialect of Bas-Breton, called BRETON-BRETONNANT.

TREDECI-COMMUNI.

Teutonic: a local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. The people have been considered to be descendants of the ancient CIMBRI; see “Ueber die ... Venedischen Alpen,” &c., by Schmeller, Munich, 1838.

TRITON-BAY.

Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.

TROGLODYTES.

Dwellers in caves, &c., as the early settlers at Nottingham, in Kent’s Hole, &c.; used as a class-name for some languages of Africa, as BEJA, BISHARI, &c.

TROJAN, _see_ PHRYGIAN.

TROUBADOURS.

Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Provence, in S. France, who used the LANGUE D’OC. Grammar and Dicty., by Raynouard, Paris, 1844. _See_ TROVATORE.

TROUVÈRES.

Romance; name for the mediæval poets of Normandy, who used the LANGUE D’OIL. See de Gembloux, “Trouvaires de Berry,” &c., Moulins, 1841.

TSAGATAI.

Alatyan: written dialect of TURKEE, formerly spoken by Uighur Tatars, the Tshagatai, who founded the Moghol dynasty in India. It is also written CHAGATAI, JAGATAI.

TSAMAK.

American: Sacramiento Indians of California; closely allied to PUJUNI. Vocaby. in “Amer. Ethnol.” vol. ii.

TSCHAGRAI.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of ABKASS.

TSCHAMBA.

African: a name for the KOURI class. A word which appears as TIEMBA, KIAMBA, &c., applied to at least six dialects, languages, or vocabularies of W. Africa; it has been supposed to be a salutation mistaken for the name of a language. See Latham’s “Elements,” p. 582.

TSCHARI-KABUTSCH.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of LESGHIAN.

TSCHEKH, _see_ BOHEMIAN.

TSCHERAT, _see_ TAKAZZE.

TSCHERDYN.

UGRIAN: dialect of Wogul.

TSCHEREMISSIAN (CHEREMISS).

Ugrian: a dialect of FINNISH, spoken along the course of the R. Volga. Grammar by Castrén, Kuopio, 1845.

TSCHINKITAN.

American: KOLUSH of Sitka-bay.

TSCHIROKESE, _see_ CHEROKEE.

TSCHUDIC, _or_ TSHUD.

Alatyan: the same as CHUDIC. It is the Slavonian name for the Fins. Used either as a class-name for the FIN class of languages, or as one special division of the Finnic stock, including LAP, SUOMIAN, and ESTHONIAN. (So Castrén and Max Müller.) Also called VESP.

TSCHUGATSCHI.

American: ESKIMO of Prince William’s Sound.

TSCHUSSOWAJA.

UGRIAN: a dialect of Wogul. (Klaproth.)

TSCHUWASCHIAN, TSCHUWASSIAN.

Same as CHUVASCH; an unclassed language spoken in Kazan and the neighbouring governments; considered by some as UGRIAN, by others as TURK. R. G. L.

TSHAMBA, _see_ TSCHAMBA.

TSHAMPA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Kambojia, classed by some as monosyllabic.

TSHAPODZHIR, TSHAPOGIREN.

Alatyan: same as CHAPOGIR, a dialect of TUNGUS.

TSHARI.

Caucasian: LESGHIAN dialect of Daghestan.

TSHEK, TSCHEKH.

SLAVONIC: same as CZECH or CHECK. _See_ BOHEMIAN.

TSHEREMIS, _see_ TSCHEREMISSIAN.

TSHERKESS, _see_ CIRCASSIAN.

TSHETSH, TSHETSCHENTS (RUSSIAN).

Caucasian: same as LAMUR and GALGAI, or HALHAI, and adjoining the LESGIANS. It is also written CHECH or CHECHENTS, and is used as a class-name for the most central division, closely allied to GEORGIAN and CIRCASSIAN, including also the ARSHTE or ARISTOIAI, INGUSH, KISTIC, TUSHI, and MIZHDZEDZHI; the last is Klaproth’s term.

TSHIHAILI.

American: division of the Atnah, Selish or Flat-head Indians; but Hale combines them all in one large group as TSIHAILI-SELISH. See “U. S. Ex. Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1846. ☞

TSHINUK.

American: a form of CHINOOK. _See_ WATLALA.

TSHNAGMJUT.

American: same as KUSKOKIWIMES.

TSHOKOYEM.

American: dialect of U. California; classed as DIEGUNO, and known as the San Raphael Mission.

TSHUKTSHI, TCHUKTCHI (TCHUTCHUS).

(1) Same as the Reindeer KORIAKS of Kamtschatka.

(2) Dialects of ESKIMO, spoken in Asia; the people are called Tshuktshi Nos or Noss, more properly Namollo.

TSHULIM.

Alatyan: TURKISH dialect, almost identical with BARABA or BARABINSKI.

TSHUVASH, _under_ TSCHU.

TSIHAILI, _under_ TSHI.

TSIKANNE, _under_ S.

TSONEKA.

American: Patagonian tribe of Tierra del Fuego. _See_ TEKEENIKA.

TSONGEISTH.

American: COWICHAN dialect of Vancouver Island.

TTYNAI, _see_ TNAINA.

TUAPOCA.

American: CARIB of the lower Orinoco, closely allied to GALIBI. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 28.

TUARIK, TOWAREK.

Sub-Semitic: BERBER dialect of the W. Sahara. Also called TEMAHUQ. Grammar by Freeman, London, 1862.

TUBAR.

American: dialect of Sinaloa, somewhat allied to TARAHUMARA and TEPEGUANA.

TUCANO.

American: Indians of the Uapes, allied to COBEU, and classed by Von Martius as JURI. Vocaby. by Wallace.

TUCUMAN, _see_ KALCHAQUI.

TUDA.

Dravidian: CANARESE dialect of the Nilgerries. See Caldwell’s Comparative Grammar. _See_ TODA.

TUDESQUE.

FRENCH word; it is put for TUDESCO, the Italian form of DEUTSCH, applied to HIGH-GERMAN.

TUKER.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Carolines.

T’UK’IU.

CHINESE form of the word Turk. (Klaproth.)

TUKLAVE, _see_ TAKELI.

TUKPA, _see_ TOOKPA.

TULARE.

American: Californian Indians of Lake Tulare. It is somewhat allied to COCONOONS.

TULARENA.

AMERICAN: dialect of Costa-Rica.

TULU _or_ TULUVA.

Dravidian: a dialect of the TAMULIC class, closely allied to TAMIL, TELUGU, CANARESE, and MALAYALIM. _See_ Caldwell’s Comp. Grammar.

TULUCAR.

That is, “Ari-tulucar;” TAMIL name for the Thugs.

TUMGARSEE.

American: dialect of KOLUSH. _See_ TUNGHASSE.

TUMMIMIOI, _see_ TAMOIAE.

TUMU.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to NDOB.

TUNG-MRU.

INDO-CHINESE: “hill-men” of Arrakan.

TUNGAAS, TUNGHASSE.

American: spoken in S. of Prince of Wales’ Archipelago, and sometimes classed as SITKA.

TUNGOOS, TUNGUSIAN, TUNGAN.

ALATYAN: rude dialects of MANCHU spoken in Siberia; divisions are called CHAPOGIR, OROTONG-TUNGUS, and LAMUT. Grundzüge by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1856. _See_ DSUNGAR.

⁂ Tunguska is the name of three rivers in Asiatic Russia.

TUNKA, TUNKIN.

Alatyan: dialect of Moghol, closely allied to SELENGA. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 84. _See_ TONQUIN.

TUPI.

American: native language of Brazil, classed as GUARANI. There are: (1) Tupinaba, Tupinamba, called Nations of the Rio Real, in the province of Sergipe. (2) Tupininquin, a nation of Espiritu Santo. (3) Tuppinamba, called the largest tribe in Maranhao and Gran Para. Dictionary by Dias, Leipsic. 1858: and Da Silva’s “Lingoa Geral.”

⁂ It is allied to the AGAW. H. C.

TUPUAN.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN.

TURAJA.

ALFURU of Celebes.

TURANIAN.

Class-name, first suggested by D’Halloy for the agglutinative languages of Asia and Europe; including chiefly, FIN and LAP, UGRIAN, MOGHOL, TURK, TATAR, SAMOIED. It has since been proposed to supersede it by ALATYAN, or URAL-ALTAIC. ☞

TURCO-GREEK.

TURKISH written in characters of the Greek alphabet.

TURCOMANS, TURKOMANS.

ALATYAN: general names for nomadic Turks of Central and Western Asia, of whom the Usbegs are the leading race.

⁂ The districts known as Turkestan, Mongolia, and Zungaria comprise Central Asia.

TURIN.

Romance: provincial dialect of ITALIAN.

TURKEE.

Name for TURKISH-TATAR; also called CHANTU. Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.

TURKISH.

ALATYAN: typical dialect of TATAR, as now written and spoken at Constantinople; original dialect of the Osmanli Turkomans. The modern Turks use the Arabic characters. Grammar and Dicty. by Redhouse, London.

TURKOMANS, _see_ TURCOMANS.

TURRUBUL.

District of Australia; a dialect of S. Queensland. Vocaby. by Ridley Sydney, 1866.

TURTLES.

AMERICAN: tribes of Algonkin; both Delaware (Unami) and Mohighan (Toon-paooh).

TURUCHANSKI, TAWGI, TAWGINSKI.

Ugrian: dialects of SAMOIED. (Klaproth.)

TUSCAN.

Romance: typical dialect of pure ITALIAN. See Buommattei: “Della Lingua Toscana,” Venetia 1735.

TUSCARORA.

American: Iroquois dialect of N. Carolina, closely allied to NOTTOWAY.

TUSCH, TUSHI.

CAUCASIAN: dialect of the Tshetshentes, on the Georgian frontier. “Versuch,” &c., by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856.

TUSCI, TOSK.

Same as ETRUSCAN. _See_ RAS.

TUTELOES.

American: same as MEHERRINS; classed in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as Irokese of Virginia.

TU-TOYER.

French term for making use of familiar speech.

TUTUILA.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Navigator’s Islands.

TVER.

Ugrian: dialect of FIN, spoken in Russia.

TYMSKI, _see_ TOMSKI.

TYNTEEAS.

INDIAN: savage tribes E. of Bengal.

TYROLESE.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. _See_ KITZBUHEL.

TZAKONIAN.

Hellenic: dialect of modern GREEK, spoken in the Gulf of Nauplia (Laconia), and at Mount Taygetus. Tract by Deville, “Le Dialecte Tzaconien.”

TZECKISH, _see_ BOHEMIAN.

TZENDALE, _see_ CELDALES.

ADDENDA.

TACULLIE.

American: same as TAKULLI. The name of TAH-CULLY means “deep-water Indians.”

TANTRAS.

Works of HINDU ritual, adopted or modified by Buddhists.

TAUAN.

Negrito: Taua is a small island near New Guinea, the inhabitants of which speak PAPUAN. W. G.

TAYUNG.

Assam; said to be a dialect of MISHMI and like MIJHU, but dissimilar and presenting some remarkable peculiarities. H. C.

TEDESCO, _see_ TUDESQUE.

TEETS _or_ HAITLIN.

AMERICAN: Indians of Frazer River; also called SA-CHINCO, or “Strangers.”

TENE.

African: a MANDINGO vocabulary in “Polyglotta Africana.” H. C.

TIENTSIN.

CHINESE: local dialect of the port of Pekin.

TOUMBULU, }
TOUMPAKEWA, }
TOUNDANO, } _see_ MINAHASSA.
TOUNSAWANG, }
TOUNSEA. }

TROVATORE.

Italian form of “Troubadour;” the Trovatori used the LINGUA DE SI.

TSHAGATAI.

Same as TSAGATAI. A recent writer states that the language described by Professor Vambery as CAGATAIC is the dialect of Kashgar.

TUNGANIS.

Chinese rebels.

TURKO-ARMENIAN.

TURKISH: written in characters of the Armenian alphabet.

TURKO-TATAR.

Term applied to the Eastern TURKISH languages.

U.

UAINAMBEU.

American: same as MAUHE; a dialect of the Rio Negro, spoken by the Humming-Bird Indians, and somewhat allied to the BARREE. _See_ JURI.

UALAN, _see_ ULEA.

UARA, UARACA.

American: dialects of TAMANAQUE, spoken by the Uara-Mukuru and the Uaraca-Paccili.

UCAYALE.

AMERICAN: dialects localised upon the course of river so named. _See_ COCAMA.

UCHEE, UCHI.

American: tribe of Creek Indians; it is now spoken in Florida, originally of Louisiana. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

UDE.

Caucasian: same as COLCHIAN. Herodotus (Book ii.) thought the Colchians were an offshoot of the Egyptians planted by Sesostris. The BZYB is its best known dialect. It is allied to EGYPTIAN and COPTIC. See Papers of “Anthrop. Instit.”; Schiefner’s Grammar. H. C.

UDOM.

African: dialect of the Gaboon, closely allied to MBOFIA.

UDORIAN.

ALATYAN: Ugrian dialect of Udorsk; “Uhdmurd,” “free people.”

UDSO.

African: dialect of BONNY.

UEA.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Loyalty group, also spoken in Wallis’s Island.

UGALENZI.

American: KOLUSH dialect of Mount Elias.

UGALJACHMUTZI.

American: Athabascan; classed as KINAI.

UGOR, UGRIAN, URALIAN.

CHUDIC: a sub-division of the TURANIAN family of languages, comprising FIN, HUNGARIAN or MAGYAR, OSTIAK, VOGUL or WOGUL, and the non-Slavonic BULGARIAN. It is also called UGRO-TARTARIAN.

UGOR (2).

MELANESIAN: island in the Papuan group; mixed dialect. W. G.

UHOBO.

African: quoted in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” from Kilham’s specimens.

UIGUR.

Alatyan: same as IGUR or IGHUR; dialect of TURKISH, a literary language spoken on the frontiers of Tibet and Mongolia. See “Uigurische Sprachmonumente,” &c., by Vambery, Innsbruck, 1870. _See_ HOR.

UJU, _see_ AROO.

UKAH, UKAGIR.

Turanian: KORIAK dialect of Kamtschatka.

UKAHIPU, _see_ KIKKAPU.

UKRAINIAN.

SLAVONIC: dialect of Little Russia.

UKUAFI.

African: dialect of SUAHILI. The people are called “A-kabi,” singular; “Wa-kabi,” plural; and Dr. Latham suggests that Ukuafi and Kekuafi are verbal mutations of ELOIKOB, the native name. See “Elements,” &c., p. 545.

⁂ It occurs within the Kaffir area, but is not so manifestly Kaffir as its neighbours. R. G. L.

ULEA, UALA.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Carolines.

ULIANGHAI, URIANGCHAI.

Ugrian: same as SOIOT.

ULM.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.

ULU.

MALAYAN: dialect of Sumatra.

ULUT (OLOT).

Moghol: KALMUCK: dialect of Dzungaria.

UMBRIAN.

Extinct dialect of ancient Italy, known only from inscriptions, and allied to LATIN, OSCAN, &c. See Schleicher’s “Chrestomathie,” and Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte.”

UMKWA, UMPQUA.

American: dialect of U. California, classed as ATHABASCAN. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.

UMLAUT.

German term: “vowel change,” modification of meaning, due to the change of a vowel.

⁂ Rückumlaut means the return to a sound that has undergone the change called “umlaut.”

UMMA-RA.

African: tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES.

UNALACHTGO.

American: TURKEY tribe of Lenni-Lennape.

UNALASKHAN.

American: the largest of the Fox Islands of the Aleutian chain, running from Kamtschatka, in Asia, to the Peninsula of Alaska, in America; and, indeed, the largest and the most representative island of the whole group. It is in this language that the Asiatic affinities of the ESKIMO must be most especially sought for. R. G. L.

UNAMI, _see_ WANAMI.

UNATAQUAS.

American: Indians of Texas; same as ANDARCOS.

UNCHAGOG, UNTCHAGOG.

American: SHINICOOK Indians of Long Island.

UNCIAL.

PALÆOGRAPHIC: from “uncia,” “an inch;” name for large letters; size of “capitals.”

UNDAZA.

African: dialect of the Gaboon; somewhat allied to NDOB.

UNGARN.

Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN dialect of Hungary.

⁂ Ungarn is the GERMAN form of Ungri or Vingour, equivalent to Hun; but there is no clear proof whether Hungary has been named from the Huns of Attila’s era [441-453 A.D.], who were of TATAR race, or from the Magyars, who are Ugrians of Jugoria, a FINNISH race [889-955 A.D.]

UNIYA.

Tibetan: a local dialect of BHOT, spoken in the district of the Dalai Lama.

UNSO.

Caucasian: same as Dido; a sub-dialect of LESGHIAN.

UOLAROI.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect at Bulgora, through part of Queensland to Murrurundi, on by Hunter River (Rev. W. Ridley). J. B.

UPSAROKA.

American: native name for the Crow Indians; they are divided into (1) Kikatsa, (2) Ahnahaways (Black-shoes), (3) Allakaweah (Paunch Indians).

URABAE.

American: aborigines of Darien, classed as CUNACUNA.

URAL-ALTAIC.

Class-name: same as ALATYAN. Term for the great Turkish branch of the Turanian family of languages, including TATAR, MOGHOL, MANCHU, &c.

URALIAN, _see_ UGOR.

URAON.

Dravidian: dialect of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

URDU.

Word for army or camp. (1) Urdu-mualla-ki-zaban, “Court-language.” (2) Urdu-zaban, “camp lingo,” applied to HINDOSTANI. _See_ HORDE.

URIANGCHAI, _see_ ULIANGHAI.

URIYA, _see_ ORISSA.

USBEG, UZBEK (OEZBEG).

ALATYAN: dominant race of Turkestan; closely allied to KIRGHIZ, and also called TURKISH-TATAR.

USTSYSSOLA.

Chudic: sub-dialect of UGRIAN.

UTA, UTAH.

American: dialect of U. California, classed as PADUCAN, and closely allied to COMANCHE.

⁂ It belongs to the PYGMEAN, and is allied to MINCOPIE, KARIRI, SABUYAH, GONGA, &c. H. C.

UTAGAMI.

American: same as OTTOGAMI; tribe of Saki or Fox-Indians.

UTANATA.

Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea, closely allied to LOBO.

UTHARABEE.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of KUNAWAR.

UVEA.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Loyalty group.