Chapter VI: Part 6

=Distribution.=--Moist, alluvial soil along streams and lakes, southeastern Virginia to northern Florida and southwestern Indiana to eastern Kansas and Texas.

A tree from 6-11 m. (20-35 feet) high, with ascending branches and a broad crown.

Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Dubois (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Knox (Schneck); Posey (Deam).

=11. Crataegus nítida= (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. Plate 87. Bark dark and scaly; spines occasional, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves oblong-ovate to oval, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate or twice serrate with acute lobes towards the apex, dark green and shining above, glabrous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above, slightly villous when young; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 3-5; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit ripens in October, globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull red, 6-9 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) thick; flesh yellow, mealy, hard.

=Distribution.=--River bottoms southwestern Indiana to southern Illinois. A tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and spreading branches and a broad crown.

Specimens have been seen from Gibson (Schneck); Posey (Deam).

CRATÆGUS NITIDA (Engelmann) Sargent. Shining Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS MACROSPERMA Ashe. Variable Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=12. Crataegus macrospérma= Ashe. Variable Thorn. Plate 88. Bark brown, scaly; spines numerous, stout, curved, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long; leaves broadly elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long and wide, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or rarely cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, slightly villous, becoming glabrate, dark yellow-green above, membranaceous; petioles slender, 2-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged above; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. (1/2-3/4 inch) broad; stamens 5-20, usually 5-10; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; fruit ripens in August or September, ellipsoidal or pyriform, scarlet to crimson, often glaucous, 1-1.8 cm. (1/3-3/4 inch) thick, flesh succulent, edible; calyx lobes persistent, erect or spreading.

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and Maine to southeastern Minnesota and south in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee.

Usually a large shrub but occasionally a small tree, sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with ascending branches.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Bartholomew (Deam); Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Madison (Deam); Porter (Deam); Randolph (Deam); Shelby (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley (Deam).

=Crataegus macrosperma= Ashe. var. =matura= (Sargent) Eggleston. Lobes of the leaves acuminate, often recurved; fruit ripens early.

=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana only from Deam's specimen No. 14187 from Wells County.

=13. Crataegus basilìca= Beadle. (_Crataegus alnorum_ Sargent. _Crataegus Edsoni_ Sargent). Edson's Thorn. Plate 89. Bark brown, scaly; spines 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) long, stout, curved; leaves ovate, 3-7 cm. (1-1/4-2-3/4 inches) long, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at base, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull dark yellow-green above, paler beneath; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; flowers 15-20 mm. (5/8-7/8 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit subglobose, slightly angular, dark cherry-red, 12-15 mm. (1/2-5/8 inch) thick, flesh succulent; calyx lobes erect or spreading.

=Distribution.=--New England to southern Michigan, northern Indiana and Pennsylvania to mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

A broad shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 meters (15 feet) high, branches ascending.

Specimens examined: Wells (Deam).

CRATÆGUS BASILICA Beadle. Edson's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS JESUPI Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=14. Crataegus Jésupi= Sargent. Jesup's Thorn. Twin Mountain Thorn. Plate 90. Bark grayish-brown; spines stout, straight 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long; leaves elliptical-ovate, 3.5-7 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, 2-5.5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate-cordate, serrate or doubly serrate, with 4 or 5 pairs of acute lobes, yellow-green above, paler beneath, glabrous; petioles slender, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, slightly winged above; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers dark red; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; calyx lobes entire; fruit ripens in October, short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, dark red, slightly angled, lacking bloom when mature, about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh yellow, firm; calyx lobes mostly deciduous.

=Distribution.=--Western Vermont, to southwestern Wisconsin and south to Pennsylvania and Owen County, Indiana.

A shrubby tree, sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches and a round crown.

Specimens examined: Owen (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam).

=15. Crataegus rugòsa= Ashe. (_Crataegus deltoides_ Ashe). Fretz's Thorn. Plate 91. Spines numerous, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long, stout curved; leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. (1-2-3/4 inches) long and broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad acuminate lobes, glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. (3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, glabrous; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes deltoid-acuminate, entire or slightly serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, depressed-globose, bright red, angular, glabrous, waxy, 1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) thick, flesh yellow, somewhat succulent; calyx lobes persistent, spreading, the tube rather prominent.

=Distribution.=--Southwestern New England to southern Indiana and the mountains of North Carolina.

A shrub or tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches and an irregular crown.

Specimens examined: Allen (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Grant (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Owen (Deam); Perry (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=16. Crataegus fílipes= Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (_Crataegus silvicola_ var. _Beckwithae_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Plate 92. Spines numerous, curved, chestnut-brown, 2.5 to 6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; bark slightly scaly; leaves 2-7 cm. (3/4-2-3/4 inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded, truncate or on vegetative shoots cordate at base, serrate or doubly serrate, lower pair of acuminate lobes often deeply cut, membranaceous, glabrous; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) broad; stamens about 10; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) thick, ripens in October.

CRATÆGUS RUGOSA Ashe. Fretz's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS FILIPES Ashe. Miss Beckwith's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Western New England to central Michigan and south to Pennsylvania and southern Indiana.

A shrub or tree sometimes 9 meters (30 feet) high, with irregular ascending branches.

Specimens have been seen from Perry County, Deam's No. 27104.

=17. Crataegus Gattíngeri= Ashe. (_Crataegus coccinea_ var. _oligandra_ Torrey and Gray). Dr. Clapp's Thorn. Gattinger's Thorn. Plate 93. Spines numerous, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves narrowly ovate to deltoid, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) wide, acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly serrate, lobed towards the apex, membranaceous, glabrous, dark green above; petioles glabrous, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers small, pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ripens in October, globose, angular, red, slightly waxy, 0.8-1.2 cm. (1/3-1/2 inch) thick, flesh hard; calyx tube prominent, the lobes triangular, spreading.

=Distribution.=--Southern Pennsylvania and southern Indiana to West Virginia and central Tennessee.

Shrub or small tree sometimes 4.5 m. (15 feet) high, with ascending, irregular branches.

Specimens seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840); Knox (Schneck); Perry (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=18. Crataegus pruinòsa= (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. Plate 94. Bark dark brown; spines numerous, slender, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/2 inches) long; leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long and wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly cuneate, rounded or occasionally cordate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with 3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes towards the apex, blue-green, glabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2 or 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long, glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink or sometimes yellow or white; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire, slightly serrate at the base; fruit ripens in October, depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal, strongly angled, waxy, apple green, becoming scarlet or purple, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch), thick, firm, yellow, sweet; calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading, persistent.

=Distribution.=--Rocky, open woods, western New England to Michigan and south to North Carolina and Missouri. Well distributed in Indiana.

CRATÆGUS GATTINGERI Ashe. Dr. Gattinger's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS PRUINOSA (Wendland) K. Koch. Waxy-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

A small shrubby tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with irregular branches and crown.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Clark (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Hamilton (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Madison (Deam); Marion (Deam); Monroe (Deam); Porter (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Randolph (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Tipton (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Warren (Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=19. Crataegus coccinioìdes= Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (_Crataegus Eggertii_ Britton). Plate 95. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; spines curved, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 4-9 cm. (1-1/2-3-1/2 inches) long, 3.5-8 cm. (1-3/4-3 inches) wide, acute at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, doubly serrate with several pairs of broad, acute lobes, dark green above, paler and slightly tomentose along the veins beneath, membranaceous; petioles 2 to 3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly pubescent; corymbs glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 4 or 5; calyx lobes ovate, acute, glandular-serrate; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, obtusely angled, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-1 inch) thick, flesh reddish, subacid, edible; calyx tube prominent, the lobes spreading.

=Distribution.=--Montreal Island to Rhode Island and west to eastern Kansas and Missouri.

A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending and spreading branches and a broad, round-topped crown.

Specimens have been seen from: Floyd (Dr. Clapp, before 1840), (Deam); Gibson (Schneck); Marion (Deam); Martin (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Whitley (Deam).

=20. Crataegus coccínea= Linnæus. Scarlet Thorn. Red Haw. (_Crataegus pedicillata_ Sargent). Plate 96. Bark light gray, spines stout, curved, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, 3-10 cm. (1-1/4-4 inches) long, 3-9 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/2 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, doubly serrate or lobed, slightly pubescent, becoming scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath, membranaceous; corymbs glabrous or sometimes slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. (2/3-5/6 inch) broad; stamens 10-20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets 3-5; fruit ripens in September, pyriform to short ellipsoidal, scarlet or red, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1.5-2 cm. (3/4-5/6 inch) thick, flesh thick, dry and mealy; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, erect or spreading, rather persistent.

CRATÆGUS COCCINOIDES Ashe. Eggert's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS COCCINEA Linnæus. Scarlet Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Connecticut to Ontario, Illinois, Delaware and Pennsylvania.

A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with ascending and spreading branches and a broad, round-topped crown.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Floyd (Deam); Knox (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Steuben (Deam); White (Deam).

=Horticultural Uses.=--This fine tree has been in the gardener's hands several centuries. There are specimens in the Kew Gardens, England, more than two hundred years old.

=20a. Crataegus coccinea= var. =Ellwangeriàna=, n. nom. (_Crataegus pedicillata_ var. _Ellwangeriana_ (Sargent) Eggleston). Corymbs densely villous; fruit slightly villous.

=Distribution.=--Known in Indiana from Deam's specimen No. 27355 from Warren County.

=21. Crataegus móllis= (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited or Downy Thorn. Red Haw. Plate 97. Bark grayish-brown, fissured and scaly; spines curved, 3-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, cordate to truncate at the base, serrate or twice serrate with narrow acute lobes, 4-13 cm. (1-1/2-5 inches) long, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) wide, slightly rugose, densely tomentose beneath, tomentose above, becoming scabrous, membranaceous; petioles 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, tomentose; corymbs tomentose, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; fruit ripens in September, short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, scarlet, 1.5-2.5 cm. (1/2-1 inch) thick, flesh thick, yellow, edible; calyx lobes glandular-serrate, swollen, erect or spreading, deciduous.

=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to South Dakota, south to central Tennessee and Arkansas. This thorn is well distributed over Indiana.

A small tree often 13 m. (40 feet) high, with ascending and spreading branches, forming a broad, round-topped crown.

Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Deam); Delaware (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hancock (Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Henry (Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck), (Deam); Madison (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Montgomery (Grimes); Posey (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Shelby (Deam); Sullivan (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Wells (Deam); Whitley (Deam).

CRATÆGUS MOLLIS (Torrey and Gray) Scheele. Red-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=22. Crataegus Phænopyrum= (Linnæus fils) Medicus. Washington Thorn. Scarlet Haw. (_Crataegus cordata_ Aiton). Plate 98. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; spines numerous, slightly curved, 2-5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) long; leaves ovate-triangular, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3 inches) long and wide, simply or doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, acute at the apex, rounded to cordate at the base, bright green above, glabrous; petioles slender, 1.5-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) long, glabrous; corymbs glabrous, many-flowered; flowers appear in June, 8-12 mm. (1/3-1/2 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers pink; styles and nutlets usually 5; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, deciduous; fruit ripens in October or November, depressed-globose, scarlet, 4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick, nutlets with a bare apex and smooth back, flesh thin, firm.

=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana to Arkansas. Moist rich soil. Naturalized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Possibly it may be naturalized at the Indiana station. More knowledge of distribution in southern Indiana is needed to settle this question.

A shrubby tree sometimes 9 m. (30 feet) high, with nearly erect branches and an oblong crown.

Specimens have been seen from Wayne (Deam). It also occurs in the Wabash Valley.

=Horticultural Uses.=--This is one of the most desirable thorns for ornamental planting and hedges. Its scarlet autumn foliage and beautiful little scarlet fruit persist for a long time. It is also one of the American thorns long in cultivation, both in Europe and the United States.

=Crataegus álbicans= Linnæus. This species was reported for Indiana by Heimlich.[52]

The material at hand is not sufficient to make a satisfactory determination, hence it is omitted in the text.

According to the treatment of the genus Crataegus in Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, 2nd Edition, the range of the following species extend into Indiana.

Throughout the State-- In the northern part of the State--

C. Boyntoni. C. Brainerdi.
C. lucorum.
In the southern part of the State-- C. roanensis.
C. beata.
C. berberifolia. C. villipes.
C. denaria. C. Pringlei.
C. fecunda.
C. ovata.

CRATÆGUS PHÆNOPYRUM (Linnæus filius) Medicus. Washington Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=AMYGDALÀCEAE.= The Plum Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, petioled and usually serrate leaves; flowers perfect, calyx and corolla 5 numerous, stamens 15-30; fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

The characters which separate the species are not at all constant, and the species often vary much in the extremes of their range.

=PRÙNUS.= The Plums and Cherries.

Flowers in umbel like clusters, or somewhat corymbose,
appearing before or with the leaves on branchlets
of the preceding year.

Margins of leaves with sharp teeth.

Petioles glabrous beneath 1 P. americana.

Petioles more or less pubescent all around. 2 P. americana
var. lanata.
Margins of leaves with blunt or crenate teeth.

Teeth of center of leaves about 10 per cm.; calyx lobes
glandular; fruit more than 10 mm. in diameter.

Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally
more than 4 cm. broad; flowers white and
generally more than 17 mm. wide. 3 P. nigra.

Principal leaves of fruiting branches generally
less than 4 cm. broad; flowers white which on
age show a tinge of pink and generally less
than 17 mm. wide. 4 P. hortulana.
Teeth of center of leaves about 20 per cm.; calyx
lobes glandless; fruit less than 10 mm. in
diameter. 5 P. pennsylvanica.

Flowers in racemes, appearing after the leaves on
twigs of the present year 6 P. serotina.

=1. Prunus americàna= Marshall. Wild Red Plum. Plate 99. Small trees with crooked branches; bark of old trees exfoliating in irregular plates; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, 5-9 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, acuminate at apex, margins sharply serrate or doubly serrate, glabrous above and smooth below, or hairy on the veins and sometimes more or less pubescent over the whole under surface, inner surface of petiole more or less hairy and sometimes bearing one or two glands; flowers appear in April or May before or with the leaves in clusters of 2-4 or sometimes singly, about 2 cm. in diameter, calyx smooth or with some hairs near the base of the lobes which are pubescent within and smooth or hairy without, lobes entire or cut-toothed above the middle, glandless or with inconspicuous glands; fruit ripens in August or September, usually globose, about 2 cm. in diameter, red; stone doubly convex, oval to nearly orbicular, surface usually smooth.

PRUNUS AMERICANA Marshall. Wild Red Plum. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Massachusetts to Florida, west to Manitoba and south to New Mexico. Found throughout Indiana. While it has a general distribution, it is not generally distributed through the forests, but is local in colonies in low grounds along streams or in low places in the forest. In the southern counties it is found on the ridges and commonly about the basins of sink-holes. Large single trees may be found but they are usually surrounded by many smaller ones which are root shoots. From this habit of the tree to produce root shoots large colonies are formed which has given rise to the term "plum thickets."

=Remarks.=--The wood of this tree is of no economic importance, but the species from a horticultural standpoint is one of the most important of all of the plums. Many named varieties belong to this species.

It should be noted that all species of plums are quite variable, and one must not be surprised to find specimens that will not come entirely within the descriptions.

=2. Prunus americana= var. =lanàta= Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. Plate 100. Small trees with the characteristic wild plum tree bark, except on age it becomes more furrowed; twigs generally puberulent or sometimes smooth; leaves obovate, oblong-obovate, or sometimes somewhat ovate, generally about 6-10 cm. long, and 4-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base, acute or short acuminate at the apex, margins sharply serrate, or doubly serrate, upper surface covered with short appressed hairs, lower surface permanently pubescent with longer hairs; petioles more or less pubescent and often bearing one or more glands; flowers appear in April or May in umbels of 2-4, upper part of calyx, and its lobes pubescent both inside and out, the lobes more or less cut-toothed and bearing inconspicuous glands; fruit ripening in September, globose, reddish with a bluish bloom; stone nearly orbicular and turgid.

=Distribution.=--Indiana west to Indian Territory and south to the Gulf. The range of this variety has not been well understood, and it is believed that forms of this variety in the northern part of its range have been included in the preceding species. It is certain that in our area the two forms are separated with difficulty; especially is this true of certain individuals. Specimens at hand show it to occur in Floyd, Clark, Bartholomew, Martin, Warren, Vermillion, Gibson, Warrick, and Perry Counties.

=Remarks.=--This form intergrades with the preceding to such an extent that there is little difference between the extremes of the two forms.

PRUNUS AMERICANA variety LANATA Sudworth. Woolly-leaf Plum. (× 1/2.)]

PRUNUS NIGRA Aiton. Canada Plum. (× 1/2.)]

=3. Prunus nìgra= Aiton. Canada Plum. Plate 101. Small trees with the characteristic bark of the genus; twigs smooth; leaves obovate or oval, 5-11 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, rounded or somewhat narrowed at the base, abruptly short acuminate toward the apex, smooth or sparsely covered above with a short appressed pubescence, more or less pubescent beneath especially along the veins, usually pubescent on the veins at maturity, margins crenate-serrate, the teeth ending in persistent glands, petioles more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and generally bearing a pair of glands, which number varies from 1 to 3, or sometimes absent; flowers appear in April or May in umbels of 2-3, about 2 cm. in diameter--the largest of the genus in Indiana, calyx smooth, the lobes smooth without and within, except toward the base which is pubescent, the lobes reddish and the margins studded with numerous red glands; fruit ripens in July, globose, red; stone short oval and very flat.

=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Massachusetts and west to Minnesota and south to central Indiana. In Indiana it is definitely known only from Wells, Blackford and Marion Counties. No doubt it ranges throughout the northern part of Indiana, but it has not been separated from _Prunus americana_. Higley and Raddin[53] in 1891, when our text books did not separate this species, in a flora which included a part of Lake County Indiana, remark: "There are two distinct forms of _Prunus americana_; one with slender branches and large flowers with glandular calyx, found in swamps and another found with stout branches and much smaller flowers with the calyx less glandular, grows in dry soil." This no doubt refers to the species under discussion.

In 1898 the author found this species growing in a swamp in Wells County, and transplanted a specimen to high ground in his orchard. It has persisted ever since, growing vigorously and freely suckering from the roots, but it has been quite susceptible to the San Jose scale.

=4. Prunus hortulàna= Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. Plate 102. Small trees with bark exfoliating in plates or rolls on old trees; twigs smooth; leaves oblong-oval, oval, slightly ovate or obovate, generally 6-11 cm. long and 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, rounded and often slightly oblique at the base, acuminate at the apex, margins finely serrated with short rounded and glandular teeth, generally glossy and smooth above, more or less pubescent all over beneath with long hairs, the midrib and lateral veins usually prominent below, petioles pubescent on the inner face and usually bearing one or more glands; flowers appear with the leaves in April or May in umbels of 2-4; calyx glabrous, the lobes glabrous on the outer face, and more or less pubescent within, margins glandular; fruit ripens in August, generally globose, red; stone generally short oval, very turgid, face reticulated.

PRUNUS HORTULANA Bailey. Wild Goose Plum. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Central Kentucky northwestward to central Iowa and southwestward to Kansas and east to northwest Tennessee. In Indiana the specimens at hand show it to be confined to the southwestern part of the State, although Pepoon[54] reports a single tree found near Dune Park in Porter County. It is found on sandy roadside cuts, base of sandy wooded slopes, etc., and is a common tree in Sullivan County for miles on the wooded bank of the terrace of the Wabash River.

=5. Prunus pennsylvánica= Linnæus filius. Wild Red Cherry. Plate 103. Small trees with smooth cherry-like bark, somewhat roughened near the base on old trees; twigs smooth, at least at maturity; leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, or ovate, sometimes slightly falcate, 4-10 cm. long, and 1.5-4 cm. wide, rounded or narrowed at the base, long acuminate at the apex, margins finely serrate with glandular incurved teeth, glossy and smooth above, generally smooth beneath, sometimes pubescent along the midrib and veins, petioles generally smooth, rarely pubescent; flowers appear with the leaves in May in umbels of 3-7, or sometimes raceme-like but the rachis shorter than the pedicels; calyx glabrous, the lobes glabrous within and without, entire and glandless; fruit ripens in August, globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, red; stone roundish-oval, surface granular.

=Distribution.=--Newfoundland and New England to the Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and eastward through northern Indiana to Pennsylvania and thence in the mountains to North Carolina. In Indiana it is definitely known to occur only in Lake, Porter, Laporte, St. Joseph and Lagrange Counties. It is frequently found on the black oak ridges about Lake Michigan. All other reports of this species for Indiana should be looked upon with suspicion. The one by Chipman from Kosciusko County may be correct. The one by Ridgway[55] for Posey County is undoubtedly an error. No doubt Phinney's[56] record for Central Eastern Indiana (Jay, Delaware, Randolph and Wayne Counties) is an error.

The range of the species is to the north of our area, and like a few others it is found about the Great Lakes south of its general range. In Ohio it is reported only from Cuyahoga County which borders Lake Erie.

PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA Linnæus fils. Wild Red Cherry. (× 1/2.)]

PRUNUS SEROTINA Ehrhart. Wild Black Cherry. (× 1/2.)]

=6. Prunus serótina= Ehrhart. Wild Cherry. Cherry. =Wild Black Cherry.= Plate 104. Medium to large sized trees; bark of young trees smooth, becoming on old trees irregularly fissured and separating in small scaly plates; twigs slender and smooth, sometimes pubescent while young; leaves oval, oblong-oval, ovate or narrowly ovate, generally 5-12 cm. long and 2-4 cm. wide, generally narrowed at the base, sometimes rounded, short or long acuminate at the apex, margin finely serrate with incurved sharp callous teeth, smooth above and below, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath while young; flowers appear in May, when the leaves are almost grown, on the ends of the year's growth, in racemes generally 5-10 cm. long; fruit ripens in July and August, globose, about 6-10 mm. in diameter, dark red to almost black.

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to South Dakota, south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana. It prefers a moist loose soil and is usually found with beech, sugar maple, tulip, white ash and white oak. In the original forest it was a rare to a frequent tree, and only rarely and locally did it ever become common. It grew to be several feet in diameter and was as tall as the highest trees of the forest. The trunk of the tree, however, was inclined to be crooked. It has now become a frequent tree along fences.

=Remarks.=--The wood of wild cherry from pioneer times has been a favorite wood, and for this reason the tree soon disappeared and today large trees are very rare. The wood is strong, close-grained, reddish-brown, and very much resembles mahogany. In value it stands second in Indiana woods. It is used principally for furniture, office and store fixtures.

The wild cherry grows readily from seed; is not difficult to transplant; adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils and grows rapidly. In Spring it is one of the very first trees to put out its leaves. It is not shade enduring, which no doubt, in a great measure, accounts for its rarity in the primeval forests. When grown in the open the tree usually produces an abundance of fruit which is much relished by birds. This species has many good features, and might be used to advantage in forest planting.

=CAESALPINÀCEAE.= The Senna Family.

Leaves simple; flowers pink; seed pod papery 1 Cercis.

Leaves compound; flowers not pink; seed pod woody or
leathery.

Trees with thorns; stamens 3-5, longer than the corolla;
pods flat and leathery; seeds about 1 cm.
(1/2 inch) long 2 Gleditsia.

Trees without thorns; stamens 10, shorter than the
corolla; pods swollen, woody; seeds about 2 cm.
(1 inch) long 3 Gymnocladus.

=1. CÉRCIS.= The Redbud.

=Cercis canadénsis= Linnæus. Redbud. Plate 105. Small trees; bark of trunk of old trees fissured, reddish-brown; twigs glabrous, light brown, becoming a dark brown; leaves alternate, broadly ovate, average blades 6-14 cm. long, cordate at base, short-pointed, sometimes short-acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, margins entire, glabrous or pubescent on unfolding, at maturity usually glabrous on both sides, or with a few hairs in the axils of the veins or along the veins, sometimes more or less pubescent beneath, and with hairs on the veins above; petioles generally 2-6 cm. long; flowers appear in April or May before the leaves, in clusters of 4-8 on the branches of the preceding season, pink or rose color; pods 5-10 cm. long, thin, flat and glabrous; wood heavy, hard and weak.

=Distribution.=--In Canada along the shores of Lake Erie and Ontario, New York west through Michigan to Iowa, south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana except there are no records from the counties bordering Lake Michigan. In the northern part of the State it is rare or frequent in alluvial soil along streams or in rich woods. In the southern part of the State it is a frequent to a common tree in ravines and on slopes. It is never found in wet situations, and consequently is absent in the "flats" of the southern counties.

=Remarks.=--The redbud is the common name for this tree throughout the State. In one locality it was known as the fish blossom because the larger fish spawn when this tree is in flower. In text books it is also called Judas tree. It is usually a tree 1-1.5 dm. in diameter and 5-10 m. high. It is of no economic importance and is classed as a weed tree in the woodlot and should be removed.

It is frequently recommended for ornamental planting. It prefers a rich moist soil, and is shade enduring, although it succeeds best in the open or in a light shade.

=2. GLEDÍTSIA.= The Honey Locust.

Pods more than 8 cm. long; seeds oval 1 G. triacanthos.

Pods less than 8 cm. long; seeds orbicular 2 G. aquatica.

=1. Gleditsia triacánthos= Linnæus. Honey Locust. Plate 106. Medium to large sized trees; bark of old trunks fissured and peeling off in strips; spines on trunk large and often much branched, sometimes 4 dm. long; spines on branches not so large, generally more or less forked; twigs at first green, turning a light brown; leaves pinnate or bipinnate, 1-2 dm. long, rachis permanently pubescent; leaflets 9-14 pairs, fewer on the bipinnate forms, petiolules about 1 mm. long, form variable from ovate to lanceolate, sometimes somewhat falcate, generally 2-3 cm. long, usually more or less pubescent beneath; flowers appear in May or June, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, rich in honey, their appearance being announced by the hum of the swarm of insects visiting them; fruit a flat, linear twisted pod, 2-4 dm. long, glabrous and lustrous or pubescent on the sides; seeds several, oval, about 6 mm. wide, and 10 mm. long, glabrous and chestnut brown; wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained and takes a good polish.

CERCIS CANADENSIS Linnæus. Redbud. (× 1/2.)]

GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS Linnæus. Honey Locust. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania, southern Michigan to Iowa, and south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found infrequently throughout Indiana along streams, except that it is absent about Lake Michigan and that in the southwestern counties it becomes a frequent tree in the Wabash bottoms. In its native habitat it is rarely found except near a stream, pond, lake, etc. However, in the southeastern counties it has spread all over many of the hillsides which were once cleared and have been abandoned for agricultural purposes and left to natural forest regeneration. It was interesting to learn how this tree was able to propagate itself on the steep bare slopes. It was found that the seeds were scattered by cattle that greedily eat the fruit. It is a medium sized tree, except in the Wabash bottoms of the southwestern part of the State where it grows to be one of the largest trees of the forest, and is more luxuriant than in any other part of its range.

=Remarks.=--In making a study of the fruit of this species, it was found that the sides of all the pods of all the specimens at hand except one are glabrous, even those of young fruit. The margins of the pods are pubescent. However, a specimen collected on August 27th in Vermillion County has the entire pod covered with long hairs. In consulting the literature on the subject it is found that some authors describe the fruit as glabrous while others describe it as hairy. It would be interesting to study the significance of this character to learn if each form has a geographic range.

The wood is used principally for interior finish, furniture, posts and crossties. The tree has a grace that recommends it for ornamental planting despite its thorns. However, a thornless variety is now offered by nurserymen. It adapts itself to all kinds of soils, although it prefers a moist rich soil; grows rapidly and is comparatively free from insect damage.

GLEDITSIA AQUATICA Marshall. Water Honey Locust. (× 1/2.)]

=2. Gleditsia aquática= Marshall. Water Honey Locust. Plate 107. A medium sized tree with rather smooth bark, which becomes rough and flaky on large trees; twigs greenish, turning to a light brown by the end of the year; branchlets a greenish-gray brown; spines all usually more or less flattened, those of the branchlets and branches, rather few and usually simple, 4-10 cm. long, those of the trunk branched, spines do not develop on the year's growth; leaves from old wood pinnate, from the year's growth bipinnate; rachis grooved and pubescent or puberulent above and smooth below; leaflets generally 7-11 pairs, variable in shape and size, generally lanceolate and 1.5-2.5 cm. long, on petiolules about 1 mm. long, glabrous; flowers similar to the preceding species; fruit a glabrous, shining, oblique pod about 4-5 cm. long, containing 1 seed; seeds orbicular, flat, chestnut brown, about 1 cm. in diameter.

=Distribution.=--Atlantic Coast from North Carolina south to Florida, and the Mississippi Valley from southwestern Indiana southward to Texas. In Indiana this species is rare and limited to the banks of river sloughs, locally called ponds and to one cypress swamp. It is known to have occurred on the banks of Wabash and Dan's ponds and Little Cypress swamp in the southwest corner of Knox County, and in Gibson County on the bank of a slough near Skelton and about Burnett's pond. The reference to Posey County is without a verifying specimen, although it may be found in the county. The writer has visited about every place in the county where the species might occur, and has never found it. Gorby's[57] reference for Miami County is without doubt an error. In our area it is a low crooked tree and grows with its base submerged more or less during the year. The idea of the proportions of this tree can be obtained from the measurements taken from the largest tree now known in Indiana, which is located on the shore of Dan's pond in Knox County. It measures 158 cm. (66 inches) in circumference at 1 m. above the ground, and is estimated to be 10 m. (30 feet) high. This species is too rare to be of economic importance.

=Gleditsia aquatica × triacanthos.= Dr. Schneck[58] found two honey locust trees which he described as hybrids of the two species. The one was located on the bank of Dan's pond in Knox County, and the other in Gibson County. The original description is as follows: "In both instances the pods are the distinguishing feature. These are very much alike in both trees, being about 5 inches long, 1-1/2 inches wide, smooth, shining, of a light brown color and entirely destitute of pulp. Otherwise the tree cannot be distinguished from the trees among which they stand. They are both about 50 feet high, with short stems and spreading branches, and stand about 5 miles apart." The writer has five fruiting specimens from these two trees, taken by Dr. Schneck. Two of the sheets have the round and branched spines of _G. triacanthos_.

=3. GYMNÓCLADUS.= The Coffee Tree.

=Gymnocladus dioíca= (Linnæus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. Plate 108. Medium sized trees; bark of trunks fissured, the ridges often curling up along the sides, very hard; twigs at first hairy, becoming glabrous and mottled gray-brown by the end of the season, robust, usually about 1 cm. in diameter; leaves alternate, twice pinnate, 3-9 dm. long, leaflets usually 6-10 pairs, ovate, generally from 3-4 cm. long, generally oblique and rounded, wedge-shape or truncate at the base, acute or very sharp-pointed at the apex, petiolules about 1 mm. long, pubescent on both sides at first, becoming glabrous or nearly so at maturity; flowers of two kinds, the male and female on separate trees, appearing in May or June; fruit a pod generally about 1-2 dm. long, thick, curved; seeds generally 4-7, large, flattened about 2 cm. in diameter; wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained and takes a high polish.

=Distribution.=--New York, southwestern Ontario to southern Minnesota south to Tennessee and Arkansas. This species has been reported or is known to exist in 33 counties in various parts of the State. It no doubt was native to every county of the State, except it be those bordering Lake Michigan from which we have no reports. It is a rare tree in all parts. Only exceptionally is it found even frequently. A few trees may be found in one place, and it will not be found again for many miles. No doubt there are many areas with a radius of 5 to 10 miles where this tree never occurred. It is usually found in alluvial soil along streams, or nearby terraces.

=Remarks.=--This species generally is not very tall, and is usually found in open places in the forest or cut-over lands. However, one specimen was seen in Posey County that was as tall as a specimen of pecan of equal size that grew nearby. This species was so rare in this vicinity that I was asked to drive three miles to identify this tree which no one could name.

Coffeenut, which is sometimes called Kentucky coffeenut, has always been so rare as to be of little economic importance. It has no qualities to recommend it for ornamental planting.

=FABÀCEAE.= The Pea Family.

Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs with alternate leaves, mostly compound; flowers with five petals which are pea-like (papilionaceous); stamens generally 10; fruit a legume.

GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (Linnæus) Koch. Coffeenut Tree. (× 9/20).]

=ROBÍNIA.= The Locusts.

=Robinia Pseùdo-Acàcia= Linnæus. Locust. Black Locust. Plate 109. Medium sized trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs at first green and hairy, becoming at the end of the season glabrous and a light brown, the stipules developing in about a year into a pair of woody spines about 2 cm. long; leaves pinnate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-17 on short stalks, ovate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and with a small indenture at apex, margin entire, pubescent on both sides at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above and remaining more or less pubescent below, especially on the midrib; flowers in loose racemes, white, expanding in May or June; fruit a flat and slightly curved pod about 5-10 cm. long, glabrous; seeds usually 4-8 in each pod, about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide; wood heavy, very hard, close-grained, takes a good polish, very durable in contact with the soil.

=Distribution.=--Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to northern Georgia, and in Arkansas. In Indiana it is found as an escape in all parts and was doubtless native along the Ohio River, at least in the southeastern part of the State. Thomas[59] says: "We had gazed at the majestic beech of this country (near Rising Sun) three feet in diameter; we had seen the honey locust, the black walnut, a buckeye of equal magnitude; and then we saw with surprise, the black locust almost a rival in stature." Drake[60] says: "The flowering locust is abundant in Kentucky. Along the Ohio River it is rarely found more than 30 miles north of the river."

=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known as the locust tree, but is sometimes called the yellow locust.

Locust wood is somewhat lighter than white oak, but it is 34 percent stiffer and 45 per cent stronger. These remarkable qualities added to its durability in contact with the ground make it one of the most desirable trees for forest planting. The wood has been used principally for posts, ties, tree nails, etc. The locust when grown close together usually grows to 8-12 inches in diameter. There are, however, specimens that have grown in the open that are almost three feet in diameter. The pioneers used it extensively for ornamental planting, and it has escaped from such planting in all parts of the State. It propagates easily by root shoots which is the principal mode of spreading, except where the seed fall on exposed soil.

ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA Linnæus. Black Locust. (× 1/2.)]

The locust has of recent years been extensively planted for post timber. It is very easily propagated from seedlings and grows rapidly. It is adapted to all kinds of soil, except a wet one. It prefers a well drained soil and seems to grow as fast in a loose clay soil as in a black loam. When used for forest planting the spacing should be from 5 × 5 feet to 8 × 8 feet. The spacing should be governed by the quality of the soil, and the amount of pruning that can be done. The locust has the habit of having the terminal to end in a fork and having one or more very large side branches. The best management requires that the very large side branches be removed as soon as they are noted, and one part of the terminal forks be cut off.

The locust until recently gave great promise of being an important tree for planting sterile, washed and eroded slopes, on which it usually thrives and in many cases grows thriftily. However, reports from all parts of the State show that locust groves wherever planted are being killed by the locust body borer. The locust has also been attacked by the twig borer, bag worm and the leaf miner. At present there are no known economic means of controlling these destructive pests, and until they can be controlled, the planting of locust for commercial purposes will not prove profitable.

=SIMARUBÀCEAE.= The Quassia Family.

=AILÁNTHUS.= Tree of Heaven.

=Ailanthus altíssima= (Miller) Swingle. Tree of Heaven. Stink Tree. (_Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desfontaines). Plate 110. Medium sized trees with dark gray bark, thin, rough or fissured on old trees; branchlets very robust; twigs smooth; leaves compound and very large, especially on coppice shoots, usually about 4-6 dm. long, odd-pinnate, arranged spirally on the branchlets; leaflets 13-41, ovate-oblong, acuminate, oblique at base, entire or with a few blunt teeth toward the base, smooth or hairy when they unfold, becoming smooth at maturity, dark green above, lighter beneath; flowers appear in June in large terminal panicles, the staminate and pistillate on different trees; fruit maturing in autumn, consists of many light brown, twisted and broadly-winged samaras which are about 1 cm. wide and 4-5 cm. long.

=Distribution.=--A native of China. Introduced and spreading in cities, and into fields and woods in the southern part of the State. The most notable occurrence is in Jefferson County on the wooded bluffs of the Ohio River between Madison and Hanover.

=Remarks.=--Where the sugar and black maple can not be used for shade tree planting this tree should receive attention. It adapts itself to all kinds of soils, and to all kinds of growing conditions such as smoke, etc. The crown is of an oval or rounded type. It stands pruning and injury to trunk or branches quite well. It is practically free from all diseases and insect injury. The leaves appear late but they do not fall until the first killing frost when they are killed, and frequently practically all of the leaves will fall in one day. The staminate flowers exhale a fetid odor for a few days which is about the only objectionable feature in this tree. In order to obviate this objection, nurserymen are now offering for sale pistillate trees which have been grafted on common stock.

AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (Miller) Swingle. Ailanthus or Tree of Heaven. (× 1/2.)]

=ACERÀCEAE.= The Maple Family.

=ÀCER.= The Maples.

Trees with terete branches; scaly buds; long petioled, opposite leaves; fruit consists of two long-winged samaras which are joined at their base, separating at maturity. The sap of some of the species, when concentrated, yields the maple sugar and sirup of commerce.

Leaves trifoliate or pinnate 1 A. Negundo.

Leaves simple.

Winter buds blunt; flowers appear from lateral buds before
the leaves; fruit maturing in the spring or early summer.

Leaves entirely glabrous beneath at maturity, 5-lobed;
the two sinuses between the three largest lobes
generally somewhat closed, formed as it were by
the arcs of two circles which meet to form the
sinus, and which if they were extended outward
would cross each other within a few dm. of the
sinus; fruit more or less pubescent at maturity 2 A. saccharinum.

Leaves are never all entirely glabrous at maturity,
3-5 lobed; the two largest sinuses are generally
angular with straight sides which if extended
outward would never cross; fruit smooth at maturity.

Twigs smooth at maturity; leaves at maturity smooth
beneath except a few hairs in the axils of the
veins, or more rarely the entire lower surface
covered more or less with a short pubescence;
mature fruit generally 2-3.5 cm. long 3 A. rubrum.

Twigs more or less pubescent at maturity; leaves
beneath covered with a dense tomentum which
remains until maturity or sometimes becoming
scanty; fruit about 4-5 cm. long var. Drummondii.

Winter buds acute, sometimes somewhat blunt; flowers
appear from terminal buds after the leaves; fruit
maturing in the autumn.

Leaves yellow green beneath; base of the petiole of
the terminal leaves enlarged at the base, smooth
or somewhat pubescent about the enlarged base. 4 A. nigrum.

Leaves not yellow green beneath; base of the petiole
of the terminal leaves not enlarged, petioles smooth,
or if pubescent at the base the pubescence will be
more or less evident the entire length of the petiole.

Petioles smooth; leaves 3-5 lobed, blade as long
or longer than wide, not densely pubescent
beneath at maturity. 5 A. saccharum.

Petioles smooth; leaves 3-lobed, blades wider than
long. A. saccharum var.
Rugelii.
Petioles pubescent, rarely smooth; leaves 5-lobed,
rarely 3-lobed, the under surface densely
pubescent at maturity. A. saccharum var.
Schneckii.

=1. Acer Negúndo= Linnæus. Box Elder. Plate 111. A medium-sized tree with a short trunk and round head; bark of young trees smooth and gray, becoming thick on old trees, light to dark brown and more or less furrowed or rarely somewhat flaky; twigs smooth and greenish; leaves of average size are 1.5-3 dm. long, generally with 3 leaflets on the flowering branches, sometimes 5 or rarely with 7, on sterile branches or on growing shoots 3-7, the petioles generally 1/3-1/2 the length of the leaf and glabrous or nearly so at maturity; leaflets all on stalks more or less pubescent, the lateral stalks short, the terminal ones much longer, leaflets of varying size and shape, the margins usually varying from lobed to serrate or entire, pinnately veined, smooth above at maturity and remaining more or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; flowers appear just before the leaves the last of April or the first of May, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees; fruit matures late in summer, the body of the samara green and more or less pubescent.

=Distribution.=--New England to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to eastern Texas. In Indiana, it is found throughout the State in moist or wet places along creeks and rivers, and infrequently on the highlands along roadsides and fences. Its original distribution in the State can only be conjectured. Judging from its tolerance to shade and its habitat, and from the earliest reports of its occurrence in the State, this species was quite rare in the northern part of the State, becoming infrequent to frequent in its habitat in the southern part of the State. Even today it is rather local in its distribution. I have never seen it on the low mucky border of a lake.

=Remarks.=--This species on account of its rapid growth was formerly much used in our area as a shade tree. It is believed that most of the trees now found along roadsides, fences, clearings and on the drier banks of streams are from seed distributed by the wind from planted trees. This species is now little used as a shade tree and is never recommended because it sheds its leaves early, and is subject to injury from disease and insects.

ACER NEGUNDO Linnæus. Box Elder. (× 1/2.)]

=1a. Acer Negundo= variety =violàceum= Kirchner. (_Rulac Nuttallii_ Nieuwland). This variety is distinguished by its glaucous twigs and by the body of the fruit being glabrous at maturity. In most instances when the bloom is rubbed from the twigs they show a purple tinge, hence the varietal name.

=Distribution.=--I have this variety in Indiana from the following counties: Brown, Cass, Elkhart, Franklin, Fulton, Hendricks, Henry, Jennings, Lagrange, Martin, Posey, St. Joseph, Vermillion and Wayne.

=2. Acer saccharìnum= Linnæus. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple. Plate 112. Medium sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, becoming on old trees reddish-brown, and freely splitting into thin scales; branchlets light to reddish-brown and generally turning upward at their tips; leaves generally about 1 dm. long, generally somewhat cordate at the base, sometimes truncate, deeply 3-lobed, each of the lateral lobes with an additional lobe below, margins of all of the lobes more or less irregular or even lobed, the two principal sinuses generally show a tendency to close, leaves hairy beneath when young, glabrous above and below at maturity and very glaucous beneath; flowers appear in March or April in the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different trees; fruit on pedicels 1.5-6 cm. long, maturing in the spring or early summer, green, densely hairy while young and remaining more or less hairy at maturity, 4-7 cm. long, wings 1-2 cm. wide.

=Distribution.=--New Brunswick to Florida, west to South Dakota and south to Texas. Locally frequent to very common in all parts of Indiana. This species is always found in wet or moist places, and in the lower Wabash bottoms in low overflow lands or in or about old sloughs it often forms the principal stand. It is more frequently associated with black willow, white elm, red birch, sycamore, etc.

=Remarks.=--The silver maple has been used extensively for shade tree planting. The branches are very brittle, and ice storms sometimes break off so many branches that the tree may be badly injured. The shade trees of this species are in many parts of the state being killed by scale insects, and for this reason it should not be used. On account of its rapid growth it has also been much used for windbreaks but this practice should be discouraged and better species used.

ACER SACCHARINUM Linnæus. Silver Maple. (× 1/2.)]

=3. Acer rùbrum= Linnæus. Red Maple. Soft Maple. Swamp Maple. Plate 113. Medium to large sized trees; bark of small trees smooth and gray, becoming dark brown on old trees, somewhat furrowed and scaly; branchlets smooth and reddish; twigs generally smooth but sometimes hairy, becoming glabrous by autumn; leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 lobed, more or less cordate at the base, sometimes truncate or rounded, sinuses acute, those of 3-lobed leaves generally wider angled than those of 5-lobed ones, the lobes more or less irregularly serrate or dentate, hairy while young, glabrous above and more or less hairy beneath at maturity, glaucous beneath; flowering period March or April; flowers red or reddish, in the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or different trees; fruit maturing late in spring, on pedicels 3-8 cm. long, generally red, sometimes green, glabrous at maturity, rarely somewhat pubescent, 1.5-3.5 cm. long.

=Distribution.=--Newfoundland to Florida, west to Minnesota and south to Texas. It is found in all parts of Indiana. Its preferred habitat is that of low ground about lakes, swamps, along streams and in the "flats" in the southeast part of the State. Throughout its range in Indiana where it is found in low ground, it is in places rich in organic matter, except in the "flats" of the southern part of the State where it grows in a hard clay soil with sweet gum, red birch, etc. In contrast the silver maple is generally found growing in wet places with little organic matter; especially is this true in the lower Wabash bottoms. The red maple grows also on high ground. In the northern part of the State it is only an occasional tree of gravelly ridges or on high ground about lakes or along streams. In the southern part of the State it is a local to a frequent tree in most parts of the "knob" area where it is associated with white oak, black oak, black gum, etc. It is also an occasional tree on the top of bluffs and cliffs.

=Remarks.=--The red maple is not abundant enough in Indiana to be of any economic importance. It grows rapidly and should replace the silver maple for shade tree planting since its branches are not broken off as easily by ice storms and it is more resistant to insect attack.