Chapter I: Part 1

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TREES OF INDIANA

(First Revised Edition)

by

CHAS. C. DEAM

April, 1921

Fort Wayne Printing Company Contractors for Indiana State Printing and Binding Fort Wayne, Indiana 1921

The Department of Conservation State of Indiana W. A. Guthrie, Chairman. Stanley Coulter. John W. Holtzman. E. M. Wilson, Secretary.

Publication No. 13

Richard Lieber. Director.

SYCAMORE NEAR WORTHINGTON. IND., THE LARGEST BROAD-LEAVED TREE IN THE U. S. FIVE FEET ABOVE THE GROUND IT IS 42 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC.; THE EAST BRANCH IS 27 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC. AND THE WEST BRANCH IS 23 FT. 2 IN. IN CIRC. SEE JOUR. HEREDITY, VOL. 6:407:1915.]

Preface

The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers of the State.

Since forestry is an integral part of agriculture which is now taught in our public schools, and since a book on the trees of the State is in demand, the Conservation Commission has authorized a revised edition of "The Trees of Indiana." What was formerly Bulletin No. 3 of the Division of Forestry is now published as Publication No. 13 of the Department. The reader's attention is called to a new departure in illustrations, which were made from photographic reproductions of specimens in Mr. Deam's herbarium. The photographs were taken by Mr. Harry F. Dietz of the Division of Entomology. It is believed that it will be gratefully received by the public and will stimulate an interest in forestry that should achieve practical results.

RICHARD LIEBER,
Director, The Department of Conservation.

Table of Contents.

Preface 7

List of illustrations 10

Introduction 13

Key to families 17

Trees of Indiana 19

Excluded Species 290

Measurements of some large trees that grow in Indiana 297

Specific gravity of Indiana woods 299

Index 305

Illustrations.

PLATE NUMBER PLATES PAGE

1. Frontispiece; Sycamore, largest hardwood tree in U.S. 5
2. Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 21
3. Pinus Banksiana (Gray or Jack Pine) 23
4. Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine) 24
5. Larix laricina (Tamarack) 27
6. Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 29
7. Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 31
8. Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitæ) 33
9. Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 35
10. Salix nigra (Black Willow) 37
11. Salix amygdaloides (Peach-leaved Willow) 39
12. Salix alba (White Willow) 41
13. Salix fragilis (Crack Willow) 42
14. Salix discolor (Pussy Willow) 44
15. Populus alba (Silver-leaf Poplar) 46
16. Populus heterophylla (Swamp Cottonwood) 48
17. Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 49
18. Populus grandidentata (Large-toothed Aspen) 51
19. Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 53
20. Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 55
21. Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 57
22. Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 60
23. Carya cordiformis (Pignut Hickory) 62
24. Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 64
25. Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 67
26. Carya alba (White Hickory) 69
27. Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 71
28. Carya ovalis (Small-fruited Hickory) 73
29. Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana 77
30. Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 79
31. Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 81
32. Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 83
33. Betula populifolia (Gray or White Birch) 86
34. Betula papyrifera (Paper or Canoe Birch) 87
35. Betula nigra (Black or Red Birch) 89
36. Alnus incana (Speckled Alder) 91
37. Alnus rugosa (Smooth Alder) 93
38. Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 95
39. Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 97
40. Quercus alba (White Oak) 102
41. Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 105
42. Quercus Muhlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) 106
43. Quercus Michauxii (Cow or Basket Oak) 108
44. Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 111
45. Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 113
46. Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 115
47. Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 118
48. Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 120
49. Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 122
50. Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 124
51. Quercus Schneckii (Schneck's Red Oak) 125
52. Quercus ellipsoidalis (Hill's Oak) 128
53. Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 129
54. Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 132
55. Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 134
56. Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 136
57. Ulmus fulva (Slippery or Red Elm) 139
58. Ulmus americana (White Elm) 141
59. Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory or Rock Elm) 143
60. Ulmus alata (Winged Elm) 144
61. Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 147
62. Celtis pumila var. Deamii (Dwarf Hackberry) 149
63. Celtis mississippiensis (Sugarberry) 152
64. Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 154
65. Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 156
66. Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 158
67. Liriodendron Tulipifera (Tulip Tree or Yellow Poplar) 160
68. Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 162
69. Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 164
70. Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 167
71. Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 169
72. Malus glaucescens (American Crab Apple) 173
73. Malus lancifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab Apple) 175
74. Malus ioensis (Western Crab Apple) 176
75. Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry or Service Berry) 178
76. Amelanchier lævis (Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry) 179
77. Cratægus Crus-galli (Cock-spur Thorn) 183
78. Cratægus cuneiformis (Marshall's Thorn) 184
79. Cratægus punctata (Large-fruited Thorn) 186
80. Cratægus Margaretta (Judge Brown's Thorn) 187
81. Cratægus collina (Chapman's Hill Thorn) 189
82. Cratægus succulenta (Long-spined Thorn) 190
83. Cratægus neo-fluvialis (New River Thorn) 192
84. Cratægus Calpodendron (Pear Thorn) 193
85. Cratægus chrysocarpa (Round-leaved Thorn) 195
86. Cratægus viridis (Southern Thorn) 196
87. Cratægus nitida (Shining Thorn) 198
88. Cratægus macrosperma (Variable Thorn) 199
89. Cratægus basilica (Edson's Thorn) 201
90. Cratægus Jesupi (Jesup's Thorn) 202
91. Cratægus rugosa (Fretz's Thorn) 204
92. Cratægus filipes (Miss Beckwith's Thorn) 205
93. Cratægus Gattingeri (Gattinger's Thorn) 207
94. Cratægus pruinosa (Waxy-fruited Thorn) 208
95. Cratægus coccinoides (Eggert's Thorn) 210
96. Cratægus coccinea (Scarlet Thorn) 211
97. Cratægus mollis (Red-fruited or Downy Thorn) 213
98. Cratægus Phænopyrum (Washington's Thorn) 215
99. Prunus americana (Wild Red Plum) 217
100. Prunus americana var. lanata (Woolly-leaf Plum) 219
101. Prunus nigra (Canada Plum) 220
102. Prunus hortulana (Wild Goose Plum) 222
103. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 224
104. Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 225
105. Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 228
106. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 229
107. Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 231
108. Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut Tree) 234
109. Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 236
110. Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven) 238
111. Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 241
112. Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 243
113. Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 245
114. Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 247
115. Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 249
116. Æsculus glabra (Buckeye) 252
117. Æsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 254
118. Tilia glabra (Linn or Basswood) 256
119. Tilia heterophylla (White Basswood) 258
120. Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 260
121. Cornus florida (Dogwood) 262
122. Oxydendrum arboreum (Sour Wood or Sorrel Tree) 264
123. Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 266
124. Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 269
125. Fraxinus biltmoreana (Biltmore Ash) 271
126. Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash) 273
127. Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 275
128. Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) 277
129. Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 279
130. Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) 281
131. Adelia acuminata (Pond Brush or Crooked Brush) 283
132. Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 285
133. Catalpa speciosa (Hardy Catalpa) 286
134. Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 289
135. County Map of Indiana 301
136. Map showing certain areas of forest distribution 302
137. English and Metric Scales compared 303

Trees of Indiana

_INTRODUCTION_

The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made.

The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms. _Alnus rugosa_ which so closely resembles _Alnus incana_, is an exception, and a description of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form of _Alnus_. Also several species of Cratægus are included which commonly do not attain tree size. The species of all Cratægus begin to flower and fruit many years before they attain their maximum size. The genus is much in need of study, and the smaller forms are included to stimulate a study of the genus, and in order that the larger forms may be more easily and certainly identified.

The number of introduced trees has been limited to those that more or less freely escape at least in some parts of the State. The one exception is _Catalpa bignonioides_, which is given to help separate it from our native catalpa, both of which are now commonly planted.

=Botanic Description.=--The botanic descriptions have been made from specimens collected in Indiana. In most instances the material has been quite ample, and collected from all parts of the State. Technical terms have been avoided, and only when precision and accuracy were necessary have a few been used which can be found in any school dictionary. The length of the description varies in proportion to the importance and interest of the species and the number of characters necessary to separate it from other forms. The characters used are those which are the most conspicuous, and are generally with the specimen at hand. In most instances mature leaves are at hand, and these are most fully described. When leaves are discussed, only mature and normal leaves are considered. The descriptions are not drawn to include the leaf forms, and sizes of coppice shoots or seedlings. Measurements of simple leaves do not include the petiole unless mentioned.

When the term twig is used, it means the growth of the year. Branchlets and branches mean all growth except the present year. By seasons are meant the calendar seasons.

The size of trees is designated as small, medium and large. These terms are defined as follows: Small trees are those that attain a diameter of 2 dm.; medium-sized trees are those whose maximum diameter is between 2 dm. and 6 dm.; large-sized trees are those which are commonly more than 6 dm. in diameter. Diameter measurements are at 14 dm. (4-1/2) feet above the ground, or breast high.

The common names given are those most generally used in our area. Where common names are rarely applied to our forms, the common commercial or botanical common name is given. In some instances where a tree is known by several names, one or more of which are often applied to a related species, the liberty has been taken to select a common name which should be restricted to the one species.

Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as follows: the grave (\) accent to indicate the long English sound of the vowel and the acute (/) accent to show the short or otherwise modified sound.

Measurements have been given in the metric system, and in some instances the English equivalent has also been given.

The nomenclature attempted is that of the International Code. The sequence of families is that of Gray's Manual, 7th Edition.

=Distribution.=--The general distribution of the species is first given, which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The general distribution has been obtained by freely consulting all the local floras and general works on botany. The Indiana distribution has been obtained for the greater part from specimens represented in the writer's herbarium and from notes in doing field work during the past 24 years. Since the first edition of the "Trees of Indiana" was published the writer has traveled over 27,000 miles in Indiana, via auto, making a special study of the flora of the State, and has visited every county and has traversed practically every township in the State. In discussing numbers in distribution it was decided to use terms already in common use, but to assign a definite meaning to each as follows: Very common means more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; frequent 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, 1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; local when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots.

Where a species has the limit of its range in our area, its distribution is sometimes given at length for scientific reasons. It should be remembered that some of the older records of distribution were made by geologists or inexperienced botanists, and when such records are questioned it is done with a spirit of scientific accuracy. Some of our early authors did not distinguish between cultivated and native trees, which involves the distribution of certain species.

The habitat of many species is discussed; which suggests forestal, horticultural and ornamental possibilities. Then too, the habitat of a tree, helps to identify it. When associated trees are given, those are enumerated which are characteristic of the species throughout its range in our area and they are arranged in the order of their abundance.

A county map of the State is included which will assist in finding the range of each species. A forestal area map is also added to visualize certain habitats of the State.

The range and distribution of the species in the State has been given considerable attention to encourage investigation along this line.

=Remarks.=--Under this title the economic uses of the trees and their products have been given. In addition horticultural and unclassified information is included.

=Illustrations.=--All of the illustrations except two are photographic reproductions of specimens in the writer's herbarium. The two drawings were used in the first edition.

About 20 of the photographs were made by Paul Ulman, and the remainder by Harry F. Dietz, who has laboriously tried to obtain good reproductions from the material at hand.

=Explanation of Map of Certain Forestal Areas.=--In describing the distribution of certain species of trees within the State, it was found convenient to speak of certain forestal areas which are here described, and are illustrated by a map which may be found at the end of the text.

_Lake Region_:--The southernmost lakes in Indiana are those located in the southwestern part of Wells County; Lake Galacia about five miles northeast of Fairmount in Grant County; Lake Cicott in Cass County; and Kate's Pond about 1-1/2 miles northwest of Independence in Warren County. Roughly estimated, all of Indiana north of a line connecting these lakes might be considered the lake area of the State. _Prairie Area_:--While the interior of Indiana has quite a few small areas called prairies, the real western prairie did not extend far into the State. The dividing line is very irregular, and several elongated lobes extended farther east than indicated by the map. The larger areas east of the line were the extensive prairie area of the Kankakee Valley; the northern part of Pulaski County; and parts of White and Tippecanoe Counties. _"Knob" Area_:--This is the hilliest part of the State and is located in the southcentral part. It is contained in the unglaciated portion of the State, and includes the "knobs" of the Knobstone, Chester and Mansfield sandstone areas of Indiana. In this area are included the scrub pine and chestnut oak, with one exception; sorrel tree and the chestnut, with two possible exceptions. _The Flats_:--This is a level stretch of country, here and there deeply eroded. Being level, and the soil a fine compact clay, the drainage is poor which suggested the local name "flats." _The Lower Wabash Valley_:--This is part of Knox, Gibson and Posey Counties which is usually inundated each year by the Wabash River.

=Acknowledgments.=--The character and qualities of the wood have for the greater part been taken from the works of Britton and Brown, Hough, and Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged.

The _Salicaceæ_, except the genus _Populus_ was written by C. R. Ball, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. The _Malaceæ_ was contributed by W. W. Eggleston, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. These authors were asked to make their part conform to the general plan of the book. Mr. Ball and Mr. Eggleston are recognized authorities on the respective parts they have written and users of this book will appreciate the value of having these difficult parts written by our best authorities. The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge this great favor.

The most grateful acknowledgement is given to Prof. Stanley Coulter, Dean, School Science, Purdue University, who has read all of the manuscript and made valuable suggestions, corrections and criticisms.

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in field and clerical work.

I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the opportunity of doing this work.

Key to the Families.

PAGE

Leaves linear or scale-like. Pinaceæ 19

Leaves not as above.

A. Leaves compound.

Leaves palmately compound. Æsculaceæ 251

Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Cæsalpinaceæ 226

Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end.

Leaves alternate.

Leaflets toothed all around. Juglandaceæ 52

Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near
the base.

Trees with thorns, leaflets entire,
generally less than 4 cm.
(1-1/2 inches) long. Fabaceæ 233

Trees without thorns, leaflets entire
or with 1-4 teeth near the base,
generally longer than 4 cm.
(1-1/2 inches). Simarubaceæ 237

Leaves opposite.

Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs. Aceraceæ 239

Leaflets 5-11, fruit single. Oleaceæ 267

A. Leaves simple.

Leaves opposite or whorled.

Petioles more than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long.

Blades palmately 3-5 lobed. Aceraceæ 239

Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes. Bignoniaceæ 284

Petioles less than 4 cm. (1-1/2 inches) long.

Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round. Cornaceæ 259

Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened. Caprifoliaceæ 288

Leaves alternate.

B. Leaves entire.

Trees with thorns and a milky sap. Maclura in
Moraceæ 155

Trees without thorns, sap not milky.

Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base. Celtis in
Ulmaceæ 146

Leaves 5-nerved at the base. Cercis in
Cæsalpinaceæ 227

Leaves with 1 primary nerve.

Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm.
(6 inches) long, flowers solitary.

Flowers appearing before or with the
leaves. Anonaceæ 161

Flowers appearing after the leaves. Magnoliaceæ 155

Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long,
flowers in clusters.

Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceæ 163

Bark and leaves not aromatic.
Fruit dry, an acorn Quercus
imbricaria
in Fagaceæ 119

Fruit fleshy.

Fruit with one seed, stone
cylindrical Nyssa in
Cornaceæ 259

Fruit with more than one seed,
rarely one, seeds flat Ebenaceæ 265

B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed
or lobed.

C. Leaves with one primary vein.

Bark and leaves aromatic Lauraceæ 163

Bark and leaves not aromatic.

Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in
catkins.

Scales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded,
seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit Salix in
Salicaceæ 34

Scales of winter buds more than 2, ovary
1-seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs
at the summit Betulaceæ 78

Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not
in catkins.

Fruit dry.

Fruit a samara Ulmus
in Ulmaceæ 137

Fruit not a samara

Bark smooth; fruit spiny Fagaceæ 92

Bark furrowed; fruit a smooth capsule Ericaceæ 263

Fruit fleshy.

Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) broad,
fruit edible, apple-like.

Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with
remnant of calyx at apex of fruit,
normally with more than 1 seed. Malaceæ 171

Trees without thorns, fruit with no
remnant of calyx at the apex, fruit
a 1-seeded edible drupe. Amygdalaceæ 216

Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3 inch) across,
fruit a non-edible drupe Cornaceæ 259

C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.

Fruit dry Populus in
Salicaceæ 45

Fruit fleshy Morus in
Moraceæ 151

Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins.

Pistillate and staminate flowers separate.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a
1-seeded drupe Celtis in
Ulmaceæ 146

Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of
carpels or achenes.

Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes,
leaves aromatic Altingiaceæ 166

Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not
aromatic Platanaceæ 168

Pistillate and staminate flowers in one.

Fruit dry Tiliaceæ 255

Fruit fleshy Malaceæ 171

=PINÀCEAE.= The Pine Family.

Trees and shrubs with a resinous sap, which yields rosin, tar, turpentine and essential oils. The leaves are linear or scale-like, alternate, whorled or clustered; flowers naked, appearing in the spring; fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A large family of trees and shrubs, containing over 200 species, found in many parts of the world, and of great economic importance. In Indiana only nine species are native, and the distribution of seven of these species has always been very limited.

Leaves linear, in clusters of 2, 3, 5 or more than 5.

Leaves in bundles of 2-5. 1 Pinus.

Leaves in bundles of more than 5. 2 Larix.

Leaves linear and solitary, or scale-like.

Leaves all linear.

Leaves obtuse. 3 Tsuga.

Leaves sharp-pointed.

Leaves green on both sides, alternate. 4 Taxodium.

Leaves glaucous beneath, opposite or whorled. 6 Juniperus.

Leaves all scale-like, or some of the branches with
linear sharp-pointed leaves.

Leaves all scale-like, fruit a cone of 8-12
imbricated scales. 5 Thuja.

Leaves scale-like or some linear and sharp-pointed,
fruit berry-like. 6 Juniperus.

=1. PÌNUS.= The Pines.

Evergreen trees with needle-shaped leaves in bundles of 2-5 or 7; flowers appearing in the spring, the staminate clustered at the base of the season's shoots, the pistillate on the side or near the end of the shoots; fruit a woody cone which matures at the end of the second season, or more rarely at the end of the third season; scales of the cone variously thickened; seeds in pairs at the base of the scales.

There are about 70 species of pines of which three are native to Indiana. Commercially the pines are classed as soft and hard. In our area the soft pines are represented by the white pine, while the gray and Jersey pines are classed as hard pines.

Leaves 5 in a bundle, 6-12 cm. long. 1 P. Strobus.

Leaves 2-3 in a bundle.

Scales of cones unarmed, leaves usually 2-4 cm. long. 2 P. Banksiana.

Scales of cones tipped with a short spine, leaves
usually over 4 cm. long. 3 P. virginiana.

=1.= =Pinus Stròbus= Linnæus. White Pine. Plate 2. Bark greenish and smooth on young trees, becoming reddish or gray and furrowed on old trees; young twigs scurvy-pubescent, soon smooth and light brown; leaves normally 5 in a bundle, sometimes more, 6-12 cm. long, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, bluish-green, maturing and falling at end of second season; cones ripening at end of second season, usually 10-20 cm. long; wood light, soft, not strong, works easily, takes a good polish, and warps little.

=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Iowa, Kentucky and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. The mass distribution of this species is to the north of our area, and in Indiana it is local and found in small numbers. It is a common tree on some of the dunes bordering Lake Michigan, and is found locally throughout the area bordering Lake Michigan. Its distribution in this part of the State has not been studied, but it is believed that in Lake and Porter Counties it is not at present found far from the Lake. Blatchley[1] reports "a thicket of this species about a peat bog on the Hayward farm one mile east of Merrillville in Lake County." The writer has seen it as a frequent tree in a black oak woods about four miles southwest of Michigan City, also quite a number of large trees seven miles northeast of Michigan City in a swampy woods, associated with white elm, black ash, soft maple, etc.

Nieuwland[2] reports a single tree found in a tamarack swamp 25 miles east of Michigan City near Lydick in St. Joseph County. The next appearance of this species is to the south in Warren County on the outcrops of sandstone along Big Pine, Little Pine, Rock and Kickapoo Creeks. It is found more or less on bluffs of these creeks. It was the most abundant along Big Pine Creek, and followed up the creek for a distance of about ten miles, or midway between Rainsville and Indian Village. To the south it is next found in Fountain County on the outcrops of sandstone along Big Shawnee and Bear Creeks. Franklin Watts who owns the "Bear Creek Canyon" just south of Fountain says he remembers the area before any cutting was done along the creek. He says that the white pine was a common tree along the creek for a distance of half a mile and that a few scattered trees were found as far as 40 rods from the creek. He stated that the largest trees were about 30 inches in diameter and as high as the highest of the surrounding trees. Moving southward it is next found on a ridge of sandstone in Montgomery County on the south side of Sugar Creek about a mile east of the shades. Here it is closely associated with hemlock which is absent in all of the stations to the north. Coulter[3] reports a colony in the "knobs" of the northeast corner of Floyd County. This species was also reported from Clark County by Baird and Taylor. The writer has made inquiry and diligently searched for this species in this county but failed to locate it. In the vicinity of Borden where the Jersey pine grows, millmen distinguish two kinds of pines. Investigation showed that both are Jersey pine. The one with resinous exudations along the trunk is one kind, and trunks without exudation is the other. Since Baird and Taylor include cultivated trees in their list of the plants of Clark County, it is proposed to drop this reference.

PINUS STROBUS Linnæus. (× 1/2.) White Pine.]

=Remarks.=--White pine on account of the excellent qualities of its wood is in great demand, and has always ranked as one of our leading timber trees. In fact it was so highly prized that practically all of the original stand of this species has been cut.

The tree adapts itself to many habitats, hence has been used extensively for forestry purposes both in America and Europe. In fact it was the most used tree in forestry until about ten years ago when the white pine blister rust was discovered in America. This disease is now found in practically all of the states where this species forms dense stands. However, Federal and State authorities are trying to stamp out the disease. In Indiana it is a species well worth a trial for forestry purposes, especially in windbreaks where other species are used.

=2.= =Pinus Banksiàna= Lambert. Gray Pine. Jack Pine. Plate 3. A small tree 10-15 m. high with reddish-brown bark, broken into short flakes; shoots of season yellow-green, turning reddish-brown, smooth; leaves dark green, in twos, 2-5 cm. long, divergent, curved or twisted, rigid, sharp-pointed, persisting for two or three years; cones sessile, sharp-pointed, oblique at the base, 3-5 cm. long, usually pointing in the direction of the branch; wood light, soft and weak.

=Distribution.=--The most northern of all of our pines. Nova Scotia to northern New York, northern Illinois, Minnesota and northward. In Indiana it is found only on and among the sand dunes in the immediate vicinity of Lake Michigan, and in no instance has it been seen more than three miles from the Lake. Found sparingly in Lake, Porter and Laporte Counties. It is the most abundant in the vicinity of Dune Park.

PINUS BANKSIANA Lambert. Gray or Jack Pine. (× 1/2.)]

PINUS VIRGINIANA Miller. Jersey or Scrub Pine. (×1/2.)]

=3.= =Pinus virginiàna= Miller. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. Plate 4. Bark dark-brown with rather shallow fissures, the ridges broken, somewhat scaly; shoots green, light brown or purplish with a bloom, becoming a gray-brown; leaves in bundles of two, rarely three, twisted, usually about 4-5 cm. long, deciduous during the third or fourth year; cones sessile or nearly so, narrowly conic when closed, 4-7 cm. long, opening in the autumn of the second season; scales armed with a curved spine 2-4 mm. long; wood light, soft, weak, brittle and slightly resinous.

=Distribution.=--Long Island to South Carolina, Alabama and north to Indiana and Licking County, Ohio. The distribution in Indiana is quite limited, and has never been understood by authors who variously give it as found throughout the southern part of Indiana. It is confined to the knob area of Floyd, Clark and Scott Counties, and the southeastern part of Washington County. In the original forest it is confined to the tops of the knobs where it is associated with Quercus Prinus (Gray's Man. 7th Edition). It propagates easily from self-sown seed, hence is soon found on the lower slopes of cut-over lands, and soon occupies fallow fields. It is now found in the open woods several miles east of the knobs in the preceding counties, but pioneers of this section say it was not a constituent of the original forests but has come in since the original forests were heavily cut over. It is believed that it crowned the knobs over our area from 5-10 miles wide extending through the counties named and extending northward about 25 miles. This species is found in the open woods on a few hills on the Millport Ridge in the northern part of Washington County, and it appears as if native, but investigation showed that it had spread from a tree on the site of a pioneer's cabin. It is also found as a frequent escape on the wooded bluff of Raccoon Creek in the southern part of Owen County, and appears as native here. It is associated on the bluff and slope with hemlock. Chas. Green, a man of sixty years, who owns the place says the trees were seeded by a tree planted in his father's yard nearby. His father also planted a white pine in his yard, and it is to be noted while the Jersey Pine has freely escaped the white pine has not, although the habitat seems favorable.

=Remarks.=--In its native habitat on the exposed summits of the "knobs" it is usually a small tree about 3 dm. in diameter and 10 m. high. When it finds lodgement on the lower slopes and coves it may attain a diameter of 7 dm. and a height of 25 m. This tree is really entitled to be called "old field pine" on account of its ability to establish itself on them.

From the ease with which this species propagates itself from seed it seems worthy a trial for forestry purposes in the "knob" area of the State. However, all attempts to grow this species from seedlings at the Forest Reserve have failed.

=2. LÀRIX.= The Larches.

=Larix laricìná= (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Plate No. 5. Tall spire-like trees, usually 2-3 dm. in diameter, rarely as large as 5 dm. in diameter; bark gray or reddish-brown, scaly; twigs slender, smooth, light brown, becoming a dark gray brown; leaves scattered along the shoots of the season, in fascicles on the older branches, usually 20-50 in a bundle; filiform, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse at apex, triangular in cross-section, all falling off late in autumn; staminate flowers borne on the short leafless branches, the pistillate appear with the leaves on the branches of the previous season; cones borne on short, stout branchlets, normally erect or inclined to be so, 10-20 mm. long, purplish brown while growing, turning to a light brown at maturity, persisting on the tree for about a year; wood hard, heavy, light brown, variable in strength.

=Distribution.=--Labrador, Newfoundland south to southern New York, West Virginia, northern Ohio and Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota and northward. In Indiana it is confined to the northern part of the State, and has not been reported south of the northern part of Cass County. The most southern station in the eastern part of the State is about Lake Everett in the northwest part of Allen County. It is found on low borders of lakes, in swamps and in bogs. In all of its stations in Indiana it is found growing near the water level in great depths of organic matter more or less decomposed or in beds of peat, which contain little or practically no soil. Where it is found, it usually forms a pure stand.

=Remarks.=--Formerly the tamarack was a common tree in its area. Recently many of the tamarack swamps have been drained. This with heavy cutting has reduced the supply of tamarack in Indiana to an insignificant amount. The tamarack is popularly classed as white and yellow--the yellow being considered the better of the two. In our area it is used principally for poles and posts. There is a diversity of opinion as to the durability of tamarack in contact with the soil. The most authentic information places the life of fence posts at about ten years.

LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. (×1.)]

=3. TSÙGA.= The Hemlocks.

=Tsuga canadénsis= (Linnæus) Carrière. Hemlock. Plate 6. Tall trees, 3-7 dm. in diameter, with reddish-brown or grayish bark, deeply furrowed; shoots very slender and hairy, becoming smooth in a few years; leaves apparently 2-ranked, persisting for about three years, linear, short petioled, 6-13 mm. long, usually about 10 mm. long, usually flat, obtuse or notched at apex, bright green and shiny above, bluish-white beneath; staminate flowers appear early in the spring from buds in the axils of the leaves of the previous season, the pistillate terminal, erect, oblong; cones almost sessile and pendulous, borne on the end of last year's branch, maturing the first season, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; wood light, soft, brittle, not durable, difficult to work, splintery but holds a nail well.

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware, west to Minnesota and southeastward through Indiana and eastern Kentucky, thence southward on the mountains to northern Alabama. In Indiana it is not found[4] north of Brown County. It is found in limited numbers at the following places: on a bluff of Bean Blossom Creek in Brown County; on a steep wooded slope on the south side of a small creek about one and a half miles north of Borden in Clark County, and also reported on the bank of Silver Creek between Clark and Floyd Counties; a few trees on the top and sides of the cliffs about one mile east of Taswell in Crawford County; a few trees on the bluff of Guthrie Creek in Jackson County; a few trees along the north fork of the Muscatatuck River between Vernon and North Vernon in Jennings County; a few trees on the south bank of Back Creek near Leesville in Lawrence County; frequent on the banks of Sugar Creek near the "Shades" in Montgomery County; a few trees on the bank of Raccoon Creek in the southern part of Owen County; frequent on the bank of Sugar Creek in Turkey Run State Park in Parke County; a few trees on the banks of Raccoon and Walnut Creeks in Putnam County. Also reported by Beeler[5] as found on a bluff of White River in Morgan County.

In all of its stations it is found on sandstone bluffs on the south side of streams, giving it a north or northwest exposure. In a few of the stations there are no small trees, but in Montgomery County along Sugar Creek it is reproducing well.

=Remarks.=--Hemlock is of no economic importance in Indiana. The bark is much used in tanning. Hemlock is frequently used for a hedge plant, also as a specimen tree in parks, etc.

TSUGA CANADENSIS (Linnæus) Carrière. Hemlock. (×1/2.)]

=4. TAXÒDIUM.= The Bald Cypress.

=Taxodium dístichum= (Linnæus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. Plate 7. Large tall straight trees, up to 18 dm. in diameter and 45 m. high, usually with a buttressed base which is frequently hollow. In wet situations it develops steeple-shaped projections from the roots to above the water level, known as "knees"; bark gray or reddish-brown, separating from the trunk in long thin narrow strips; shoots light green, smooth, turning reddish-brown the first year, then a darker brown; leaves spirally arranged, appearing as if 2-ranked on vegetative shoots, linear, 5-15 mm. long, sessile, acute, yellowish-green, turning brown in the fall and dropping off; staminate flowers numerous, borne on long terminal panicles, pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; fruit a cone, globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, the surface with some wrinkles made by the edges of the closely fitting scales; wood light, soft and straight-grained, rather weak, does not warp or shrink much and reputed to be very durable when exposed to soil or weather.

=Distribution.=--Along the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Florida and along the Gulf west to Texas and north along the Mississippi Valley to Indiana. In Indiana it has a peculiar and limited distribution. The mass distribution was just north and west of Decker in Knox County. Collett[6] estimates that 20,000 acres were "covered with a fine forest of cypress". Wright[7] maps the other places in the southern part of Knox County where the cypress was known to have occurred. At present the only cypress in Knox County is in the extreme southwest part of the county, and is known as Little Cypress swamp. Here it is associated with such trees as white elm and Schneck's oak. It is believed that it extended only a few miles north of the Deshee River. Going southward it has not been seen in Gibson County, and is first noted in Posey County along the Wabash River in a cypress pond about 12 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon. Then again in Posey County along the Ohio River on the shores of Hovey Lake, and in a slough about 3 miles east of Mt. Vernon. It occurred in a few spots in Vanderburg County along the Ohio River southwest of Evansville. It again appears in limited numbers along Cypress Creek a few miles east of Newburg in Warrick County, which is its eastern[8] known limit.

The cypress in all of its stations is found only in places that are for the greater part of the year under water.

=Remarks.=--The original stand of cypress in Indiana has practically all been cut, and the swamps drained and now under cultivation. In the slough east of Mt. Vernon for several years, thousands of seedlings of the year have been noted, but for some reason they do not survive a second year. The present indications are that the cypress will be extinct in Indiana before many years because practically no small trees can be found.

TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linnæus) L. C. Richard. Cypress. (× 1/2.)]

This species is highly recommended by some nurserymen for ornamental planting. It proves hardy in the southern part of the state. It is a fast growing tree, adapted to a wet soil, but will succeed in drier situations.

=5. THÙJA.= Arbor-Vitæ.

=Thuja occidentàlis= Linnæus. Arbor-Vitæ. Plate 8. Small evergreen trees with a conical crown, bark on old trees reddish-brown or dark gray, shreddy; branchlets compressed, reddish-brown; leaves all closely appressed, in alternate pairs, scale-like, about 3 mm. long on young branchlets, on old branches somewhat longer together with a spine 2-3 mm. long; flowers appear early in the spring from the ends of the branches; cones mature the first season, about 1 cm. long and .5 cm. in diameter; wood soft, brittle, weak and durable.

=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Minnesota and New Jersey thence southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina and Tennessee. In Indiana it is found native[9] only in Lake and Porter Counties. In Lake County a few isolated specimens have been found in several places near Lake Michigan. In Porter County it is known only in a large tamarack swamp north of the Mineral Springs stop on the Traction line, and about a mile from Lake Michigan. Here about 100 trees are found scattered over an area of less than two acres. The largest specimen measures 70 cm. in circumference. This species is doomed to early extinction in our area. No doubt it already has vanished from Lake County, and it is probable that the colony north of Mineral Springs is the last of the species in Indiana.

=Remarks.=--While only found in a swamp in Indiana, this species adapts itself to all kinds of soils and exposures. It transplants readily and is used for ornamental purposes, and for windbreaks. Dwarf forms are frequently planted for hedges. The wood is used principally for poles and posts, and is commercially known as white cedar.

=6. JUNÍPERUS.= The Junipers.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, scale-like or short-linear; fruit berry-like; seeds 1-3.

=Juniperus virginiàna= Linnæus. Red Cedar. Plate 9. A small tree, usually 1-2 dm. and rarely up to 5 dm. in diameter; bark shreddy; branches usually more or less ascending which gives the tree a narrow conic appearance; shoots green, soon turning light to reddish-brown and on older branches gray or dark brown; leaves 4-ranked, scale-like and 1.5-2 mm. long, or subulate, decurrent at base and 3-10 mm. long on vigorous branches or very small trees; flowers terminal; fruit ripening the first season, berry-like, globose but longer than wide, with a bloom and a very resinous pulp about the seeds which are usually 1 or 2; wood light, brittle, close-grained, durable and fragrant.

THUJA OCCIDENTALIS Linnæus. Arbor-Vitæ. (× 1/2.).]

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Florida, west to Texas and north to South Dakota. It is found in all parts of Indiana, although sparingly in the northern part, especially where streams with bluffs are absent. No doubt this species in the original forests was confined principally to the bluffs of streams and rocky ravines. Since the forests have been cut, it is now found growing along fences, in open dry woods, and in southern Indiana it is a common tree in old abandoned fields, and in waste places.

=Remarks.=--Red cedar has had many uses, and the large trees have been practically all harvested. It is now used principally for poles, posts, crossties, cigar boxes and lead pencils. It is the best wood known for lead pencils. The odor is so objectionable to insects that a market has been made for chests of this wood in which to store clothing and furs.

=SALICÀCEAE.=[10] The Willow Family.

Trees or shrubs with bitter bark; simple alternate leaves; flowers in catkins, which fall off as a whole, the staminate after flowering, the pistillate after ripening and scattering of the seeds, the staminate and pistillate on different plants (dioecious); flower scales single, below each flower; fruit a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate capsule opening lengthwise into 2 recurving carpels or valves; seeds numerous, minute, oblong, bearing a tuft of hairs at the base. Genera 2, _Salix_, the willows, and _Populus_, the aspens and poplars, or cottonwoods, separated by the following characters, those applying only to Indiana trees species in parentheses:

Buds covered by a single scale; (leaf-blades mostly
enlongated, more than twice as long as wide); flower
scales entire or rarely shallowly toothed at apex;
stamens mostly 2 or 3-8 or 10 1 Salix.

Buds covered by numerous scales; (leaf-blades mostly
cordate-ovate, less than twice as long as broad);
flower scales deeply cut or lacerate; stamens more
than 10 2 Populus.

JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA Linnæus. Red Cedar. (× 1/2.)]

=1. SÀLIX.= The Willows.

Trees or shrubs (occasionally herbaceous) with usually clustered teims, twigs round; leaf-blades lanceolate and long-acuminate or elliptic-lanceolate and short pointed in all Indiana tree species, finely toothed or nearly entire; catkins appearing before (precocious), with (coetaneous), or after the leaves (serotinous); each pistillate flower with a little gland at the base of the pedicel on the inside.

A large genus of several hundred species varying from tiny shrubby or subherbaceous plants scarcely an inch in height to 0.5 m. (2 feet) or more in diameter, in alluvial lowlands; occurring under Indiana conditions from cold bogs and river banks to dry sand dunes. Willows are used for many purposes, among them ornament, shade, hedges, posts, poles, mattresses, revetments to protect levees, baskets, fish-weirs, whistles, etc., while the wood is used for charcoal, which is especially prized for gunpowder making, and the bark is used for tanning and furnishes salicin, which is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine and as a tonic and febrifuge.

Small to large trees; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate,
mostly long pointed, finely and rather closely toothed;
flowers appearing with the leaves; capsules not hairy.

Native trees; leaves green on both sides (No. 1) or white
(glaucous) beneath (No. 2), and then with very long
points and long slender twisted petioles which are
never glandular; stamens 3-5-7 or more.

Twigs dark green, spreading; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, green on both sides; petioles
short 1 S. nigra.

Twigs yellowish, somewhat drooping; leaves broadly
lanceolate, glaucous beneath; petioles long,
twisted 2 S. amygdaloides.

European trees, cultivated for ornament and use;
leaves always glaucous beneath; stamens always 2.

Teeth on edge of leaf 8-10 to each cm. (20-25 to
the inch); petioles usually glandular;
capsules almost sessile 3 S. alba.

Teeth on edge of leaf 6-8 per cm. (15-20 to the
inch); petioles usually glandular; pedicels
0.5-1 mm. long 4 S. fragilis.

Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves elliptical or
oblanceolate, short pointed; margin entire or
coarsely wavy or shallow-toothed; flowers before
the leaves; stamens 2; capsules long, hairy.

Twigs and leaves not hairy; leaves thin 5 S. discolor.

Twigs and sometimes the lower surface of the leaves
densely hairy, leaves thicker 6 S. discolor
eriocephala.

SALIX NIGRA Marshall. Black Willow. (× 1/2.)]

=1.= =Salix nìgra= Marshall. Willow. Black Willow. Plate 10. Shrub or tree 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high, dark green in mass color; bark of trunk thick, rough, flaky, dark brown to nearly black; twigs brittle at base, the younger pubescent and green, becoming glabrous and darker with age; buds ovate, small, 2-3 mm. (1/8 inch) long; petioles 3-6 or 8 mm. (1/8-3/8 inch) long; stipules small, ovate to roundish; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate, acute or rounded at base, long-acuminate at the apex, 6-11 cm. (2-1/4-4-1/4 inches) long, 7-12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) wide, often falcate (scythe-shaped), the so-called variety =falcata=, finely serrate, green on both sides, shining above, paler and dull beneath, glabrous or sometimes pubescent beneath on midrib and larger veins; flowers appearing with the leaves in late April in the southern part of the State and well into May in the northern part; catkins slender, 2-5 or 6 cm. (4/5-2 or 2-1/2 inches) long, the staminate bright yellow; capsules 3-5 mm. (1/8 inch) long, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, on pedicels 1-2 mm. (1/16 inch) long.

=Distribution.=--New Brunswick and New England, westward to the eastern part of the Great Plains area from North Dakota to Texas, and, in some forms, westward across that State and into Mexico. It is interesting that this species, the first willow published in America, in the first book on American Botany ever published in this country, should be abundantly and widely distributed in the United States.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties in Indiana:--Allen (Deam); Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Crawford (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Dubois (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Harrison (Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam); Kosciusko (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); Miami (Deam); Morgan (Deam); Noble (Deam); Ohio (Deam); Parke (Deam); Perry (Deam); Porter (Deam); Posey (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Wabash (Deam); Warrick (Deam); White (Deam).

=Economic Uses.=--The black willow is used very extensively along the lower reaches of the Mississippi River in making mattresses which protect the levees from washing. In 1912, it was estimated that 150,000 cords were used annually.

=2.= =Salix amygdaloìdes= Andersson. Willow. Peach-leaved Willow. Plate 11. Trees 3-12 m. (10-40 feet) high, yellowish-green in mass color; bark of trunk fissured, dark brown or reddish-brown; twigs longer and less brittle than those of _Salix nigra_, yellowish to reddish-brown, usually somewhat drooping, giving a "weeping" effect, which, with the color, makes the species easily recognizable from a distance; buds ovoid, about 3 mm. (1/8 inch) long, colored as the twigs; petioles long, slender, twisted, 5-15 or 20 mm. (1/4-4/5 inch) long; leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat acute at base, long-pointed at apex, closely serrulate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) long, 1.5-3 cm. (3/5-1-1/4 inches) wide, yellowish-green above, glaucous beneath, glabrous; flowers appear from late April throughout May, usually later than those of _Salix nigra_; catkins slender, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long, the fertile becoming 4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in fruit; capsules lanceolate, 4-5 mm. (1/6 inch) long; pedicels slender, 2 mm. (1/12 inch) long.

SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Andersson. Peach-leaved Willow. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--From Western Quebec and Central New York, west to the Cascade Mountains in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, south to Colorado and northwest Texas. In Indiana fairly common in the northern third, rare in the central third, and lacking in the southern portion of the State.

Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: Elkhart (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jasper (Deam); Kosciusko (Deam); Lake (Deam), (Umbach); Laporte (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam); White (Deam).

=3.= =Salix álba= Linnæus. Willow. White Willow. Plate 12. Trees with 1-5 spreading stems, 5-20 m. (17-65 feet) high; bark rough, coarsely ridged, gray to brownish; twigs brittle at base, green or yellowish, glabrous; buds 5-6 mm. (1/4 inch) long; petioles 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) long, seldom glandular; leaves lanceolate, 5-12 cm. (2-5 inches) long, 1-2.5 cm. (2/5-1 inch) wide, acuminate at apex, usually acute at base, leaves bright green above, glaucous beneath, thinly to densely silky on both sides when young, often permanently silky beneath, margins with about 9-10 teeth per cm. (2/5 inch), usually glandular; flowers with the leaves, in April and May; catkins slender, cylindrical, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long; scales pale yellow; capsules ovoid-conical, 3-5 mm. (1/4 inch) long, almost sessile. The common form usually is referred to variety =vitellina= (Linnæus) Koch, with orange twigs and more glabrate leaves.

=Distribution.=--A native of Europe which has been frequently planted and sometimes escapes.

Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: Gibson (Schneck); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); Switzerland (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=4.= =Salix frágilis= Linnæus. Willow. Crack Willow. Plate 13. Tree very similar to _Salix alba_; twigs very brittle at the base (hence the name), green to reddish; petioles 7-15 mm. (1/4-5/8 inch) long, glandular just below the base of the leaf; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 7-15 cm. (3-6 inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, coarsely serrate with 5-6 teeth to each cm. (2/5 inch) of margin, dark green and shining above, paler to glaucous beneath, rarely green, glabrous on both sides; catkins appearing with the leaves in late April and during May, 4-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long; capsules slenderly conical, 4-5 mm. (1/5 inch) long, on pedicels 0.5-1 mm. (1/16 inch) long.

SALIX ALBA Linnæus. White Willow. (× 1/2.)]

SALIX FRAGILIS Linnæus. Crack Willow. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--A native of Europe. It has been frequently planted and often escapes.

Specimens have been seen from the following Indiana counties: Benton (Deam); Clark (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Switzerland (Deam); Union (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=Economic Uses.=--This species and the white willow are introduced from Europe and extensively grown for the production of charcoal to use in powder making.

=5.= =Salix díscolor= Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. Swamp Willow. Glaucous Willow. Plate 14. Shrub or small tree, 2-4 or occasionally 7-5 m. (7-15 or 25 feet) high; bark thin, usually smooth, reddish brown; twigs stoutish, reddish-purple to dark brown, often pubescent (see the variety); buds large, 5-10 mm. (1/5-2/5 inch) long, colored as the twigs; stipules large, mostly roundish, entire or toothed; leaves short-lanceolate to elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, 5-10 cm. (2-4 inches) long, 2-3.5 cm. (4/5-1-1/2 inches) wide, nearly entire to coarsely wavy-toothed on the margins, dark shining green above, densely glaucous and occasionally somewhat pubescent beneath, especially on midrib and primaries; flowers appear in late March or in April before the leaves; catkins sessile, on old wood, stout, dense, the staminate very beautiful (pussies), without leaf-bracts at base, 2-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long, the pistillate becoming 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long in fruit; scales elliptic-oblanceolate, densely clothed with long shining hairs; capsules conic-rostrate, 7-10 or 12 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) long, densely gray-woolly; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. (1/16-1/8 inch) long.

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia south to Delaware and west to the eastern edge of the Great Plains area. Fairly well distributed over the entire State of Indiana. Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Elkhart (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); Jefferson (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam); Lake (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Marshall (Deam); Newton (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); Ripley (Deam); Shelby (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Wabash (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam); White (Deam).

=5a.= =Salix discolor= variety =eriòcéphala= (Michaux) Andersson. Differs from the species chiefly in rather densely pubescent twigs and buds; thicker and more lanceolate leaves, usually more or less pubescent beneath; and the sometimes more densely pubescent catkins.

SALIX DISCOLOR Muhlenberg. Pussy Willow. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Range of the species but less common. Specimens have been seen from the following Indiana counties: Cass (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Jackson (Deam); Jay (Deam); Knox (Deam); Laporte (Deam); Pulaski (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam).

=2. PÓPULUS.= The Poplars.