Chapter D: Dabantshi

AFRICAN: dialect of the district of Hamarua and Adamawa; Barth’s Collection; Gotha, 1862-6. _See_ BATTA.

DACIAN _or_ DACO-WALLACHIAN, _see under_ W.

DACOTAH.

AMERICAN: chief dialect of the Sioux; Pond: “Dakota Reading-book,” Boston, 1842. _See_ SIOUX.

DAGAMBA _or_ DAGWUMBA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Kouri. _See_ INGWA.

DAHI _or_ DARAHI.

Indic: a dialect of Nepaul allied to KUSWAR; it is also called DENWAR.

DAHOMY.

AFRICAN: a large group of languages vernacular on the Guinea Coast. McLeod’s “Voyage,” London, 1820. _See_ WIDAH.

DAIRI.

The dialect of Western Battas, in Sumatra. P. J. V.

DAJAK _or_ DYAK.

The native dialect of Borneo, a large island in the Indian Archipelago: spoken by Polynesian aborigines as distinct from Malay. Keppel: “Expedition,” London, 1846; Hardeland’s Dicty., Dajacksch-Deutsches, Amsterdam, 1859.

DAKHANI _or_ DUKHANI.

Indic: a dialect of HINDOSTANI vernacular among the Mohammedans of the Madras Presidency, in the Deccan or S. Peninsula of India.

DALECARLIAN.

Sub-dialect of SWEDISH; see Arborelius Conspectus: “Lexici,” Upsala, 1813; “Grammatices,” 1818; Ihre’s “Swenskt Dialect-Lexicon,” Upsala, 1766. W. W. S.

DALLA.

AFRICAN: a negro dialect spoken on the Abyssinian frontier. _See_ SHANGALLA.

DALMATIAN.

Slavonic: a sub-dialect of SERVIAN. See Frölich “Der Kleine Illirier,” Vienna, 1840.

DALRYMPLE, PORT.

TASMANIAN; native dialect of district so-called.

DAMANTSHI.

AFRICAN; assigned by Barth to a district of Hamarna.

DAMMARA.

African: sub-dialect of HOTTENTOT.

DAMOT.

African: sub-dialect of AGAW.

DAMULIC.

Dravidian: same word as TAMULIC.

DANISH.

TEUTONIC: a language of the SCANDINAVIAN branch. It is the vernacular tongue of modern Denmark and its dependencies, and closely allied to SWEDISH and NORWEGIAN. See the Dictionaries by Molbech, Copenhagen, 1841-59; Ferrall and Repp, 1861; and the Society’s great “Danske Ordbog,” in 8 or 9 vols., still unfinished.

DANKALI (_pl._ DANAKIL).

A sub-dialect or division of GALLA, spoken by the Danakil or Afers, an intrusive tribe located between the Red Sea and Abyssinia; the word “Afer” has been plausibly referred to as containing the lost root of the word “Africa;” most probably a variant of Kaffir; and “Dana,” taken speculatively, may be connected with the Greek legend of the alleged Danaan migration from Egypt, in pre-historic times. See Isenberg: “Vocabulary,” London, 1840.

DANO-SAXON, _see_ ANGLIAN.

DARAHI, _see_ DAHI.

DARD _or_ DARDU.

A group of languages vernacular in Caubul, more especially on the mountainous tracts of the Paropamisan range; known also as SHINA. Vocaby., &c., by Leitner. ☞

DARFUR.

AFRICAN; König: “Vocabulaire,” Paris, 1839; Perron: “Sheikh Mohammed’s Voyage,” Paris, 1845. _See_ FURIAN.

DARIEN.

AMERICAN: spoken by aborigines in the Isthmus, so-called. ☞

DARLING.

Australian: dialect of YAK-KUMBAN. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

DAR-MITCHEGUA, _see_ DIZZELA.

DARNLEY (1).

AUSTRALIAN: native dialect of an island so named.

DARNLEY (2), _see_ ERROOB _and_ MAER.

DAR-RUNGA.

African: allied to MOBBA. Browne’s “Travels,” London, 1799.

DARSALEH WADY _or_ BERGU.

Large district of Central Africa between Bornu and Darfur. The following languages are said to be spoken in it:—(1) ABUE GEDAM; (2) AIN GAMARA; (3) BILI; (4) BILTING; (5) GIRRI; (6) KAJANGA; (7) KAWAK; (8) KELINGEN; (9) KODOYI; (10) KOROMBOY; (11) KUMO; (12) MADABA; (13) MADALA; (14) MALANGA; (15) OGODONGDA; (16) SHEFERI. Of these the MOBBA is the only one known by printed specimens. The unpublished papers of Dr. Barth contain much new material for the investigation of this large and obscure region. R. G. L.

DASEN.

PAPUAN; dialect of the district about Port Doreh, New Guinea.

DAUPHIGNESE.

_Patois_ of OLD FRENCH: a sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL, formerly vernacular in the Dauphiné, S. France. See “Essai” by Jules, Paris, 1840.

DAURA.

African: sub-dialect of HAUSSA.

DAURAI.

American: CARIB of Demerara; closely allied to ATORIA.

DAUTGART.

AUSTRALIAN: native dialect of W. Colack.

DEER.

Indian: a dialect of SWAUTI, closely allied to SHINA. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

DEGOMBAH, _see_ DAGAMBA.

DEHWAR, _see_ DAHI.

DELAGOA BAY, _see_ LAGOA and TEKEZA.

DELAWARE.

American: a dialect of ALGONKIN spoken by the true Beaver Tribe of the Lenni-Lenape race, originally located in the State of Delaware, but now removed to the frontier. The modern tribes are said to represent those with whom William Penn first treated in 1682. Pickering: “Vocabulary,” Boston, U. S., 1823. _See_ LENNI-LENNAPE.

DELGADO, CAPE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.

DEMBEA.

Semitic: sub-dialect of AMHARIC.

DEMOTIC. (“Of the people.”)

A name for the most cursive writing of ancient Egypt; also called ENCHORIAL.

⁂ It is written invariably from right to left, and has been derived from the primitive hieroglyphic. The earliest known employment of it was in the 7th century before Christ. See Brugsch: “Grammaire Démotique,” Berlin, 1855. G. R.

DENKA (1).

TURANIAN; a name for the Odh or Sable Ostiaks.

DENKA (2).

African: called also DINKA; it is spoken in Kordofan, and is allied to SHILLUK. See vocabulary in Rüppel: “Reise in Abyssinien,” 2 vols., Frankfort, 1838-40.

DENWAR.

Indic: very much like DAHI. H. C.

DEORIA-CHUTIA, _under_ C.

DE-PEYSTER, _see_ FAKAOFO.

DERBYSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of England; see “Glossaries,” by Mawe, 1802; Mander, 1821; also “The Reliquary,” ed. by Ll. Jewitt, F.S.A., a periodical. W. W. S.

DERI.

Persic: a sub-dialect of the PARSI, the descendant of the ancient Persian language, spoken in Persia from about A.D. 800. G. R.

DESYA.

DRAVIDIAN: a term for provincial MALAYALIM.

DEUTSCH, _see_ GERMAN.

DEVONSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of England: Dialogues and Glossaries by Palmer, 1837; Phillips and Gwatkin, 1839.

DEWALLA, _see_ DUALLA.

DEWANAGARI, _see_ DIVANAGARI.

DEWA-NTSHI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

DEWOI.

AFRICAN: a dialect spoken in Dahomey, and allied to BASSA, GREBO, KRU. &c. H. C.

DEY.

AFRICAN: a sub-dialect of GREBO, formerly spoken at Cape Mesurado, on the W. Coast.

DHAMUK.

A sub-dialect of TURANIAN, spoken by a broken tribe of the Himalayas.

DHANGUR.

A dialect of the KOL language. The Dhangres of Chota-Nagpoor are the principal emigrants (as Coolies) to Mauritius and the W. Indies. A. C.

DHENWAS, _see_ DAHI.

DHIMAL.

The same language as the MECH; the Dhimals, like the former, live and thrive in the malarious tracts of Nipal, along the base of the Himalaya. A. C.

DIALECT.

The division of a language. Term used for the local variation of a language that is habitually used by, or usually intelligible among, the speakers (applied to provinces or large districts).

DIALECT, SUB.

A further division of dialects (applied to townships or small tribes).

DIBON, _see_ MOAB.

DIDO.

LESGIAN, same as UNSO. ☞

DIEBES-SPRACHE.

German term for “cant or slang speech”; also called GAUNER-SPRACHE; See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 310-12.

DIEBS IS.

German name for the Ladrones. _See_ CHAMORI.

DIEGUNO.

AMERICAN: language of the mission of S. Diego, vernacular in California. ☞

DIEPHOLZ.

Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN, vernacular in Westphalia. See Müller: “Westphälisches Idiotikon,” Churlande, 1794.

DIKELE.

African: classed by Bleek in the N. W. branch of BANTU.

DIMAL.

Same as DHIMAL. _See_ MECH.

DINKA.

African: same as DENKA. See Mitterrutzner’s “Die Dinka-Sprache,” Brixen, 1866-7.

DIOSCURIAN.

A name for the various languages vernacular in the Caucasus; used collectively.

⁂ The word is derived from Dioscurias, a Greek colony on the coast of Mingrelia. G. R.

DIPPIL.

A native dialect of the Australian aborigines. Vocaby. by Ridley, Sydney, 1866.

DIVANAGARI.

A name for the alphabet adopted in SANSKRIT, and transferred to HINDOSTANI and many sub-dialects; the word is compounded of “Diva,” “God,” “nagara,” “a city,” _i.e._, “the sacred city”; _scil._ Benares. It is apparently derived from the CUFIC, and quite distinct from _old_ Sanskrit, a name for Bactrian or Zend.

DIVIHET.

American: same as PUELCHE.

DIZZELA.

African: spoken on the frontiers of Abyssinia; also called DAR-MITCHEGUA. It belongs to the AGAW group. Salt’s “Voyage,” London, 1814. _See_ SHANGALLA.

DJABU.

African: name for EYO or AKU.

DJEBALY.

African: same as KABYLE.

DJOE-TONG, _see_ SARAMACCA.

DOBA.

A NEGRO dialect of Abyssinia. _See_ SHANGALLA.

DODI.

African: a dialect of BORNU, allied to BODE and NGODZEN.

DOFLA.

A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to ABOR.

DOG-RIB.

American: a dialect of ATHABASCAN, allied to SLAVE.

DOGURA _or_ DOGRA.

Indic: a dialect of SANSKRIT, otherwise called JUMBOO or MOUNTAIN PUNJABI, spoken in the Punjaub, N. W. India.

DOING-NUK _or_ NAK.

Monosyllabic: a sub-dialect of ARAKANESE.

DOLGANEN.

TATAR: the most westerly dialect of the YAKUT spoken between the Yenisey and the Chatunga by three small tribes: 1, the Dongot; 2, the Adgan; 3, the Dolgan. The Samoeids call them “younger brothers,” Dolgan being the Russian term. Latham’s “Nationalities,” vol. i., p. 262, London, 1863.

DOLKHALI.

A dialect of OLDER DRAVIDIAN, vernacular in Nepal.

DOMANTSHI.

AFRICAN: the same as DAMANTSHI and DUMANTSHI.

DONGOLAWY.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Nubian Group, spoken on the Nile in 12° N.L. R. G. L.

DOR.

AFRICAN: spoken on the Nile, about 3° N.L. See vocabulary by Petherick: “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 8vo, 1861.

DORBOT _or_ DURBET.

A dialect of MOGHOL.

DOREH _or_ DOREY, PORT.

PAPUAN: dialects of N. Coast of New Guinea; Wallace: “Malay Archip.”

DORIC _or_ DORIAN.

Hellenic: a dialect of ANCIENT GREEK, spoken in Laconia, Argolis, Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, and several cities of Asia Minor, known to us both through books and inscriptions. It is of a broader character than common Greek. See Portus: “Dict. Doricum,” &c., 1603. G. R.

DORPAT.

Sub-dialect of ESTHONIAN, vernacular at Dorpat in Esthonia, a Russian province on the Baltic. It belongs to the Turanian family of languages, and closely resembles FINNISH. Masing: “Vorschläge,” 8vo, Dorpat, 1820; Faehlmann, “Versuch,” Dorpat, 1842.

DORSETSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Barnes: “Poems in Dorset Dialect,” 3 vols., 1847-62; also Grammar and Glossary in “Trans. of Phil. Society,” 1863. W. W. S.

DRAVIDIAN, DRAVIRIAN, _or_ TAMULIC.

A family of languages, agglutinative in character, vernacular in the S. Peninsula of British India, and classed as Sub-Turanian. It includes CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU, and TULU. The term is derived from “Dravira,” a Sanskrit name for the Coromandel Coast. It is also called NISHADA. See Caldwell: “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 8vo, 1861. ☞

DREWIN.

African: a dialect of GREBO, allied to BASSA, spoken at Cape Palmas, Ivory-Coast, Guinea, W. Africa.

DSUKU.

African: allied to NUFI.

DUALLA.

African: spoken at Fernando Po, W. Coast; classed by Bleek as BANTU. It is also spelled DEWALLA.

DUAURA, _see_ BALADEA.

DUGORIAN.

A sub-dialect of OSSETINIAN.

DUMAGAT.

A dialect of NEGRITO; vernacular in the Philippine Islands.

DUMAN.

A GIPSEY dialect of Persia. See Latham’s “Elements,” &c., London, 1862, p. 248.

DUMANTSHI.

African: dialect of HAMARUA. A form of DAMANTSHI. _See_ DOMANTSHI.

DURBET, _see_ DORBOT.

DURHAM.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. See Glossary in “Surtees’ Society Publications,” 1837. _See_ TEESDALE.

DUTCH.

The modern typical language of LOW-GERMAN, called NIEDER- or PLATT-DEUTSCH; it is the name formerly given to High-Dutch or German and Low-Dutch or Flemish, but now narrowed to the NETHERLANDISH of Holland. It includes the dialects of Holland or LOW-DUTCH, and of Flanders, or FLEMISH, with their sub-dialects, and is allied to PLATT-DEUTSCH, being one of the great classes of the TEUTONIC. The Dutch of Holland has a copious literature, and is spoken in Holland, parts of the West Indies, South Africa, and Australasia or Netherland-India. Provincial dialects are numerous. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 93-98; De Vries and Te Winkel “Woordenboek,” 1864-70, still unfinished; Hermansz’s “Aenleiding,” Amsterdam, 1723; Tuinman’s “Fakkel,” Leyden, 1722-31. H. C.

DWAMA.

African: dialect of the MANA.

DYAK, _see_ DAJAK.

DZEKIRE.

African: dialect of the YORUBA.

DZELANA.

African: classed as KOURI, but allied to MOSE, GURESA, and GURMA. H. C.

DZHELLABA.

African: dialect of BORNU.

DZUKAGHIR, _or_ JUGAGHIR.

Ugrian: a sub-dialect of FIN.

ADDENDA.

DACO-ROMAN, _see_ WALLACHIAN.

DAKOTA, _see_ DACOTAH.

DANGER IS.

POLYNESIAN: language of the S. Pacific; a mixed dialect of SAMOAN and TAHITIAN. W. G.

DATE.

African: a dialect of AKWAPIM. H. C.

DAURIA.

Alatyan: a class of TUNGUS. H. C.

DAYAK.

Correct form: the word is not “DYAK,” and “DAJAK” is only a foreigner’s form of “DAYAK.” H. C.

DEMBO.

African: a branch of SHILLUK. H. C.

DERBENDIAN.

Sub-dialect of TURKISH, spoken by certain tribes near the centre of the Caucasus. G. R.

DEVANAGARI, DEWANAGARI, _see under_ DI.

DHANGAR.

HINDI: applied generally to the people of hill tracts, who come to the plains and engage as labourers; they are also shepherds, and closely allied to the Kurubars of S. India. They have a dialect peculiar to themselves. See Wilson’s “Glossary,” London, 1855. W. E.

DHER.

The lowest race in India, now generally reduced to a state of slavery, but retaining many household words, indicative of their origin, and well worth attention. W. E. _See_ PARIAH.

DHURANI.

A dialect of AFFGHAN.

DJAGATAIC, _see under_ J.

DJETKI.

SANSKRITIC: a dialect of PUNJABI, spoken by the Djets or Djats, a people of the Punjab and Scinde. G. R.

DJOE-TONGO, _see_ SARAMACCA.

DOFAR, _see_ HIMYARITIC.

DOM, DOMBAR.

Remnants of an aboriginal race in India, once a powerful people, now scattered as nomades, sometimes as predial slaves, or as acrobats, speaking all dialects, but having a domestic jargon peculiar to themselves. See “Supplementary Glossary, N. W. P.” W. E.

DOMINGO, ST., _see_ W. INDIES.

DONKI, _see_ TUNGUS.

DOUBLE-DUTCH.

Gibberish: anything perfectly unintelligible.

DSEBU, DSEKIRI, DSUMA.

African: AKU dialects. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

DSUNGAR, DZUNGARIAN.

Moghol: sub-dialect of TATAR.

DUKHANI, _see_ DAKHANI.

DUMHOETA.

A dialect of DANAKIL.

DUZEN.

GERMAN term: familiar speech.

DYNKE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the U. Nile.

DYUR _or_ LUOH.

African: name for the SHILLUK, including BELLANDA and DEMBO. See Schweinfurth’s Grammar and Vocaby., Berlin, 1873. H. C.

DZUNGARIAN, _see_ DSUNGAR.

E.

EAFEN.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Otam.

EAP, _see_ YAP.

EAST-ANGLIAN.

A name given to the dialect which prevails in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. See Forby’s “Glossary of the East-Anglian Dialect”; Moor’s “Suffolk Words”; and the glossary appended to Nall’s “Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.” W. W. S.

EASTER IS., _see_ TEAPY.

EBE.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Nufi.

EBO, _see_ IBO.

ECCLEMACHS.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Upper California, known only from a few words. See “Mithridates,” iii., 3.

ECUADOR.

AMERICAN: general name for a group of languages vernacular in State so called.

EDO, _see_ SHIHO.

EFIK.

AFRICAN: language of the Old Calabar R., and allied to AVEKVOM. H. C.

EGARRA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Yoruba.

EGBA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Yoruba. See Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

EGBELE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Ibo, allied to OKULOMA, UAGO, SOBO, BINI, and OLOMO. H. C.

EGBIRA-HIMA _and_ EGBIRA-PANDA.

AFRICAN: dialects of the Nufi.

EGYPTIAN.

A name for the old language of Egypt, as read in hieroglyphics, in Hieratic and Demotic inscriptions, and papyri. Works by Champollion, Young, Sharpe, Lepsius, Brugsch, Lieblein, and Bunsen. (Vol. v. of “England’s Place in Universal History” contains a most copious dictionary by Dr. Birch.) Grammar by Tattam, London, 1863.

⁂ By some the language is regarded as monosyllabic; by others as undeveloped SEMITIC; by others it is called HAMITIC, and thought to be allied to TURANIAN. G. R. _See_ COPTIC.

EHNEK.

AMERICAN: vernacular in N. California.

EKAMTULUFU.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Otam.

EKE.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the AKU. Vocaby. in Kölle’s “Af. Pol.” H. C.

EKHKILI.

A name applied to the modern dialect of Himyaritic now spoken in S. Arabia; it is allied to TIGRE and other dialects of Abyssinia, and classed with the OLD EGYPTIAN. G. R.

ELE.

AMERICAN: a dialect of the Betoi.

ELEUTH.

A dialect of CALMUC, vernacular throughout W. Mongolia.

ELMINAH.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Fanti, vernacular on the Gold-coast.

ELOIKOB, _see_ UKUAFI.

ELU.

A name for the written and most ancient dialect of CINGALESE.

ELUGU.

African: akin to the ISOAMA and ISWANI. See Clarke’s “Vocabulary.”

EMDEN.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Krüger: “Uebersicht,” Emden, 1843.

EMERILLON.

AMERICAN: name of a tribe, nation, or confederacy of French Guiana, said to have been subdued or nearly extinguished by the Oyapok. _See_ OYAPOK.

EMILIAN.

A _patois_ of native ITALIAN, vernacular along the upper course of the ancient Via Æmilia.

ENAREAN.

PORTUGUESE name for a country, comparatively unknown, in the extreme S. of Abyssinia. We have no vocabularies, and it is submitted that it is, word for word, the Inyooro of Speke; if so, the word for “water,” which is “maidy,” is Kaffir; and the Enarean is a language of the KAFFIR class, of which it is the most central representative. R. G. L.

ENCHORIAL (“Of the Country”).

The same thing as DEMOTIC.

ENDE.

A dialect of Flores or Mangreya, an island of the Indian Archipelago, closely allied to BIMA. _See_ FLORES.

ENDKEK _or_ ENEDKEK.

A dialect of SANSKRIT, spoken by Mongolian Buddhists.

ENGADINO _or_ ENGHADINE.

A variety of the Romanese or Romance family, derived from LATIN; it is a dialect of the Grisons or Graubünden of Switzerland, vernacular on the head waters and upper course of the R. Inn; it is sub-divided into two dialects, the upper and lower.

ENGANO _or_ ENGANHO.

A dialect of the E. Indies. It is a well-marked and archaic dialect of Sumatra, spoken in an island so named. R. G. L. _See_ TILANJANG.

ENGEREKMUNG.

American: native name for the BOTOCUDOS of Brazil. See Trübner’s “Bibliotheca Glottica,” pp. 67-8.

ENGLAND, NEW, _under_ N.

ENGLISH.

The vernacular language of the British Empire, peculiar to England; it is an offshoot from the TEUTONIC, formed directly from the ANGLO-SAXON, with an admixture of Norman-French, and closely allied to FRISIAN and other dialects of PLATT or LOW-GERMAN. Mr. Skeat proposes to distinguish six periods or sub-divisions, viz.: 1, Old English (old and late old); 2, Middle English (early-middle and middle); 3., Modern English (Tudor and Modern); or, 1, to A.D. 1100; 2, to about A.D. 1240; 3, to A.D. 1327; 4, to A.D. 1484; 5, to A.D. 1603; 6, to present time. See Latham: “English Language,” and others; Stratmann’s and Wedgwood’s Dictionaries; Halliwell and Wright: “Archaic and Provincial”; Ellis: “Pronunciation”; publications of the E. E. Text Society; Morris: “Outlines of English Accidence”; Mätzner: “Englische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1860; Koch’s “Historische Grammatik,” Weimar, 1863-9. ☞

ENISHI.

African: akin to the UMOWO. See Clarke’s “Vocabularies.”

EREGBA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Nufi.

ERROMANGO.

A class of WESTERN POLYNESIAN, allied to ANNATOM or ANEITEUM, the most easterly of the N. Hebrides group. W. G.

ERROOB.

A dialect of Miriam, vernacular in the Darnley Is. See Jukes: “Voyage of the Fly,” vol. ii., p. 274.

ERSE, _see_ IRISH.

ESCUARA _or_ EUSKARIAN.

Native name for the BASQUE language. The word is of doubtful etymology; the term Basque is a variant of Vascony or Gascony, the B, V, and G being interchangeable. The language is clearly agglutinative, but no close affinity has been established, although many analogies have been detected. The people call themselves “Escualdun.” See De Larramendi: “Diccionario trilingüe del Castellano, Bascuence y Latin,” St. Sebastian, 1853; vocabulary by Humboldt (additions to “Mithridates”), 8vo, Berlin, 1817; D’Abbadie and Chato, Paris, 1836. J. V. _See_ BASQUE.

ESITAKO.

African: a dialect of NUFI.

ESKELEN _or_ ESLENES.

AMERICAN: vernacular in U. California. See Vocaby. in “Tr. Am. Ethnol. Soc.,” vol. ii., p. 127.

ESQUIMAUX _or_ ESKIMO.

The language of a people so called, dispersed along the polar regions of N. America from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it is allied to many other native AMERICAN dialects, but with decided affinities to the languages of N.E. America. This people call themselves “Innuit,” _i.e._, “the people”; ESKIMO is the Danish, ESQUIMAUX the French form of the same word. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 78. ☞

ESSEX.

A sub-dialect of ENGLISH. See “John Noakes and Mary Styles,” London, 1839.

ESTHONIAN.

The language of Esthonia, a Baltic province of Russia in Europe; it is sub-divided into two dialects, spoken in the districts of Revel and Riga (DORPAT). It belongs to the TURANIAN family of languages, and closely resembles FINNISH. See Wiedemann: “Esthnisch-D. Wörterbuch,” St. Petersburg, 1869.

ESTRANGELO.

The name of the most ancient alphabet of the Syrians. It is a modification of the ordinary Hebrew square characters, but adapted to the reed, which the Syrians used instead of pens. Its name signifies “the gospel character,” it having been retained by the scribes for the copying of the scriptures and ritual books long after it had given way to more cursive styles of writing in ordinary works. See Dr. Land’s “Anecdota Syriaca,” vol. i., which contains twenty-five pages of specimens of the most famous MSS. in the British Museum, together with a palæographical introduction. R. P. S.

ETCHEMIN.

American: a dialect of New England, belonging to the ABENAKI division of the ALGONKIN class. The name tells us that it was spoken in the State of Maine.

⁂ See Barratt: “The Indian, &c.,” Middletown, Conn., 1851; Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 109.

ETHIOPIC.

Semitic: An extinct dialect of ARABIC, closely resembling AMHARIC, and written in large uncial characters resembling Himyaritic; it was spoken in Abyssinia, anciently called Ethiopia, and is known to the natives as “Lisana Gheëz.” See Ludolph; Schrader: “De Lingua Æthiopica,” Göttingen, 1860; Dillman: “Lexicon, Grammar, and Chrestomathy,” Leipsig, 1857-66.

ETHNOLOGY.

The study of mankind in tribes, races, and nations; treating of all that relates to their physical characteristics, their language, manners, customs, religion, &c. Somewhat different from the word ANTHROPOLOGY. See Latham: “Descriptive Ethnology,” and others; Prichard: “Physical History of Mankind,” and others.

ETRURIAN _or_ ETRUSCAN.

An early dialect of Italy, known only from inscriptions; it is classed by some as THRACO-PELASGIC or GRECO-LATIN. The Etruscans were the most dominant power of Italy in pre-Roman times; their native appellation was Ras or Rasena, but the Latins called them Tusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenians. The Abbé Migne has discussed the whole question. See “Dict. de Linguistique,” &c., folios 554-600, where the authorities are cited and references given. Works by Mrs. Gray, Lord Crawfurd, Döderlein, Müller, Betham, Zeuss, Mommsen, and Steub. _See_ PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

ETYMOLOGY.

The science that treats of the structure, origin, form, and meaning of words.

EUDEVE, _see_ HEVE.

EUROPEAN, _see_ INDO-EUROPEAN.

EUSKARIAN, _see_ ESCUARA.

EWOI.

AFRICAN: a dialect of the Slave-coast.

EXMOOR.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH, spoken in Devonshire. See “Exmoor Courtship and Scolding,” London, 1839.

EYO _or_ EYISH.

African: the same as ALIEH, a sub-dialect of the YARRIBA or YORUBA.

ADDENDA.

EDIYA, _see_ ADIYAH.

EDJO.

AFRICAN: tribes encroaching on Abyssinia. H. C.

EELIKINOO.

American: SITKA dialect of Chatham’s Strait.

EHATSAR.

American: name for MINETARE.

EIJIQUAIJEGI.

American: native name for GUAYKURU of Cujaba.

EJO.

African: same as ORU.

EK-AFIR.

African: a form of the word KAFFIR.

EKKLEMACHE.

American: tribe of ESKELEN in California.

ELLIKPUR.

Indian: dialect of GOND.

EMPUNGWA, _see_ MPONGWE.

ENAGUA.

American: extinct tribe of OMAGUA in Venezuela.

ENAKAGA.

American: dialect of GUAYKURU.

ENCOUNTER BAY.

AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journal,” London, 1845.

ENDEAVOUR RIVER.

AUSTRALIAN. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

ENGLISH, OLD.

A name for ANGLO-SAXON, sometimes applied to early English. See Mätzner’s “Altenglische Sprachproben”; Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe, London, 1865; Hyde Clarke’s “Comparative Philology of the English,” &c., London, 1859.

ENIMAGA.

American: name for the Kochaboth tribe of GUAYKURU.

ENUA, _under_ F.

EPIC GREEK.

That is, poetic forms of expression, as opposed to comic or tragic. See Pinzger’s “Formenlehre des Epischen,” Breslau, 1829.

EPIGRAPHIC, _see_ INSCRIPTIONS.

ERIGAS.

American: quoted in Jülg’s “Vater” as IROKESE.

ESCOPIE, _see_ SKOFFI.

EURASIAN.

The name given in India to the Half-castes, or mixed progeny of Europeans and Asiatics. The Portuguese Half-castes speak Portuguese and Hindustani: the English ones English and Hindustani and Bengali. A. C.

F.

FAKAOFO _or_ BOWDITCH IS.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of De Peyster’s Is.

FALA, FALANTSHI, _or_ FALANJI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua.

⁂ Judging from Barth’s account, the termination “anji” would seem to mean “tongue”; he gives us instances of similar forms so applied. W. S. W. V. _See_ BATTA.

FALASHA.

A dialect of AGAW, spoken by a people, called “Black Jews,” scattered throughout Abyssinia. See D’Abbadie, in “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog.,” Paris, 1845, and a modern book by Flad.

⁂ Derived from the Hebrew “fallâsi” (root פלש) a “wanderer” or “stranger.” A. H. B.

FALL-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: a name for tribes of the Alasar. _See_ MINETARI.

FALLERSLEBEN.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Hoffmann’s “Mundartliche,” in Spiel’s “Archives,” 1821.

FAMILIES OF SPEECH.

A name for primary divisions of languages, classed genealogically. See Dr. Farrar’s book, so called, London, 1870.

FAN.

Dialect of SANSKRIT, used by Chinese Buddhists.

⁂ The full term is “Fan-lan-mo,” equivalent for “Brahma” in Chinese. See “Families of Speech,” p. 14.

FANINTSHI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua. _See_ BATTA.

FANT _or_ FANTE (1).

A name for the GIPSEY dialect of Norway.

FANTEE _or_ FANTI (2).

African: dialect of the Gold-coast, closely resembling AVEKVOM, ASHANTEE, &c. See Kilham’s “Specimens.” Same as the INTA of Bowditch.

FAROER _or_ FAROESE.

TEUTONIC: a sub-dialect of SCANDINAVIAN, spoken in the Faroe Is., and closely resembling ICELANDIC. _See_ FERROE.

FARSI _or_ PARSI.

A name for OLD PERSIC, now extinct, but from which modern PERSIAN has been derived.

⁂ It is that stage of the Persian language which followed on the Pehlevi, and prevailed from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1000. G. R.

FASCHETRU.

AFRICAN: a negro dialect of Nubia. See Rifaud: “Tableau de l’Egypte,” Paris, 1830.

FASSA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Tyrol.

FATÉ.

POLYNESIAN: a dialect of the New Hebrides.

FAVORLANG.

A dialect of MALAY, spoken in Formosa. See Happart: “Dict.,” Batavia, 1840.

FAZOGLO.

African: spoken in Kordofan; also called QAMAMYL, and somewhat allied to DENKA and SHILLUK. See Rüppell: “Reisen,” &c.

FEEJEEAN _or_ FIJI.

Language of the Yiti, Figi, Fidjee, or Viji Is. in the S. Pacific; the largest island is called Viti Lebu. See Hazlewood: “Grammar and Dict.,” 1850-2.

⁂ Classed as MALAYAN; it has sub-dialects, and has been reduced to writing by missionaries. H. C.

FEIS.

Dialect of the Carolines.

_See_ ULEA.

FELLA, FELLATAH, _see_ FULA.

FELUP _or_ FLUP.

AFRICAN: spoken on the R. Gambia. See Park’s “Travels.” Allied to BAGNON, &c.

FENUA.

A dialect of PAPUAN. In eastern islands, ENNUA. W. G.

FERNANDIAN.

African: dialects of Fernando Po, classed by Bleek in the N.W. branch of BANTU.

_See_ ADIYAH.

FERRARA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocabulary by Mannini, 1805.

FERTIT (GOLO).

African: spoken in Kordofan, about 9° or 10° N.L.; it is somewhat allied to SHABUN. See Rüppell: “Reisen in Nubien.” _See_ KREDY.

FETU.

African: said to be a dialect of FANTI or INTA. H. C. _See_ AFUDU.

FIAKA.

Sub-dialect of AINO or KURILIAN.

FICO, _see_ CALIFORNIA, LOWER.

FIDAH, _see_ WIDAH.

FIJI, _see_ FEEJEEAN.

FILANI.

African: Haussa name for FULA.

FINNIC, FINNISH, _or_ FINLANDISH.

Agglutinative; the typical language of the CHUDIC, or TSCHOUDIC family of TURANIAN; it is the native dialect of Finland, a grand duchy of European Russia, N. of the Baltic; it is, like TURKISH, TATAR, and MOGHOL, classed as ALATYAN, but largely influenced by SWEDISH and RUSSIAN. See Kellgren: “Die Grundzüge der Finnischen Sprache,” Berlin, 1847.

⁂ Dialects are (1) Province of ABO, (2) TAVASTRIAN, (3) KARELIAN, (4) OLONETSIAN, (5) VADIALAISET. _See_ SUOMELAISET.

FIROKANA.

The name of an alphabetic character used by the Japanese.

FLASH.

A name for CANT or SLANG, derived, it is said, from a village so named in Staffordshire, but see the Swiss “flatschen,” “flatzgen.” Vocabularies in “The Scoundrel’s Dictionary” and “Life of James Hardy Vaux.”

FLAT-BOW.

A name for the Kútani tribes of N. American Indians. See Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 97.

FLAT-HEAD, _see_ SELISH.

FLEMISH.

A dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH or LOW-GERMAN, spoken in Flanders and other provinces of Belgium; it is closely allied to DUTCH, and of cognate origin with ANGLO-SAXON. See Van de Velde et Sleeckx: “Dict. Fr.-Flamand et Fl.-Fr.,” 2 vols., Bruxelles, 1848-51.

⁂ Classed as NETHERLANDISH, and closely allied to HOLLAND. Its chief variations consist in the introduction of French roots (Walloon or Welsh). It has an ancient and a modern literature. H. C.

FLORES.

Sub-dialects of MALAY, vernacular in the I. of Flores or Mangeylo, and closely allied to BIMA. It is also called ENDE.

FLUP, _see_ FELUP.

FOBI.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan, lying N. of the Dagwamba.

FOKIEN.

A provincial dialect of CHINESE.

FONOFO.

A sub-dialect of PAPUAN.

FOO-CHOW.

A local dialect of CHINESE. Dict. by Maclay and Baldwin.

FORMOSAN.

Dialect of MALAY, vernacular in Tae-wan or Taiouan, called Formosa, an island near the E. coast of China.

FOT.

AFRICAN: dialect of the W. See Kilham’s “Specimens.”

FOTUNA.

POLYNESIAN: mixed dialect vernacular in the New Hebrides. W. G.

FOX-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: name for the Kikkapu Indians.

FOX IS., _see_ UNALASKHAN.

FRANCHE-COMTE.

A _patois_ of FRENCH. “Essai” par de Brun et Petit-Benoist, Besançon, 1755.

FRANCONIAN.

Teutonic: a sub-dialect of OLD HIGH-GERMAN.

FRANGI.

Lesgian: sub-dialect of KASI-KAMUK.

⁂ A Caucasian dialect along the R. Terek. W. S. W. V.

FRANK _or_ FRANKISCH.

Teutonic: a dialect of GERMANIC, classed as MIDDLE-HIGH-GERMAN, spoken by tribes of Franks who were the founders of the French Monarchy. _See_ FRENCH.

FRENCH.

A language derived directly from the Latin, as adopted by the Romanised Celts of ancient Gaul, and subsequently intermingled with the Teutonic dialects of Frankish and other Allemanic invaders, whence the name. It is the vernacular tongue of the modern European state known as France, and one of the most polished languages of the Universe. Migne: “Dict. de Linguistique,” folios 1018-21, quotes eighty-seven specimens from sub-dialects, called _patois_. “Dict. de l’Académie,” 2 vols., Paris; Fleming and Tibbins: “Royal Dict.,” 2 vols., Paris, 1866-7; Littré: “Histoire, Etudes, Dictionnaire,” &c. ☞

FRENCH, OLD.

A sub-dialect of LANGUE D’OÏL, formerly vernacular in the I. de France. See Orelli: “Altfranzösische Grammatik,” &c., Zürich, 1848. ☞

FRIBOURG.

A _patois_ or sub-dialect of the French Rhenish provinces. Gaudy-Lefort: “Notice,” &c., in “Jnl. de Genève,” 1826.

FRIENDLY VILL.

American: dialect of BILLECHOOLA, Salmon R.

FRISCO BAY.

African: a KRU and GREBO dialect of the W.

FRISIAN (FRIESISCH).

TEUTONIC: the ancient dialect of Friesland, on the German Ocean, now partly submerged, or annexed by Holland and Prussia; it belongs to the LOW-GERMAN branch, and is closely allied to ANGLO-SAXON. It still survives as one of the local dialects of the Netherlands.

⁂ It is divided into three branches, viz.: 1, BATAVIAN-FRISIC, the most resembling Anglo-Saxon; 2, WESTPHALIAN-FRISIC; 3, N. FRISIC, the dialects of Heligoland, Schleswig, &c. See Richthofen: “Alt-F. Wörterbuch,” Göttingen, 1840: Rask: “Friesische Sprachlehre,” Freiburg, 1834. ☞

FUCA STRAIT.

AMERICAN: dialect of the N.W. coast. See “Archæol. Am.,” vol. ii., p. 378.

⁂ Straits of S. Juan de Fuca, probably OREGONES. W. S. W. V.

FUEGIAN.

Language of Tierra del Fuego, S. America.

⁂ Classed as PYGMEAN; it has two dialects, the ALIKULIP and TEKEENICA. H. C. _See_ PESCHERAI.

FULA, FULAH, or FULFELDE.

African: the chief language on the W.; it is allied to MANDINGO. See Macbrair and Norris: “Grammar,” London, 1854; Clarke’s “Dialects,” p. 6.

⁂ This word is also glossed as “FELLA”; it is probably a variant of the Greek word “πελλός,” “dark,” “swarthy,” “black.” _See_ PEUL.

FUNGI.

African: name for the SHILLUK.

FURIAN.

African: dialect of DAR-FOOR or DAR-FUR. See Rüppell’s “Reisen.”

⁂ Allied to the AKUSH of the Caucasus. H. C.

FUTHORC.

Name for the RUNIC alphabets, taken from the first six letters, viz.: “Fe,” “Ur,” “Thurs,” “Os,” “Reid,” “Kaun.”

ADDENDA.

FELIPE, SAN, _see_ PUEBLO.

FELLAHIN.

ARABIC: plural of “fallah,” “a farmer,” or properly “a ploughman”; from the root “falh,” “ploughing or cleaving.” A. H. B.

FENIC, _see_ IRISH.

FERINGEE, FERHENGI.

ASIATIC term for Europeans of doubtful etymology. Cf. Frank, Varangian, and Frängi.

FERROE.

Same as FAROER. See Bosworth’s A. S. Dicty., ed. 1838, p. 161. W. W. S.

FLORENTINE.

ROMANCE: dialect of Florence in Italy.

FREIBURG.

Teutonic: HIGH-GERMAN of Switzerland. See Schreiber’s “Freiburg im Breisgau,” 1825.

FRIENDLY IS., _see_ TONGAN.

FUKIEN, _see_ FOKIEN.

FUNGE.

AFRICAN: name for a population of Sennaar. H. C.

FURBESCO.

ITALIAN: term for cant or slang. “Trattato,” &c., Pisa, 1828.

G.

GA.

African: a name for ACCRA or AKRA. Zimmermann: “Grammatical Sketch,” 4to, Stuttgart, 1858. _See_ AQUAPIM.

GABOON _or_ GABUN.

A large class of native AFRICAN. _See_ MPONGWE.

GADABA.

NON-ARYAN: a language vernacular in the highlands of Gaddapur in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, Circar of Ganjam.

GADHELIC _or_ GAELIC.

A dialect of CELTIC, closely allied to IRISH and MANX; it is spoken in parts of the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the neighbouring islands. Dictys. by Armstrong, McAlpine, Shaw, Macleod, and Dewar, &c., the best being that published by the Highland Society. Grammars by Forbes and Stewart.

GADI.

A dialect of the Punjab, allied to HINDI.

GAFAT.

A sub-dialect of AMHARIC, spoken in S. Abyssinia. See “Mithridates,” Dr. Beke, &c.

GAH.

A dialect of MALAY, spoken by wild Alfuru of E. Ceram. See Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix.

GALAIO.

A sub-dialect of PAPUAN.

GALEGO _or_ GALLEGO.

A sub-dialect of PORTUGUESE, allied to the GALLICIAN of Spain, the same name being applied indifferently to both.

GALELA.

A language anterior to MALAY, vernacular in Gilolo. Wallace: “Malay A.,” appendix. H. C.

GALGAI.

A sub-dialect of the Caucasus, same as INGUSH.

GALIBI.

American: a form of the word CARIB, belonging more especially to French Guiana.

GALILEAN.

A dialect of ARAMAIC. See Matth. xxvi., 73.

GALLA.

AFRICAN: spoken by the Gallas, _i.e._ “mountaineers,” a numerous people in Abyssinia and over a wide extent from the E. coast inwards, and S. till it reaches the Kaffir. See Tutschek: “Dictionary and Grammar,” Munich, 1844-5.

GALLIC.

A name for the pre-Roman dialects of France, anciently divided into Gallia Belgica, Celtica or Lugdunensis (_i.e._ Armorica), Aquitania, and Narbonensis. _See_ GAULISH.

GALLICIAN.

Language of Gallicia, in N.W. Spain, classed as a sub-dialect of SPANISH. Rodriguez: “Dict. Galligo-Castellano,” Coruña, 1863. _See_ GALEGO.

GALLOIS.

French name for WELSH.

GALZANEN.

American: same as KOLTSCHANEN.

GAMAMYL, _see_ QAMAMYL.

GAMAN.

African: same as BUNTUKU; a dialect of ASHANTEE.

GANI.

Native dialect of So. Gilolo, an island of the Indian Archipelago. See Wallace: Appdx.

GARANGI.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Soudan. See Bowdich: “Mission to Ashantee.”

GARO.

(1) Language of the Garo or Garrow Hills, E. Bengal.

(2) A dialect of Nipal, allied to BORRO. See Robinson’s “Assam,” Calcutta, 1841.

GARU.

A dialect of BHOT or THIBETAN, also called GARTOP. See Gerard’s Vocaby., “Jnl. A. S.,” Calcutta, 1842.

GASCON.

Sub-dialect of PROVENÇAL.

GASCONADE.

Nickname for bombastic speech. The name is taken from the Gascons, a people in the S. of France supposed to be given to boasting. R. P. S.

GAUNER.

German term for “cant,” “flash,” or “slang”; “Zigeuner,” _i.e._, “Gipsey.”

GAUR.

African: same as GEBER. “Gaiour,” “Kaffir,” _i.e._ “infidel.”

GAURA.

A name for BENGALI and other languages of N. India. _See_ PANCH.

GAWILGHURI.

Name for GOND, a dialect of the Vindhyan range.

GBE.

African: a dialect of the MANU class, allied to BASSA, DEWOI, and KRU. See Köelle: “Afr. Pol.” H. C.

GE, GEIKO.

AMERICAN: dialect of Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” 3 vols., München, 1823-31. _See_ GEZ.

GEBER.

African: a term for KAFFIR. _See_ GUEBRE.

GEEZ _or_ GHEEZ.

SUB-SEMITIC or HEBRÆO-AFRICAN, the modern language of Tigré, a province in N.E. Abyssinia, directly derived from the ETHIOPIC. See “Institutiones grammat. ling: Geez.”

GENEVESE.

Sub-dialect of FRENCH, spoken in Switzerland. “Glossaire,” Genève, 1819.

GENS DE PITIÉ.

AMERICAN: name for the Shoshones (“root diggers”).

GENTOO.

Name for TELINGA, TELUGU, in the Madras Presidency.

⁂ Introduced by the Portuguese from “Gentile.” W. E.

GENUA, GENOVESE.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Casaccia, Genua, 1842. _See_ LIGURIAN.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES. _See_ INTRODUCTION.

GEORGE’S SOUND, KING.

District of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. in Cap. Grey, 1841.

GEORGIAN.

CAUCASIAN: a family of languages spoken in several dialects, generally classed as TURANIAN, but mingled with ARYAN. The main language is the vernacular speech of Georgia, a Russian province lying between the Caspian and the Black Seas, which answers to the ancient Iberia. The characters of its written alphabet are altered from the ARMENIAN, which people still call the Georgians by the name of “Virb.” See Tschoubinof: “Dict. Géorg.-Russ.-Fr.,” St. Petersburg, 1840; Vocaby. in Klaproth: “Asia P.”; Grammar by Brosset, Paris, 1837. ☞

GERAL.

American, _i.e._ “lingua geral”: a name for the GUARANI, or native vernacular dialect of Brazil, as mingled with PORTUGUESE.

GERMAN.

A word of very doubtful etymology, used for:—

(1) GERMAN: the typical language of modern HIGH-DUTCH, which is naturally derived from the ancient ALEMANNIC, and allied to GOTHIC, which, however, is classed as LOW-GERMAN. It is, in many dialects, the vernacular speech of the Empire of Germany, Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, &c. The form of its printed letters is of the class called Gothic, and both closely resemble Old English black-letter, but the use of Roman letter is gaining ground. Dictys. by Heyse, Hilpert, Sanders, Flügel, Grimm, Lucas, &c., Grammars by Grimm, Kehrein, &c.

(2) OLD HIGH-GERMAN. See Massmann: “Gedrängtes althochdeutsches Wörterb.,” Berlin, 1846. _See_ GERMANIC.

(3) MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN. See Benecke: “Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1854-60; Ziemann, 1838. _See_ GERMANIC.

(4) NEW HIGH-GERMAN. _See_ LUTHERAN.

(5) Dialects. See Jülg’s “Vater,” pp. 84-93; Works by Hoefer, Schmeller, Weinhold, &c.

(6) NIEDER PLATT-DEUTSCH, or LOW-GERMAN. _See_ DUTCH.

GERMANIC.

The main stem of TEUTONIC: divided into (1) HIGH-GERMAN, (2) LOW-GERMAN.

Under (1) we class the sub-branches called OLD HIGH-GERMAN and MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN; from which again issue the modern dialects of HIGH-GERMAN. Under (2) we class MŒSO-GOTHIC, ANGLO-SAXON, OLD DUTCH, OLD FRISIAN, and OLD SAXON, from which again issue the modern dialects of England, Friesland, N. Germany (PLATT-DEUTSCH), Holland, and Flanders.

Eccardus: “Historia,” Hanover, 1711; Julius: “Bibliotheca,” Hamburg, 1817; Meidinger: “Vergleich. Wörterb.,” Frankfort, 1836; Hickes: “Thesaurus,” London, 1708. _See_ SCANDINAVIAN.

GERRI.

AFRICAN: a language of the Darsaleh.

GEZ _or_ GHEZ.

PORTUGUESE of S. America. _See_ JAHYCO.

GHA _or_ GHA, _see_ GA.

GHADAMSI.

One of the African languages called BERBER, known to us as spoken in the town of Ghadamis, which is situated S.E. of Tripoli, nearly in latitude 30° N. and longitude 10° E. The language is very imperfectly known to us, and seems to be of quite small extent; yet, in spite of the geographical position, it is no mere dialect of the Tamazight. Dr. Richardson brought home a meagre vocabulary of it, and a translation of the third chapter of Matthew into it, which were partly lithographed, and partly printed by the Foreign Office. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.

GHAGAR.

A GIPSEY dialect of Egypt; cf. Hagar, Gen. xvi., 1.

GHANDI.

African: dialect of the MANA class, in the W. See Köelle: “Pol. A.”

GHEGH.

An unwritten dialect of ALBANIAN. It is spoken in the more N. districts. See Hahn’s “Albanisch. Studien,” Vienna, 1853. G. R.

GHINDZHAR _or_ GINDZHAR.

ABYSSINIAN: dialect of ADALI.

GHOND, _see_ GUNDI.

GHURBAT, _see_ KHURBAT.

GIBBERISH.

A name for nonsensical speech: it is a word peculiar to English, derived, according to some, from Geber, the Arabian alchemist, but, compare the words “gabble” and “jabber,” with the OLD NORSE “gifra.” (Wedgwood.)

GIDANTSHI _or_ GIDA.

African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA. _See_ BATTA.

GIEN.

AFRICAN: dialect of the W., about 10° N.L.

GIESSEN.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

GILIAK.

A dialect of MANTSHU, very probably a form of the word “Koriak”; it is spoken on the N.W. coast of Asia, to the S. of the Sea of Okotsk, in the parts about the peninsula of Saghalin, and at the mouth of the Amúr. See Middersdorp. R. G. L.

GILOLO.

In this island are languages of the GALELA and MALAYAN families. H. C. _See_ GANI.

GIPSEY, _under_ GY.

GIZAGANTSHI _or_ GIZAGA.

African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA. _See_ BATTA.

GLAGOLITISH.

A name for the OLD SLAVONIC alphabet, derived from their word for the letter “G,” _scil._ “glagol.” _See_ HIERONYMIC.

GLOSSOTYPE.

A name for an extended system of alphabets, including all possible varieties of sound under one uniform system of symbols. See Ellis: “Early English Pronunciation,” London, 1867-71.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

A sub-dialect of England. See Glossary of the Cotswold dialect by the Rev. R. W. Huntley. W. W. S.

GNURELLEAN.

A native dialect of Australia, spoken by natives of Campaspee. See Eyre: “Journals, &c.,” London, 1845.

GOALI.

African: dialect of the NUFI.

GOHURI.

A dialect of TAMUL, allied to BOWRI.

GOLD-COAST, _see_ OTSHI.

GOND, _see_ GUNDI.

GONGA.

Class name for the languages spoken in the S.W. of Abyssinia. They probably lie between the SEMITIC and AMHARIC of the North and KAFFIR forms of speech of the South. Known only by vocabularies. Beke, &c. R. G. L. _See_ WOLAITSA, WORATTA, WORAITSA.

GOOPTA _or_ GUPTA.

NUMISMATIC: a dynasty of Indian princes. Chundra-Gupta (Sandracottus) reigned in the Punjab, _circa_ B.C. 300, and the coinage of his successor Asoka shows inscriptions in Sanskrit, being the very earliest form of that language confirmed by an authentic date. The character of the letters is the same as that of the Aryan inscriptions on BACTRIAN coins. _See_ SASSANIAN.

GOORUNG _or_ GURUNG.

A dialect of Central Nipal, classed by some as DRAVIDIAN or SUB-TURANIAN.

GORAM.

Dialects of MALAY. Wallace: ii., 296-7.

GORGOTOQUIENSES.

AMERICAN: dialect of Peru, known only from the following notice: “P. Gaspar Reuz Alaman, Gramatica de la Lengua Gorgotoquiense en el Peru.” Mentioned in Barcia’s edition of Piñelo, but not known to be printed. Ludwig: Appendix, p. 221. R. G. L.

GOROPISER.

A nickname for unsound etymologists, derived from “Goropius,” _i.e._ “Van Gorp,” appellation borne by Jan Bécan, or Becanus (1518-1572), author of some speculative works.

GOTHIC.

An extinct idiom of Teutonic, classed as LOW-GERMAN. The Goths formed that large body of people who, under the names of “ostro,” _i.e._ Eastern, and “visi,” _i.e._ Western Goths, harassed the latter centuries of imperial Rome. The most permanent record of their tongue is found in the “Codex Argenteus,” or “Silver Book,” an imperfect version of the four Gospels, now preserved at Upsala in Sweden; it has frequently been printed, and represents the dialect of the Mœso-Goths, who were settled in ancient Mœsia, S. of the Danube, under the Emperor Valens. This version is attributed to Bishop Ulphilas or Little Wolf, who translated the Scriptures into Gothic, using an alphabet constructed by himself and adapted to their phonesis, said to be derived from the Greek, A.D. 318-378. See Diefenbach: “Wörterb.” 2 vols, Frankfurt, 1847-51; Meyer: “Die Gothische Sprache,” Berlin, 1869. _See_ MŒSO-GOTHIC.

GÖTTINGEN.

A sub-dialect of PLATT or LOW-DUTCH. See Quentin: “Annalen der Braunschweig,” &c., Hanover, 1789.

GOULBURN.

District of Australia. See Eyre: “Journals,” &c., 2 vols., London, 1845.

GOULD IS.

District of S. Australia.

GRAMMAR.

A word derived from the Greek “γράμμα,” “a written character or letter,” used to signify the science that treats of the elements of any language; including the art of reading, spelling, and writing it correctly. _See_ COMPARATIVE.

GRAMMATOGRAPHY.

A study of LETTERS; any work that describes or illustrates and treats of the alphabets of various languages.

GRANADA, NEW.

The name for a class of native S. AMERICAN, superseded by Columbia.

GREBO.

African: dialects of numerous tribes on the Ivory-coast, allied to KRU. “Vocaby,” Cape Palmas, 1837. _See_ KREPI.

GRECO-LATIN.

A class term, including Greek, Latin, and the various allied dialects included in, or formed from, the languages so named. G. R.

GRECO-TURKISH.

A name for TURKISH, when expressed in the GREEK character, for newspapers, correspondence, &c. H. C.

GREEK.

The typical language of the HELLENIC branch of the great Indo-European family of languages.

(1) An extinct language, called ARCHAIC GREEK, spoken in numerous dialects by the ancient inhabitants of Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt under the Ptolemies. It was thus the vernacular speech of the most polished race of antiquity; and is the language of Plato, of Demosthenes, of Homer, of Xenophon, and Aristotle. Lex. by Pape, Liddell, and Scott. Grammars by Jelf, Buttmann, Curtius, Kuhner.

(2) The modern dialect of Greece, called also ROMAIC and NEO-HELLENIC, derived directly from ancient GREEK. Lex. by Contopoulos, “Eng. and Mod. Greek,” 2 vols., Smyrna and London, 1868-70; Sophocles: “Romaic or Mod. Greek Grammar,” London, 1866.

(3) Dialects of CLASSICAL GREEK: ÆOLIC, ATTIC, DORIC, IONIC. See Stephanus: “Thesaurus,” Salmasius, Hermann.

(4) LATER GREEK: “χοινή,” “the common language”; BYZANTINE; ALEXANDRIAN (of the Septuagint); Scriptural (of the N. Test.); Cretan, &c. Lex. by Sophocles, 1871. _See_ HELLENIC.

GREENLANDISH.

A dialect of ESKIMO, spoken in Greenland, the most E. part of Arctic America. See Kleinschmidt: “Grammatik,” 8vo., Berlin, 1851; “Efterretninger om Grönland,” by Paul Egede.

GRIMM’S LAW.

A name for that peculiarity of speech, first systematised by Jacob Grimm, a celebrated German philologist, by which some letters serve as equivalents for other letters, by natural laws of speech, in languages derived from a common original. ☞

GRÖNINGEN.

A sub-dialect of FRISIAN in Holland. See Swaagmann: “Annales Acad.: Gröningen,” 1825.

GUACHI.

AMERICAN: spoken in the province of Matto-Grosso, Brazil. See Spix and Von Martius: “Reise in Brasilien,” München, 1823-31.

GUADALCANAR.

POLYNESIAN: the dialect of the Solomon islanders, closely allied to BAURO.

GUAHAM.

A dialect of LESSER-POLYNESIAN, closely allied to CHAMORI. See Crawfurd: “Dissert.,” p. 262.

GUAJIQUIRO.

American: a dialect of LENCA, vernacular in Honduras. See Squier: “Tr. Amer. Ethnol. Soc.”

GUANA.

American: an isolated BRAZILIAN dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso. See short Vocaby. in Castelnau, vol. v., appendix.

GUANCHE.

A name for the aborigines of the Canary Is.; the few glosses extant of their original language are BERBER. The modern dialect is allied to SHELLUH. See Glas: “Histy. of the Canary Is.,” London, 1764.

GUAQUE.

AMERICAN: a dialect of New Granada. See Vocaby. by M. M. Albis: “Los Indios del Andaque,” Popayan, 1855.

GUARANI, _see_ TUPI.

GUARPES, _see_ MILCOCAYAC.

GUASAVA.

American: a MEXICAN dialect spoken in the province of Michoacan. See “Arte,” por P. F. Villafaña; M. S. “Ludewig,” by Trübner. London, 1858.

GUATIMALA.

A class of native dialects vernacular in Central America.

GUATO.

American: a BRAZILIAN dialect of the province of Matto-Grosso, allied to PURUS and COROATO. See Castelnau, vol. v. H. C. _See_ QUADO.

GUATUSOS.

American: a dialect of NICARAGUA. See “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages,” Squier in “Ath. Français.” Dec. 25, 1852. R. G. L.

GUAVAPUAVA.

Name of a district in Brazil, inhabited by the Cames, Votoroes, Dorins, and Xocrens. Francisco dos Chagos Lima: “Memoria sobre o Descubriement de la Colonia de Guavapuavo, Revista Trimensal.” Tom. iv., Rio de Janeiro, 1844. Ludewig, p. 222, appendix. R. G. L.

GUAYACURU.

AMERICAN: the most E. language of the Chaco district. _See_ MBAYA.

GUBERI.

African: a dialect of the HAUSSA.

GUDA, GUDANTSHI.

AFRICAN: assigned by Barth to Hamarua; spoken by the Guda, “a very learned people.” R. G. L.

GUDANG.

An aboriginal dialect of Australia. See “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” ii., 279.

GUEBE.

A dialect of PAPUAN.

GUENOA.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Brazil and Paraguay. See Hervas’ “Saggio,” pp. 228-9; Catalogo, p. 46. R. G. L.

GUHARIBO.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Venezuela; short vocabulary by Spruce.

GUIANA _or_ GUYANA.

American: a group of dialects allied to CARIB. Also called GUINAU. See Schomburgk: “Report of B. Assot.,” 1848. _See_ TALKEE-TALKEE.

GUILDFORD.

District S.W. Australia. Vocaby., Capt. Grey, 1841.

GUINEA, NEW, _see_ PAPUAN.

GUIPUSCOAN.

A dialect of Spanish BASQUE.

GUJARATI _or_ GUZERATI.

The vernacular dialect of Gujerat or Guzerat, a peninsula of N.W. India, between the Indus and Bombay. It is allied to HINDI, but has a more cursive character of alphabet, derived like it from the DEVANAGARI. It is much used by Parsees. See Dictys. by Karsandas and Shapurjí.

GUNDI.

The dialects of the Ghonds or Gonds, spoken in Goomsúr or Gúmsúr, and generally in the extensive province of Goandwana. It is allied to TAMIL and TELUGU. See Caldwell “Dravid: Comp: Gram.,” London, 1861. _See_ KHOND.

GUNUNGTELLU.

Papuan: a dialect of CELEBES or MACASSAR; allied to BUGIS.

GUPTA, _see_ GOOPTA.

GURESA _or_ GURSEA.

African: a dialect of the KOURI, closely allied to DZELANA. _See_ GUREN.

GURMUKHI.

The name for an alphabetic character peculiar to Scinde.

GURUNG, _see_ GOORUNG.

GURWHAL, GURHWAL.

A dialect of HINDI, also called SHREENAGUR; it is the vernacular speech of Sreenaghur, a district of the Himalayas, near the source of the R. Sutlej.

GUZERATHI, _see_ GUJARATI.

GYAMI.

A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in N. and S.E. Thibet.

GYARUNG.

A dialect of BHOT, vernacular in N. and S.E. THIBET.

GYPSY.

(1) The _patois_ of English gipsies, also called ROMANY. The prefix “gip” may be compared with the word “Egypt.” These people are also known as “Gitano,” “Zincali,” “Zingari,” “Zigeuner,” and by many other names in different countries. The prefix “Zin” may be compared with the word “Sindh,” or “Indian,” meaning “dark.”

(2) The dialects of Gipsies in Europe and Asia; they are very ancient, and classed as INDIAN, but with later additions from the country in which they reside, the principal being Egyptian, Hungarian, Spanish, and Turkish. See Grellmann: “Dissertation,” London, 1807; Paspati: “Etudes sur les Tchinghianés,” Constantinople, 1870; translation, Newhaven, Conn.; Borrow: “Lavengro,” “Romany Rye”; Roberts: “Gypsies,” London, 1842; Glossary by Smart: “Phil. S. Trans.,” 1862.

ADDENDA.

GABRIEL, SAN.

American: Kizh Indians of California; classed as DIEGUNOS.

GAIOUR.

TURKISH form of “Guebre,” “an unbeliever,” applied to Christians by Mohammedans.

GALCHAS.

PERSIAN tribe of Karategin, Central Asia.

GALGAI.

Caucasian: native name of the TSHETSH. Same as HALHAI.

GALIK.

MOGHOL: form of written character.

GANGETIC.

Class name for the BHOTIYA or Tibetan language of the Upper Ganges. G. R.

GAULISH.

Name for the OLD CELTIC, spoken in Gaul. See “Notes on Endlicher’s Glossary” in “Phil. Soc. Trans.,” 1868, p. 251. W. W. S.

GAYETI.

NON-ARYAN dialect of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

GBANDI.

African: allied to DAHOMEY and WHYDAH. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

GBESE.

African: classed as MANDINGO. See “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

GELDERIC.

Germanic: dialect of DUTCH, spoken in Gelderland. See specimen of the Geldersche Taal in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 111. W. W. S.

GERGO.

ITALIAN word for “cant” or “slang.” _See_ ZERGA.

GHERIN.

AMERICAN: tribe of Engerekmung. The BOTOCUDOS of Almada sur la Taipe, Brazil.

GHILANI.

IRANIC: sub-dialect of modern PERSIAN.

GHILGHITI.

Paropamisan: a dialect of DARD, Aryan of the Himalayas. Vocaby. by Dr. Leitner. H. C.

GHISSARI.

Same as the LOHARS. _See_ TAREMUKI.

GIAGA.

African: same as AGAG. _See_ ANGOLA.

GILI, JILI.

INDO-CHINESE: dialect of Singpho.

GIO.

African: classed by Köelle as MANDINGO. See “Afr. Pol.” H. C.

GISAN.

TATAR tribe of Central Asia.

GLATZ.

Germanic: dialect of Silesia, classed as HIGH-GERMAN.

GLOSSARY.

A vocabulary with explanations. It differs from a dictionary in being, in general, partial or limited; as, a glossary of the difficult words in an old author, or of a dialect. W. W. S.

GOGOYAN.

AMERICAN: same as CAYUGA.

GOJAM.

Sub-Semitic: a local dialect of AMHARIC.

GOLO.

African: a language formerly called FERTIT; it is allied to AGAW, FALASHA, &c. Vocaby. in Rüppell; “Reisen in Nubien,” Frankfurt, 1829; and by Dr. G. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873. H. C.

GOMERA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Canary Is.

GONAAQUA.

African: mingled dialect of HOTTENTOT and KAFFIR.

GONDAR.

Sub-Semitic; dialect of AMHARIC.

GOOSE-OSTIAK.

Ugrian: same as LAKE-OSTIAK; classed as SAMOIED.

GOTHLANDIC.

SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of the I. of Gottland, Sweden. Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

GOTHUNGIC.

SCANDINAVIAN: dialect of Sweden (Gönge district). Cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

GRIGUAS.

Mixed race of Hottentots; half-breed.

GRISONS.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN. See Lehmann’s “Republik Graubünden,” Brandenburg, 1799. _See_ CHURWELSCHE.

GROS-VENTRE.

AMERICAN: French name for the MINETARE.

GRUSIAN, GRUSINIAN.

A name for the GEORGIAN, most used by Russians.

GRUTUNG.

Tribe of Gothones or Guttones; so-called Goths.

GUACHIRE, GUAIQUERI.

AMERICAN: Caribs of St. Margarita, &c.

GUAICUR, _see_ WAIKUR.

GUDSHRI.

INDIC: same as DAKHANI.

GUEBRE.

PERSIAN form of Kafir, applied to Fire-worshippers. _See_ GAIOUR.

GUEGE.

Dialect of ALBANIAN.

GUELDRES, _see_ GELDERIC.

GUENTUSE.

American: dialect of Paraguay, classed as GUAYCURU.

GUMEDDO.

Abyssinian: dialect of DANAKIL.

GURANI.

Dialect of KURDISH (Niebuhr).

GUREN, GURMA.

African: allied to GURESA, BARBA, ASHANTEE, &c. See Köelle’s “Pol. Afr.” H. C.

GURGAVA.

A name for the GUJARATHI or GUZERATTI.

GUYPUNAVI.

American: dialect of MAIPUR.

H.

HAIDAH.

American: an insular dialect of ATNA or SELISH, spoken in Q. Charlotte Archipelago, off the N.W. coast. See Vocaby. by Scouler: “Jnl. Roy. Geog. Socy.,” vol. xi., London, 1841.

⁂ The Skittegat, Masset, Kumshala, and Kyganie, who speak HAIDAH, are a remarkable people. H. C.

HAILHA.

Caucasian: a sub-dialect of INGUSH.

HAILTSA _or_ HAEELTZUK.

AMERICAN: spoken on the coast of the Pacific, between 50° and 53° N.L. See Vocaby., “Trans. Amer. Ethnol.,” ii., 103.

HAINAMBEU, _under_ U.

HAIOO.

DRAVIDIAN: dialect of a tribe inhabiting the valleys of E. Nipal. A. C.

HAITI, _see_ TAINO.

HAJONG.

A dialect of older DRAVIDIAN, vernacular in Nipal.

HAKKA, HAKARI.

A dialect of KURDISH, written in Arabic characters, vernacular on the course of R. Hakarim, Lake Van, Asiatic Turkey, and at Tabreez, in the Persian province of Azerbaijan.

HALIFAX, HALLAMSHIRE.

Dialects of England, spoken in Yorkshire. See Hunter’s “Hallamshire Glossary, with the Words used in the W. Riding and Halifax,” new edition by Gatty, 1869.

HAM.

African: dialect of the OTAM. See Köelle: “Pol. Af.”

HAMAH _or_ HAMATH.

Inscription: interesting series of incised stones found in N. Syria, probably by the ancient Chetas or Hittites. They occupy an intermediate position between picture writing, allied to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and early SEMITIC characters. They have not been deciphered. See Burton: “Unexplored Syria,” Burckhardt’s “Travels.” ☞

HAMALAISET, _see_ TAVASTRIAN.

HAMARUA, ADAMOWA.

Two large districts in W. Africa, as far S. as 9° N.L. Dr. Barth, with his Batta Vocabulary, gives a list of thirty-two languages for these parts, all represented as mutually unintelligible forms of speech, and all names ending in “ntshi,” “nji,” or “nchi.”

HAMBURG.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Richey: “Idioticon,” Hamburgh, 1755.

HAMIAR.

A primitive dialect of ARABIC.

HAMITIC.

A name for the primitive languages of N.E. Africa and S.W. Asia, including the EGYPTIAN, ETHIOPIC, S. ARABIAN, AKKADIAN, or early BABYLONIAN, &c. The root of this word is supposed by some to survive in AMHARIC and AMAZIG, names for Abyssinian and Berber dialects; “Ham” or “Cham,” _quasi_ “dark.” _See_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

HAMPSHIRE, HANTS.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. Vocaby. in “Warner’s Collec.,” 1795.

HANAU.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HANDURI.

A dialect of PUNJABI.

HANOVER.

A dialect of LOW-GERMAN.

HARAFORA, _see_ ALFUROS.

HARAYA.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippine Is. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841.

HARPA.

BHOT: a dialect of N. and S.E. Thibet.

HARROTI.

A dialect of HINDI, spoken in the State of Kotah, Rajpootana, N.W. India.

HARZ _or_ HARTZ.

A dialect of LOW-GERMAN. Schulze: “Harzgedichte,” Clausthal, 1833.

HATIGOR.

A dialect of Assamese, classed as SINGHPO.

HATUSUA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.

HAUSSA, HOUSSA, _or_ HAWSA.

A native dialect of African, largely infused with ARABIC, vernacular along the R. Chadda, a tributary of the Niger. See Schön: “Grammar,” London, 1862; “Vocaby.,” London, 1843; “Primer,” Berlin, 1857.

⁂ BODO, &c., are related to HAUSSA; this language has vocalic euphony. H. C.

HAVAIIAN, HAWAIIAN, HAWAIAN.

A dialect of E. POLYNESIAN, spoken by natives of Owhyhee and other of the Sandwich Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean; it is similar in form and construction to TAHITIAN, and the MAORI of New Zealand. It is now a written language. See Dicty. by Andrews, Honolulu, 1865. R. G. L. (2.)

HAYU, _see_ VAYU.

HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

An epithet invented by Dr. J. Cowles Prichard, in imitation of Indo-European, to include a group of African languages which have definite relations to the HEBREW. These are especially the Abyssinian languages, the GALLA, the COPTIC, and the LIBYAN. Within the limits of an article we cannot state all the points of relationship, but we may note the remarkable similarity of the first and second pronouns, the mode of conjugating, the principal tense of the verb, the facility of forming derivative verbs from a primary (but the languages connected with Turkish have this), the inaptitude in compounding words, even so far as not even to prefix prepositions to verbs. The Abyssinian languages come nearest to Hebrew, and next the Libyan. Tutscheh notes the singular approximation of the Galla to the Arabic in the syntax used with the plural of nouns. The Coptic is of all the most distant from Hebrew. F. W. N.

HEBREW.

SEMITIC: closely allied to ARAMAIC and PHŒNICIAN. It is an extinct dialect spoken by the ancient Jews of Palestine, and preserved to us in their sacred writings known as the Old Testament Scriptures. The old Hebrew character, as found on coins, &c., has much resemblance to Phœnician. The Biblical alphabet, called Square Hebrew, has been traced by some to the captivity at Babylon, B.C. 603-536, but is regarded by others as much more recent. The Rabbinic characters are of a more cursive form, and the modern Jews of Germany and Poland used running hands of somewhat differing forms. For LATER HEBREW, _see_ TALMUDIC, and for MODERN HEBREW, _see_ JEWEY. Lexicons by Fürst; Gesenius: Grammar, Lex.; Thesaurus, &c.

HEBRIDES, NEW, _see_ MALLICOLLO.

HEILBRONN.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HELEBI.

A name for the Gipsies of Egypt; perhaps from Heleb or Halib, the ARABIC form of Aleppo, in N. Syria. W. E.

HELIGOLAND.

A sub-dialect of FRISIAN. See Oelrich’s “Kleines Wörterb.” 1846.

HELLENIC.

INDO-EUROPEAN: class name for the Greek language and its dialects.

HELSINGA.

A sub-dialect of SWEDISH. See Lenström: “Ordbok,” Upsala, 1841. _See_ HELSINGIC.

HENNEBERG.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Brücker: “Beitrag,” Meiningen, 1843.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

A provincial dialect of ENGLISH. “Glossary” by Sir G. C. Lewis, London. 1839. W. W. S.

HERERO.

African: classed by Barth and Bleek as S.W. BANTU, with BENGA, BENGUELA, and BUNDA. The name of the language is “O Tyi-hereró,” that of the speakers is “O Va-hereró”; it is now nearly extinct. See Hahn: “Grammatik,” Berlin, 1857; Kolbe: “Vowels,” 1868; specimens collected by Dr. Rath.

HEREVI, HETZVI.

An extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, formerly vernacular at Herat.

HERZEGOVINIC.

SLAVONIC: a sub-dialect of SERVIAN.

HESSIAN.

A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.

HEUMA, _see_ SHENDU.

HEVE.

A native dialect of the aborigines of Central America, vernacular in Mexico; it is also called EUDEVE, and closely allied to PIMA. See Smith’s “Grammatical Sketch,” 1862.

HHAMARA, _see_ WAAG.

HIANG-YAN.

A name for the common colloquial language of CHINESE.

HIAQUI.

AMERICAN: spoken in Sonora and Sinaloa; also called IBEQUI and YAQUI.

HIERATIC.

GREEK name for the cursive alphabet used by the ancient priestly caste of Egypt; it is from the word “hieros,” “sacred.” ☞

HIEROGLYPHIC.

Greek name for the symbolic alphabet or figure painting which constituted the most formal writing of ancient Egyptians, from “hieros” and “grapho.” The Aztecs of Mexico also had a system of hieroglyphic writing. Brugsch: “Hierog. Demot. Wörterb.,” 4 vols., Leipsig, 1867-8. _See_ NAHUATL.

HIERONYMIC.

SLAVONIC: name for the Glagolitic characters.

HIGHLAND.

HIGHLAND-SCOTTISH: name sometimes used for GAELIC.

HILDESHEIM.

A sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.

HILIGUEINA.

MALAYAN: a dialect of the Philippine Is. _See_ ILOCANA.

HIMALAYAN.

Name for a class of native aboriginal languages of Hindostan, comprising KOOCH, DHIMAL, BODO, all closely allied to NIPALESE and BHOT. See “Essays by Hodgson,” Calcutta, 1847.

HIMYARITIC _or_ HIMJARITE.

Name for the characters used in some early inscriptions of S. Arabia in a dialect allied to the MAHARI of Abyssinia. Mr. Palgrave, “Central and E. Arabia,” vol ii., p. 240, states that the modern Himyarites, who speak a dialect of modern Arabic, are called the “reds”: “ahmar” in Arabic; but it seems more probable that they are the Hi or Hy-Mahari: “Hy” being a tribal prefix in Africa as in Ireland. Compare the Hi-breasail, the Hy-Many, or O’Kelly people; the Hy-Fiachrach or O’Dowdy people. The use of the same prefix in Africa is proved by the Ki-Suaheli, the Hi or Ki-Kamba, Ki-Sambala; cf. the Heb. ה; ח; which gives the transition from “h” to “ch” or “k”; thus also we may have Ki-Afer for the people of Africa, the original Kaffirs: indeed we have the mature word in Ke-Kuafi, _see under_ U. Hy-mahari would mean “the shore-people.” _See_ EKHKILI.

HINANTSHI _or_ HINA.

African: assigned by Barth to HAMARUA.

HINDI _or_ HINDUWI.

The vernacular language of native Hindoos; it is derived from SANSKRIT, and closely adhered to by all the Brahmin castes. It was probably the court tongue of Canaug or Kanoj, a chief city of Hindostan when Alexander the Great crossed the Indus and defeated Porus, B.C. 327. The language has many branches or sub-dialects, and is written in the Devanagri, or sacred alphabet used in the Vedas; also in Kyt’hí, a sort of running hand. Ballantyne: “Elements,” London, 1869; “Chrestomathie,” Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1849.

HINDOO.

Class name for the INDIAN branch of the ARYAN family of languages, derived, according to some, from “Hapta Hendu,” “Seven Rivers,” old name for the Punjaub.

HINDOSTANI _or_ URDU.

The vernacular tongue of the Indian Moslemim, or Mussulmen; first originated by the Muhammadan invaders, _circa_ A.D. 1004. It is a compound of ARABIC and PERSIAN with SANSKRIT, called URDU-ZABAN, or “camp lingo,” and written in a cursive character, called Taghlik, derived from Arabic; also in uncial letters formed from Sanskrit. N.B.—Hindu-stan means the “land of the Hindoos.” Forbes: “Dicty. H. and Eng.,” 1859; “Grammar,” 1849.

HINZUAN.

African: a KAFFIR form of speech; language of the Comorn Is., off the E. coast.

HITCHITTEE.

AMERICAN: spoken by a division of the Creeks. “Arch. Amer.,” vol. ii., p. 377.

HOCH-DEUTSCH, _see_ GERMAN.

HOCHELAGA.

American: sub-dialect of MOHAWK, formerly spoken in the locality now known as Montreal, Canada.

HOCHUNGORAH.

AMERICAN: native name for the Winnebagos.

HOHEN-LOHE, HOHEN-SCHWANGAU, HOHEN-STEIN.

Sub-dialects of HIGH-GERMAN.

HOK-KEEN.

Dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Medhurst, Macao, 1832-9.

HOLLAND _or_ HOLLANDISH.

(1) A name for the NETHERLANDISH, a dialect of PLATT-DEUTSCH.

(2) For provincial Dialects. See Latham’s “Opuscula,” London, 1860.

HOLOPHRASIS.

Grammatical term; mode of analysis; reducing whole sentences into words. _See_ POLYSYNTHETIC.

HOLSTEIN.

Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Schütze: “Holsteinisches Idiotikon,” Hamburgh, 1800-6. W. W. S.

HONDURAS.

American: geographical term for the LENCA class.

⁂ The languages are allied to the KOUMA, LEGBA, &c., of W. Africa. H. C.

HOOPAH.

American: a variety of ATHABASKAN, spoken so far S. as U. California.

HOR _or_ HORPA.

THIBETAN: a local dialect of BHOT, called also (1) KHACHE: Chinese KOATSE; (2) IGUR, the native name, which appears to be the same as UIGHUR, a Turkish dialect. The affix “pa” in “Horpa” is Bhot, as quoted by Mr. Hodgson, who gives W. Thibet along with Dzungaria and Chinese Turkestan as the area over which it is spoken. R. G. L.

HOTONTALO.

Polynesian; a sub-dialect of MENADU.

HOTTENTOT.

African: name for a large number of S. dialects, spoken by the Quaiquai or K’hoè Khoep, and distinguished by a peculiar sound in utterance, known as the Hottentot “click.”

⁂ According to Dr. Bleek they are a widely different class from the KAFFIR. R. G. L.

HOVA.

Native term “ank′ova”; used for the central tribes of Madagascar, said to be a fair race. It is, apparently, of African origin, as under HERERO. _See_ MALAGASY.

HOYA.

Malayan: a dialect of CERAM, allied to TELUTI.

HUACHI, HUANCAS.

AMERICAN: Indians of Bolivia.

HUASTECA.

American: dialect of Mexico, and apparently the same word as “Aztec.” It is spoken in the province of Tamaulipas, and is a language of the MAYA class. See De Olmoz: “Grammatica,” &c., Mexico, 1560.

HUECO _or_ WACO.

American: name for the TALLEWITSUS. It is vernacular in Texas, and allied to KECHAI, PAWNEE, &c.

HUILLICHE.

AMERICAN: name for tribes of Araucans, the aborigines of Chili. The “che” here means “men,” being a Chileno word, so we have “men of the south.” It is applied also to the Patagonians. _See_ VUTA. R. G. L.

HUMMING-BIRD INDIANS.

AMERICAN: name for the Uaenambeu tribe in the province of Rio Negro, Brasil.

HUNGARIAN _or_ MAGYAR.

UGRIAN: dialect of an Asiatic race, derived from the OSTIAK of the R. Ob or Oby in Siberia, and closely allied to FINNISH. The Magyars are now the dominant race in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, which they subdued about A.D. 900. It has a copious modern literature. See Ballagi: “Wörterbuk,” Pesth, 1864; Ollendorff: “Newe Methode,” Pesth, 1869. _See_ UNGARN.

HUNGARIAN-WENDISH.

Slavonic: a local dialect of Hungary, allied to the WENDISH of Lusatia.

HUNZA, _see_ KHAJUNA.

HURON.

American: classed as IROQUOIS; language of the Huron Indians, spoken on the shores of the lake so named.

HURRIANA.

A dialect of HINDI spoken in a fertile district of N.W. India, an oasis on the Jumna, near Delhi. The word “Hurya” signifies “green.”

HURUR.

Abyssinian, dialect of AMHARIC. See Salt’s “Voyage,” appendix, vol. i., p. 6.

HUZVARESH.

IRANIC: same as PEHLEVI. See Spiegel: “Grammatik,” Wien, 1856.

HYMIARITIC, _see under_ HI.

HYPERBOREAN.

Dr. Latham’s class-name at one time proposed for the DZHUKAGHIR, SAMOYED, and YENISEIAN group of languages.

ADDENDA.

HADAREB, HADAREM, _under_ A.

HADENDOA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of Nubia.

HALHA.

Same as HAILHA, also written GALGAI.

HALLANDIC, HELSINGIC.

SCANDINAVIAN: dialects of Sweden, cited in Ihre’s “Svenskt Dialect-Lex.,” Upsal, 1766. W. W. S.

HALLE.

Germanic: sub-dialect of SWABIAN, see “Mundartliche Sprache,” 1814.

HALLENGA.

AFRICAN: a dialect of Nubia.

HAMBURG-INDIANS.

AMERICAN: ENGLISH name for the T-ka’s of Scott’s River; they speak a dialect of SHASTA.

HARAR, HARRER, HARRARGIE, _see_ HURUR.

HATTAQUAHE.

Caucasian: a dialect of ADIGE or CHERKESS. H. C.

HAWSTEAD (HALSTEAD).

Suffolk dialect of ENGLISH. See Cullum’s “History,” &c., 1784.

HAZORTA.

African: same as SHIHO, a dialect of DANAKIL.

HELSINGIC, _see_ HALLANDIC.

HENNEGA.

American: KOLUSCH dialect of P. Wales’s Is.

HERVEY ARCH., _see_ RAROTONGAN.

HIGH-GERMAN.

English form of HOCH-DEUTSCHEN.

HILLUNA, _see_ ILOCANA.

HINDELOPIAN.

Germanic: a sub-dialect of FRIESIC. See specimen in Bosworth’s “A. S. Dicty.,” p. 74. W. W. S.

HINDMARSH LAKE.

Dialect of AUSTRALIAN. See Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

HIO, _see_ EYO.

HIONG-NU.

Alatyan: dialect of TURKISH. It is the name used by Chinese, and by them applied to the mediæval Huns.

HLASSA, _under_ L.

HO.

(1) African: BOMBA dialect of Guinea. _See_ SALA.

(2) INDIAN: native name for the KOL of Kolehan. It means “man.” _See_ SINGHBHUM.

HOLLAND (NEW), _see_ AUSTRALIAN.

HONIMOA.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas, closely allied to SARAPUA.

HONIN.

Negritic: dialect of PAPUAN.

HOOD-SUNHOO.

American: KOLUSCH dialect of Hood’s Bay.

HORDE.

That is “herd,” a body, tribe, family, or clan, applied to nomade Tatars. It is the same word as Urdu, “a camp,” in URDU-ZABAN. _See_ HINDOSTANI.

HORN IS.

POLYNESIAN: dialect of the Friendly group.

HOROJE.

AMERICAN: a name for the Winnebags.

HO-TE-DAY.

AMERICAN: native name of the Yeka or Shasta-butte Indians of California.

HOUSSA.

African: German form of HAUSSA.

HUAHINE.

EASTERN POLYNESIAN: same as TAHITIAN. W. G.

HUDSON’S-BAY INDIANS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Chepewyans.

HUME R., _see_ MURRUMBIDGEE.

HURN-PARDEE.

INDIAN: also called BAORI; a nomadic tribe who subsist by catching antelope and the hunting-cheetah; they speak a peculiar dialect of HINDI. W. E. _See_ BOWRI.

HUZZAW, _see_ OSAGE.