Chapter VIII: Part 8

=Distribution.=--Southwestern Indiana and southern Illinois south to northern Florida and Texas. In Indiana it has been found only in Knox, Gibson, Posey and Perry Counties. It grows on the low borders of river sloughs, swamps and river banks. It is very tolerant of shade and may be found growing under larger trees. It usually forms dense thickets on the bank that surrounds standing water and is usually associated with button-bush. A straight specimen is rarely seen because the area where it grows overflows each winter, and the small trees are usually covered more or less with debris, and then the following season the side branches assume a vertical growth. The top may be released by the next inundation, and then other branches may assume leadership, and so on until the top is a mass of branches growing in several directions. The specimens found in Perry County grew on the low bank of the Ohio River about 6 miles east of Cannelton. The species is quite local in the area where it is found. It may border one river slough, and be entirely absent from another nearby.

=Remarks.=--Of no economic use. In books it is called "swamp privet" but in the area where it grows it is not known by that name.

ADELIA ACUMINATA Michaux. Pond Brush. Crooked Brush. (× 1/2.)]

=BIGNONIÀCEAE.= The Trumpet Creeper Family.

=CATÁLPA.= The Catalpas.

Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, with long petioles; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs; fruit a long round pod which splits into halves; seed many, flat, papery with a tuft of long hairs at each end.

A small genus of widely distributed trees. The species freely hybridize, and have been cultivated and planted so extensively that it is difficult to find typical specimens.

Bark of old trees thin and scaly; odor of bruised leaves
fetid; lower lobe of corolla entire. 1 Catalpa
bignonioides.

Bark of old trees fissured and ridgy; odor of bruised
leaves not fetid; lower lobe of corolla notched at
the apex. 2 Catalpa
speciosa.

=1. Catalpa bignonioìdes= Walter. Catalpa. (_Catalpa Catalpa_ (Linnæus) Karsten). Plate 132. Medium to large sized trees, usually with a trunk 1-3 meters in length, and a wide crown; bark a grayish-brown, scaly and flaking off in small thin plates; leaves ovate, blades usually 1.5-2 dm. long, cordate at the base, taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, yellow-green and smooth above, and pubescent beneath; flowering period the last of May to the first of July, about two weeks later than the next species; inflorescence in a rather compact large panicle; flowers white, usually 2-3 cm. across at expanded end; marked on the lower inner surface by two rows of yellow blotches, the lower lobes marked with purplish spots, the lower lobe entire or nearly so; fruit a long pod, generally 4-10 develop in each panicle, usually 1.5-4 dm. long, about 1 cm. thick, somewhat flattened, the valves meeting at an angle which forms a ridge which is sensible to the fingers, the valves of the pod are thin, and become flat after they open; seed 2.5-4.5 cm. long, including the tufts of hairs at each end, and about 4-5 mm. wide, the tuft of hairs usually converging to a point.

=Distribution.=--Supposed to be native to parts of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. It has been introduced throughout the eastern part of the United States. In Indiana it has been used in all parts as an ornamental and shade tree. It has few qualities to recommend it, and since the difference between this and the next species has been known the next species is usually substituted for it.

CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES Walter. Catalpa. (× 1/2.)]

CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. (× 1/2.)]

=2. Catalpa speciòsa= Warder. Catalpa. Hardy Catalpa. Catalfa. Plate 133. Medium to large sized trees with long and rather straight trunks when grown in the forest; bark dark grayish-brown, fissured and much resembling the bark of a linden or black walnut in appearance; leaves ovate, generally 1.5-3 dm. long, cordate or somewhat rounded at the base, long taper-pointed at apex, margins entire, dark green and smooth above, pubescent beneath; flowering period May or June; flowers in large terminal panicles, white with yellow and purplish spots within, expanded part about 4 cm. across; fruit a long cylindrical pod which matures late in autumn or early winter, 2-5 dm. long, and about 1.5 cm. in diameter, usually 1 or 2 and rarely 3 pods develop in a panicle, the valves of the pod remaining semi-terete after separating; seed many, thin and papery, 2.5-5 cm. long, and 4-8 mm. wide, body of samara about equals in length the tuft of hairs at each end, the hairs remain separated and are little inclined to form a tuft at the end.

=Distribution.=--Known to have been a native of the southwestern part of Indiana, and to have followed the valley of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the southeastern part of Missouri and the northeastern part of Arkansas. The tree has practically disappeared from the forests of Indiana, and the exact range in Indiana can never be known. Being such a conspicuous tree, it was thought that the memory of living pioneers might be relied upon to fix the limits of its range in Indiana. One pioneer living near Austin in Scott County said it was a native of the Muscatatuck bottoms, and another said it was a native in the flats of the southwestern part of Clark County. In its native habitat it was found only in very low ground, usually with such associates as pin oak, sweet gum, southern hackberry, big shellbark hickory, pecan, etc. In its native habitat it was an infrequent to a frequent tree, never a common tree. A pioneer was interviewed who settled in the Knox County bottoms about three miles west of Decker, when the whole area was a virgin forest. He said the catalpa was an occasional tree in the bottoms throughout the area; that he did not recall that it was ever found in as low situations as the cypress; that the tree was as tall as its associates, straight, and usually about 6 dm. in diameter, and that he never saw a tree a meter in diameter; that on account of the durable quality of the wood that it was cut for fence posts and rails. A pioneer who lived near the mouth of Deer Creek in Perry County said it was a native in his vicinity. The information at hand would fix the mass distribution of the species to the southwest of a line drawn from Terre Haute to a point about 6 miles east of Grandview in Spencer County.

=Remarks.=--Attention was directed to this tree about 1880 by Dr. John A. Warder and Dr. Geo. Engelmann, and it has had enthusiastic admirers ever since. In Indiana its most enthusiastic advocate was John P. Brown of Connersville. Its popularity was based upon the durability of its wood and its rapid growth. Nurserymen grew seedlings and through their agents plantations of all sizes were sold in many States. The trees were planted to grow posts, telephone poles and crossties. In Indiana there is one plantation 42 years old, but the majority are only 10 to 15 years old. The tree has been planted long enough in our area to definitely conclude that it should not be planted in any part of Indiana for economic purposes. The range of the catalpa sphinx which defoliates the tree is rapidly increasing, and now ranges as far north as Wells County. In the southern part of the State the trees are usually defoliated twice each year by the larvæ of this insect, and as a consequence the trees make very little growth, and some owners of plantations have abandoned them on this account. A new insect is appearing which kills the young shoots, which will interfere with the upright habit of the tree. The catalpa is not recommended for forest planting in Indiana, and its use for this purpose has practically ceased.

The catalpa prefers a moist, deep, rich soil, but will grow in almost all kinds of situations. In the northern part of the State, the young trees are frequently winter killed. The tree is quite tenacious of life and when cut off at the ground, usually sends up several coppice shoots.

This species can be recommended for planting for shade for hog lots, and as a specimen tree in parks, etc. It is not a desirable street tree.

=CAPRIFOLIÀCEAE.= The Honeysuckle Family.

=VIBÚRNUM.= The Viburnums.

=Viburnum prunifòlium= Linnæus. Black Haw. Plate 134. Small trees or shrubs; bark of old trees reddish-brown, furrowed and the ridges broken into short lengths; leaves simple, opposite, on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long; the lower pairs of leaves are generally smaller and have their petioles more or less winged, red and more or less densely covered with a rusty tomentum which may extend along the midrib and veins beneath or may sometimes cover a considerable part of the lower surface of the leaf while young, sometimes the margined petioles are only rough on the margins; leaf blades very variable in size and shape, usually 4-10 cm. long, ovate to slightly obovate, or narrow-oval to nearly orbicular, narrowed or rounded at the base, pointed at the apex, or sometimes rounded, margins finely serrate, glabrous both above and beneath at maturity; flowers appear the last of April or in May in cymes which are sessile or nearly so, flowers white, numerous, and generally about 0.5 cm. in diameter, fruit ripens in September and October, oval, oblong or nearly globose, generally 10-14 mm. long, dark blue, covered with a bloom, edible, and if not eaten by birds they persist on the branches until late autumn; stone oval and very flat.

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM Linnæus. Black Haw. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Iowa and south to Georgia and west to Texas. It is more or less frequent in moist woods throughout Indiana, except in the hilly counties where it becomes more or less rare. In the hilly counties its place is taken by the southern black haw, _Viburnum rufidulum_ which only rarely attains tree size.

=Remarks.=--This species could be used to advantage in ornamental planting where small trees or shrubs are required for a screen or back ground. The fruit of the black and red haws attract several species of birds.

This species is quite variable in the shape, and texture of its leaves, and in the size and shape of its fruit. In the southern part of the State specimens are found that have very thick leaves with margined and tomentose petioles which very much resemble the southern species.

=SPECIES EXCLUDED.=

The following species have been reported for Indiana but have been excluded for want of satisfactory evidence to warrant their inclusion: The reasons for exclusion are discussed under the name of the species. It is needless to say that critical examination has been given doubtful species, and doubtful records, and every effort possible has been made to validate them.

=Pinus echinàta= Miller. Short-leaf Pine. This species does not occur in our area and all reference to it should be transferred to _Pinus virginiana_. References to this species are instances of wrong determination.

=Pinus resinòsa= Aiton. Norway Pine. This species was reported as an escape in Wabash County by Coulter[72] for Jenkins.

=Pinus rígida= Miller. Pitch Pine. Baird and Taylor[73] reported this species for Clark County. The range of this species is to the east of our area. They also reported _Pinus Strobus_, which has not been seen since they reported it, and they failed to report _Pinus virginiana_ which is a common tree on the "knobs" of Clark County. A study of their flora of Clark County shows that they did little or no collecting in the "knobs." They also freely reported field crop, garden and flower escapes, and it is believed that their reference to _Pinus rigida_ and _Pinus Strobus_ should be regarded as to cultivated trees.

=Àbies balsàmea= (Linnæus.) Miller. Balsam Fir. Heimlich[74] reports this as occurring in Porter County about Dune Park. He cites for his authority Bot. Gaz. Vol. 27: Apr. 1899. The article referred to is Cowles' article on the flora of the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, in which he discusses the flora from Glen Haven in northern Michigan to Dune Park, Indiana in Porter County, which has confused Heimlich in separating the trees reported at several stations. It has never been found in Indiana.

=Chamæcyparis thyoìdes= (Linnæus) Britton, Sterns and Poggenberg. White Cedar. The range of this species is east of the Alleghany mountains and no doubt was never native in our area. The first reference to it is by Dr. Drake in his Picture of Cincinnati, published in 1815, page 83, in which he says: "The White Cedar and Cypress are found on the banks of the Wabash." Schneck[75] in his Flora of the Lower Wabash Valley says: "Wet places near the mouth of the Wabash River." I am certain it is not on the Indiana side of the river. Gorby[76] reports it for Miami County. All of his botanical records are too unreliable to receive serious consideration. Coulter[77] reports it as found in Allen County on the authority of Dr. C. R. Dryer. I saw Dr. Dryer recently and he says he has no recollections about it.

=Juniperus commùnis= Linnæus. Juniper. This species has been reported from all parts of the State. The distribution of the species is to the north of Indiana, and examining herbarium specimens it is found that subulate forms of _Juniperus virginiana_ are frequently named _Juniperus communis_. In the older floras it was a custom to include cultivated forms, and not distinguish them as such. Since juniper has been for years a common ornamental shrub, especially in cemeteries, it is highly probable that many records have such a basis. It is proposed to drop this species from our flora. I refer Higley and Raddin's[78] record to the decumbent variety. VanGorder's and Bradner's records may also be the decumbent form. Heimlich's record I regard as an error, see remarks under _Abies balsamea_.

=Populus balsamífera= Linnæus. Balsam Poplar. This species was reported by Bradner for Steuben County. In a letter from the late Prof. Bradner, he said he had no specimen and had no recollection of the tree. J. M. Coulter reported it for Jefferson County, but Young who also wrote a flora of Jefferson County does not mention it. Baird and Taylor also reported it for Clark County. The last two records may have been from cultivated trees or mistaken for _Populus grandidentata_ which was not reported and is in the area, and is a frequent tree in the "knobs" in Clark County. Heimlich reports it in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:404:1918 for Cowles. I regard this as an error. See discussion under _Abies canadensis_ on page 290. Since the range of the species is to the north of Indiana, it is here proposed to drop it from our flora. It should be looked for on the "divide" in Steuben County and about Lake Michigan.

=Populus cándicans= Aiton. Balm of Gilead. This species has been included in a few local floras, but it is believed that it has not yet escaped from cultivation. Phinney[79] gives it as "an important timber tree of Delaware County," which is an error.

=Populus nìgra= var. =itálica= Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. Reference is made to this tree by Blatchley[80], Meyncke[81] and Nieuwland[82] but it is scarcely more than an accidental escape.

=Carya aquática= Nuttall. Water Hickory. This species is listed as one of the principal trees occurring along the Wabash in the Coblenz edition of Prince Maximilan's travels in North America. It is recorded as "Water Bitternut (_Juglans aquatica_)." If it occurs in our area it most likely would be found in the extreme southwestern counties. It has been reported from Gallatin County, Illinois, bordering Posey County on the west. There are two other records of its occurrence in the State, which are doubtful. Ryland T. Brown[83] reported it in a list of the principal trees of Fountain County in a report of the geology of Fountain County. _Carya laciniosa_, which is sometimes called swamp hickory and which is more or less frequent in the county, he failed to report. It is believed this reference to _Carya aquatica_ should be referred to _laciniosa_. B. C. Hobbs also reported it as common in Parke County in a short list of the principal trees. He named only four of the five or more species of hickory that occur in the county, and it is believed since he was no botanist, that he confused the names. Elliott in his Trees of Indiana gives "_Carya aquatica_" as common, but no doubt this reference should be transferred to some other species.

=Carya myristicæfórmis= Nuttall. Nutmeg Hickory. This tree also was reported by Prince Maximilian as occurring along the Wabash River. The known range of the species is from North Carolina to Arkansas, and for this reason the species is not included in this list.

=Betula lénta= Linnæus. Black Birch. This species has been reported for Indiana as occurring in Fulton, Gibson, Miami, Noble, Posey, St. Joseph and Steuben Counties. Sargent[84] says: "This species has until recently been badly misunderstood. The range of the species is southern Maine to northwestern Vermont, eastern Kentucky, and south to Delaware and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama." No doubt all of the Indiana records should be transferred to _Betula lutea_, except the Gibson and Posey County record which may be _Betula nigra_.

=Castanea púmila= (Linnæus) Miller. Chinquapin. This species was given a place in our flora in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, Ridgway and Schneck. Ridgway, in giving an additional list of the trees of the Lower Wabash Valley[85] says: "There is some doubt as to No. 16 _Castanea pumila_, which is given on Prof. Sargent's authority; but there is a possibility of an error having been made from the circumstances that the name 'chinquapin' is in that region almost universally applied to the fruit of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_." The Posey County record was based on a specimen in Dr. Schneck's herbarium, which proves to have been taken from a cultivated tree near Poseyville.

=Quercus ilicifòlia= Wangenheim. Bear Oak. This species is credited to our flora by Will Scott in his ecological study of "The Leesburg Swamp" in Kosciusko County, published in the Indiana Academy of Science, 1905, page 225. In a reply to an inquiry addressed to him he says no herbarium material was preserved. This ecological work was done during the summer months while working at the biological station at Winona Lake. In a footnote in this paper we are informed that for the identification of the trees listed, Apgar's Trees of the Northern United States was used. In this key to the trees, _Quercus velutina_ (Black Oak) is given only as a variety of _Quercus coccinea_ (Scarlet Oak), and the distinction between _Quercus velutina_ with its many formed leaves, and _Quercus ilicifolia_ is not made apparent. In view of the fact that the natural habitat of _Quercus ilicifolia_ is sandy barrens and rocky hillsides and its western range is eastern Ohio, it is believed what Mr. Scott had in hand was a variable form of _Quercus velutina_, which is frequent in that vicinity. The evidence is not encouraging enough to include it.

=Quercus nìgra= Linnæus. Water Oak. This species has been reported by several authors for Indiana. It is believed that a majority of the records should be transferred to _velutina_ and _imbricaria_ or _marylandica_. Gorby and Schneck call _Quercus nigra_ black jack oak, which is generally the common name for _Quercus marilandica_. Ridgway in his writings of the flora of the lower Wabash Valley, likewise speaks of _Quercus nigra_ as jack oak and says it is found in poor soil. Coulter in his catalogue of Indiana plants regarded these references to _nigra_ as errors and did not include it in his list. The report for Crawford County by Deam should be transferred to _marilandica_. Since the range of the species is not north of Kentucky, the reference to the species in the State should be dropped.

The published records are as follows: Carroll (Thompson); Crawford (Deam); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Jay (McCaslin); Fountain (Brown); Miami (Gorby); Parke (Hobbs).

=Quercus Phéllos= Linnæus. Willow Oak. This species has been reported from various counties of the State. The tree is said to grow in swamps and on sandy uplands, ranging from Staten Island, New York, south to Florida and west to Texas, and north to southern Kentucky. If it occurs within our area it no doubt would have been found by Dr. Schneck, who was an enthusiastic student of the oaks. He reported it as occurring in the lower Wabash in his early writings, but his herbarium contained no specimens. The writer while in search for this species in Posey County met three men in widely separated parts of the county who were acquainted with the species in the South and they said they had never seen it in Indiana. One of the men was an old man who had spent his boyhood in Arkansas and he was well acquainted with the willow oak before he came to Indiana. It is believed what has been reported for _Q. Phellos_ has been narrow-leaved forms of _Q. imbricaria_ (shingle oak), and that the records should be transferred to that species.

The published records are as follows: Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); Knox (Thomas); Miami (Gorby).

=Quercus prinoìdes= Willdenow. Scrub or Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Reported for Marshall County by Nieuwland[86] on the authority of a specimen deposited in the National Museum collected by Clark. I had this reference checked by E. S. Steele and in a letter to me dated January 4, 1917, he says: "I find no specimen labeled _Quercus prinoides_, but there is one named _Q. Prinus_. There is no ground for calling it _Q. prinoides_." Since the specimen in question is a very immature one, I propose not to take it into consideration since the range of the species would be extended on a dubious specimen.

=Planèra aquática= (Walter) J. F. Gmelin. Planer-tree. Water Elm. This tree was included in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, who includes Indiana in the range of the species in his "Forest Trees of North America," Vol. 9, U.S. Census Report, 1880, page 124. Dr. Schneck spent a lifetime along the lower Wabash bottoms and very carefully preserved specimens of all the flora of the region where this species is reported to occur. In his report of the flora of this region in 1875 he does not include this tree. An examination of his herbarium material showed no specimens of this tree either from Indiana or Illinois. It is fair to presume if he had been acquainted with the tree he would have had it represented in his herbarium. Since the white elm is frequently called water elm, as well as the planer-tree, it is easy to understand how confusion might arise in separating these trees by non-professional people.

=Morus nìgra= Linnæus. Black Mulberry. This species is reported by Phinney[87] as one of the "more important and common forest trees observed in Delaware County." He also enumerates _Morus rubra_. A splendid example of careless work. This species is reported by Brown[88] for Fountain County, and by McCaslin[89] for Jay County. These authors reported this species as a native forest tree. Since this species is not a native of the United States the citations no doubt should be referred to our native mulberry, _Morus rubra_ (red mulberry).

=Ìlex opàca= Aiton. Holly. This species was included in Coulter's Catalogue of the Plants of Indiana on the authority of Robert Ridgway. I find no reference to this species in the writings of Ridgway.

In Shawnee Park on the west side of Louisville, Kentucky is a large tree of this species. I was told that it was a native. A timber buyer of Tell City told me that there was a native tree on his grandfather's farm in the southern part of Perry County. Since this species has been reported for Grayson County, Kentucky, which is less than forty miles to the south, it is quite probable that a few trees were found as far north as Indiana.

=Acer pennsylvánicum= Linnæus. Moosewood. The only record of this species occurring in Indiana is in a report of the Trees occurring along the Wabash River by Prince Maximilian. Since the report does not definitely state where the species was observed or how frequently it occurred and since the greater part of Maximilian's time was spent on the Illinois side of the Wabash, it is more than likely that he observed it on the Illinois side of the Wabash. While Indiana is within the possible range of the species, it has not been discovered since. If not extinct in our area it is most likely to be found among the hills of the southern counties or in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. Robert Ridgway says that he and Dr. Schneck saw it growing in a wooded cove near a cavern called Flory's Cave in Johnson County, Illinois.

=Nyssa aquática= Linnæus. Tupelo Gum. Several early authors erroneously reported _Nyssa sylvatica_ as this species. This species inhabits deep swamps. Dr. Schneck and Robert Ridgway, recognized authorities and best acquainted with the swamp area of the southwestern counties, at first thought it was a member of our flora, but later decided that it should be excluded.

Michael Catt, 83 years old, who lived nearly 75 years about three miles west of Decker on the border of the cypress swamp in the south part of Knox County, told me that he is positive that the tupelo gum was an occasional tree in the cypress swamp west of Decker.

=Fraxinus caroliniàna= Miller. Water Ash. This species was included in Coulter's Catalogue of Indiana Plants upon the authority of Dr. Schneck. It is asserted that specimens were sent to Missouri Botanical Gardens for verification. The writer has carefully examined all the specimens of _Fraxinus_ in the Missouri Botanical Gardens, and all of Schneck's specimens in the herbarium are now correctly named _Fraxinus profunda_. Since this species is not in our range it should be dropped from our flora.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE LARGEST TREES OF SOME SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN INDIANA.

---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+-------
Authority| County. | Name. | Circum- | Clear | Total
| | | ference. | Bole. |Height.
---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+-------
| | | cm.ft.in.|dm. ft.|dm. ft.
| | | | |
Deam |Laporte |Pinus Strobus | 267 8 8|... .. |229 75
| | (White Pine) | | |
Deam |Lake |Pinus Banksiana | 116 3 11|... .. |168 55
| | (Jack Pine) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V.[A]|Taxodium distichum | 562 18 9|226 74 |445 146
| | (Cypress) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Salix nigra | 305 10 ..|... .. |268 88
| | (Black Willow) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Populus deltoides | 671 22 ..|229 75 |518 170
| | (Cottonwood) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Populus grandidentata | 112 3 8|217 71 |217 71
| | (Quaking Aspen) | | |
Ridgway |Knox |Populus heterophylla | 229 7 6|156 51 |281 92
| | (Cottonwood) | | |
Deam |Marshall |Populus tremuloides | 121 4 ..|168 55 |168 55
| | (Quaking Aspen) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Juglans nigra | 671 22 ..|226 74 |473 155
| | (Black Walnut) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya alba | 315 10 4|168 55 |342 112
| | (White Hickory) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya glabra | 229 7 6|... .. |351 115
| | (Black Hickory) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Carya ovalis | 294 10 ..|213 70 |409 134
| | (Small-fruited | | |
| | Hickory) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Carya illinoensis | 488 16 ..|275 90 |534 175
| | (Pecan) | | |
Deam |Madison |Ostrya virginiana | 117 3 10|... .. |122 40
| | (Ironwood) | | |
Ridgway |Knox |Carpinus caroliniana | 107 3 6| 21 7 | 98 32
| | (Blue Beech) | | |
Deam |Porter |Betula papyrifera | 63 2 1|... .. |183 60
| | (Paper Birch) | | |
Deam |Porter |Alnus incana | 42 1 5|... .. | 92 30
| | (Tag Alder) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Fagus grandifolia | 336 11 ..|... .. |372 122
| | (Beech) | | |
Bot. Gaz.|Jackson |Castanea dentata | 671 22 ..|213 70 |... ...
June '80| | (Chestnut) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus alba | 549 18 ..|220 72 |503 165
| | (White Oak) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus Schneckii | 618 20 3|287 94 |552 181
| | (Schneck's Oak) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus falcata | 427 14 ..|213 70 |396 130
| | (Spanish Oak) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus macrocarpa | 671 22 ..|220 72 |503 165
| | (Burr Oak) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Quercus Michauxii | 395 13 ..| 88 29 |364 119
| | (Cow Oak) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus palustris | 366 12 ..| 70 23 |366 120
| | (Pin Oak) | | |
Ridgway |Gibson |Quercus rubra | 702 23 ..|232 76 |... ...
| | (Red Oak) | | |
Ridgway |Knox |Quercus rubra | 427 14 ..|168 55 |436 143
| | (Red Oak) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Quercus velutina | 610 20 ..|229 75 |503 165
| | (Black Oak) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Ulmus americana | 488 16 ..|152 50 |366 120
| | (White Elm) | | |
Ridgway |Gibson |Celtis occidentalis | 336 11 ..|253 83 |183 60
| | (Hackberry) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Liriodendron Tulipifera| 762 25 ..|278 91 |580 190
| | (Yellow Poplar) | | |
Schneck |Posey |Asimina triloba | 69 2 3|... .. |146 48
| | (Pawpaw) | | |
Johnson |Posey |Sassafras officinale | 236 7 6|229 75 |290 95
| | (Sassafras) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Liquidambar Styraciflua| 518 17 ..|244 80 |500 164
| | (Sweet Gum) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Platanus occidentalis |1,116 33 4|207 68 |537 176
| | (Sycamore) | | |
Bot. Gaz.|Daviess |Platanus occidentalis |1,464 48 ..| 76 25 |... ..
June '80| | (Sycamore) | | |
Deam |Steuben |Amelanchier lævis | 56 1 10|... .. | 92 30
| | (Juneberry) | | |
Deam |Porter |Prunus pennsylvanica | 60 2 ..|... .. |107 35
| | (Wild Red Cherry) | | |
Ridgway |Knox |Cercis canadensis | 84 2 9| 70 23 |165 54
| | (Redbud) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Gleditsia aquatica | 212 7 ..|... .. |198 65
| | (Water Honey Locust) | | |
Schneck |Posey |Gleditsia triacanthos | 549 18 ..|186 61 |593 129
| | (Honey Locust) | | |
Deam |Posey |Acer Negundo | 300 9 10| 24 8 |122 40
| | (Box Elder) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer rubrum | 396 13 ..|183 60 |329 108
| | (Red Maple) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Acer saccharum | 381 12 6|183 60 |345 113
| | (Sugar Maple) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Tilia glabra | 534 17 6|153 50 |332 109
| | (Linn) | | |
Deam |Jefferson |Tilia heterophylla | 356 8 8| 37 12 |183 60
| | (White Linn) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Nyssa sylvatica | 549 18 ..|... .. |... ...
| | (Black Gum) | | |
Deam |Posey |Diospyros virginiana | 178 6 10| 24 8 |137 45
| | (Persimmon) | | |
Ridgway |L. W. V. |Diospyros virginiana | 168 5 6|244 80 |351 115
| | (Persimmon) | | |
Schneck |L. W. V. |Catalpa speciosa | 183 6 ..|146 48 |308 101
| | (Catalpa) | | |
---------+-----------+-----------------------+-----------+-------+-------

[A] L. W. V.--Lower Wabash Valley.

Specific Gravity of Indiana Woods.[90]

The specific gravity was derived from wood dried at 100° centigrade (212 Fah.) until it ceased to lose weight.

Carya ovata (Shellbark Hickory) 0.8372
Quercus stellata (Post Oak) 0.8367
Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw) 0.8332
Quercus lyrata (Overcup Oak) 0.8313
Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) 0.8264
Carya alba (White Hickory) 0.8218
Carya glabra (Black Hickory) 0.8217
Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 0.8153
Carya laciniosa (Big Shellbark Hickory) 0.8108
Quercus Michauxii (Cow Oak) 0.8039
Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) 0.7908
Amelanchier canadensis (Juneberry) 0.7838
Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) 0.7736
Quercus bicolor (Swamp White Oak) 0.7662
Carya cordiformis (Pig Hickory) 0.7552
Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak) 0.7529
Quercus Prinus (Chestnut Oak) 0.7499
Ulmus alata (Cork Elm) 0.7491
Quercus alba (White Oak) 0.7470
Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) 0.7453
Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak) 0.7405
Gleditsia aquatica (Water Honey Locust) 0.7342
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia (Black Locust) 0.7333
Quercus marilandica (Black Jack Oak) 0.7324
Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) 0.7287
Carpinus caroliniana (Water Beech) 0.7286
Ulmus Thomasi (Hickory Elm) 0.7263
Prunus americana (Wild Plum) 0.7215
Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash) 0.7184
Carya illinoensis (Pecan) 0.7180
Malus glaucescens (Crab Apple) 0.7048
Quercus velutina (Black Oak) 0.7045
Ulmus fulva (Slippery Elm) 0.6956
Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 0.6938
Gymnocladus dioica (Coffeenut) 0.6934
Quercus falcata (Spanish Oak) 0.6928
Acer nigrum (Black Maple) 0.6915
Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) 0.6912
Fagus grandifolia (Beech) 0.6883
Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) 0.6740
Betula lutea (Yellow Birch) 0.6553
Fraxinus americana (White Ash) 0.6543
Quercus rubra (Red Oak) 0.6540
Ulmus americana (White Elm) 0.6506
Cercis canadensis (Redbud) 0.6363
Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) 0.6356
Adelia acuminata (Swamp Privet) 0.6345
Fraxinus nigra (Water Ash) 0.6318
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash) 0.6251
Larix laricina (Tamarack) 0.6236
Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 0.6178
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) 0.6115
Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) 0.5955
Liquidambar Styraciflua (Sweet Gum) 0.5909
Morus rubra (Red Mulberry) 0.5898
Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry) 0.5822
Betula nigra (River Birch) 0.5762
Betula populifolia (White Birch) 0.5760
Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) 0.5678
Pinus virginiana (Jersey Pine) 0.5309
Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple) 0.5259
Sassafras officinale (Sassafras) 0.5042
Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red Cherry) 0.5023
Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) 0.4926
Pinus Banksiana (Gray Pine) 0.4761
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber Tree) 0.4690
Alnus rugosa (Alder) 0.4666
Populus grandidentata (Quaking Aspen) 0.4632
Alnus incana (Tag Alder) 0.4607
Taxodium distichum (Cypress) 0.4543
Æsculus glabra (Buckeye) 0.4542
Tilia glabra (Linn) 0.4525
Castanea dentata (Chestnut) 0.4504
Salix amygdaloides (Willow) 0.4502
Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa) 0.4474
Salix nigra (Black Willow) 0.4456
Acer Negundo (Box Elder) 0.4328
Æsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye) 0.4274
Tilia heterophylla (White Linn) 0.4253
Tsuga canadensis (Hemlock) 0.4239
Liriodendron Tulipifera (Yellow Poplar) 0.4230
Catalpa speciosa (Catalpa) 0.4165
Populus heterophylla (Downy Cottonwood) 0.4089
Juglans cinerea (Butternut) 0.4086
Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen) 0.4032
Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) 0.3069
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 0.3889
Pinus Strobus (White Pine) 0.3854
Thuja occidentalis (Arbor-Vitæ) 0.3164

COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA.]

COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA SHOWING CERTAIN AREAS OF FOREST DISTRIBUTION.]

ENGLISH AND METRIC SCALES COMPARED.

These can be cut out and pasted on wood.]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Ind. Geol. Rept. 22:93:1898.

[2] Amer. Mid. Nat. 3:70:1913.

[3] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1901:297:1902.

[4] See discussion under Abies balsamea on page 290.

[5] Proc. Ind. Hort. Soc. 1892:53:1893.

[6] Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 5:338:1874.

[7] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1897:173:1898.

[8] Baird & Taylor's reference to this species is regarded as a
cultivated tree or as an error: Manual Public Schools of Clark
County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62.

[9] Hamilton County by Wilson, no doubt from a cultivated tree.

[10] Contributed by C. R. Ball, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington, D.C.,
except the genus Populus.

[11] Coulter's record for Gibson County by Schneck is regarded as an
error because Schneck himself does not report it, and there was no
specimen in the Schneck herbarium.

[12] Deam's record in Rept. Ind. St. Board Forestry 1911:124:1912 was a
manuscript error.

[13] Ind. Geol. Rept. 17:263:1892.

[14] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 64: 58:1918.

[15] Heimlich in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:437:439:1918 credits most of
my records jointly with Prof. G. N. Hoffer. This is an error. On my
invitation Prof. Hoffer accompanied me nine days in the field doing
mycological work. While he gave me valuable assistance in collecting
during these days, his assistance and responsibility stopped there
and he never asked or expected to be considered joint author. Again
on our trip we collected only in Daviess, Gibson, Fountain, Knox,
Lawrence, Martin, Pike and Sullivan Counties.

[16] Sargent 1.c.

[17] André Michaux's Travels 1793-1796.

[18] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 2:283:1871.

[19] Flora of Jefferson County. Ind. Geol. Surv. Rept. 6:265:1875.

[20] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:236:1918.

[21] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918.

[22] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:435:1918.

[23] Bot. Gaz. 66:237:1918.

[24] Bot. Gaz. 66:244:1918.

[25] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:436:1918.

[26] Trees and Shrubs 2:208-209:1913 and Bot. Gaz. 66:247:1918.

[27] Bot. Gaz. 66:249:1918.

[28] In 1916 in Allen County along Cedar Creek, I measured a specimen
that was 15.6 dm. in circ. b.h. with a clear bole of about 3m.

[29] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:443:1918.

[30] Ind. Geol. Rept. 18:61:1894.

[31] Minnesota Bot. Studies 4:454:1916.

[32] Sargent in Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:435:1918.

[33] This hybrid was described in the Report of the Indiana State Board
of Forestry for 1911.

[34] Elliott: Histological variations of _Quercus Muhlenbergii_.
University of Kansas Science Bul. 9:45:54:8 Plates:1914.

[35] Gorby: Trees and shrubs indigenous to Miami County, Ind. Geol.
Rept. 16:168-170:1889.

[36] Wilson: Flora of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana. Proc. Ind.
Acad. Science. 1894:156-176:1895.

[37] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois, and a part of
Lake County Indiana. Bul. Chicago Acad. Sci. Vol. 2: 106:1891

[38] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol.
3:230:1914.

[39] Michaux: North American Silva. J. J. Smith's Trans. Vol. 1:37:1871.

[40] Nieuwland: Notes on our local flora. Amer. Mid. Nat. Vol.
3:230:1914.

[41] Prof. B. Shimek told me that recently a few trees were found about
30 miles west of Iowa City, Iowa.

[42] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:424:1918.

[43] Brown: Trees of Fountain County, Ind. Geol. Rept. Vol. 11:123:1882.

[44] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 65:427:1918.

[45] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:217-229:1919.

[46] Hill: Notes on Celtis pumila, etc. Bul. Torrey Club:
Vol:27:496-505:1900.

[47] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:228-229:1919.

[48] Garden & Forest 9:375:1896.

[49] =Morus alba= Linnæus. White Mulberry. A small crooked tree; leaves
ovate, sometimes lobed, blades 6-13 cm. long, cordate at the base,
acute at apex, at maturity glabrous above and glabrous beneath or
with some hairs on the veins and in the axils of the veins; fruit
subglobose or oblong, 1-2 cm. long, white to pinkish. This is an
introduced tree and has been reported as an escape in many parts
of the State, especially by the older botanists. =Morus alba=
variety =tatarica= Loudon, the Russian mulberry, has been reported
as an escape. The writer has seen single specimens as an escape in
woods in Cass and Marshall Counties. It can be distinguished by
practically all of the leaves being more or less lobed and the
reddish fruit. This form was introduced into the United States in
great numbers about fifty years ago by the Mennonites. It was
especially recommended by nurserymen for fence posts and it has been
planted to some extent in Indiana, but it cannot be recommended. It
grows too slowly and is too crooked to compensate for any lasting
qualities the wood may have. =Morus nigra= has been reported from
Indiana by Phinney, Brown and McCaslin as a forest tree. Since this
is an introduced tree, and is not supposed to be hardy in our area,
their reports should be transferred to some other species.

[50] Amer. Midland Naturalist Vol. 3:347:1914.

[51] Contributed by W. W. Eggleston, Bureau Plant Industry, Washington,
D.C.

[52] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:445:1918.

[53] Higley and Raddin: Flora of Cook County Illinois and a part of Lake
County Indiana. Bul. Chic. Acad. Sci. Vol. 2:33:1891.

[54] Trans. Ill. Acad. Science, 1916:132.

[55] Amer. Nat. 6:660:1872.

[56] Rept. Ind. Geol. Surv. 12:208:1883.

[57] Ind. Geol. Rept. 16:169:1889.

[58] Plant World 7:252:1904.

[59] Thomas' Western Travels, page 111:1819.

[60] Drake in Picture of Cincinnati, page 83, 1815.

[61] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:233:1919.

[62] S. Coulter: Size of some trees of Jefferson County, Ind. Bot. Gaz.
Vol. 1:10:1875. He says: "Fifty trees were measured at three feet
above the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches. An
equal number of _Æsculus octandra_ were measured at the same height
from the ground with an average diameter of 2 ft. and 9 inches."

[63] Drake: Picture of Cincinnatus:79:1815.

[64] Young: Botany of Jefferson County, Ind. Geo. Surv. Ind. Rept.
2:255:1871.

[65] Sargent: Notes on North American Trees. Bot. Gaz. Vol. 66:421-438
and 494-511:1918.

[66] Wadmond: Flora of Racine and Kenosha Counties. Trans. Wis. Acad.
Sci. Vol. 16:857:1909. The author says: "Two trees near Berryville,
the only known trees of this species in the State."

[67] In 1918 I measured a specimen near Yankeetown in Warrick County
that had a clear bole of 3 meters (10 feet), and a circumference
of 11 dm. (40 inches) b.h.

[68] Bot. Gaz. Vol. 67:241-242:1919.

[69] Rhodora Vol. 14:192:1912.

[70] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917.

[71] Sterrett: Utilization of Ash, U. S. Dept. Agri. Bul. 523:1917.

[72] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900:141:1901.

[73] Manual Public Schools Clark County, Ind. 1878-9, page 62.

[74] Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:403:1918.

[75] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 7:562:1876.

[76] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 16:168:1889.

[77] Rept. Geol. Surv. Ind. 24:617:1900.

[78] Sci. Bul. Chic. Acad. Vol. 2:148:1891.

[79] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881.

[80] Blatchley's, Mss. Flora of Monroe County, Ind. June 1887.

[81] Bul. Brockville Nat. Hist. Soc. No. 1:38:1885

[82] Amer. Midland Nat. Vol. 3:222:1914.

[83] It is said that this list and that of Hobb's list of trees of Parke
county were prepared by obtaining from farmers a list of the common
names of the trees to which they attached botanical names.

[84] Sargent in a letter to the author.

[85] Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 17:415.

[86] American Midland Naturalist 3:320:1914.

[87] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:148:1881.

[88] Ind. Geol. Rept. 11:123:1882.

[89] Ind. Geol. Rept. 12:174:1883.

[90] Adapted from Sargent's "Trees of North America."

INDEX

The accepted botanical names are in bold-face type. Synonyms are placed in italics. Where the subject receives the most extended notice the page number is in bold-face type.

Page

=Abies balsamea=, =290=

=Aceracea=, =239=

=Acer=, =239=
Negundo, =240=, 241, 298, 300
=Negundo= variety =violaceum=, =242=
=nigrum=, =246=, 247, 299
=pennsylvanicum=, =295=
=rubrum=, =244=, 245, 298, 300
=rubrum= variety =Drummondii=, =244=
=rubrum= variety =tridens=, =246=
=saccharinum=, 242, 243, 300
=saccharum=, 248, 249, 298, 299
=saccharum= variety =glaucum=, =248=
=saccharum= variety =Schneckii=, =250=
=saccharum= variety =Rugelii=, =250=

Acknowledgments, 16

=Adelia=, =282=
=acuminata=, =282=, 283, 300

=Æsculaceæ=, =251=

=Æsculus=, =251=
_flava_ variety _purpurascens_, _253_
=glabra=, =251=, 252, 300
=octandra=, =253=, 254, 300

=Ailanthus altissima=, =237=, 238
_glandulosa_, _237_

Alder, 90, 300
smooth, 92, 93
speckled, 90, 91

=Alnus=, =90=, 297
=incana=, 13, =90=, 91, 297, 300
=rugosa=, 13, 90, =92=, 93, 300

=Altingiaceæ=, =166=

=Amelanchier canadensis=, =177=, 178
=lævis=, =177=, 179, 298, 299

=Amygdalaceæ=, =216=

=Anonaceæ=, =161=

Apple, American crab, 172, 173, 299
Iowa crab, 174
narrow-leaved crab, 174, 175
western crab, 174, 176
thorn, 180

Arbor-Vitæ 32, 33, 300

Arrow wood 265

Ash 267
Biltmore 270, 271
black 280, 281
blue 278, 279, 299
gray 267
green 272, 273
hoop 148, 282
pumpkin 277
red 274, 275, 300
swamp 272, 274
swell-butt 276, 277
water 300
white 267, 272, 274, 299

=Asimina triloba= =161=, 162, 298, 300

Aspen, large-toothed 50, 51
quaking 52, 53, 300

Ball, Carleton R 16

Balm of Gilead 292

Banana, Hoosier 161

Basswood 255, 256
white 257, 258

Beech 94, 95, 297, 299
blue 78, 79, 297
red 96
water 78, 79, 299
white 96
yellow 96

=Betulaceæ= =78=

=Betula= =80=
=alleghenensis= =84=
=lenta= 84, 85, =292=, 299
=lutea= =82=, 83, 84, 85
=nigra= 84, =88=, 89, 293, 300
=papyrifera= =85=, 87, 297, 300
=papyrifera × pumila glandulifera= =85=
=populifolia= =85=, 86, 300
=Sanbergi= =85=

=Bignoniaceæ= =284=

Birch 80, 82, 90
black 88, 89, 292
canoe 85, 87, 88
gray 85, 86
paper 85, 87, 88, 297, 300
red 88, 89, 90
river 90, 300
white 85, 86, 88, 300
yellow 82, 83, 299

Botanic descriptions, comments on 13

Box elder 240, 241

Britton and Brown 16

Buckeye 251, 252, 253, 300
sweet 253, 254, 300

Butternut 54, 55, 300

=Cæsalpinaceæ= =226=

=Caprifoliaceæ= =288=

=Carpinus caroliniana= =78=, 79, 297, 299

=Carya= =56=
=alba= =68=, 69, 299
=alba= variety =subcoriacea= =70=
=aquatica= =292=
=Buckleyi= variety =arkansana= =76=, 77
=cordiformis= =61=, 62, 72, 299
=glabra= =70=, 71, 299
=glabra= variety =megacarpa= =72=
=illinoensis= =59=, 60, 299
=laciniosa= =66=, 67, 292, 299
=myristicæformis= =292=
=ovalis= 70, =72=, 73, 74
=ovalis= variety =obcordata= =75=
=ovalis= variety =obcordata= forma =vestita= =75=
=ovalis= variety =obovalis= =75=
=ovalis= variety =odorata= =75=
=ovata= =63=, 64, 299
=ovata= variety =fraxinifolia= =65=
=ovata= variety =Nuttallii= =66=

=Castanea dentata= =96=, 97, 297, 300
=pumila= =293=

Catalfa 284

Catalpa 284, 298, 300
hardy 284

=Catalpa= =284=

=Catalpa bigonnioides= 13, =284=, 285, 300

_Catalpa Catalpa_ _284_
=speciosa= =284=, 286, 287, 298, 300

Cedar, red 32, 35, 300
white 291

=Celtis= =146=
_laevigata_ _151_
=mississipiensis= =151=, 152
=occidentalis= 147, =148=, 298, 299
=occidentalis= variety =crassifolia= =148=
=pumila= =148=, 149
=pumila= variety =Deamii= 149, =150=

=Cercis canadensis= =227=, 228, 298, 300

=Chamæcyparis thyoides= =291=

Cherry, wild 223
wild black 223, 225, 300
wild red 223, 224, 298, 300

Chestnut 96, 97, 297, 300

Chinquapin 293

Coffeenut 233, 234, 299

Contents, table of 9

Conservation, The Department of 16

=Cornacea= =259=

=Cornus florida= =261=, 262, 299

Cottonwood 47, 49, 297, 300
downy 300
swamp 47, 48

Coulter, Stanley, Commissioner 16, 163, 251

=Cratægus= =180=
=albicans= =214=
_alnorum_ _200_
=basilica= =200=, 201
=beata= =214=
=berberifolia= =214=
=Boyntoni= =214=
=Brainerdi= =214=
=Calpodendron= =191=, 193
=chrysocarpa= =194=, 195
=coccinea= =209=, 211
=coccinea= variety =Elwangeriana= =212=
_coccinea_ variety _oligandra_ _206_
=coccinoides= =209=, 210
=collina= =188=, 189
_cordata_ _214_
=Crus-galli= =182=, 183
=cuneiformis= =182=, 184
_deltoides_ _203_
=denaria= =214=
_Dodgei_ _194_
_Edsoni_ _200_
_Eggertii_ _209_
=fecunda= =214=
=filipes= =203=, 205
=Gattingeri= =206=, 207
=Jesupi= =200=, 202
=lucorum= =214=
=macrosperma= =197=, 199
=macrosperma= variety =matura= =200=
=Margaretta= =185=, 187
=mollis= =212=, 213
=neo-fluvialis= =191=, 192
=nitida= =197=, 198
=ovata= =214=
_pausiaca_ _182_
_pedicillata_ _209_
_pedicillata_ variety _Elwangeriana_ _212_
=Phænopyrum= =214=, 215
=Pringlei= =214=
=pruinosa= =206=, 208
=punctata= =185=, 186
=roanensis= =214=
_rotundifolia_ _194_
=rugosa= =203=, 204
_silvicola_ variety _Beckwithae_ _203_
=succulenta= =188=, 190
=villipes= =214=
=viridis= 196, =197=

Crooked brush 282, 283

Cucumber tree 157, 158, 300

Cypress, bald 28, 31, 297, 300

Deam, Stella M. 16

Dietz, Harry F. 7, 15

=Diospyros virginiana= =265=, 266, 298, 299

Distribution of trees, terms used to define 14

Dogwood 261, 262
flowering 261, 299

=Ebenaceæ= =265=

Eggleston, W. W. 16, 171

Elder, box 240, 241, 298, 300

Elm 140
bitter 140
cork 299
gray 140
hickory 142, 143, 299
hub 140
red 138, 139, 140
rock 142, 143
slippery 138, 139, 299
sour 140
swamp 140
water 140, 294
white 140, 141, 300
winged 142, 144

English and metric scales compared 306

=Ericaceæ= =263=

=Fabaceæ= =233=

=Fagaceæ= =92=

=Fagus grandifolia= =94=, 95, 297, 299

Fir, balsam 290

=Fraxinus= =267=
=americana= =268=, 269, 299
=americana= forma =iodocarpa= =270=
=americana= variety =subcoriacea= =268=
=biltmoreana= =270=, 271
=caroliniana= =296=
=lanceolata= =272=, 273
=nigra= =280=, 281, 300
=pennsylvanica= =274=, 275, 300
=profunda= =276=, 277, 296
=quadrangulata= =278=, 279, 299

Frontispiece 5

=Gleditsia aquatica= =230=, 231, 299
=aquatica x triacanthos= =232=
=triancanthos= =227=, 229, 299

Gum 259
black 259, 298, 300
sour 259
sweet 166, 167, 298, 300
tupelo 295
yellow 259

=Gymnocladus dioica= =233=, 234, 299

Hackberry 146, 148, 151, 298, 299
dwarf 148, 149

Haw, black 288, 289, 299
dotted 185
pear 191, 193
red 180, 191, 209, 212
scarlet 214
southern black 289

Hedge 155

Hemlock 26, 29, 300

Hickory 56
big scaly-bark 68
big shellbark 65, 66, 67, 299
black 70, 71, 297, 299
hard-head 68
nutmeg 292
pignut 61, 62, 72, 299
shellbark 63, 64, 65, 299
small-fruited 72, 73, 76, 297
ladies 76
water 292
white 68, 69, 297, 299
yellow-bud 63

Holly 295, 298

Hop hornbeam 80

Hough, R. B. 16

=Ilex opaca= =295=

Illustrations, explanation of 15
list of 10

Introduction 13

Ironwood 80, 297, 299

=Juglandaceæ= =52=

=Juglans= =52=
_aquatica_ _292_
=cinerea= =54=, 55, 300
=nigra= =54=, 57, 297, 300

Juneberry 177, 298, 299
smooth 177, 179

Juniper 291

=Juniperus communis= =291=
=virginiana= =32=, 35, 291, 300

=Kalmia latifolia= =84=
Key to the families of Indiana trees 17

Larch 26

=Larix laricina= =26=, 27, 300

=Lauraceæ= =163=

Laurel 84

Lieber, Richard 7

Linn 255, 256, 298, 300

=Liquidambar Styraciflua= =166=, 167, 298, 300

=Liriodendron Tulipifera= =159=, 160, 298, 300

Locust 235
black 235, 236, 299
honey 227, 229, 298, 299
water honey 230, 231, 298, 299
yellow 235

=Maclura pomifera= =155=, 156, 299

=Magnoliaceæ= =155=

=Magnolia acuminata= =157=, 158, 300

=Malaceæ= =171=

=Malus= =171=
=angustifolia= =171=
_coronaria_ _174_, 176
_fragrans_ _172_
=glaucescens= =172=, 173, 299
=ioensis= =174=
=ioensis= × lancifolia =177=
=lancifolia= =174=, 175

Maple, black 246, 247, 299
black sugar 246
hard 248
red 244, 245, 298, 300
rock 248
silver 242, 243, 300
soft 242, 244
sugar 248, 249, 298, 299
swamp 244
white 242

Map of certain forestal areas of Indiana 302
explanation of 15

Map of Indiana 301

Moosewood 295

=Moraceæ= =151=

=Morus= =153=
=alba= =155=
=alba= variety =tatarica= =155=
=nigra= 155, =295=
=rubra= =153=, 154, 298, 300

Mulberry, red 153, 154, 155, 298, 300
black 295
white 155

Nomenclature 14

=Nyssa aquatica= =295=
=sylvatica= =259=, 260, 295, 300

Oak 98
basket 107, 108
bear 294
black 119, 127, 129, 135, 298, 299
black jack 135, 136, 299
bur 104, 115, 116, 117, 297, 299
chestnut 104, 110, 111, 299
chinquapin 104, 106
cow 107, 108, 297, 299
dwarf chestnut 294
Hill's 127, 128
iron 114
jack 119
mossy cup 116
over cup 117, 118, 299
peach 119
pigeon 107
pin 123, 124, 297, 299
post 112, 113, 300
red 121, 122, 126, 135, 297, 299
sand bur 114
scarlet 131, 132, 299
Schneck's 123, 125
scrub 294
shingle 119, 120, 299
Spanish 131, 133, 134, 297, 299
swamp 123
swamp white 104, 105, 299
sweet 104
water 119, 123, 294
white 101, 102, 297, 299
willow 294
yellow 104, 131

=Oleaceæ= =267=

Osage Orange 155, 156, 299

=Ostrya virginiana= =80=, 81, 299
=virginiana= variety =glandulosa= =80=

=Oxydendrum arboreum= =263=, 264

Pawpaw 161, 162, 298
white 161
yellow 161

Pecan 59, 60, 297, 299
McCallister 60

Pepperidge 259

Persimmon 265, 266, 298, 299

=Pinaceæ= =19=

Pine 19
gray 22, 23, 300
jack 22, 23, 297
Jersey 22, 24, 25, 300
Norway 290
pitch 290
scrub 22, 24, 25
short-leaf 290
white 20, 21, 25, 297, 300

=Pinus= =19=
=Banksiana= =22=, 23, 300
=echinata= =290=
=resinosa= =290=
=rigida= =290=
=Strobus= =20=, 21, 290, 300
=virginiana= 24, =25=

=Planera aquatica= =294=

Planer-tree 294

Plane tree 168

=Platanaceæ= =168=

=Platanus occidentalis= 168, 169, 298, 300

Plum, Canada 218, 220
wild goose 221, 222
wild red 216, 217, 299
woolly-leaf 218, 219

Pond brush 282, 283

Poplar 45, 159
balsam 291
blue 159
Carolina 47, 49
hickory 159
Lombardy 292
silver-leaf 45, 46
swamp 47
white 159
yellow 159, 160, 298

=Populus= =45=
=alba= =45=, 46
=balsamifera= =291=
_balsamifera_ variety _virginiana_ _47_
=candicans= =292=
=deltoides= =47=, 49, 297, 300
=grandidentata= =50=, 51, 291, 297, 300
=heterophylla= =47=, 48, 297, 300
=nigra= variety =italica= =292=
=tremuloides= =52=, 53, 297, 300

Preface 7

Privet swamp 300

=Prunus= =216=
=americana= =216=, 217, 299
=americana= variety =lanata= =218=, 219
=hortulana= =221=, 222
=nigra= =218=, 220
=pennsylvanica= =223=, 224, 300
=serotina= =223=, 225, 300

Quaking aspen 52, 300

=Quercus= =98=
=alba= =101=, 102, 297, 299
=alba= variety =latiloba= =103=
=alba x Michauxii= =110=
=alba x Muhlenbergii= =103=
=Beadlei= =110=
=bicolor= =104=, 105, 299
=coccinea= =131=, 132, 299
=Deami= =103=
_digitata_ _135_
=ellipsoidalis= =127=, 128
=falcata= =133=, 134, 297, 299
=illicifolia= =293=
=imbricaria= =119=, 120, 299
=lyrata= =117=, 118, 299
=macrocarpa= 115, =116=, 297, 299
=macrocarpa= variety =olivæformis= =116=
=marilandica= =135=, 136, 294, 299
_maxima_ _121_
=Michauxii= =107=, 108, 297, 299
_montana_ _110_
=Muhlenbergii= =104=, 106, 109, 112, 293
=nigra= =293=
_pagoda_ _135_
_pagodaefolia_ _135_
=palustris= =123=, 124, 297, 299
=Phellos= =294=
=prinoides= =294=
=Prinus= 107, =109=, 111, 294, 299
=rubra= =121=, 122, 135, 297, 299
_rubra_ variety _triloba_ _135_
=Schneckii= =123=, 125, 127, 297
_Shumardii_ _126_
_Shumardii_ variety _Schneckii_ _126_
=stellata= =112=, 113, 300
_triloba_ _135_
=velutina= =127=, 129, 131, 298, 299

Redbud 227, 228, 298, 300

Remarks, explanation of 15

=Robinia Pseudo-Acacia= =235=, 236, 299

_Rulac Nuttallii_ _242_

=Salicaceæ= =34=

=Salix= =34=
=alba= =40=, 41
=alba= variety =vitellina= =40=
=amygdaloides= =38=, 39, 300
=discolor= =43=, 44
=discolor= variety =eriocephala= =43=
=fragilis= =40=, 42
=nigra= =36=, 37, 300
=nigra= variety =falcata= =38=

Sassafras 163, 164, 298, 300
red 163
white 163

_Sassafras albida_ variety _glauca_ _166_
=officinale= =163=, 164

Sargent, C. S. 16

Service berry 177

=Simarubaceæ= =237=

Sorrel tree 263, 264

Sour wood 263, 264

Specific gravity of some of the woods of Indiana 299

Stink tree 237

Sugar berry 151

Sugar, black 246

Sugar tree 248

Sycamore 5, 168, 169, 298, 300

Tamarack 26, 27, 300

=Taxodium distichum= =28=, 31, 297, 300