Chapter M: MAAS, see MOSEL (2)

AMERICAN: native name for the Bodega Indians of California. _See_ TCHOKOYEM.

OLD BACTRIAN, _see_ ZEND.

OLD ENGLISH, _see_ ANGLO-SAXON.

OLD HIGH-GERMAN.

TEUTONIC: period of language till 12th century.

OLD NORSE, _see_ ICELANDIC.

OLD PERSIAN, _under_ P.

OLD-PRUSSIAN, _under_ P.

OLD SAXON.

Teutonic: extinct dialect of LOW-GERMAN; allied to FRISIAN and ANGLO-SAXON. See Heyne’s edition of the “Heliand.”

OLD SLAVONIC, _see_ CYRILLIC.

OLDENBURG.

Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN or DUTCH. See Work by Wolke, Leipzig, 1804.

OLHONES.

AMERICAN: Costanos; Indians of the coast in N. California.

OLOMO.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Niger, with the same affinities as OKULOMA. H. C.

OLONETS _or_ OLONETZIAN.

(1) Finnish: a sub-dialect of KARELIAN.

(2) Slavonic: provincial dialect of RUSSIAN.

OLOT, _see_ ULUT.

OMAGUA.

AMERICAN: dialect of the Amazons; allied to the GUARANI and the TUPI.

OMAHA.

American: dialect of Sioux. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 117. Vocaby. by Dr. Hayden. H. C.

OMAR.

PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.

OMBAY.

Negrito: insular dialect of POLYNESIAN.

ONEGA, ONIGA.

AMERICAN: a form of “Ongwe,” speech of the Irokese; it became MAQUA with the Dutch, MINGO with the French.

ONEIDA.

American: a dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK, and spoken in the W. of N. York State. See Schoolcraft’s “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482.

ONIM.

PAPUAN: dialect of New Guinea.

ONOLASCHA, _under_ U.

ONOMATOPŒIA.

MIMETIC speech; treats of the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds. It is the origin of many reduplicated words, and, when applied to the science of language, has sometimes been called “the bow-wow theory.”

ONONDAGA.

American: dialect of IROQUOIS, closely allied to MOHAWK and ONEIDA. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 482; Dicty. by Shea, London, 1860.

ONTHAGAMIES, OTTOGAMI.

AMERICAN: a name for the Fox-Indians. _See_ SAC.

ONTOAMPA.

AMERICAN: tribe of Vilela.

OODEYPOORA.

HINDI of Mewar or Chitore in Rajpootana. The Rajah of Oodeypoor is said to hold the most ancient hereditary sovereignty in the world.

OOJEINI.

HINDI of Malwa.

OORDU.

Same as URDU. _See_ HINDOSTANI.

OPATA.

American: dialect of Sonora, in Mexico. Classed with PIMA and EUDEVE.

OPATORO.

AMERICAN: dialect of Honduras.

OPULU.

Polynesian: dialect of SAMOAN.

ORANG.

MALAY word for man; hence “orang-benua,” “orang-laut,” “orang-utan,” &c.

OREGONES, OREJONES.

(1) AMERICAN: dialects of large-eared tribes on the R. Amazon and the Iça or Putumayo and the Negro. Castelnau V., appdx.

(2) Indians of Texas.

⁂ The State of Oregon, N. America, is said to have been named from the abundance of _labiatæ_, called “Oregano” or “Wild marjoram,” _i.e._, “mountain-joy.” _See_ ORELHUDOS.

ORENBURG-TATAR.

Dialect of KIRGHIS: closely allied to KARAGAS; it is spoken in the Ural provinces of Russia.

ORINOKO.

AMERICAN: geographical class name for a group of languages including BETOI, OTOMAKA, YARURA, &c.

ORISTINE.

American: dialect of LULE; it is closely allied to VILELA.

ORIYA, ORISSA, URIYA.

Indic: closely allied to BENGALI; spoken in the sacred city of Jugganath. The alphabetical character only faintly resembles the DEVANAGARI. Grammar by Lacey, Calcutta, 1861.

ORKNEY IS.

Language of the Orkney Isles, N. Britain, containing many words of ICELANDIC or OLD NORSE; also called ORCADIAN.

ORNE.

Romance: French _patois_, Dept. de l’Orne.

ORO, _see_ ORU.

OROSZ.

SLAVONIC: dialect of the Carpathians; a form of Russ. _See_ RUSSNIACK.

OROTONG or OROTSHONG.

Turanian: dialects of TUNGUS.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

The proper spelling of words. In the present work all various spellings are treated as synonyms. Some difficulty will always be found in trans-literating proper names from foreign languages; modes of spelling fluctuate rapidly, becoming in general a mere matter of habit or fashion. It would be impossible to ignore the long-established usage in such words as Mongol and Tartar; but an attempt has been made to give the most recent forms in addition.

ORU (EJO).

AFRICAN: native dialect of Brass-Town. It belongs to the Ashantee group, and as a class name, includes ARO, EBO, and MBOFIA, and is allied to ISOAMA and ISIELE. H. C.

OSAGE, OSAWSES, OUS.

AMERICAN: Sioux Indians of Arkansas, on the R. Osage. It is also written HUZZAW and WASHAS. Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv., p. 275; Bradbury’s “Travels,” London, 1817.

OSCAN.

Italic: early dialect of Italy, allied to LATIN, UMBRIAN, &c.; but belonging especially to Central and S. Italy. Known by archaic inscriptions. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipzig, 1851; “Versuch,” &c., by Enderis, Zürich, 1871.

OSMANLI.

ALATYAN: dialect of WESTERN TURKISH; it is the typical literary language of the family, spoken by the Oghuz or Ottoman Turks; it is closely allied to TSHUVASH, KIRGHIZ, TURCOMAN, and IGUR or UIGUR and JAGATAI, but very much softened.

OSNABRÜCK, OSNABURG.

Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Strodtmann: “Idioticon,” Leipzig, 1756.

OSSET, OSSETIAN, _or_ OSSITINIAN.

Caucasian: modern dialect of Abascia, classed as ARMENIC. Also called IRON (_i.e._, Irân), from the name of the Caucasian people who speak it. See Klaproth: “Asia P.,” p. 89; Dicty. by Sjögren, St. Petersburg, 1844; Grammar by Rosen, St. Petersburg, 1846.

OSTIAK.

Ugrian: dialect of FINNISH spoken in Asiatic Russia, on and between the R. Obi and the Yenisey. Chief divisions are the Lake and Sable Ostiaks. (Klaproth.) Vocaby. by Castrén and Schiefner, St. Petersburg, 1858. _See_ DENKA.

OTAHEITE.

POLYNESIAN: an erroneous spelling of Tahiti. W. G. L. _See_ TAHITIAN.

OTAKAPA, _under_ A.

OTAM.

African: dialect of KAFFIR, spoken on the Old Calabar R. Used also as a class name for the languages of that district. It is also written UDOM. R. G. L.

OTCHAGRAS.

American: same as WINNEBAGO. French spelling of HOCHUNGORAH.

OTHOMI _or_ OTOMI.

AMERICAN: monosyllabic dialect spoken in Sonora, to the frontier of Guatemala, 24° N.L. to 16° W.L. Grammar and Vocabulary, Paris, 1863.

⁂ Much has been written of this language on the strength of its real or supposed monosyllabic structure—indeed, it has been compared with the CHINESE. It is, however, truly American, differing, so far as it indeed does differ from the others, in the fact of its agglutination being either less, or less represented in the grammars and vocabularies. See Grammar by Piccolomini, Rome, 1841. R. G. L.

OTO, OTOUEZ.

American: SIOUX dialect of the Platte R. Vocaby. in Long’s “Expedition,” &c., Philadelphia, 1822.

OTSHI.

African: name for ASHANTEE, the dialect of the Gold Coast; otherwise called ODJII, OJI, or OCHI. See Riis: “Elemente ... der Odschi-sprache,” Basel, 1853.

⁂ ASHANTEE is much like FANTEE, and is allied to WHYDAH, DAHOMEY, ORO, EBO, DZELANA, &c. H. C.

OTTARE.

AMERICAN: Mountain Cherokees.

OTTAWA, OTTOWAY.

American: dialects of ALGONKIN, closely allied to CHIPPEWAYAN, spoken by tribes now located in Michigan and Ohio, but formerly belonging to the R. Ottaway, a confluent of the St. Lawrence. See Tanner’s “Narrative,” N. York, 1830; “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 107.

OTTOGAMI, _see_ ONTHAGAMIES.

OTTOMACA.

AMERICAN: spoken by Indians of Venezuela, on the Meta and Orinoco. _See_ TAPARITA.

OTUKE, OTUGUE.

AMERICAN: a tribe of Chiquitos missions.

OTYIHERERO.

African: allied to NANO. _See_ HERERO.

OUGIA, _see_ AROO.

OUIGOUR.

Most ancient form of the alphabetic character used by the Turks; it is still used in a modified form in MOGHOL and MANCHU, which are written in vertical columns, from top to bottom, but not the older OUIGOUR. _See_ UIGUR.

OULOFF (OUOLOFE).

African: French spelling of WOLOFT. Vocaby. by Faidherbe, St. Louis (Africa), 1860. _See_ JALLOOF.

OULX.

Romance: intermediate between FRENCH and the ITALIAN.

OUS, _see_ OSAGE.

OWYHEE.

POLYNESIAN: properly spelled HAWAII.

OYAMPIS, OYAPOK.

AMERICAN: Carib of French Guiana; also called OAMPI. See “Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie,” Paris, 1834. R. G. L. _See_ EMERILLON.

OZBEG, _under_ U.

ADDENDA.

OGIBOIS, OJIBOIS.

AMERICAN: name of the E. Chippeways; also called SAUTEU, SALTEUX. _See_ OJIBWA.

OJI, _see_ OTSHI.

OLOSENGA.

Polynesian of the SAMOAN family, with a few words and letters of the more easterly islands. W. G.

ONDO, OTA, OWORO.

African: AKU languages. Vocaby. by Kölle. H. C.

OORIAH.

INDIAN: the language of Orissa, a province of Bengal. See Hunter’s “Orissa,” &c. A. C.

ORAON, _see_ URAON.

ORELHUDOS.

PORTUGUESE word—“large-eared”—applied to the Oregones or Orejones, and also to the Aroaquis.

OTA, _see_ ONDO.

OTCHIPWE, _see_ OJIBWA.

OWORO, _see_ ONDO.

P.

PACAGUARA.

AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the missions of Moxos. Allied to QUICHUA and PANOS. H. C.

PACASAS, _see_ PAKASA.

PADA _or_ PODO.

JAVANESE: marks of punctuation and modes of address used in composition.

PADERBORN.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN.

PADOVANI, PADUESE.

ITALIC: dialect of Padua. “Tratta,” by Brunacci, Venice, 1759.

PADSADE.

African: somewhat allied to BIAFADA.

PADUCA.

American: Dr. Latham’s class name for the COMANCHE, SHOSHONI, UTAH, and other allied languages, including the NETELA and KIJ.

PAEGAN.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PAHI _or_ PAHRI.

Dialect of NEWARI. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

PAHLAVI, _see_ PEHLEVI.

PAHOJA.

American: sub-dialect of OTO.

PAICOTSCHI.

Indic: a dialect of PRAKRIT.

PAIOCONECA.

AMERICAN: language of Bolivia, belonging to the Mission of Chiquitos. _See_ PAUNACA.

PAIURE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.

PAKASA.

American: sub-dialect of AYMARA.

PAKHYA.

Non-Aryan: a dialect of Nipal, allied to THARU Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

PAKPAK.

Malayan: sub-dialect of BATTA.

PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

Class name for primitive languages of the Caucasus, and for others resembling them, including AMAZON and ETRUSCAN. H. C.

PALÆOGRAPHY.

The science which deals with ancient forms of writing in inscriptions, MSS., &c., and sometimes applied to the ancient forms of writing themselves. G. R.

PALÆO-SLAVIC, _see_ CYRILLIC.

PALÆOTYPE, _see_ GLOSSOTYPE.

PALAIK.

American: dialect of Oregon and California (frontier), allied to LUTUAMI, SHASTI, and more remotely to SAHAPTIN. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 98.

PALAONG.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Siam, allied to AHOM.

PALAOS, _see_ PELEW.

PALEMBANG.

The MALAY language, as it is spoken at Palembang, on the eastern coast of Sumatra, where it is mixed with a good deal of JAVANESE, in consequence of the Javanese having anciently colonised this country. It is written partly with the ARABIC, partly with an indigenous alphabet; also used for the REJANG and PASSUMAH dialects, and called “Satra renchong.” P. J. V.

PALENCA.

American: dialect of the R. Orinoco, allied to TAMANAQUE.

PALI.

Indic: an extinct dialect of SANSKRIT, derived through PRACRIT, forming the sacred language of the Buddhists; it has a peculiar alphabetic character of its own. BALI and LANKA-BHASA (ancient SINHALESE) are derived from it, and it has very largely influenced modern CINGHALESE. Dicty. by Thero and Subhuti, Colombo, 1865; and one now in progress by R. C. Childers; Kachcháyana’s “Grammar,” by Mason, London, 1870.

PALIMPSEST.

PALÆOGRAPHIC: “written-over”; used of MSS. having a second inscription laid over a previous one.

⁂ A term signifying “twice-rubbed,” or “scratched,” and applied properly to parchments which, after having been written on, have been prepared for a fresh writing by an erasure of the original one. In the middle ages, when parchment came to be scarce and dear, many valuable MSS. were thus used, and a second worthless writing placed over one infinitely more precious. In some cases the original MS. has been recovered by careful examination, _e. g._, the text of Cicero’s treatise, “De Republica.” G. R.

PALLA.

SUB-TURANIAN: tribe of Awalias in Nipal.

PALMYRENE.

Semitic: the SYRIAC of Tadmor or Palmyra, with an alphabet of very ornamental character derived from OLD ARAMAIC, but not earlier than the third century A.D., and connected with lapidary SASSANIAN. W. S. W. V.

PALPA.

Indic: SANSKRIT of Nipal.

PAMPANGA.

MALAYAN of the Philippine Islands: classed with BISSAYAN and TAGALA.

PAMPAS.

American: QUICHUA word for “field” or “plain,” applied to the district of roving tribes who occupy vast level regions between Buenos-Ayres and Chili. The Spanish limit the appellation to the DIVIHET and TALUHET. _See_ PUELCHE.

PAMPTICOUGH.

American: ALGONKIN dialect of N. Carolina.

PANCH.

Indian term signifying “five”: (1) PANCH GAURA, used for the five northern languages of India, taken collectively, including BENGALI, GUZARATI, HINDI, SCINDI, and URYA. (2) PANCH DRAVIDA, used for the five southern dialects, including CANARESE, MALAYALIM, TAMIL, TELUGU, and TULU. W. E.

PANI, _see_ PAWNEE.

PANJABI _or_ PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.

PANOS.

American: dialect of the R. Apurimac or Ucayale in Peru. Somewhat allied to the BAURE of Moxos, to the PACAGUARA and QUICHUA. H. C.

PAN T’HAI.

Mohammedans of Yunnan, W. China; also written PANTHAY.

PAPAA.

African: same as POPO. A NIGRITIAN dialect of the Slave-coast. _See_ NAGOE.

PAPE.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of the MONG-JUNG in Assam.

PAPEL.

African: dialect of the Bejugas or Bissagos Is.; it is allied to KANYOP, to FELUP, BAGNON, SARAR, BOLAR, &c., and spoken also on the coast S. of the Cacheo. H. C.

PAPIAH.

African: dialect of KAFFIR.

PAPOLOKA.

American: the POKOMAN of Oajaca. A dialect of the MAYA class.

PAPUAN.

NEGRITIC: typical language of dark-skinned Polynesians. It is the vernacular speech of New Guinea, and spread through many smaller islands. “Papua” is said to be a Malay word for “frizzled hair,” but see the Greek πάππος (lanugo carduorum), and our own “pappous” = “woolly.” See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago,” and Dissertation: Crawfurd’s Malay Grammar. _See_ ALFUROS.

PARAM.

African: a dialect of KAFFIR.

PARANAPURA, _see_ XEBERO.

PARAUANA, _see_ WAPISIAN.

PARBUTTIA.

This word means “the language of the hills”—“purbut” “a hill.” It is a dialect of HINDI, the Court language of Nipal, and is spoken generally by the Khus, a military tribe of Nipal, and generally by all the Nipalese people, as Hindustani is in British India. A. C.

PARECHI.

AMERICAN: tribe of Tamanaque.

PARENI.

AMERICAN: spoken by tribes of Maypur Indians on the R. Mataveni in Venezuela. _See_ BARRE.

PARIA, PARIAGOTO.

American: classed with TAMANAQUE.

PARIAH.

Indian term: “an outcast,” lower than a Sudra; from a word in the TAMUL language, signifying “mountaineer.” _See_ NISHADA.

PARIGI.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

PARITA, _see_ PIEDE.

PARMA, PARMESAN, PARMIGIANO.

Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Dicty. by Peschieri, Parma, 1840.

PARNKALLA.

AUSTRALIAN: dialect of Spencer’s-gulf and Port Lincoln. Vocaby. by Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844; Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

PAROPAMISAN.

Dr. Latham’s class name for the HINDU-KUSH dialects, as DARD, SHINA, &c.

PARSEE.

(1) Indians of Persian descent. The modern Parsees or fire-worshippers speak GUJERATTEE.

(2) Fire-worshippers of Persia. _See_ GUEBRE.

PARSI.

Iranic: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the province of Farsistan; it is the same as PAZEND, and is derived from PEHLEVI, being the third stage of OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND, and was the dialect used by Firdusi, the poet (Farrar: “Families of Speech,” p. 104). See Spiegel: “Grammatik der Parsi Sprache.”

PARTHIAN.

The Parthians have been classed as MEDO-SCYTHIC, but few words remain of their original language; the later dialect on their coins is akin to the PEHLEVI. Prof. Rawlinson regards them as TURANIAN. See “The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,” London, 1873.

PASAINE.

AMERICAN: tribes of Vilela.

PASANBANGKO, _see_ BENTENANG.

PASCHAI, PASHAI.

Kafirs of Kohistan; the dialect is allied to LUGHMAN. See “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal,” 1838.

PASSAMAQUODDS.

American: Indians of St. John’s, N. Brunswick, classed as ABENAKI.

PASSANG.

Malayan: a sub-dialect of MENADU.

PASSUMAH, _see_ SARAWI.

PASUKU.

Monosyllabic: dialect of PEGUESE, classed as KAREN.

PASUMMAH.

Malayan: same as LEMBA.

PATACHO.

American: dialect of Brasil, classed as CAMACAN.

PATAGONIAN, _see_ TEHUELET.

PATANI (PATHAN).

The language of Affghanistan. The Affghan rulers of Delhi were called Patans. W. S. W. V. _See_ PUSHTOO.

PATERNOSTERS.

Derived from the LATIN for “Our Father”; versions of the Lord’s Prayer in polyglot. See “Linguarum duodecim introductio,” by Postel, 1538; De Mofra’s “Exploration,” Paris, 1840-2; “The Lord’s Prayer in 100 Languages,” by Apostolides; and the large works by Pallas and Adelung. _See_ BIBLIOGRAPHY.

PATI.

African: a dialect of KAFFIR.

PATOIS.

FRENCH word for local or provincial dialects.

PATOS.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

PAUMOTU.

Polynesian: somewhat allied to KANAKA.

PAUNACA.

American: sub-dialect of PAIOCONECA.

PAUNCH INDIANS (VENTRUS).

AMERICAN: name for the Allakaweah; Crow Indians of Snake R. For Big-bellies (Gros Ventres). _See_ MINETARI.

PA-UTA, _see_ PADUCA.

PAVIA.

Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Dizionario Domestico,” Pavia, 1829.

PAWNEE.

American: typical dialect of the Riccaree Indians, spoken between the R. Quicourre or Running Water and R. Platte or Shallow, W. of the Missouri. Both PAWNEE and RICAREE are classed together by Dr. Latham as allied sub-dialects of CADDO. “Amer. Ethnol.,” ii. 96.

PAYA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Malacca. _See_ SEMANG.

PAYAGUA.

American: dialect of Brasil, at present only spoken by a small remnant, removed to the town of Assuncion in Paraguay, somewhat allied to BORORO.

PAYCOBGE, PAYKOGE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Jahyco in Brasil.

PAYS DE VAUD, _under_ V.

PAZAND, PAZEND.

Iranic: same as PARSI. Glossary by Haug and Asa, London, 1870.

PEAGANS.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PEBA.

American: dialect of the Amazons, spoken in N.W. Brasil, and probably allied to OREGONES.

PEDRO, SAN.

American: missions of Brasil of the ALMEIDA class. See Da Silva’s Dicty., Bahia, 1854.

⁂ It is allied to GUARANI and AGAW. H. C.

PEGUESE.

Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic dialect, called TALAIN or MON, allied to BURMESE, and spoken in Pegu.

PEHLVI _or_ PEHLEVI.

IRANIC: extinct dialect of OLD PERSIAN, belonging to the Pahlav district of Western Iran or Media, but with large Semitic infusion. It is the language of the Sassanian coins, of several inscriptions of early Sassanian kings, and of the earliest comments on the Avesta, closely allied to the ZEND and OLD PERSIC; it is also called HUZVARESH, a suggestion of Spiegel’s. See Spiegel’s “Grammatik der Huzvareschen Sprache;” Haug’s Old Pahlavi-Pazand Glossary, by Asa, Bombay, 1870.

PEHUENCHE.

AMERICAN: tribes of Araucans.

PEKINESE, _see_ KHUM.

PELASGIAN.

An aboriginal tribe of Greece. Herodotus states that their speech was “barbarous”—_i.e._, distinct from or unintelligible to the Hellenes; but it seems to have been the basis out of which was developed classical GREEK. Later writers propose to class the pre-historic dialects of Greece with the ILLYRIAN.

PELASGIC.

Class name for combined GREEK and LATIN stems, sometimes called GRÆCO-ITALIC, otherwise ILLYRIAN or THRACO-ILLYRIAN.

PELEW, PELU.

Dialects of the Palaos or Pelew Is., allied to TOBI, and classed as MICRONESIAN.

PELU.

MOGHOL: dialect of N. W. tribes.

PEND D’OREILLES.

American: FRENCH name for the KULLESPELM.

PENDSCHABI.

Same as PUNJABI; German form. _See_ SIKH.

PENNSYLVANIAN.

American: State formerly called New Sweden, and inhabited by Algonkin and Iroquois. See “Thomas’ Account,” N. York, 1848.

PENOBSCOT.

American: language of Indians in the States of Maine and N. Brunswick; classed as a dialect of ABENAKI.

PEQUOD _or_ PEQUOT.

American: dialect of ALGONKIN spoken in Connecticut.

PERIODS OF LANGUAGE.

Successive stages in the development of a language, each occupying a certain interval of time. The changes sometimes indicate growth, sometimes decay and approaching extinction. G. R.

PERMIAN _or_ PERMIC.

Tchudic: UGRIAN dialect of Perm in Russia, closely allied to WOTIAK and ZIRIANIAN. Also called BIARMIAN. The Permians were the first of their race converted to Christianity by St. Stephen, apostolic King of Hungary, 997 or 1000 A.D. Dicty. by Rogord, 1869.

PERSIAN.

Iranic: modern dialect of Persia, derived from OLD PERSIAN, but with a large infusion of ARABIC words, and written in a modification of the Nishki-Arabic characters, called TAALIC, and in a running hand called SHIKESTAH. Grammar by Vullers, Gissæ, 1870; Dictys. by Johnson and Richardson. Dialects are MAZENDERAN; see Klaproth’s “Beschreibung,” Berlin, 1814. TATT, the dialect of Baku in Daghestan; see Eichwald’s “Reise,” Stuttgart, 1834. Twelve are specified by Von Hammer, “Asiatic Jl.,” 1833. _See_ TAJIK.

PERSIC.

Under this term are comprehended all the various forms of the Persian language, with the exception of the dialect now spoken. The Persic is known to us in three stages:—

(1) The language of the Achæmenian dynasty, recovered from the cuneiform inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, and other kings. See Spiegel: “Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften,” Leipzig, 1862.

(2) The PEHLEVI or HUZVARESCH, the language of the Sassanian period (A.D. 226-650). IRANIC, with considerable SEMITIC infusion; known from coins, inscriptions, and literary productions.

(3) PARSI or PAZEND; the language as it reappears subsequently to the Arab conquest; purified to a great extent of the Semitic ingredients, and once more thoroughly IRANIC. Known from translations of the Avesta, &c.

The PERSIC, in its earliest form, is closely allied to OLD BACTRIAN or ZEND. Latterly it branched out into several dialects, as the DERI, the HEREVI, the PARSI, or PAZEND, the SEGZI or dialect of Seistan, the SOGDI of Sogdiana or Bokharia, and the ZAVULI of Zabulistan. G. R.

PERTH.

Native dialect of S.W. Australia. Vocaby. by Capt. Grey, 1841.

PERUVIAN.

This is a geographical rather than a philological term. The Peruvian area, nearly coinciding with the present republic of Peru, reaches along the coast from the north of Quito, on the boundaries of the Ecuador and New Grenada, to Chili, _i.e._ from the Equator to 24° S.L. Its most eastern extension is in Tucuman; its general run, however, is from north to south. The two (allied) languages which most especially belong to it are the QUICHUA and AYMARA. Notices of ruder tribes within the same area we have many, but with few and exceptional vocabularies. JURACARES, MAYORUNA, and CALCHAQUI, ATACAMA, CHANGOS. Lopez: “Les races Aryenne de Peru,” 1872. R. G. L.

PESCHERAI.

American: language of Terra del Fuego, belonging to the PYGMEAN or MINCOPIE of Tickell. H. C. _See_ YAKANAKU.

PESHITO.

Semitic: “faithful or exact”; used of a so-called literal version of the scriptures in SYRIAC.

PESSA.

African: dialect of the MANA class.

PETIGUAREN.

AMERICAN: anthropophagi of Ceara and Paraiba in Brasil.

PEUL, _see_ PULAH.

PEY.

INDO-CHINESE: language of the Lok-tai in Siam.

PEYES, _see_ POYUS.

PFALZ.

HIGH-GERMAN: dialect of the U. and L. Palatinate.

P’HANSIGARS.

Name for the Thugs of India, applied by Hindoos.

PHARSMANIC.

Caucasian: dialect of the MIZDEGHEN or TSHETSH.

PHELLATA.

African: same as FULAH.

PHILIP (PORT).

A native Australian dialect, allied to MENA.

PHILIPPINE.

Polynesian: dialects of the Philippine Islands. BISSAYAN, HARAYA, HILIGUEINA or ILOCANA, all classed as MALAYAN. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. _See_ NEGRITIC.

PHILOLOGY.

Science of words and language. _See_ COMPARATIVE.

PHŒNICIAN.

Semitic: extinct language of Tyre, Sidon, and other towns in ancient times, and closely allied to Biblical HEBREW; the alphabetic characters are similar to those found upon Hebrew coins, and having been adopted in Greece and Italy, have originated those of modern Europe. Gesenius: “Scripturæ Phœniciæ Monumenta,” 4to, 1837; “Die Phönizische Sprache,” by Schröder, Halle, 1869: Levy: “Phöniz. Lexicon,” 8vo, 1866. _See_ PUNIC.

PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY.

Writing by sound. See “Early English Pronunciation,” by Ellis, containing a pronouncing vocabulary of all leading dialects, London, 1867-71; Philosophy of Utterance in Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. v. _See_ MAYA.

PHRISONES, _under_ F.

PHRYGIAN.

Vernacular speech of Phrygia, a large country in the interior of Asia Minor, known only by inscriptions, but classed as INDO-EUROPEAN. See Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” vol. i., p. 666; “Asiatic Review,” vol. 12.

PIACENTINO, PIACENZA.

Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Foresti, 1837-8.

PIANKESHAW.

American: ALGONKIN dialect of Illinois.

PIANOGHOTTO.

American: CARIB dialect of Venezuela and Demerara.

PIAROAS.

American: name for MACOS.

PICANEUX.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PICARD.

Romance: (1) OLD PICARD is a sub-dialect of LANGUE D’OIL. Dicty., Rouen, 1500.

(2) _Patois_ of modern FRENCH. De Soilly: “Idiome Picard,” Abbeville, 1833.

PICTISH.

Unclassed dialect of N. Britain in ancient times, but most probably a form of CELTIC, with close affinity to WELSH.

PICTURE-WRITING, _see_ HIEROGLYPHIC.

PIEDE.

American: same as PA-UTAH. _See_ PADUCA.

PIEDMONTESE, PIEMONT.

(1) Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocaby. by Ponza, Turin, 1843.

(2) Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. Schott: “Die Deutschen Colonien, &c.,” Stuttgart, 1842.

PIEDS-NOIRS, _see_ BLACKFOOT.

PIEKANNS.

American: same as PIEDS-NOIRS.

PIKA.

African: allied to KAREKARE.

PIKUNCHE.

American: tribes of Araucans; same as PUELCHE.

PILU, _see_ PELEW.

PIMA.

American: spoken in Sonora and U. California; it is closely allied to EUDEVE or HEVE, and is also called NEVOME. Grammar by Smith, 1862.

⁂ In Sonora the Pima area is divided into the ALTA, “upper,” and BAJA, “lower,” Pimeria. In California the Pima villages, along with those of the Coco-maricopas, in the valley of the Gila. R. G. L.

PINALENO, PINOL.

American: dialect of ATHABASKAN spoken in N. Mexico, and classed as APACHE.

PINDAREES.

Roving tribes of Hindustan.

PINEGORINE.

Australian: dialect of GOULBURN. Eyre’s “Journals,” London, 1845.

PINOCO.

American: classed as CHIQUITO.

PINOL, _see_ PINALENO.

PIQUA.

AMERICAN: tribe of Shawnees.

PIRINDA.

AMERICAN: a dialect of Mechoacan in Mexico. _See_ TARASKA.

PIS.

A dialect of the Carolines, classed as MICRONESIAN.

PISKAW, PISCOUS, PISKWAUS.

American: classed by Hale in the N. branch of SELISH. Vocaby., “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., 118.

PITAN, _see_ PATANI.

PLAAU.

Native name for SHAN.

PLATT-DEUTSCH, _under_ D.

PLAY.

Indo-Chinese: name for the KAREN.

POCOMAM, POCONCHE.

American: same as POKOMAN. _See_ MAME.

POENULUS.

LATIN: a play written by Plautus, of great interest to philologists from its so-called PUNIC dialogues. Treatises by Gesenius, Ewald, Lindemann, Movers, and Wex.

POGGY (PAGEI).

MALAYAN: dialect of the I. of Poggy or Nassau.

POIGNAVI, _see_ BANIWA.

POITOU, POITEVINE.

_Patois_ of FRENCH. Vocaby. in “Mém. de l’Acad. Celtique,” vol. iii.

POJUAQUE.

AMERICAN: San Aldefonso Mission, New Mexico.

POKOMAM, POKOMAN, POKONCHE, _see_ MAME.

POLABIAN, POLATIAN.

Wendic: (1) Polatian, extinct dialect of SLAVONIC.

(2) Polabian, modern sub-dialect of POLISH.

⁂ Forms of SLAVONIC spoken along the River Elbe.

POLEN, _see_ POSEN.

POLISH.

Wendic: a dialect of SLAVONIC, somewhat allied to CZECH or BOHEMIAN, vernacular in Poland. Dicty., Polish and English, Berlin, 1851.

For POLISH-LITHUANIC, _see_ SAMOGITIAN.

POLYNESIAN.

(1) Eastern: the language of the brown Polynesians of the S. Pacific. It is spoken in many dialects, such as MAORI, SAMOAN, TONGAN, TAHITIAN, HAWAIAN, NIUEN. A large percentage of words in Eastern Polynesian are identical with MALAYAN, to which family it undoubtedly belongs. W. G. L.

(2) Western: the language spoken by the black Polynesians or those of Papuan origin. The different dialects are very numerous, and widely distributed over the New Hebrides, Loyalty Is., New Caledonia, &c. W. G. L. _See_ KELÆNONESIAN, MICRONESIAN. ☞

POLYSYLLABIC.

“Of many syllables,” used of languages “when roots are modified by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.” JAPANESE is a typical language of polysyllabic character.

POLYSYNTHETIC.

Said of languages that _incorporate_ many distinct words into one compound; the native languages of America are essentially incorporating. _See_ AGGLUTINATIVE.

POME.

PAPUAN: dialect of N. Guinea.

POMMERN, POMERANIAN.

Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See “Baltische Studien ... für Pommern,” Stettin, 1833.

PONCAR, PONCHA, _see_ PUNCA.

PONDERAY.

AMERICAN: tribes of Flat Heads. _See_ PEND D’OREILLES.

PONGO, PONGUA, _see_ MPONGWE.

PONKATAGE.

AMERICAN: tribes of Jahyco.

PONOSAKEN.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU, classed as ALFURU.

POULAINS, PULLANI.

Ethnological term: mixed race; FRANK and SYRIAN during the Crusades.

POPO, _see_ PAPAA.

POPOLUCA, _see_ PAPOLOKA.

PORT DOREH, _under_ D.

PORT JACKSON.

Australian: See Flinder’s “Voyage,” London, 1814; King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.

PORT LINCOLN, _see_ PARNKALLA.

PORT MACQUARIE, _under_ M.

PORTO RICO, _see_ W. INDIES.

PORTUGUESE.

Romance: a language derived from LATIN, and closely allied to the Spanish GALLICIAN; it is the vernacular speech of Portugal, and much spread by colonization in both hemispheres. Dicty. by Fonseca and Roquette, Paris, 1869; by Vieyra (a very handy book); Grammar by D’Orsey, London, 1868. _See_ BRAZILIAN.

POSEN.

Teutonic: (1, 2) sub-dialects of HIGH and LOW-GERMAN. See Bernd: “Die D. S. in ... Posen und ... Polen,” Bonn, 1820.

POTTAWATTOMIE.

American: ALGONKIN of Lake Michigan (S.).

POULA (POULE).

African: FRENCH form of FOULAH. _See_ FULA.

POWHATTAN.

American: extinct dialect of ALGONKIN, formerly spoken in Maryland and Virginia.

POYES, POYUS.

AMERICAN: tribes of Vuta-Huilliche.

PRACRIT, PRAKRIT.

Indic: a later form of SANSKRIT, also called SARAWASTI; formerly vernacular in the Punjab. The word “prakrit” means “derived.” It was the more popular form of speech, as opposed to the cultivated dialect. Inaccurately used as a class-name for all families of Indian languages. Grammar by Cowell, London, 1868.

PRAIRIE.

FRENCH word: the PAMPAS of N. America. Not used now as a class-name.

PRASLIN.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Indian Archipelago.

PRECOPENSIAN.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of GOTHIC.

PRESSBURG.

Teutonic: dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Description,” by Korabinski, Presburg, 1784.

PREUSSISCH, _see_ PRUSSIAN.

PRINCES IS.

JAVANESE: island in the Straits of Sunda.

PRINCE WILLIAM’S SOUND.

American: ESKIMO of the W. Coast.

PRIYADASI.

Inscriptions in the early SANSKRIT of W. India, known as the Edicts of Priyadasi.

PROVENÇAL.

Romance: early language of S. France, derived from LATIN, and originated in the district known as the Roman “Provincia”: the modern Provence. It is also called LANGUE D’OC, LIMOUSIN, OCCITANIAN, and ROMAUNT. It was the dialect used by the poets called Troubadours. Allied dialects are CHURWALSCHE or ENGADINE, RHÆTO-ROMAN, ROMANESE or ROMANSCH. Grammar by Bartsch, Elberfeld, 1868. _See_ ROMAUNT.

PRUSSIAN.

(1) Old-Prussian: an extinct dialect of LITHUANIC. See Nesselmann: “Die ... alten Preussen,” Berlin, 1845.

(2) Teutonic: a sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Dicty. by Henning, Königsberg, 1785.

(3) Slavonic: a sub-dialect of POLISH. Spoken in Prussia. ☞

PUAN _or_ PUANT.

American: FRENCH name for the Winnebago.

PUCTUNC.

American: language of the MAYA class spoken in Yucatan.

PUEBLO.

American: SPANISH term “town or village” used for “settled”—_i.e._ “civilised”—Indians. See Davis’s “New Mexico,” N. York, 1857.

⁂ The chief missions among the Pueblo Indians are San Aldefonso (Pojuaques), Santa Anna, Santa Clara, San Domingo, San Felipe (Sillas), San Juan. _See_ KERES.

PUELCHE.

American: CHILENO name for Indians of the Pampas; tribes are named Chechehet, Divihet, and Taluhet. Allied to BODE and HOUSSA. H.C.

PUEMAJA.

AMERICAN: same as Camoyes, a sub-tribe of Cuchans. _See_ YUMA.

PUERTO RICO, _see_ PORTO.

PUINIPET.

Micronesian: dialect of ULEA.

PUJUNI.

American: dialect of U. California, spoken on the R. Sacramento, and somewhat allied to TSAMAK. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 124.

⁂ Related to ATNA, ATTAKAPA, GALELA, and the AGAW group. H. C. ☞

PUKHTU, _see_ PUSHTOO.

PULE, PULEN, PULAH.

African: same as FULAH. ☞

PULLANI, _see_ POULAINS.

PUMPOPOLSK.

Ugrian: a dialect of OSTIAK allied to INBAZK. Vocaby., Klaproth’s “Asia P.,” p. 171.

PUNCA, PUNCAW.

American: dialect of SIOUX, closely allied to OMAHA.

PUNDRABEE.

Indo-Chinese: tribes speaking one of the languages of KUNAWAR.

PUNIC.

Semitic: the dialect of PHŒNICIAN belonging to ancient Carthage, in N. Africa, sometimes called CARTHAGINIAN; it is known only by inscriptions and some dialogues in Plautus. Kopp’s “Bemerkungen,” Heidelberg, 1824. _See_ POENULUS.

PUNJABI, _see_ SIKH.

PUNTI.

Sub-dialect of CHINESE. Dicty. by Lobscheid, 1866-9.

PUQUINA.

American: dialect of Peru, E. of the Andes, sometimes classed with QUICHUA.

PURANAS.

SANSKRITIC: ancient poetry, explanatory of the Hindoo faith.

PURBI-BHAKA.

HINDI: dialect of Oude and Benares.

PURUGOTO.

American: classed by Humboldt with the CARIB.

PURUS, PURYS.

AMERICAN: Indians of Brasil; the dialect is spoken in Rio Janeiro and Espiritu Santo.

PUSHTOO, PUSHTU, _or_ PUKHTU.

The native dialect of Afghanistan, an important district of Asia, W. of the Indus; it is also called PATAN and SHIA-PUSH, has lately been classed, with other Caucasian languages, as ARMENIC, and is closely allied to KURDISH and OSSETIC; it is written in the TAÂLIK character. Dicty. and Grammar by Ravesty, London, 1860.

PUSTOSERSK.

Ugrian: a dialect of SAMOIED.

PUTTOOS.

INDIAN: a name for the Juanga, a very barbarous tribe in the tributary Mahals of Cuttack, wearing only a covering of leaves, and speaking a peculiar dialect. Specimens are given by Mr. Samuel in the “Jnl. A. S. of Bengal.” W. E.

PWO KAREN.

Indo-Chinese: monosyllabic dialect of BURMAH. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

PYGMEAN.

The people known as Mincopie belong to the most remarkable ancient race of short, small people with glossy skins, called Negrito; as the affinities of their dialects are with the languages of other short races, I propose the name PYGMEAN: (1) The SEPTENTRIONAL PYGMEAN includes Colebrooke’s Mincopie; in N. America, UTAH, COMANCHE, &c.; in S. America, KIRIRI; in N.E. Africa, CONGA, DALLA, &c. (2) The AUSTRAL PYGMEAN includes the languages of Terra del Fuego; in N. America, the NATCHEZ and CREEK; in Australia the TASMANIAN. H. C.

ADDENDA.

PAGEI, _see_ POGGY.

PAPIAH.

AFRICAN: a language of the Gaboon, allied to BAYON and BAGBA. H. C.

PILLAGERS.

American: dialect of CHIPPEWAY, called NORTHERN OJIBWAY.

Q.

QAMAMYL, _see_ QUAMAMYL.

QUA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Calabar. Vocabulary by Robertson, “Notes on Africa,” London, 1819.

QUABAILY, _under_ KABYLE.

QUADA, QUADO.

AMERICAN: dialect of Miranda, Brazil; same as GUATO.

QUADROONS.

Quarter-blood: issue of white and mulatto.

QUAIN _or_ QUANIAN.

Tchudic: name used for that dialect of FIN, called also NORWEGIAN-LAPLANDISH; vernacular in Finmark, a portion of Lapland belonging to Sweden and Norway. It is the Norwegian and Swedish name for the northern half of the Gulf of Bothnia, and the name of the people is Kainulaiset.

QUAIQUAI.

African: same as HOTTENTOT.

QUAKWOLTH.

AMERICAN: dialect of Vancouver Is., spoken N. of Nanaimo on the E. coast, and also by the Comoucs, but mixed with COWICHAN at Port Augusta. R. B.

QUAMAMYL (GAMAMYL).

AFRICAN: a vocabulary under this name is given by Cailliaud, which seems to be the FAZOGLO of Rüppell under an earlier name. R. G. L.

QUAPPA.

AMERICAN: Sioux tribe of the Arkansas; dialect closely allied to OMAHA.

QUAQUA.

American: same as MAPOJE.

QUARATSHI.

Romany: PERSIAN Gipsy.

QUEDAH.

Malayan: same as SEMANG-JAN.

QUEEN CHARLOTTE CAPE.

MELANESIAN: a district of New Caledonia; the language is known as BALADEA, but the name of DUAURA has been proposed by Gabelentz.

QUEEN CHARLOTTE’S IS.

AMERICAN: The following races are found there: Cumshewar, Keesarn, Kigarnee, Massit, and Skittegat.

QUELLIMANE.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.

QUENGUES.

American: same as CAYUGA.

QUERES, _see_ KERES.

QUICHE, KICHE.

American: MAYA language of Guatemala; dialects are CACHIQUEL and SUTUGIL. Grammar by De Bourbourg, Paris, 1862.

QUICHUA, KECHHUA.

AMERICAN: native dialect of Peru, formerly spoken by the Incas, and still vernacular along the W. course of the Andes. A dialect is called CHINCHAYSAYO. Analogies with SANSKRIT suggested by Lopez. Grammars by Markham, London, 1864; by Tschudi, Vienna, 1853.

⁂ Allied to AYMARA, PANOS, and PACAGUAYRA. H. C. ☞

QUINTIKUK.

AMERICAN: tribe of Narraganset Indians.

QUITO.

American: local dialect of QUICHUA.

QUOJA.

AFRICAN: short vocabulary for the delta of the Niger, probably the IBO of R. Kwá. Mithridates iii., 1. R. G. L.

R.

RABBINIC.

Later HEBREW; applied also to the cursive alphabet used by the Rabbins, and in a modified form by German and Polish Jews. _See_ TALMUDIC.

RADACK, RALICK.

POLYNESIAN: chain of islands in Lord Mulgrave’s archipelago; allied to Carolines.

RADIGEURS.

American: FRENCH name for Shoshones.

RAFAEL, _see_ RAPHAEL.

RAFFLES’ BAY.

AUSTRALIAN: See Wilson’s “Narrative,” London, 1835.

RAFIZIES.

Shiah-Mohammedans of Ghazan, Central Asia.

RAGUSAN.

Slavonic: local dialect of ILLYRIAN, spoken in Dalmatia.

RAHWA.

Native name for aborigines of Western Esthonia and Eastern Livonia. _See_ LIEF.

RAJ-MAHALI.

DRAVIDIAN: dialect of Tamil. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

RAKKAING (RUKHENG).

Monosyllabic: dialect of this tribe in N. Arracan, classed as INDO-CHINESE. A. C. _See_ RO.

RALICK, _see_ RADACK.

RAMASI (RAH-MÁR-SYÁNA).

INDIAN: slang of Thugs. Wilson.

RAMOSI, RAMOOSEE.

Dialect of MAHRATTA spoken by a low race, resembling the Bheels, ranging from Poona, S. to Kolapur. Wilson.

RAPHAEL, SAN.

American: Tchokoyem Indians of Californian Mission; closely allied to TALATUI, and classed as DIEGUNOS.

RAROTONGAN.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia spoken by the natives of the entire Hervey group comprising the Islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, with several smaller ones. The group is situated 18° to 22° S. lat., and 157° to 160° W. long. W. G. L.

RARUNG, RASGRAMEE.

INDIAN: local dialects of Kunawar.

RAS, RASENA.

Native appellation of Old Etruscans; the word is supposed to survive in RHÆTIAN, and Tschudi quotes a list of Romansch words, which he considers to have been derived from the Etruscan. See Taylor’s “Words and Places,” p. 49, 2nd edit.

RATAHAN.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Archipelago.”

RAVENSBERG.

Teutonic: dialect of LOW-GERMAN, “Westphalian Magazine” for 1788.

RDJAGAR.

Indian: a SANSKRITIC dialect of Thibet.

REDSCAR BAY.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN. Vocaby. in Macgillivray’s “Voyage of the Rattlesnake,” vol. ii., p. 318.

REDUPLICATED.

Words found in all languages having sounds or syllables doubled, as “hoddy-doddy” for “snail;” “hogan-mogan,” “a Dutch man of rank.” Dicty. by Wheatley, London, 1866.

REINDEER.

Ugrian: a dialect of KORIAK spoken by Tshuktshi in Kamskatka.

REJANG, REDJANG.

A dialect of MALAY, perhaps sufficiently distinct to be considered as a peculiar language, and spoken in Sumatra in the Rejang districts of the interior, and in the adjacent districts of Bencoolen. It is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V. _See_ PALEMBANG.

REKHTA.

“Mixed language,” applied to HINDOSTANI or URDU.

REMBOKENG.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

RENNES.

Romance; _patois_ of FRENCH. “Memoirs Fr. Antiq. Society,” vol. vi.

RENNTHIER.

German form of “rein-deer,” applied to the TSHUKTSHI.

REVAL, REVEL.

Finnish: local dialect of ESTHONIAN. _See_ DORPAT.

RHÆTIAN.

The class of languages spoken in the Tyrol, to which the ETRUSCAN has also been referred. _See_ PALÆO-GEORGIAN.

RHÆTO-ROMANIC.

Same as CHURWALSCHE; name for the _patois_ of La Suisse Romane as spoken in the Rhætian Alps. Glossary by Bridel, Lausanne, 1866.

RHATORE, _see_ MEWARA.

RHENISH.

Germanic: sub-dialect of NIEDER-DEUTSCH. See Müller’s “Provinzialismen,” Aachen, 1838.

RICCARI.

AMERICAN, also written ARICARA; name for the Satrahe tribes of Pawnee Indians.

RIHANI.

ARABIC: term used for titular characters, or inscriptions on monuments.

RO.

Monosyllabic; sub-dialect of RAKKENG. _See_ ROSSAWN.

RODIYA.

Indian: rude dialect of Ceylon, allied to HINDI. Small Vocaby. by Dr. Roth in Latham’s “Elements,” p. 233.

RODONG.

Non-Aryan language of Nipal, belonging to the KIRANTI group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

ROKA.

MALAYAN: dialect of Flores or Mangeyle, E. Indies.

ROMA, ROMANY, _see_ ROMMANY.

ROMAGNOL, ROMAGNA, ROMAN.

ITALIC: dialect of Central Italy. See “Racotta,” Osinio, 1769.

ROMAIC.

HELLENIC: language of Modern Greece, called also NEO-HELLENIC. The vernacular speech is largely augmented with SLAVONIC, TURKISH, and ITALIAN, but not the written language.

⁂ Several dialects have been distinguished: there is most TURKISH in the languages of Macedonia; most ITALIAN in the languages of the Ionian Islands.

ROMAN.

Alphabetic character in universal use; adopted in early ITALIC from the PHŒNICIAN or early GREEK, and spread by means of the LATIN language.

ROMANA, ROMANESE, RUMONSCH.

A modification of LATIN, including upper and lower ENGADINE, vernacular in the Grisons, Swiss Alps.

ROMANCE, _or_ ROMANIC.

Class name for all modern languages derived from LATIN; including, in chief, FRENCH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, WALLACHIAN, and ROMANSCH. See Etymological Dictionary by Diez and Donkin, London, 1864; Essay by Lewis, London, 1862.

ROMANCE, ROMAUNT, _or_ ROMAN.

A name awkwardly used as equivalent to PROVENÇAL, or the LANGUE D’OC of South France; thus Raynouard’s Dicty. of Provençal is called “Lexique de la Langue Roman.” W. W. S. _See_ ROMAINE.

ROMANO-MOLDAVIAN.

Dialect of Romanic, intermediate between MOLDAVIAN and WALLACHIAN.

ROMMANY.

A name for GIPSY, self-applied; also called BOHEMIAN, ZINCALI, TCHINGHIANES, ZIGEUNER, GITANO, &c. ☞

ROMOHON.

Malayan: sub-dialect of MENADU.

ROMONAN.

AMERICAN: tribe of Costanos in California.

RON.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN spoken in New Guinea.

ROOT-DIGGERS _or_ DIGGERS.

American: Indians of the Sierra Nevada, California, classed as SHOSHONES. They are also called Gens de Pitie, Radigeurs, and Maradiços; the most degraded race of Red Indians in N. America.

⁂ The language is allied to the NEGRITIC or PYGMEAN of the Andamans. H. C.

ROOTS.

Ultimate forms of words, the primitive basis of a language, serving to connect related languages in different parts of the globe, and frequently transferred from one family of speech to another.

ROSETTA-STONE.

EGYPTIAN: remarkable object of antiquity in the B. Museum; Bilingual inscription of Ptolemy Epiphanes, B.C. 196, in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, or Enchorial, and Uncial Greek.

ROSSAWN, RUSAN.

Indian: a dialect of BENGALI spoken by Hindus of Arakan. _See_ RUINGA.

ROTHWALSH.

GERMAN term for cant, slang, or gibberish. _See_ DIEBES-SP.

ROTTI.

MALAYAN: Island of the Sunda group S. W. of Timor; it has straight-haired Polynesians, with a separate language. See Dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”

ROTUMAN.

The language of the Island of Rotumah, situated in 12° S. lat. and 177° E. long., which appears to be a compound of Eastern and Western Polynesian. W. G. L.

ROUCHI-FRANÇAISE.

The same as WALLON. See Dicty. of Hécart, Paris, 1834.

ROUMAN, ROUMANA, RUMANYO (RUMANJE.)

A name for DACIAN. _See_ WALLACHIAN.

ROVEREDO.

Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN. “Lezione,” by Pannetti, Roveredo, 1761.

RUCAHEE.

AMERICAN: tribe of Abipones.

RUINGA.

Indian: dialect of BENGALI spoken by Mohammedans of Arakan. _See_ RAKKAING.

RUKHENG, _see_ RAKKAING.

RUMAHKAI.

MALAYAN: dialect of Ceram.

RUMONSCH, _see_ ROMANA.

RUMSEN, RUNSIENES.

AMERICAN: Achastlian Indians of the San Carlos Mission, Monterey.

RUNDA.

African: sub-dialect of KAFFIR.

RUNES, RUNIC.

Early alphabet of N. Europe, attributed to primitive GOTHIC, and found in Scandinavian or old Norse and Icelandic inscriptions; called FUTHORC, from the first five letters. The Anglo-Saxon names are FEOH, UR, THORN, OS, RAD, CEN. Dicty. by Dieterich, Stockholm, 1845; Work by Stephens: “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” London, 1869.

⁂ Historically viewed, RUNES may be considered as associated with the Pagan era of Scandinavian races, having apparently been relinquished as each tribe, in succession, adopted the Roman alphabet in consequence of embracing Christianity. In English the rune WEN, or W., continued in use till about A.D. 1280; the rune THORN, or TH, lingered till A.D. 1500, and is even used now, though miswritten “y,” as in “ye,” pronounced “the.” W. W. S.

RUNGCHENBUNG.

NON-ARYAN: dialect of Kiranti group E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

RUNGO.

AFRICAN: dialect of Sierra Leone. See Kilham’s Specimens.

RUNSIENES, _see_ RUMSEN.

RUSAN, _see_ ROSSAWN.

RUSLEN.

AMERICAN: Indians of California.

RUSS _or_ RUSSIAN (ROOSKIE).

Dominant language of SLAVONIC, using the CYRILLIC characters, and very largely augmented from other families of speech, forming one of the most copious languages in the world; sub-divisions or local dialects known as MUSCOVITE or GREAT RUSSIAN, WHITE RUSSIAN, SUSDALIC, OLONETZIAN, UKRAINIAN or LITTLE RUSSIAN. Grammar by Heard; by Reiff, Paris, 1862; Lexicon, Karlsruhe, 1870-1; and by Dahl.

RUSSNIACK.

SLAVONIC: a local dialect of Hungary. _See_ OROSZ.

RUSTICA (LINGUA).

Supposed provincial dialects of classical LATIN during the Roman period. (Raynouard.)

RUTANA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Nubia. See Jülg’s “Vater,” p. 319.

RUTHENIAN.

Slavonic: dialect of RUSS.

RUTLUK.

NON-ARYAN language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

ADDENDA.

RESSAWIAN.

A dialect of SERVIAN, spoken on the Resava and the Schwartz-bach. G. R.

ROMAINE _or_ ROMANCE.

A name awkwardly used as equivalent to the Old French of the North of France, or LANGUE D’OÏL; thus Roquefort’s Dicty. of the Langue d’oïl is called “Glossaire de la Langue Romaine.” W. W. S.

ROMANIA.

The name by which the Wallachians call their own language. G. R.

RUMELIAN.

A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in and about Constantinople. G. R.

S.

SAAB.

African: name for HOTTENTOT. More especially applied to the Bushman.

SAAMEN, _see_ SEMIAN.

SAAR, SAARWERDEN.

Teutonic: sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Sammlung,” &c., by Schwalb, Saarbrück, 1833; Journal für Deutschland, 1788.

SABINE, SABELLIAN.

Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to OSCAN. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.

SABLE, _see_ OSTIAK.

SABME, _see_ SUOMELAINI.

SABUJA, SABUYAH.

American: spoken in Bahia.

⁂ Allied to the PYGMEAN or NEGRITO of the Andamans, SHOSHONI, MAYORUNA, DARIEN, GONGA, and GE. H. C. _See_ KIRIRI.

SAC, SAKE, or SAUK.

AMERICAN: allied to Fox-Indians. _See_ KIKKAPU.

SACHSISCH, _under_ SAXON.

SACRAMENTO.

AMERICAN: Indians of California. _See_ MAG-R.

SAGZI, _see_ SEGZI.

SAHAPTIN.

American: spoken in Oregon; they are called Nez-percées by Canadians. The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the CAYUS, LUTUAMI, PADUCA, PALAIK, SHASTI, SHOSHONE, &c. R. G. L.

SAHIDIC, SAHITIC.

Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to BASHMURIC. See Tattam’s “Grammar,” London, 1863.

SAHO, _see_ SHIHO.

SAHOE.

MALAYAN: dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Arch.”

SAINT-OMER.

Romance: _patois_ of French. See “Mém. de la S. des Antiq.” vol. 3.

SAK.

Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, allied to KAMI, &c. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SAKALAVES.

Aborigines of Madagascar.

SAKARRAN.

DAYAK of Borneo.

SAKATU.

African: dialect of FULAH. See Lyon’s “Narrative,” London, 1821.

SAKI, SAKEWI, _see_ SAC.

SALA.

AFRICAN: dialect of Bomba. See Douville’s “Voyage au Congo,” &c. Paris, 1832.

SALAWATTI.

Negrito: PAPUAN dialect of New Guinea.

SALAYER.

MALAYAN: small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”

SALBIN.

Turkee: dialect of KOIBAL.

SALDANHA BAY.

African: dialect of HOTTENTOT.

SALIBABOO.

MALAYAN: dialect of Talaut. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”

SALISH, _see_ SELISH.

SALIVA, SALIVI.

AMERICAN: spoken on the R. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New Granada. The ATURE, MACO, PIAROA, and QUAQUA, are called Saliva dialects. R. G. L.

SALONG, _see_ SILONG.

SALOR.

TATAR tribe of Central Asia: classed as Turcomans.

SALTEAUX, SAUTEUX.

AMERICAN: Eastern Chippeways; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan R. line. Butler’s “Gt. Lone Land,” London, 1873.

SALZBURG.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.

SAM, _see_ SANSCRIT.

SAMANG _or_ SEMANG.

MALAYAN: spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of Malacca. Sub-dialects are known as SEMANG-JAN and SEMANG-JURU. _See_ KEDAH.

SAMARANG.

MALAYAN: sub-dialect of Java.

SAMARITAN.

Semitic: extinct dialect of ARAMAIC, closely allied to HEBREW, and by some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical Hebrew, being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet similar to the PHŒNICIAN, but of more ornate character. An ancient version of the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous, the ancient Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.

SAMBOE, _under_ Z.

SAMEN, _see_ SUOMELAINI.

SAMNITE.

ARCHAIC dialect of ancient Italy, known only by inscriptions. _See_ OSCAN.

SAMOAN.

A dialect of Eastern Polynesia; spoken by the natives of Samoa, or the Navigator’s Islands; a group situated in 13° to 15° S. lat., and 168° to 173° W. longitude. This is the only dialect of Eastern Polynesia which has a sibilant. W. G. L.

SAMOGITIAN.

LITHUANIAN of Wilna, a Russian government in the Baltic provinces. It is also called POLISH-LITHUANIC.

SAMOIEDE, SAMOYED, _or_ SAMOJEDIC.

Ugrian: dialect classed as FIN, spoken by Tatar tribes along the Frozen Ocean in N. Siberia. Divisions are known as: (1) NISOVI, North of the Beresov. (2) VERKHOVI, dialects of the Obi. Grammar by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1854. _See_ SOYOTES.

SAMUCA _or_ ZAMUCA.

AMERICAN: Indians of Chiquitos. Dialects are CAIPOTORADE and MOROTOCO.

SAN.

AMERICAN: “San” Spanish for Saint, Sanctus; prefix to several Missions.

SAN-ANTONIO, in California. Vocaby. by Sitjar, 1861.

SANTA-BARBARA. See “Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,” 1841. _See_ PUEBLO.

SANANGDI, _see_ SUNGHAI.

SANDAN.

Moghol: TUNGOOS dialect of Manchuria.

SANDANGAN.

JAVANESE: Vowel signs in written characters of the native alphabet.

SANDEH.

AFRICAN: language of the Nile regions. The people are cannibals with saw teeth, reputed to have a deformity of the _os coccygis_. They are commonly called Nyanya. The language has affinities to TASMANIAN and to some words of Australasia. There is a vocabulary and a grammar by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873; and some words in Petherick’s “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 1861. This language is of very ancient type. H. C.

SANDWICH IS., _see_ KANAKA.

SANESE.

ITALIC: dialect of Siena. Vocaby. by Gigli, Siena, 1797.

SANGARA.

Moghol: TUNGUS dialect of Manchuria.

SANGIANG.

MALAYAN: priestly dialect of Borneo, largely influenced by SANSCRIT.

SANGIJ, SANGIR.

Malayan: dialect of MENADU.

SANGOUW.

DAYAK of Borneo: allied to BIAJUK.

SANG-PANG.

Non-Aryan: dialect of E. Nipal, belonging to the KIRANTI group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SANGUIR.

MALAYAN: group adjoining Celebes; dialect allied to MENADU. Wallace: “Malay A.”

SANKIKANI.

American: old dialect of ALGONKIN, spoken by Ogibways of New Sweden, now New Jersey.

SANSANDING, _see_ SUNGHAI.

SANSCRIT, SANSKRIT.

Indo-European: typical dialect of INDIAN, and parent of BENGALI, HINDI, GUJERATTI, HINDUSTANI, MAHRATTI, ORIYA, PUNJABI, and SINDHI; it is closely allied to ZEND and other languages of the IRANIC branch, and though no longer vernacular, is preserved in the Vedas and other sacred writings of the Brahmins. The word Sanskrit means “polished, refined,” der.: sam, “together,” krita, “made perfect” = Samskrita, “made euphonic.” The alphabetic character is called Devanagari, “city of the gods,” from Benares, sacred city of the Brahmins; and it is read from left to right like European languages.

The term OLD SANSCRIT is applied to an early numismatic alphabet found on coins of Kabul. _See_ PRAKRIT.

SANTALI, _see_ SONTALI.

SANWAR, SUNWUR.

Bhot: dialect of the Sunwars of E. Nipal, classed as THIBETAN. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

SAPARUA.

MALAYAN: dialect of the Moluccas.

SAPIBOCONI.

AMERICAN: tribes of Moxos Missions in Bolivia.

⁂ It belongs to the GUARANI and AGAW class; and is allied to MOVIMA and APIACA. H. C. ☞

SAQUE, _see_ SAC.

SARABAYA, _see_ SURABAYA.

SARAKHOLLE, _see_ SERACOLET.

SARAMACCA.

American: CREOLESE of Surinam, called DJOE-TONGO. It is said to be derived from Portuguese Jews, who were among the settlers in the colony, and meant Jews’ language. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 56.

SARAR.

AFRICAN: spoken on the N.W. coast, and closely allied to BAGNON, BOLAR, BULANDA, &c.

SARAVECA.

AMERICAN: nearly extinct. Christian tribes of the Santa Anna Mission, Chiquitos. It belongs to the AGAW group. H. C.

SARAWASTI, _see_ PRAKRIT.

SARAWI.

Name of the people and language of the Passumah valleys in the interior of Palembang in Sumatra. It is a MALAY dialect, with a considerable infusion of JAVANESE, and is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V.

SARDEGNA, SARDINIAN.

(1) Archaic: known only from inscriptions, and assumed to be derived from LYBIAN.

(2) Romance: dialect of ITALIAN. Grammar by Porru, Cagliari, 1811.

SARIK, SARYK.

Tatar tribe of Central Asia; classed as Turcomans.

SARMATIAN.

General name for the SLAVONIC family of languages.

SAROINSOIG.

Malayan: dialect of MENADU.

SART.

Tatar tribe of the Khanate of Khiva.

SASAK.

Malayan: dialect of SALAPARANG, somewhat allied to SUMBAWA. _See_ LOMBOK.

SASSANIAN.

Properly a dynasty of Persian monarchs, dating from Ardshir (Artachetr) circa 220-240 A.D. Used sometimes as a name for the language employed by these monarchs on their coins and inscriptions. But the language is better termed PEHLEVI or HUZVARESH. G. R. _See_ GOOPTA.

SASTE, _under_ SH.

SASTROSWORO.

JAVANESE: accents used to produce alphabetic equivalents for Arabic letters.

SATAHUAN, SATAWAL, SETAWAL.

Micronesian of the Carolines: allied to CHAMORI.

SATERLAND.

Teutonic: dialect of FRISIC. See Hoche’s “Reise,” Bremen, 1800.

SATRAHE.

American: same as ARICARA. _See_ RICCARI.

SATSIKA.

American: “Blackfeet;” tribes of ALGONKIN in N.W.

SAUKI, SAWKEE, _see_ SAC.

SAUSENBERG.

Teutonic: classed as HIGH-GERMAN.

SAUTEUX, _see_ SALTEAUX.

SAVAGE IS., _see_ NIEUE.

SAVAKOT.

Ugrian: dialect of KARELIAN.

SAVANERIC.

AMERICAN: Panama Indians, near Las Palmas.

SAVARA.

KHOND dialect of the Sour in Souradah. Ganjam circar, British India. Vocabulary in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” The numerals resemble the THUG and KORIAK in some respects. H. C.

SAVOY.

Romance: mingled dialects of FRENCH and ITALIAN.

SAVU, SAWU.

Malayan: dialect of NEGRITO character, spoken in an island W. of Timor. Diss.: Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar.”

SAWANNO, _see_ SHAWANOE.

SAXON (SACHSISCH).

Teutonic: name for typical dialect of old LOW-GERMAN, now extinct, formerly spoken in Schleswig and Holstein, and thence brought to England; it was closely allied to GOTHIC and ALLEMANNIC. Upper Saxon is a dialect of High-German. See “Gedichte,” by Döring, Leipsig, 1835. _See_ ANGLO-SAXON.

The literary remains, or stages of language, run thus:—

(1) OLD LOW-GERMAN, or Old Saxon, extinct in 9th century, but represented by the “Evangelian Harmony.”

(2) LOW-GERMAN of middle ages, represented by the story called “Reynard the Fox.”

(3) Modern LOW-GERMAN: (_a_) Saxon, of Lower Saxony. (_b_) East-Saxon (Brandenburg, Pomerania). (_c_) West-Saxon, _i.e._, Westphalian.

⁂ Saxon is classed by French philologists as CIMBRIAN. _See_ MISNIAN.

SAYANIC.

TURKEE of the Upper Yenesei.

SCANDINAVIAN (SKANSKT).

Teutonic: class name for NORWEGIAN and allied dialects, including OLD NORSE, ICELANDIC, and the modern languages of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.

SCHABBI, _see_ SHABUN.

SCHAN, _see_ SHAN.

SCHLESWIG (SLESWICK).

Dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See “Karte,” &c., by Geerz, Eutin, 1838.

SCHONEN.

Sub-dialect of Sweden. Lexicon by Klinghammer, Helsingborg, 1841.

SCHWABEN, _see_ SWABIAN.

SCHWEIZ, _see_ SWISS.

SCINDE, _see_ SINDHI.

SCLAVIC.

Same as SLAVONIAN; Greek form from Σχλαβηνοι. _See_ SLAVONIC.

SCOTCH _or_ SCOTTISH.

(Of the Lowlands). Dialect of ENGLISH, as spoken in that part of the old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See Murray: “Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,” 1873. Dicty. by Jamieson.

Old Scottish: Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710; Pinkerton’s Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the “Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew.” _See_ GAELIC.

SCOTT’S-RIVER INDIANS.

American: ENGLISH name for the T-ka Indians. _See_ IDDOA.

SCYTHIAN.

Word used for Nomadic; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes speaking TURANIAN dialects in Central Asia.

⁂ The few ancient Scythian words resemble MANCHU. H. C.

SEA-GIPSIES, _see_ BAJAU.

SECHUANA.

African: same as BECHUANA; classed as S.E. BANTU. Dr. Bleek writes “Setshuana.”

SECQLAPI.

African: dialect of KAFFIR.

SECUMNE, _see_ SEKUMNE.

SEGZI.

Iranic: early PERSIAN dialect of Seistan or Segistan.

SEHUAC, _see_ TEHUELET.

SEKUMNE.

American: Indians of U. California, closely allied to TSAMAK.

SELDSCHUK, SELJUK.

Alatyan: a dialect of TURKISH.

SELENGA.

Turanian: dialect of MOGHOL, closely allied to AIMAUK.

SELISH.

AMERICAN: tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are sometimes called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called SHOUSHWAP. Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. _See_ TSHIHAILI.

SEMIAN.

Sub-Semitic: a dialect of AMHARIC.

SEMINOLE.

American: Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the CREEK or MUSKOGULGEE class. R. G. L.

SEMITIC.

A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as SYRO-ARABIC; class name for the ARABIC, ARAMAIC, MESOPOTAMIAN, and CANAANITISH groups of languages, taken collectively.

(1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes ETHIOPIC and AMHARIC.

(2) Aramaic is represented by SYRIAC.

(3) Mesopotamian includes ancient ASSYRIAN, BABYLONIAN, and the modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan.

(4) Canaanitish includes PHŒNICIAN and HEBREW.

The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only. “Sem” is the equivalent for “Chem” by a natural law of speech. ☞

SEMITIC (SUB), _see_ HEBRÆO-AFRICAN.

SENA.

AFRICAN: dialect of the Mozambique.

SENAAR, _see_ SHILLUK.

SENECA, SENEKA.

American: IROQUOIS dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See “Hymn-book,” New York, 1852.

SEPHARDIM.

HEBREW word; name for Spanish Jews.

SERACOLET, SERAHULI, SERAWULLI.

African: dialect of true NEGRO.

⁂ Under the names AZERIYE, ASWAREK, and SWANINKE, Barth gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the three languages just named may, along with the FULAH, be brought within the same class. R. G. L.

SERAWATTY.

Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in BABA, KISSER, and SERMATTE.

SERB _or_ SERVIAN.

Slavonic: native speech of Servia, closely allied to POLISH and RUSSIAN, and written in CYRILLIC characters. Grammar by Jordan, Prague, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. _See_ ILLYRIAN.

SERERES (SERAIRES).

African: dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to SARAR and SERAWULLI.

SERGU, _see_ SURGA.

SERMATTE.

MALAYAN: native name of the Serawatte Is.

SEROCI.

Negrito: dialect of PAPUAN.

SERPA.

BHOT: dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.

SERPENT, SERPENS.

American: Snake Indians; same as SHOSHONES. _See_ NAGA.

SERRANO.

American: SPANISH name for TEHUELHET.

SERSKEN, SERSKISH.

Wendic: the SORB of Lower Lusatia.

SERVIAN, _see_ SERB.

SESUTO.

AFRICAN: dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs.

SETAWAL, _see_ SATAWAL.

SETTE-COMMUNI.

Teutonic: local dialect of Italy, classed as HIGH-GERMAN. _See_ TREDECI.

SEVERNOVZI.

AMERICAN: tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in “Beiträge zur Kenntniss,” St. Petersburg, 1839.

SGAU.

Monosyllabic: Burmese dialect of KAREN. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”

SHABUN.

AFRICAN: dialect of Kordovan.

SHAGA.

African: same as AGAG; a form of ANGOLA.

SHAHAPTIN, _see_ SAHAPTIN.

SHALCHA.

Lesgian: MIZDZHEDZHI dialect of the Caucasus.

SHAMAITEN, _see_ SARMATIAN.

SHAN, SHYAN.

INDO-CHINESE: Thay race of Burmah; used also for a division of SIAMESE. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”