Chapter I: Iaian

A Polynesian dialect, allied to LIFU.

IAKON, _under_ J.

IAPYGIAN.

A language spoken in the S. of ancient Italy; it was allied to OSCAN, but containing a large number of Greek words. See Mommsen: “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851. G. R.

IBAREKAB.

African: a dialect of BEJA. See Salt’s “Voyage.”

IBBIBBY.

African: a name for the QUA or CALEBAR.

IBEQUI, _see_ HIAQUI.

IBERIAN _or_ IBERIC.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of Spain, and sometimes used as a synonym for BASQUE, which is supposed to have been derived from it. _See_ CELT-IBERIAN.

IBO _or_ EBOE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the W. coast, at the delta of the Niger.

ICELANDIC.

Old Icelandic is the same as OLD NORSE, and the modern dialect differs from it but slightly. A language of Teutonic origin, belonging to the SCANDINAVIAN branch, planted in Iceland by Norwegian settlers, _circa_ A.D. 874. Rask’s Grammar, translated by Dasent, London, 1843; Möbius: “Altnordisches Glossar,” Leipsig, 1866; Egilsson: “Dicty. of the Poetical Language,” Copenhagen, 1860; Cleasby and Vigfusson: “Dicty. of the Prose Language,” Oxford, 1869-71, completed as far as “R.” W. W. S.

IDEOGRAPHIC.

Name for writing in which single characters express ideas; the hieroglyphics or picture writing of Egypt, and the languages of ancient Babylonia and Assyria are partly ideographic. G. R.

IDIOM.

A native peculiarity of speech.

IGARRA.

African: dialect of the YORUBA.

IGBIRA.

African: a dialect of the YORUBA. _See_ IGALA.

IGBIRA-HIMA, IGBIRA-PANDA.

African: dialects of the NUFI.

IGHUR, _see_ UIGUR.

IKA.

AMERICAN: dialect of L. California.

ILLINOIS.

American: the ALGONKIN of the State so named after the original tribes, “Illeni,” “the men.” Vocab., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 112.

ILLYRIAN.

Slavonic: a written dialect of SERVIAN, closely allied to WENDISH. See “Grammatik.,” by Babukic, Wien, 1839; Dicty. by Fröhlich, “Ill-Dutch,” Wien, 1853-4.

ILLYRIC _or_ THRACO-ILLYRIC.

Name for a class of ARYAN languages, of which the SKIPETAR or ALBANIAN is the only modern representative. _See_ PELASGIC.

ILMORMO.

African: a dialect of GALLA.

⁂ It is a name for the GALLA proper, by some alleged to be Semitic or Sub-Semitic, but the relations are very remote. H. C.

ILOCANA _or_ ILOCO.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippines. Vocaby. by Carro, Manila, 1849.

INBASK _or_ INBAZK.

Moghol: a dialect of YENISEIAN or OSTIAK, somewhat allied to ARINI. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 171.

INCA.

American: a name given to the QUICHUA language, after a dynasty of Peru. _See_ QUICHUA.

INCORPORATING.

A name for the agglutinative languages of America. _See_ POLYSYNTHETIC.

INDENI.

A dialect of PAPUAN, also called NITENDI.

INDIA.

Name for HINDOSTAN: land of the Indus, or of the Hindoos, who inhabit it.

⁂ For aboriginal languages see Hunter’s “Comparative Vocabulary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India”; Caldwell’s “Comp. Gr.”; Papers by Dr. Seth Stevenson, &c. _See_ WEST INDIES.

INDIAN.

A name given to many dialects of the aborigines of New England and other parts of America. ☞

INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.

Languages POLYNESIAN: classed as Malayan and Negritic.

INDIAN, OLD.

A name for SANSKRIT.

INDIANS.

N. AMERICAN: The Nova Scotia Indians have all decayed away. They were a people who in their habits more especially used the sea-coast, banks of lakes, rivers, &c.; the mountaineer is the country Indian, solely engaged in hunting spoils for trade and subsistence. The E. States have still a sprinkling of mongrel races, so intermixed as to leave but a slight trace of the old N. American sons of the forest. The Red Indian of Newfoundland was cannibal in his habits, and the race is utterly extinct. I have not met, on the Labrador, any mixture between the Esquimaux and the mountaineer and Mic-mac tribes, but frequently children of English and Esquimaux. J. T.

INDIC.

A name for the HINDOO branch of the great ARYAN family of languages, comprising SANSKRIT, PRAKRIT, PALI, MAHRATTA, HINDI, BENGALI, &c. The country N. of the Indus was called Arya-âvarta, “abode of the Aryas.”

⁂ A S.W. branch of the great ARYAN family, who in pre-historic times were settled to the N. and N.W. of Kâbul, became in the end the Brahmanic Aryans of India, and the Zoroastrian Aryans of Iran (Persia). There is no doubt that the Indian Aryans travelled mainly to the S.W., crossing first, and settling in the Land of the Seven Rivers—the Indus, Punjâb (or Five Rivers), and the Sarasvâti—and that they proceeded thence gradually along the Jumna and Ganges, till they reached the Bay of Bengal. Ultimately, under the name of Hindûs (whence Hindûstan), they occupied all the district around and in connection with this great river system, displacing and driving to the south an earlier race, who still inhabit the S.E. and S. of the Deccan (Dakshina, so called as on the right hand—dexter—of the invading Hindû race), and who are allied to the Moghols of Central Asia. The dialect of the earlier, as of the existing populations to the S. and E., is of Turanian or Nishada origin. The principal Aryan dialects at present are BENGALI, HINDI, and MAHRATTA, all of them lineal descendants of the Devanagari or Sanskrit, which is no longer a spoken language. HINDUSTANI, though mainly Aryan in its vocabulary, and wholly so in its structure, is rather the language of general communication than a distinct dialect. See “Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages of India,” by Beames. W. S. W. V. _See_ DRAVIDIAN.

INDO-CHINESE.

A collective term for a class of languages embracing ANAMITE, SIAMESE, and allied dialects. See Leyden in “Asiatic Researches,” vol. x.; Brown’s “Comparative Table” in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” 1837.

INDO-EUROPEAN, _see_ ARYAN.

Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar”; “Vergleichende Grammatik des Sansk., Zend., Griech., Lat., Lithau., Altslav., Gothischen und Deutschen,” 4 vols., Berlin, 1833-42; English translation by Eastwick, 3 vols., London, 1862.

INDO-GERMANIC.

Same as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Schleicher: “Indo-Germanische Chrestomathie,” Weimar, 1869; Fick: “Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen,” Göttingen, 1871. W. W. S.

INDO-PARTHIAN.

Name for an early dynasty of Kabulistan, then probably of much greater extent; their coins are found over the whole of the Punjab and into India. W. S. W. V.

INDO-PORTUGUESE.

Mixed dialect used at the seaports of Ceylon, formed by a combination of PORTUGUESE with DUTCH and SANSKRIT.

INDO-SCYTHIAN, INDO-SCYTHIC.

An early dynasty of Kabulistan founded about B.C. 80, by a nomadic people called Yue-tchi by the Thibetans.

⁂ The language used by these monarchs on their coins is two-fold; Aryan and Greek. See Wilson’s “Ariana Antiqua,” pp. 347-381. G. R.

INFLECTIONAL.

Same as polysyllabic; name for the highest class of speech yet known to man. It is specially applied to the Aryan family of languages, which express the “moods, tenses, cases, and all other modifications of meaning in verbs and nouns by means of suffixes ... mutilated fragments of words.”—_Farrar._

INGANOS.

AMERICAN: Indians of N. Granada. See “Vocabulario,” “Los Indios del Andaqui,” pp. 20-21.

INGUSH.

Lesgian: a dialect of TSHETSH, spoken by the Lamur, hill-men of Georgia and Circassia.

INHAMBANE.

African: a dialect of the MOZAMBIQUE.

INKALAIT, INKILIK, INKULUKHLUAIT, INGELMUT.

American: dialects of ATHABASCAN, spoken at the Eskimo frontier in the N.W.; belonging to the KENAI stock. ☞

INKRA, _see_ ACCRA.

INNIUT _or_ INNUIT.

Native name for the ESKIMO. It means “the people.”

INONGO.

African: dialect of YARRIBA, vernacular on the W. Coast.

INSAM.

A PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.

INSCRIPTIONS.

The most durable means of preserving individual records of written speech. They are termed, variously, “incised,” “impressed,” “lapidary,” “monumental,” “numismatic,” “painted.” The famous Rosetta and Carpentras stones, and the decree of Canopus from Egypt, and the Behistun rock inscriptions, are examples of bilingual records, that serve, by means of comparison, to facilitate decipherment. The Assyrian cuneiform writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs have thus been explained, and the Chinese have in use extensive libraries of stone inscriptions at the present day. See Gesenius: “Scripturæ Linguæque Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 2 vols., Leipsig, 1837.

INTIBUCA.

American: one of the four native languages of HONDURAS.

IONIC _or_ IONIAN.

A sub-dialect of classical GREEK; the original Ionians are said to have been PELASGOI. It was largely cultivated in Asia Minor, and is the dialect of Homer and Herodotus. For some time before the rise of the Attic school, _circa_ B.C. 400, it was the established language of prose literature. See Portus: “Dict.: Ionicum-Græc.-Lat.” London, 1825.

IOWA.

American: a dialect of DACOTA or SIOUX. Iowa, a State admitted in 1846, is derived from the PAHOJA, or “Grey-snow,” Indians, who now reside N. of the R. Des-Moines. Schoolcraft: “History ... of the I. Tribes,” Philadelphia, vol. iv., p. 307.

IQUITO.

American: a dialect of CARIB.

IRANIC _or_ IRANIAN.

Class name for the PERSIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages. It includes BACTRIAN or ZEND, ancient PERSIAN, PEHLEVI, PAZEND, and modern PERSIAN. The word “Iranian” is from “Arya.” _See under_ ARYAN.

IRELAND, NEW, _under_ N.

IRISH _or_ ERSE (FENIC).

CELTIC: the native dialect of Ireland, and closely allied to GAELIC. In writing it an alphabet is still in use, formed from the Latin, and closely resembling the old Anglo-Saxon characters, which were in fact borrowed from it. See Dicty. by O’Reilly, Dublin, 1864; “Old Irish Glosses,” by Stokes and others. W. W. S.

IROFA.

JAPANESE alphabet, taken from the first three letters.

IRON, IRUN, IRAN.

A dialect of the Caucasus. _See_ OSSET.

IROQUOIS, IROKESE.

AMERICAN: it has a double import—1. As the special name of a tribe or nation, of the State of New York. 2. As a general name for the class, the most important members of which, the Iroquois themselves, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the formidable Mohawks, and others are, probably, the most familiar representatives of the traditional Red Indian, especially in his capacity of hero and warrior. R. G. L.

See Schoolcraft: “Comparative Vocaby.,” Albany, 1847; Vocaby. by Howse, “Proceed. Philol. Socy.,” vol. iv., London, 1856.

IRULA, IRULAR.

Dravidian: a dialect of CANARESE, vernacular in the Nilgherry Hills; it is allied to BUDUGUR. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

ISANNA.

American: a dialect of BANIWA; others are the TOMO-MAROA and the JAVITA.

ISÈRE.

A sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL. Ducoin: Notice in “Courrier de l’Isère,” 1834.

ISIELE.

African: a dialect of the YORUBA, allied to ARO, MBOFIA, and ISOAMA. H. C.

ISMAELITE, ISHMAELITE.

ARABIC: dialect of N. Arabia.

ISOAMA _or_ ISWAMA.

African: a dialect of the YORUBA, with the same affinities as the ISIELE. H. C.

ISOLATING.

A term for monosyllabic forms of speech.

ISSEL.

OVER-YSSEL: provincial dialect of Holland.

ISUBU.

AFRICAN: spoken near the Cameroon, W. Africa; it is classed by Bleek as BANTU.

⁂ One of the three best known languages of the coast belonging to the N.W. branch of the Kaffir; the BENGA and DUALLA being the other two. In all three there is a large and laudable amount of missionary literature: the most in the Dualla, the least in the Benga. R. G. L.

ITALIAN.

(1) The native tongue of Italy, spoken in many dialects. It is formed directly from the LATIN or OLD ITALIC, by union with the TEUTONIC forms of GOTHIC and Longobardic settlers. Called the “vulgar tongue” by Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacio, it has since been much polished in Tuscany, and now forms one of the most refined languages of modern society, lending itself specially to the requirements of vocal melody. See Manuzzi: “Vocab. della Crusca,” 4 vols., Florence, 1868.

(2) Dialects are divided into classes: 1, the LOMBARDIC, or dialects of Upper Italy; 2, the ROMANIC, or dialects of Middle Italy; 3, the NEAPOLITAN, or dialects of S. Italy; 4, Cant or slang, called FURBESCO and ZERGA or GERGO.

ITALIC or OLD ITALIAN.

A collective name for that branch of the ARYAN family of languages which includes classical Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Messapian or Iapygian, and perhaps Tosk, Tuscan, or Etruscan, all with alphabets allied to the early Roman. Fabbretti: “Glossarium,” Turin, 1838, &c. _See_ ROMANCE.

ITAM.

Term in MALAY. _See_ BOLONG.

ITE _or_ ITENAZ, _and_ ITONOMA.

American: dialects of BOLIVIA, spoken in the missions of Moxos, and allied to CHAPACURA. H. C.

ADDENDA.

IBBODAH.

AFRICAN: native name of the Kacunda, who speak SHABUN.

IDDOA.

AMERICAN: native name of the Scott’s Valley Indians; they speak a dialect of SHASTA.

IDIBAE.

AMERICAN: aborigines of Darien.

IGALA.

AFRICAN: a separate language from IGARRA, spoken in the Yoruba district. See Kölle’s “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

IHONGWORONG, _under_ J.

ILDEFENSO.

AMERICAN: same as ALDEFENSO. _See_ PUEBLO.

ILLANO, ILYANO.

Same as HILLUNA. _See_ ILOCANA.

INABAK, INAGATA.

Malayan: sub-dialects of ABAK.

INGRIAN.

UGRIAN: a branch of FIN, government of St. Petersburg. They are called INGRICOT or IZHOR. H. C.

INGWA.

African: NIGRITIAN dialect of DAGAMBA.

INIES (TACHIES).

AMERICAN: tribe of Caddoes.

INTA.

AFRICAN: Bowdich’s name for the FANTEE. H. C.

IONIAN IS., _see_ ROMAIC.

IPAS.

AMERICAN: tribe of Vilelas.

ISFOR.

Same as DOFAR; local dialect of HIMYARITE.

ISISTINE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Lule.

ISI-ZULU, _under_ Z.

ISLANDISCH.

Same as NORSE; German form of ICELANDIC.

ISTY-SEMOLE.

AMERICAN: _i.e._ “Wild men,” Creek Indians of Florida. _See_ SEMINOLE.

ITELMAN, ITULMEN.

Native name of the KAMTSHATDALES.

IZHOR, _see_ INGRIAN.

J.

JACKSON, _under_ PORT.

JACONAIGA, JAKONAIGA.

American: a tribe of ARIPONES.

JACTUNG.

A dialect of ASSAMESE.

JAGATAIC _or_ CAGATAIC.

ALATYAN: a dialect of E. TURKISH spoken in Bokharia. It is a written language with a literature. See Vambery: “Cagataische Sprachstudien,” Leipsig, 1867.

JAGON _or_ JAKON.

American: dialect of LOWER KILLAMUKS, spoken on the frontier of Oregon and U. California. Hale: “U. S. Expedition,” Philadelphia, 1846. _See_ NSIETSHAWUS.

JAGY.

A dialect of ALBANIAN.

JAHYCO.

AMERICAN: shore tribes of Brazil.

⁂ These people are the GE, GES, or GEIKO, the tribal name being post-fixed as in Ao-ge, Cran-ge, Canacata-ge, Poncata-ge, Paykob-ge. See V. Spix and V. Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” Munich, 1823-31.

JAJUORONG.

A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

JAKON, _under_ JAGON.

JAKUN.

MALAYAN: dialect of the S. Peninsula of Malacca.

JAKUT, JAKUTI, _or_ YAKUT.

ALATYAN: dialect of the parts between Lake Baikal and the Arctic Sea, which nearly coincides with the Russian Government of JAKUTSK (Irkutsk). Boehtlingk: “Ueber die Sprache der Jakuten,” St. Petersburg, 1851. _See_ YAK.

JALLONKA.

African: a dialect of MANDINGO, allied to FANTEE.

JALLOOF.

African: a branch of MANDINGO, much mingled with French and Arabic; it is spoken by a numerous people between the R. Gambia and Senegal on the W. coast. Called also GUILOFFS, JOLOFS, OUALOOFS, and WOLOFFS. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 6.

JAMAICA, _see_ W. INDIES.

JAN.

A dialect of MALAY. _See_ SAMANG.

JAOI, JAOIA.

American: CARIB of Trinidad; it is closely allied to TAMANAK. See De Laet: “Orbis Novus,” &c., Leiden, 1633.

JAPANESE.

POLYSYLLABIC: the vernacular tongue of Nipon, Jesso, and the Kurile Is.; in its root words it is allied to the MOGHOL family, but its written characters are derived from CHINESE; it has a syllabic alphabet, containing vowels and consonants in one sign, and is written in vertical columns from top to bottom. The language has no gender or article, but many pronouns, and the designations applied to various objects frequently change with the sex of the speaker. Dicty. by Hepburn, 1867; Grammar, 1861; “Dialogues,” by Alcock, 1863; “Anthologie,” by Rosny, Paris, 1871. _See_ LOO-CHOO.

JAPHETAN.

A name for the ARYAN or INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages.

JARGON.

(1) French word for GIBBERISH.

(2) AMERICAN: a mixed _patois_ of L. Columbia and Vancouver’s I., combined chiefly of French, English, Chihaile, Nutka, and Chinuk, the last greatly preponderating. It is the trade language of Oregon, also called “Tshinuk-jargon.” Vocabularies in Hale: “Amer. Expedition”; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes.” _See_ MENIENG and MOORS.

JAVANESE.

MALAYAN: the language of the greater part of Java. In the Western districts of the island the Sundanese language is spoken, though Javanese has been partly introduced into Bantam and Cheribon, probably by its being the language of the court in these otherwise Sandanese provinces. In the eastern districts of Java the Madurese prevails. Javanese is written with a peculiar native alphabet, derived and simplified from the Devanagari. Dicty. by Gericke and Roorda, Amsterdam, 1847-62; Grammar by Roorda, Amsterdam, 1855. P. J. V. _See_ KAWI. ☞

JAVITA.

American: a dialect of BANIWA. Wallace: “Travels on the Amazon,” London, 1853. _See_ ISANNA.

JAZYGES.

A people anciently settled in the tract between the Danube and the Theiss; it means “Bowmen”: a MAGYAR word.

JEBU.

African: a dialect of YORUBA, spoken on the Atlantic coast at the outlet of the R. Formosa.

JECORILLA, JICORILLA.

American: a dialect of ATHABASCAN, allied to NAVAHO.

JELLIBA, _under_ DZHELLABA.

JERVIS BAY.

A district of Australia. See “Voyage de l’Astrolabe,” Paris, 1834.

JESSO.

KURILIAN: dialect of Aino. See Broughton: “Voyage N. Pacific,” London, 1804.

⁂ There is also a jargon of Japanese and Aino employed for inter-communication. H. C.

JEWEY, JEWISH, _or_ JUDÆAN.

Names for modern HEBREW, as spoken by Jews in combination with many local idioms. ☞

JHONGWORONG.

A native dialect of AUSTRALIAN, closely allied to GNURELLEAN. See Eyre: “Journals,” London, 1845.

JILI.

A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to SINGPO.

JILIAKE.

A dialect of MANTSCHU; the same as GILIAK. It is the Chinese name for the Koreans.

JITANO.

A name for GIPSEY. _See_ GITANO.

JOBOCA.

A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to NAMSANG.

JOLIBA, _see_ DZHELLABA.

JOLOF, _see_ JALLOOF.

JOOROO, JURU.

MALAYAN: sub-dialect of Malacca. _See_ SAMANG.

JOWER.

PAPUAN: a dialect of N. Guinea, allied to SEROCI.

JUDA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Upper Guinea. “Grammaire abrégée” in “Des Marchais. Voyage,” Paris, 1730.

JUDÆO-ARABIC.

Name for ARABIC written in characters of Square Hebrew.

JUDAH, _see_ HEBREW.

JUDEN-DEUTSCH.

Name for GERMAN written in Hebrew, Square, Rabbinic, or current-hand. Stern: Lex., Munich, 1833; “Heb.-Deutsche Druck- und Current-schrift,” Prague, 1817.

JUGAGHIR.

Ugrian: a dialect of FIN. It is the same as DZUKAGHIN.

JUIADGE.

AMERICAN: called LENGUAS by the Spaniards. See “L’Homme Américaine,” vol. ii.

JUMBOO, JAMOO _or_ JUMOO.

Dialect of PUNJABI. _See_ DOGURA.

JUPUROCA.

American: a dialect of the BOTOCUDO. Da Silva: Dicc. in Castelnau: “Exped.,” vol v., p. 249.

JURI, JURIS, YURIS.

AMERICAN: belonging to the R. Negro; an allied dialect is the UAINAMBEU. See Wallace: “Amazons,” &c., 1853.

JURIBA, _see_ YORUBA.

JURIPIXUNHA.

AMERICAN: name for the Bocaprietos or Blackmouth Indians. Same as the JURI. It is vernacular in Brasil.

JURU.

Same as JOOROO. _See_ SAMANG.

JUTISH.

TEUTONIC: an extinct dialect, allied to OLD FRIESIC, ANGLO-S., &c.

JUTLANDISH.

Scandinavian: a sub-dialect of DANISH.

JUYAPOORA (JAYAPOORI _or_ JEYAPOORI).

Indic: a dialect of HINDI, spoken at Jyanagur or Jeypoor, a province of Rajpootana, N.W. India. The dynasty of Jeypoor is next to Oodeypoor in antiquity.

ADDENDA.

JAMOO, _see_ JUMBOO.

JAPURIN.

AMERICAN: native name of the Yarura Indians of New Granada.

JAR.

Caucasian: a branch of the AKUSH. Also written DZHAR. H. C.

JAYAPOORI, _under_ JU.

JEBERO, _see_ XEBERO.

JEMTLANDIC.

A dialect of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialekt-Lex.” W.W.S.

JENISCH.

GERMAN word for Low-speech.

JENISEI, _under_ Y.

JEYAPOORI, _under_ JU.

JEZIDI, _under_ Y.

JIG.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. It is also written DJIG. H. C.

JOAKEMA, _see_ YAKAMA.

JOHN’S, ST., _see_ PASSAMAQUODDS.

JOKONG, _see_ JAKUN.

JOMAY.

African: dialect of SHIKAN.

JOWAY, _see_ IOWA.

JUAN, SAN, _see_ PUEBLO.

JUAN, SAN, BAUTISTA.

AMERICAN: Mutsun Indians of Monterey County, California.

JUAN, SAN, CAPISTRANO.

AMERICAN: Californian Indians of the Acagchemem nation, classed as DIEGUNOS, and also called NETELAS.

JUANGA, _see_ PUTTOOS.

JURA.

_Patois_ of France. Vocaby. in “Mém. de la Soc. des Antiq.,” vol. v., vi.

JURAZEN.

Ugrian: SAMOIED dialect of the N. group (Klaproth).

JUTES.

TEUTONIC: tribes of ancient Germans, called GOTHS.

K.

KA.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON of Pegu.

KABAIL _or_ KABYLE.

African: an ARABIC word; “Kabîlah,” singular; “Kabâyil,” plural, signifying “species,” “tribe,” “family,” or “kind.” It is applied to the people called Berbers. Dialects are BUJI, SHILHA, TAMAZIHT, BENI-MENASAR, GADAMSI. Hanoteau: “Essai de Grammaire Kabyle,” Alger., 1858. _See_ SHOWIAH.

⁂ It is unwritten, but has remarkable alphabets of ancient type, and is supposed to represent the ancient Lybian. H. C.

KABALA.

HEBREW word: “mysticism,” superstition of Cabalistic Jews.

⁂ An alphabet used by the Rabbis and Freemasons; is supposed to be a type of cuneiform and square Hebrew. H. C.

KABUL.

NUMISMATIC: early Indian coinage of Kabulistan, often bilingual; GREEK and old INDIAN, or early SANSKRIT, as represented under its Pali modification.

KACHARI.

NON-ARYAN; language of N.E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ CACHARESE.

KACHIQUEL _or_ KICHEQUEL.

American: a dialect of the MAYA class, spoken in the province of Solola, Guatemala. See Flores: “Arte de la Lengua Kakchiquel,” Antigua, 1753.

KACUNDA, KAKANDA.

African: a name for the SHABUN.

KADIAK, KADJAK.

Eskimo: a dialect of the ALEUTIAN class, vernacular in the island so named. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 104. _See_ KONAGI.

KAFFA.

African: a dialect of GONGA, allied to WORATTA and YANGARO.

KAFIR, KAFFIR.

ARABIC word for “pagan” or “infidel” from the Moslem point of view. We have “Káfir,” singular; “Kuffar,” plural.

(1) Asiatic: Káfir of Kafristan. A dialect spoken by the Shiah-poosh, allied to SANSKRIT; it is the vernacular speech of Hindu-Kush. Tribes of Kafristan are Ashkin, Ashpin, Kamoz, Pashai.

(2) Kâfirí, the Caffres of S. Africa, the most widely extended family of speech found there. See Bleek’s “Comparative Grammar,” 2 vols., London, 1869; Boyce’s Grammar by Davis, London, 1863. ☞

KAGAN _or_ KAYAN.

Borneo: sub-dialect of DAYAK. See Crawfurd: “Dissertation,” p. 205.

KAGATAIC, _see_ JAGATAIC.

KAHETAN.

American: sub-dialect of N. GUARANI; called TUPIS OF BRAZIL.

KAHNA.

AMERICAN: name for Blood Indians.

KAIBOLU.

Malayan: dialect of CERAM.

KAIDIPANG.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU.

KAILI.

African: dialect of the GABOON. See Bowdich’s “Mission to Ashantee.”

KAINULAISET.

FIN: a name for the QUAINS.

KAIOA.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU. Wallace, vol. ii., p. 296-7.

KAITHI.

HINDI: dialect of the N.W. provinces. A. C. _See_ KYT’HI.

KAJUNAH.

INDIAN: dialect of the Kanjútis of Hunza in Dardistan. See Cunningham’s “Ladak,” London, 1854.

⁂ This language has been erroneously represented as DARD. See Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, 1870. H. C.

KAKAS, KAKASING.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

KAKE.

American: a tribe of SITKA. _See_ KOLUSH.

KAKHYEN.

Assamese: a dialect of BHOT. Classed as SINGPHO.

KAKONGO.

AFRICAN: “Ka,” tribal prefix. _See under_ KONGO.

KALANNA.

African: dialect of the SOUDAN. See Bowdich’s “Mission.”

KALBRA.

AFRICAN: dialect of W. Coast. Same word as CALABAR.

KALCHAQUI.

American: dialect of QUICHUA. Spoken in Tucuman.

KALDANI.

(1) A tribe or people of Chaldæa, mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions.

(2) A name for CHALDEE, still used, in a much corrupted form, in the mountains of Kurdistan and by some tribes of Nestorian Christians. W. S. W. V. _See_ SYRO-CHALDEE.

KALKA.

Dialect of MOGHOL, belonging to Chinese Tartary.

KALLAPUIAH.

American: dialect of OREGON. Vocaby. “Jl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” London, 1841.

KALMUK.

MOGHOL: same as Calmuk. The Kalmuks of the Volga are also called Eleuts, Olot, or Ulut; the dialect is called WEST-MONGOLIAN. See Zwich’s “Grammatik ... Kalmükischen,” Donaueschingen, 1852.

KAMAS, KAMASSINTZI.

Ugrian: nearly extinct dialects spoken by Ostiaks, on the S.W. boundary of the Samoied area.

KAMBALI.

African: a dialect classed as KOURI, but presenting many divergences; there is a Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

KAMBOJAN.

PEGUESE: same as Cambojan.

KAMBOJAS.

Primeval tribes of India.

KAMI.

MONOSYLLABIC: a dialect of Burmese. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KAMILAROI.

Native dialect of Australia. See Ridley: “Gurre Kamilaroi,” Sydney, 1856.

KAMOZ, _see_ KAFIR.

KAMSKADAL, KAMSKATKAN, _or_ KAMCHATDAL.

A class of dialects belonging to the N.E. of Asia, allied to the native dialects of Arctic America.

KANADA.

A name for CANARESE.

KANAKA.

Native name for “man” in New Zealand, and applied to natives of the Sandwich Is.; but Tangata is the word more general in all other islands. Compare the African word “Kanyika,” and the American “Kenneka.” The language of the Sandwich Is. is closely allied to the MAORI. _See_ HAWAIAN.

KANAM, KANEM.

African: a district of Bornui, having the KANURI and TIBBU in its area.

KANAWARI, _see_ KUNAWARI.

KANCHI, KASNAS.

American: sub-dialects of the AYMARA.

KANDOKOV, KONDAKOV.

Turkish, classed as a sub-dialect of KOIBAL.

KANGULIT, KANGJULIT.

American: dialect of ESKIMO, belonging to the N.W.

KANJUTI, _see_ KAJUNAH.

KANUJ, _see_ CANOJ.

KANURI.

AFRICAN: the typical dialect of BORNUI, spoken in Kanem. Köelle’s Grammar, London, 1854.

KANYIKA.

African: a dialect of KAFIR. _See_ KANAKA.

KANYOP.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Bissagos or Bijugos Is.

⁂ It is allied to FELUP, BAGNON, SARAR, BOLAR, PADSADE, BIAFADA, and PAPEL. H. C.

KANZA, _see under_ KO.

KAOTSE.

Thibetan: CHINESE name for the HOR.

KAPCHAK.

ALATYAN: Tatar dialect of the lower Volga and the Ural.

KAPIR.

TATAR form of “Kafir,” “infidel.”

KAPUA.

Dayak: sub-dialect of BIAJU, vernacular in Borneo.

KAPWI.

Monosyllabic: a dialect spoken to the N.W. of the BURMESE Empire.

KARAGA.

Dialects of KAMSKADAL, vernacular in E. Asia.

KARAGAS.

ALATYAN: Tatar dialect of Siberia, allied to KOIBAL; Vocaby. by Castrén.

KARAITE.

Dialect of Heretical, or reformed, Jews who reject the Talmud, and adhere closely to the literal text of the Old Testament. It is derived from the Hebrew root “kârâ,” “to read,” and they call themselves “sons of the reading,” or of “the text.” Compare Luke x., 26. See “History,” by Rule, London, 1870.

⁂ They are numerous in the Crimæa, but a few communities of them are to be found in Poland, Galicia, and at Constantinople. The Karaites use Hebrew, but also the dialect of the country where they dwell; thus in the Crimæa it may be TATAR, but at Wilna it is POLISH. R. P. S.

KARA-KALPAC.

TURKISH: spoken by a Tatar tribe of Khiva, called “Black Caps.” H. C.

KARA-KIRGHIS.

ALATYAN: TATAR dialect of Siberia, spoken by the black Kirghis. H. C.

KARASS.

Ugrian dialect of SAMOIED, spoken on the Caspian Sea and by Nogais in Taurica.

KARATSHAI, KARACHAI.

Dialect of TURKISH, spoken in the Caucasus.

⁂ It is like CRIM-TATAR, and is spoken on the Black River. H. C.

KARAULA.

A native dialect of Australia.

KARAWI.

SUB-SEMITIC. Same as MAHARI.

KAREKARE, _see_ PIKA.

KARELIAN, KIRIALAISET.

Ugrian: a division of FINNISH. It is the dialect of Russian Finland, and is written in Russian characters, comprising Auramoiset, Olonetz, Savakot, Izhor, and Viborg. _See_ TAVASTRIAN.

KAREN _or_ KORENG.

Monosyllabic: numerous dialects of BURMESE. See Grammar by Wade, Maulmein, 1861.

Mr. Hunter distinguishes them as SGAU and PWO; Vocabys. in his “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ PLAY.

KARIF, _see_ CARIB.

KARITI.

AMERICAN: Indians of Brazil. Known only by a catechism printed by a Capuchin monk in 1709.

KARNATIKA, _see_ CANARESE.

KARON.

PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.

KASAN _or_ KAZAN.

(1) UGRIAN: dialect of Bulgarian tribes settled in the district; now called Kazan, in European Russia; also called TURKISH-TARTAR, or TURKO-TATAR, but more like OSMANLI. See Grammar by Kasem-Bek, Kasan, 1839.

(2) CAUCASIAN: a tribe of the Akush. H. C.

KASANGE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Gaboon. Vocaby. in Kölle’s Polyglot. H. C.

KASHKARI.

Nearly allied to or identically the same with ARNIYA. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner, also in “Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,” 1838.

KASHPURA, _see_ KUSWAR.

KASI, _see_ KUSI-KUMUK.

KASM.

African: a dialect sometimes classed as KOURI. It is related to YULA, KRU, SERAWULLI, &c. H. C.

KASSUB _or_ KASHUB.

SLAVONIC: dialect of POLISH, spoken in parts of Pomerania.

KATA-KANA.

JAPANESE: name for their system of alphabetic characters.

KATCHI, _see_ CUTCHI.

KATHE, _see_ MUNIPOORI.

KATODI.

DRAVIDIAN: a dialect spoken by a hill-tribe of Guzarat; they have been described by Dr. Wilson, who states that their language resembles the MALAYALIM. W. E.

KATSHA.

TURKISH: dialect of the Katshalar or Katshintsi in Siberia.

KAUBUL, _see_ KABUL.

KAUKASIAN, _under_ C. ☞

KAURE.

African: a dialect of the KOURI. It is allied to LEGBA, KEAMBA, TEMBA, &c.; Vocaby. Kölle’s Polyglot. H. C.

KAWANG-KOAN.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU.

KAWELITSK, _see under_ KO.

KAWI.

Javanese: name for the early dialect called OLD JAVANESE. It is used in literary compositions. See Humboldt: “Kawi-Sprache,” 3 vols., Berlin, 1836-9. ☞

KAWITSH.

AMERICAN: dialect of the Vancouver Is., and of neighbouring parts of the continent. R. G. L.

KAYAN.

DAYAK: same as KAGAN.

KAZAK-KIRGHIS _or_ KAZAN.

TATAR: same as KASAN.

KE.

PAPUAN: dialect of the Malay Archipelago. See Wallace, vol. ii., pp. 296-7.

KEAMBA _or_ KIAMBA.

African: dialect of KOURI. It has the same affinities as KAURE. H. C.

KECHUA.

AMERICAN: Same as QUICHUA. See Tschudi: “Die Kechua Sprache,” 2 vols., Wien, 1853.

KEDAH.

MALAYAN: closely allied to JURU-SAMANG.

KEH-DOULAN.

MALAYAN: somewhat allied to BIMA.

KEILINSCHRIFT.

GERMAN name for inscriptions in cuneiform or wedge-shaped characters.

KEKUAFI.

AFRICAN: See under UKUAFI.

KELENONESIAN _or_ KELÆNONESIAN.

POLYNESIAN: term for the Negritos or dark-skinned natives. Also called MELANESIAN.

KELTIC.

Same as CELTIC. A division of the ARYAN family of languages, represented by ARMORICAN, GAELIC, IRISH, MANX, the now extinct CORNISH, and WELSH (pre-Roman dialect of Britain). ☞

KEMA.

MALAYAN: a dialect of Celebes. Vocaby. by Wallace.

KENAY _or_ KINAI.

American: spoken in several dialects, and classed as ATHABASCAN. Vocaby. in Buschmann: “Der Athapask. Sprachstamm,” Berlin, 1856. _See_ INKALAIT.

KENNEKAS.

American: a dialect of the FUEGIAN, called TEKEENIKA. _See_ YAKANAKU.

KENTISH.

Provincial dialect of England. See the Ayenbite of Inwyt, in the Kentish dialect, ab. A.D. 1340; ed. Dr. Morris, E.E.T.S. 1866. W.W.S.

KERES _or_ QUIRES.

AMERICAN: the most S. dialect of the Pueblos, in New Mexico. _See_ KIWOMI.

KHACHE.

THIBETAN: a name for the HOR.

KHAJUNA, _see_ KAJUNAH.

KHAMTI.

Monosyllabic: a dialect of SIAMESE, closely allied to AHOM. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KHAMTSKATKAN, _see under_ KA.

KHARI.

ASSAMESE: a dialect of the Naga tribes. Vocaby in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KHASPURA.

INDIC: the native dialect of Nipal; it is a mingled tongue, formed from HINDI and BHOT, using the Devanagri character.

KHASSEE, KHASSI, _or_ KHASIA.

MONOSYLLABIC: language of the Cossyahs who inhabit the mountainous region that separates E. Bengal from Assam; they are of Chinese or Tatar origin, and use the Bengali character. Pamphlet by Schott, Berlin, 1859.

⁂ Major Godwin Austin considers the Khassias more nearly allied to the Burmese than to the Chinese. H. C.

KHIVESE.

USBEG tribes of Turkestan. The Khanat of Khiva is inhabited by a mixed race of Iranian and Turanian origin; the Usbegs predominate. _See_ KARA-KALPAC.

KHO.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of CAMBOJAN. It is allied to the MON.

KHOIBU.

Monosyllabic: a dialect of Burmese, classed as KORENG.

KHOND.

INDIAN: a dialect of aborigines in Orissa. Quite distinct from the GUNDI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KHONG.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of CAMBOJAN, allied to the MON.

KHORIN.

MOGHOL; closely allied to SELENGA.

KHOTOVZI.

Ugrian: dialect of the Kanskoi Ostiaks, classed as YENISEIAN.

⁂ Also known as KOTTEN, KOTOWZI, KANSKI; small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 96.

KHUM.

CHINESE: a name for the court dialect used at Pekin. “Lessons and Vocabulary, Pekin Dialect,” by Edkins, 1869.

KHUMIA.

A dialect of BURMESE; also called KAMI and KUMI.

KHURBAT.

A gipsey dialect of Persia: also called GHURBAT.

KHUS, _see_ PARBUTTIA.

KHWAKHLAMAYU.

American: dialect of Upper California; it is allied to KULANAPO.

⁂ Also to YUMA, SHASTI, OREGONES, &c. H. C.

KHYEN, KIAYN.

Monosyllabic: also called KOLUN, and allied to KAREN. _See_ SHO.

KIAMBA, _see_ KEAMBA.

KIANG-NAN.

CHINESE: name for the local speech of Nankin.

KIAYN, _see_ KHYEN.

KICHAI.

AMERICAN: a Pawnee language vernacular on the Canadian R. and in Texas, and allied to HUECO, CADDO, WITCHITO, &c. See “Pacific R. Report,” vol. ii., Washington, 1855.

KICHAK.

SUB-TURANIAN: a dialect of the Himalayas.

KICHE.

American: dialect of MAYA. Same as QUICHE. _See_ KACHIQUEL.

KI-GALLA.

AFRICAN: “Ki,” tribal prefix. Kaffir name for the GALLA. Vocaby. by Krapf, Tübingen, 1850.

KIHANY.

Name for the written characters of the PERSIAN alphabet. _See_ NESHKI.

KIHIAU.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique. See Krapf’s Vocaby.

KIJ _or_ KIZH.

AMERICAN: dialect of California.

KIKAMBA.

AFRICAN: classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. It is the language of the Wakambas of the R. Mombas or Mombaza, N. of Zanzibar, and is allied to some dialects of the Nile. “Amba” means “the people.” See Krapf’s Vocaby.

KIKKAPU.

American: dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by a division of the Shawanoe.

KILLAMUCK.

AMERICAN: tribes of Flatheads. _See_ JAKON.

KINIKA.

African: a dialect of SUAHELI. “Nika” means “the language.” See Krapf’s “Outline of Ki-Suaheli, with especial reference to Kinika.”

KIO.

MALAYAN: a dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, an island of the Indian Archipelago.

KIOWAY.

AMERICAN: Indians of Texas. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.

⁂ It has affinities to SHOSHONE, and there is some resemblance to ATHABASCAN. H. C.

KIPOKOMO.

AFRICAN: a N.E. dialect of the KAFFIR. See Krapf’s Vocaby.

KIPTCHAK, _see_ KAPCHAK.

KIRATA _or_ KIRANTI.

Language of the Limboo or Ekthoomba, and other tribes in E. Nipal and Sikkim.

⁂ According to Mr. Hodgson, it has fifteen dialects. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” H. C.

KIRGHIS-KASAK (KHIRGHESE).

TURKISH: spoken in the Khanat of Khiva, and closely allied to UZBEK. “Opisanie” by Lewschin, Fr. translation, Paris, 1840.

KIRIALAISET.

FINNISH; same as KARELIAN.

KIRIRI.

AMERICAN: a language of Bahia in Brazil, also classed as SABUJA. See Gabelentz: “Grammatik,” Leipsig, 1852.

KISAMA or KISAMBALA.

African: a dialect of Kafir, classed by Bleek as ZANGIAN. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Polyglot.”

KISI.

TATAR: dialect of Tungusian, closely allied to MANTSHU. Also called TUNGUS of the Amoor.

KISSA, KISSER.

Malayan: a dialect of JAVANESE, closely allied to BABA.

KI-SUAHELI.

African: a dialect of KAFIR, mingled with SEMITIC, spoken by the Suahelis, N. of the Mozambique. Krapf’s “Outline,” Tübingen, 1850.

KITUNAHA or KUTANI.

AMERICAN: unclassed dialects of the Cootani or Flat-bow Indians, spoken along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains in New Caledonia and Oregon. Vocaby. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

KIWOMI, KIOAME.

AMERICAN: sub-dialects of the Keres, Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, on Canadian R.; Vocaby. by Whipple, Washington, 1855. H. C. _See_ ZUNI.

KIZH.

AMERICAN: dialect of New California. See Buschmann: “Die Sprachen Kizh,” &c., Berlin, 1856.

KIZZILBASH, _see under_ KU.

KLABAT.

Malayan: dialects of MENADU, sub-divided into KLABAT-ATAS and KLABAT-BAWA.

KLAMATH.

AMERICAN: Klamath-lake Indians is the English name for the Okshees, who are allied to the Modocs. _See_ LUTUAMI.

KLIKETAT.

American: sub-dialect of SHAHAPTAN, spoken in Oregon. They are the _nez-percées_ of Canada.

KNISTENAUX.

AMERICAN: name for the Crees. _See_ KRISTENAUX.

KOAMA.

African: dialect of the KOURI, allied to BAGBALA, LEGBA, &c.; Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

KOCEH, KOCH, KOCCH.

SUB-TURANIAN: a dialect of the Sub-Himalayas, and Cooch Behar, E. Bengal.

KODAH.

DRAVIDIAN: same as KOTA. See Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar;” and Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KODUGU.

Same as CURGI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KODUN.

DRAVIDIAN: common dialect, known as LOW TAMUL, in distinction from the SHEN.

KOHATAR.

CANARESE: a dialect of the Nilgherry Hills.

KOHISTANEE.

Dialect of Kohistân, _i.e._, “mountain country”—the highlands of Kâbulistan; it is allied to SHINA. W. S. W. V.

KOIBAL.

Alatyan: closely allied to KARAGAS, but slightly mixed with TCHUDIC, the population being Samoied in blood; it has dialects. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 165; Castrén, &c. H. C.

KOINE.

HELLENIC: ἡ χοινὴ διάλεχτοσ, the general language of Greece under the Macedonians, and subsequently.

KOL (COLE).

(1) OLDER DRAVIDIAN: language of the Kols, a wide-spread race of Chota-Nagpoor, Central India. A. C. _See_ DHANGUR.

⁂ Mr. W. W. Hunter distinguishes two dialects, the HO and SINGHBHUM; see Vocabys. in his “Comp. Dicty.”

(2) KOLI, KOOLI: Mahratta word, applied to a tribe of aborigines, and also to a caste of water-bearers, hence KULI, _i.e._, “Coolee,” in Tamil, a common labourer.

KOLADYN.

BURMESE: a dialect of Aracan.

KOLDAGI.

African: dialect of KORDOFAN. It is allied to the FURIAN. H. C.

KOLIGON.

AUSTRALIAN: the Colack natives. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

KOLUN, _see_ KHYEN.

KOLUSH.

American: dialect of SITKA. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 102.

⁂ These are a remarkable people, and the language is allied to Chepewayan and Kenai. H. C.

KOLYMA.

Eskimo: a dialect of KAMSKADAL spoken in Asia.

KONAGI.

American: native language of the I. of Kadiak; its structure is ESKIMO, but the vocabulary is ATHABASCAN of the KENAI group.

KONDIN.

A dialect of SAMOIED, allied to YURAK.

KONG (1).

AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich’s “Mission.”

KONG (2).

CHINESE: name for the dialect of Canton.

KONGA.

(1) MALAYAN: dialect of the Is. of Flores or Ende.

(2) INDIAN: name applied by the Mahrattas to the Dravidian people and tongues. W. E.

KONGO _or_ CONGO.

African: spoken in the Portuguese dominion and classed by Bleek as BANTU-KAFIR. Grammar by Brusciottus à Vetralla, Rome, 1659.

KONGUAN.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Gaboon. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 564.

KONKANI.

Indic: a dialect of the MAHRATTI.

KONZA _or_ KANZA.

American: a dialect of SIOUX.

KOOCH, _see_ CUTCHI.

KOOKIE _or_ KOONKIE.

Monosyllabic: the same as LOOSHAI; Aracanese and Bengali words, with others not referable to either of those languages, are found in it. Spoken by the Howlong, Panjas, Ruttun and Syloo. A. C.

⁂ The name is sometimes applied to the NAGAS.

KOOMIS, _see_ KUMI.

KORANA.

African: a dialect of HOTTENTOT.

KORAWI.

Dravidian: a dialect of TAMUL. Small Vocaby. in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 246. _See_ TELING.

KORCH.

INDIAN: tribe of the Himalayas. Essay by Hodgson, London, 1860.

KOREAN.

A geographical term for some dialects of Siberia. _See_ COREAN.

KOREISH.

Semitic: the leading dialect of ARABIC.

Although the literary importance of the tribe of Koreish does not seem to have been very great before the age of Mahomet, it was nevertheless the dialect which he adopted for the Koran, and it has from that day been the classical language of Arabia. See Renan, “Hist. Gen. des Langues Sémitiques,” p. 328. R. P. S. _See_ CUFIC.

KORENG, _see_ KAREN.

KORIAK.

A KOREAN dialect of Okhotsk in Siberia, closely allied to KAMCHATKAN.

KORINCHI.

MALAYAN: dialect of interior of Sumatra, written with a peculiar native character. P. J. V.

KOSKEEMO.

A dialect of Vancouver I., belonging to its W. side, spoken by nearly extinct tribes of Koskeemos and Quatsinos; it is much mingled with QUAKWOLTH. R. B.

KOT.

UGRIAN: dialect of the Yeniseian Ostiaks in Siberia, also called KANSKI; Khotowzi is the Russian form of Kot. Grammar by Castrén.

KOTA, _see_ KODAH.

KOTOFANTSHI.

African: dialect of the HAMARUA.

KOU-OUEN.

Chinese: name for OLD CHINESE, the ancient Archaic dialect, now extinct.

KOUSULU.

Indic: dialect of HINDI, vernacular in Oude.

KOWELITSK.

AMERICAN: western branch of the Flatheads.

⁂ Their dialect is allied to the ATNA or SELISH, and has affinities with SEKUMNE, &c. H. C.

KOWRAREGA.

AUSTRALIAN: See Macgillivray: “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 279.

KOWRI.

African: Dr. Latham’s name for a variety of native dialects, arranged by Kölle as N.E. HIGH SOUDANIAN. ☞

KRAIN, _see_ CARNIOLAN.

KRAMA.

“Krama” in JAVANESE means “politeness” or “courteousness”; hence the High Javanese (on the use of which _see the article_ JAVANESE) is called “Basa Krama,” or the polite language. A few words equally used in High and Low Javanese, but only in speaking of persons of the very highest rank and consideration, are designated by the name of “Krama inggil” or “High Krama.” P. J. V.

KREDY.

A language sometimes called FERTIT, but there is another language in FERTIT allied to AGAW. The people are S. of Darfur, between 7° and 8° N. Lat. There is a vocabulary by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.

KREEPEE _or_ KREPI.

African: names for the GREBO, closely allied to ADAMPI, ANFUE, and the WHYDAH group. H. C.

KRETAN.

Same as CRETAN; a sub-dialect of GREEK. See Vocaby. in Höck’s “Kreta,” Göttingen, 1823.

KRIM-TARTAR, _under_ C.

KRISTENAUX.

ALGONKIN: name for the Crees.

KROATIAN, _under_ C.

KRU.

African: dialect of Grebo and Gbe, belonging to the Ivory-coast, and classed by some as MANA or MANDINGO. It has resemblances to ARO, KASM, SERAWULLI, YALA, &c. H. C.

KU.

A dialect of DRAVIDIAN. See Caldwell’s Grammar.

KUAN-HOA.

Chinese: name for MANDARIN form of speech.

KUBITSHI.

Lesghian: name for the FERINGHEE.

⁂ It is a dialect of the Caucasus, like AKUSH, between the Koi Su and Buam. H. C.

KUDI.

OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialect of the Himalayas.

KUFIC, _under_ C.

KUKI.

Burmese: closely allied to KHUMIA.

KULANAPO.

AMERICAN: Indians of N.W. California.

⁂ The language is allied to KHWAKHLAMAYO, OREGONES, SHASTI, and YUMA. H. C.

KUM.

African: dialect of KAFIR.

KUMAON.

HINDI: local dialect spoken near the sources of R. Ramgunga, in Kumaon, a province of N.W. India.

KUMHA.

OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialect of Nipal.

KUMI.

BURMESE: almost identical with KAMI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KUMUK.

TURKISH: dialect of the Caucasus. Klaproth: “Reise in den Kaukasus.”

⁂ It resembles KRIM-TATAR, and is not to be confounded with KAZI-KUMUK. H. C.

KUNAWARI.

Mixed language of India: BHOT, KANET, MILCHAN, SUGNUM, &c.

⁂ Kunawar is a Trans-Himalayan province, N. of Simla. A. C.

KUNKUNA.

INDIC: old dialect of the Concan. _See_ KONKANI.

KUPANG.

MALAYAN: dialect of W. Timor.

KUPUAS.

MALAYAN: dialect of Borneo.

KURD _or_ KURDISH.

(1) ARMENIC: the dialect of Kurdistan, the mountain country dividing Mesopotamia from Persia, halfway between the Black Sea and the Persian Gulf, now divided between Persia and Turkey. It is closely allied to OSSETIC and PUSHTOO, and has been classed as IRANIC; it is written with Arabic characters. Klaproth: “Asia Pol.,” p. 76.

⁂ It is not used as a written language, Persian being substituted. There is a Grammar in Italian by Garzoni, Rome, 1787. H. C.

(2) OLD KURDISH has been regarded as a dialect of CHALDEE. See “Forschungen,” by Lerch, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1857.

KURG, _see under_ C.

KURILIAN.

Also called AINO, the native language of the Kurile Is., also spoken by the aborigines of Yesso or Yezo, one of the Japanese group, and allied to KAMSKADAL and KORIAK. The Ainos are a hairy race, easily distinguished from the smoother Mongols.

KURING.

“Kuring” in Sundanese means a “serf,” a person of low origin. Hence the Low Sundanese is called “Basa-Kuring.” P. J. V. _See_ SUNDANESE.

KURLAND, _see_ CURISH.

KURUMBA.

NON-ARYAN: language of S. India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” _See_ DHANGAR.

KUSI-KUMUK.

Caucasian: language of KARA-KAITAK and TABASSERAN. It is allied to the LESGHIAN group. H. C.

KUSKOKWIM, KUSKUTSHEWAK.

AMERICAN: dialect of the Labrador Eskimos on the R. Kuskukwim. See Richardson’s “Arctic Expedition,” 2 vols., London, 1851.

KUSUNDA, KUSWAR.

OLDER DRAVIDIAN: dialects of Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KUTANI, _see_ KITUNAHA.

KUTCHI, _under_ C.

KUTSHIN.

American: dialect of ATHABASCAN, spoken by Loucheux Indians, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

KUTZO-WALLACHIAN.

Italic: dialect of RUMANIAN, spoken to the S. of the Daco-Wallachian or Rouman area about Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.

KUZNETSK.

Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Siberia, classed by Dr. Latham as Turks of the Upper Tom; small Vocaby. in his “Elements,” p. 107.

KUZZILBASH.

Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Persia; also called KIZILBASH.

⁂ “Kizilbash” means “red-head;” it is a term applied to the Yurukhs and other mountain tribes, who are regarded as non-orthodox Mussalmans. H. C.

KWALIOKWA.

American: a dialect allied to the Tahkali or Carrier Indians, classed as ATHABASCAN.

KYRILLIC, _under_ C.

KYT’HI, KAITHI.

A cursive handwriting used by Hindoos of the N.W. provinces in B. India.

ADDENDA.

KABARDINIAN.

Caucasian: a dialect of CIRCASSIAN. H. C.

KABKA.

AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.

KABUCH.

Caucasian: a member of the LESGHIAN group. H. C.

KACHA, _see_ KATSHA.

KADIR.

A semi-nomade race, inhabiting some forests of S.W. India. W. E.

KAJENJAH.

AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.

KAKANDA.

African: a dialect classed as NUFI. H. C.

KALALAT.

Caucasian: seemingly LESGHIAN; referred to in the Mithridates.

KALASHA.

PAROPAMISAN or DARD: a dialect of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Leitner and Mander. H. C.

KALBUNGA.

African: a dialect allied to MANDINGO. See Kölle’s “Polyg.” H. C.

KALE.

Romany: a name for GIPSY.

KALHURI.

ARMENIC: dialect of S. Kurds.

KALINA, KALINAGO, KARINA.

American: native terms for CARIB. _See_ GALIBI.

KALINGA.

Dravidian: a form of TELINGA.

KALLAGI.

African: NIGRITIAN dialect of the Soudan.

KALOSCHEN.

GERMAN form of “Cant” or “Slang.”

KAMAKAN.

AMERICAN: (1) Camacan civilisada; Brasilian Indians of Espiritu. The same as MENIENG.

(2) Camacaes Mongoyos or Monxocos; Indians of Bahia.

KAMAKON.

African: classed with KALBRA.

KAMBA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Congo.

KAMENTES, KARAIKAS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Pescherai.

KANACATA-GES.

AMERICAN: Jahyco Indians of Brasil.

KANAI, KANHAWA, _see_ CANAWAY.

KANAM, _see_ KANEM.

KANAS, _see_ KANCHI.

KANDO.

African: dialect of the Congo, classed as MANDONGO.

KANDY (CANDY).

SINHALESE: local dialect of Ceylon; also called MANGALA.

KANGA.

African: dialect of NIGRITIAN.

KANKAM, KANKAMTSHI.

AFRICAN: language of the Hamarua, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

KANKANKA.

African: allied to MANDINGO. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.

KANNADI.

Correct designation of CANARESE.

KANSKI, KANSKOI, _see_ KOT.

KANYAKUBJA.

Indian term “of or relating to CANOUG or KANAUJ,” applied to any caste.

KAPUL.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. _See_ INABAK.

KARABA, KARABARI.

African: a language allied to EBO, quoted from Kilham’s “Specimens.”

KARABULAKISH.

Caucasian: dialect of MIZDEGHEN.

KARAKAITAK.

Caucasian: sub-dialect of KAZIKUMUK. H. C.

KARALI.

American: native name for the ESKIMO of Greenland.

KARANKA.

American: classed as AYMARA (Ludewig).

KARANKUA, KARANKOWAY.

American: classed as ATHABASCAN (Balbi).

KARINA, _see_ KALINGA.

KARNTEN.

Wendic: GERMAN form of CARINTHIAN, classed as SLOVENIAN.

KARUB.

African: tribe of Adareb, classed as TROGLODYTES.

KASHMIRI, _under_ C.

KASHNA.

AFRICAN: a language of Bornu. H. C.

KASIA.

Indian tribe near the Garo hills, remarkable as the builders of stone monuments; their language is allied to GARO, NAGA, SHAN, &c. H. C.

KASSENTEE.

AFRICAN: language of central district.

KASSIANTHES.

African: same as TIEMBA.

KATAHBA, _under_ C.

KATTANAHAWS.

AMERICAN: tribe of Minetare.

KAUDARD.

AFRICAN: unclassed language of the N.E.

KAVASUMSENK.

AMERICAN: tribe of Narragansets.

KAVERE.

AMERICAN: Maipure Indians. _See_ CAVERI.

KAZI-KUMUK _or_ KATHI-KUMUK, _under_ KU.

KEESARN, KIGARNEE, KYGANIES.

AMERICAN: Haidah Indians of Q. Charlotte’s Is.

KEIKADI.

NON-ARYAN: a language of central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KEMENTES, _under_ KA.

KENSY (KENU).

African: a dialect of the NUBIAN; same as BARABRA.

KERAT.

Moghol: same as TORGOT, and classed as KALMUCK.

KERMANS.

Armenic: classed as KURDISH (Niebuhr).

KERRAPAY, KERRAPONG.

African: one or more sub-dialects of AKWAPIM. H. C.

KERRAPI, _see_ KREEPEE.

KET.

Ugrian: a dialect of the SAMOIED (Klaproth).

KEYES.

American: (1) same as KICHAI.

(2) Same as KEYUS, a tribe of Vuta-Huilliche.

KHALING.

Indo-Chinese; a sub-dialect of the KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KHARI-BOLI.

HINDI: local dialect of Delhi and Agra.

KHENAR.

Caucasian: a branch of the KISTI or THUSH. H. C.

KHENG, _see_ KHYEN.

KHIRGHESE, _see_ KIRGHIS.

KHISTI, _see_ KISTI.

KHOAZI.

Iranic: PERSIAN dialect of Kuseistan.

KHUNZAG.

Caucasian: a dialect allied to the AVAR. H. C.

KIAORANA.

POLYNESIAN: a form of salutation, “May you live.” W. G.

KIGARNEE, _see_ KEESARN.

KIGINDO.

African: a dialect of KAFFIR.

KIKATSA.

AMERICAN: name for the Crow Indians.

KILBA, KILBANTSHI.

AFRICAN: a language of the HAMARUA, described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

KILLISTENO, _see_ CREE.

KINALUG.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of LESGHIAN.

KING GEORGE, _under_ G.

KING GEORGE’S ARCHIPELAGO.

AMERICAN: tribes of Kolusches. _See_ SITKA.

KING’S R. INDIANS.

AMERICAN: a tribe of California.

KISILBEK.

Caucasian: a dialect of ABSNE. _See_ KUZZILBASH.

KISKAPOCOKE.

American: tribe of Shawnees.

KISSI.

African: a dialect of Sierra Leone, supposed to be SUSU. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

KISTI, KISTIAN, KISTIC.

Caucasian: GEORGIAN term, from “Kisteti,” the country of the Kists, also called KISTINZES. A name for the MIZDEGHEN.

⁂ It is the same as the TUSH or THUSCH language, is largely mixed with LESGHIAN, and sometimes called CHECH or TSCHETSCH. Grammar by Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1856. H. C.

KITZBUHEL.

Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN dialect of the Tyrol.

KIZARAMO.

African: a dialect of KAFFIR, like KIGINDO. H. C.

KLING.

BURMESE: designation of the people on the Coromandel Coast employed in Burma. W. E.

KNENKORENWURRO.

AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

KO.

MALAYAN: prefix to all proper names in E. Polynesia. W. G.

KOBROOR.

Malayan: WOKKHA, dialect of the Arroo Is.

KOCHABOTH.

American: dialect of GUAYKURU.

KOCHEMER-SPRACHE.

GERMAN form of “Cockney.”

KODIARA, KORBIAR.

Dravidian: dialects of BOWRI.

KOKAMA.

American: same as COCAMA, a tribe of Omaguas.

KOLAMBO.

African: dialect of MANDONGO.

KOLAMI.

NON-ARYAN: a language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KOLHUI.

American: NAHUATLAC tribe of Mexico.

KOLLA.

Dravidian: dialect of KORAWI. _See_ KOL.

KOLLAGUA, _under_ C.

KOLTSCHANES.

American: same as GALZANES, a tribe of Atna.

KOMANIAN.

Alatyan: dialect of TATAR, allied to UIGUR and UZBEG. G. R.

KOMI.

TCHUDIC: native appellation of the SIRENIANS.

KONDAKOV, _see_ KANDOKOV.

KONO.

African: allied to MANDINGO. See “Polyg. Afr.” H. C.

KONTSHABA.

A name for the KAMTSHATKAN, applied by Koriaks.

KONUNGZI.

American: a native appellation of the IROKESE. _See_ ONEGA.

KOOKAS.

A modern sect among Hindoos; they are fanatical, and practise cow-worship.

KOOYEN, KOOYON.

American: KOLUSCH dialect of Cape Decision.

KORA.

AMERICAN: Mexican Indians of Najarit. _See_ CORA.

KORAVAR.

DRAVIDIAN: dialect of a wandering race of basket-makers in the Carnatic. Same as KORAWI. W. E.

KORBIAN.

Dravidian: a dialect of BOWRI.

KORINGA.

African: spoken about 170 deg. N.L. H. C.

KORUBOIH.

AFRICAN: a language of Bornu.

KOSSA, KOSSOO.

AFRICAN: dialect of Sierra Leone, described from Kilham’s Specimens.

KOTORA.

African: also KOTO FANTSHI, language of the KOBOFO; described by Dr. Barth. H. C.

KOYA.

INDIAN: a tribe of Goands. W. E. _See_ GUNDI.

KRAN, CRAN.

AMERICAN: (1) a name for the Timbiras of Goyaz in Brasil.

(2) Tribe of Jahyco, called CRAN-GES.

KRANGO.

African: sub-dialect of TIMMANI.

KUBEASE.

African: unclassified sub-dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.

KUDAGU, _see_ CURGI.

KUDIC, _see_ TCHUDIC.

KUI.

That is “Kui-jatalu”: native name of the Khonds. W. E.

KULAW.

Indo-Chinese: ARRAKANESE name for Hindoos.

KULI, _see_ KOL.

KULINO, _under_ C.

KULLESPELM.

AMERICAN: native name of the Ponderays.

KULUNG, KULUNGYA.

Non-Aryan language of India, belonging to the KIRANTI group; classed as a sub-dialect of KIRATA or LIMBU. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

KUMBAR, _see_ TAREMUKI.

KUMIAN.

Alatyan: TATAR dialect, allied to KIRGHIS and NOGAI. G. R.

KUMSHALLAHU.

African: a dialect of MOSI.

KUNAGUARA.

AMERICAN: Caribs of the lower Orinoco R.

KUNGRAT.

Name of the UZBEG dynasty at Khiva, from the KUNGRADE stock.

KURA, KURALI, KURIAN.

Caucasian: a division of the LESGHIAN, on the River Kurachai; the dialects include ANZUG and DZHAR or JAR.

KURNATA, _see_ CANARESE.

KWE-MI.

Indo-Chinese: true form of KOOMI or KUMI.

KWOMBI.

Indo-Chinese: a dialect of the KIRATA.

KYEN.

Indo-Chinese: same as KHENG, KOLUN, KIAYN.

KYGANIES, _see_ KEESARN.

KYMRU.

Keltic: a form of CYMRU. _See_ WELSH.

KYO.

Indo-Chinese: a division of the ARRAKANESE.

KYRA.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect provisionally classed as LESGHIAN. H. C.