Chapter V: Part 5

=3. Celtis mississippiénsis= Bosc. (_Celtis laevigata_ Willdenow). Sugarberry. Hackberry. Plate 63. Medium sized trees with the bark of the trunk of large trees irregularly covered with wart-like excrescences, rarely somewhat irregularly fissured, bark of the upper part of trunk and larger branches resembling that of the beech; leaves of an ovate-lanceolate type, as a whole narrower than the preceding species; on petioles 5-12 mm. long, blades of fruiting twigs 4-8 cm. long, usually rounded at the base, sometimes oblique, slightly cordate or somewhat narrowed at the base, usually gradually long-taper pointed at apex, margins generally entire, rarely a few teeth toward the apex, green on both surfaces, generally mature leaves are smooth above and below, more rarely somewhat rough above, and with some pubescence along the veins beneath; fruit in late summer an orange red color, gradually becoming darker until late autumn when it becomes red; pedicels shorter or longer than the petioles, usually slightly longer and ascending, fruit nearly globose, a trifle smaller than the preceding, and about two-thirds as large as the first.

=Distribution.=--Virginia, southern Indiana, Missouri, eastern Kansas, south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. In Indiana it is confined to the southwestern counties. It is now known to definitely occur in Sullivan, Gibson, Posey, Warrick and Spencer Counties. Two trees were noted also, in the Muscatatuck bottoms near Delany Creek in Washington County. A "single bush about eight feet high" was reported from Jefferson County by Young. This may have been the preceding species. It was also reported by Haymond from Franklin County.

=Remarks.=--With one exception all the specimens of this species have been found in very low ground. Usually it is associated with such low ground species as pecan, sweet gum, swell-butt ash, and the cane. One very peculiar specimen was found on the crest of a ridge about seven miles north of Salem in Washington County. It was a tree about fifteen feet tall, and had very narrow entire leaves.

=MORÀCEAE.= The Mulberry Family.

Trees or shrubs with a milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, 3-5 nerved at the base; fruit fleshy.

Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate
flowers in spikes 1 Morus.

Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers
in heads. 2 Maclura.

CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. Sugarberry. (× 1/2.)]

=1. MÒRUS.= The Mulberries.

Trees with leaves 3-nerved at the base; flowers of two kinds on different branches of the same tree or on different trees; the staminate in long catkins, calyx 4-parted, petals none, stamens 4, the pistillate catkins short; fruit an aggregate of drupes.

Leaves softly pubescent beneath 1 M. rubra.

Leaves glabrous beneath, or with a few hairs on the veins
or in the axils 2 M. alba.

=1. Morus rùbra Linnæus.= Red Mulberry. Plate 64. Medium sized trees with short trunks and round heads; twigs at first green and puberulent, soon becoming glabrous and later usually turning gray; leaves ovate or somewhat orbicular, frequently 2-3 lobed, average mature blades 10-15 cm. long, more or less cordate at the base, abruptly taper-pointed, rough and glabrous above and finely pubescent beneath; fruit ripening in June or July, 1.5-3 cm. long, dark purple or nearly black, edible; wood light, soft, rather tough, coarse-grained, and durable in contact with the soil.

=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario west to eastern Dakotas, south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found throughout Indiana, although there are no records for the extreme northwestern counties. Throughout our area it must be regarded as infrequent. It is only here and there that you find a tree, and I have never seen it where there were even a small number of trees close together. In the northern part of the State it is usually found in a moist well drained soil, associated with trees such as beech and sugar maple, or in lower ground with slippery elm and linn. It has no particular affinity for streams. In the southern part of the State it is found in both rich and poor soils. However, it is most often met with near the base of slopes.

=Remarks.=--This tree seldom has a clear bole of more than 3-5 m. and is usually a tree about 20 cm. in diameter, rarely as large as 6 dm. in diameter, although there is a record[48] of a tree in Georgia that was "7 feet in diameter at 3 feet above the ground."

The wood has been a favorite for fence posts since pioneer times. It transplants easily. The fruit is a favorite with birds and for this reason it should be planted about orchards and in woodlots. It is sometimes called the red mulberry to distinguish it from the following species.[49]

MORUS RUBRA Linnæus. Red Mulberry. (× 1/2.)]

=2. MACLÙRA.= The Osage Orange.

=Maclura pomífera= (Rafinesque) Schneider. Hedge. Osage Orange. (_Toxylon pomiferum Raf._) Plate 65. Trees with brown shreddy bark on old trees; mature twigs greenish gray, zigzag; spines about 10-15 mm. long; leaves ovate to oblong lanceolate, average blades 7-12 cm. long, wedge-shape, rounded or cordate at the base, long taper-pointed at the apex, margins entire, pubescent on both sides while young, becoming at maturity lustrous and glabrous above, remaining pubescent beneath; fruit globose, about 1 dm. in diameter; wood heavy, very hard and strong, the most durable in contact with the soil of any of our post timbers.

=Distribution.=--Missouri and Kansas south to Texas. Introduced into Indiana for hedge fences. There is some question as to the ability of this species to escape. I have heard that it frequently sends up root shoots at several feet from hedge fences, and that it frequently seeds itself along old hedge fences. For the past few years I have given the species especial attention and I have never seen it as an escape except in three instances.

=Remarks.=--This species was formerly much planted for farm fences, but since land has become so valuable, its use has been discontinued, and the old fences are being dug up. The tree grows a short trunk, and one was noted in Grant County that was at least 6 dm. in diameter that was estimated to be less than fifty years old. This species is subject to the San Jose scale and in some localities it has been killed by it. It has been but little used for forest planting, and the plantations are not yet old enough to measure their success.

MACLURA POMIFERA (Rafinesque). Schneider. Osage Orange. (× 1/2.)]

=MAGNOLIÀCEAE.= The Magnolia Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate and petioled leaves; flowers large, terminal and solitary with numerous stamens and pistils.

Buds silky white pubescent; leaves entire; fruit fleshy,
dehiscent 1 Magnolia.

Buds glabrous; leaves lobed; fruit a cone of dry carpels,
indehiscent 2 Liriodendron.

=1. MAGNÒLIA.= The Magnolias.

=Magnolia acuminàta= Linnæus. Cucumber Tree. Plate 66. Large trees with furrowed bark which is gray and much resembles the tulip tree except the ridges are shallower and closer; twigs downy at first, becoming glabrous or nearly so and a light to a cherry brown by the end of the season; leaves oval, average blades 15-22 cm. long, rounded to truncate at the base, abruptly short-pointed, pubescent on both sides at first, becoming glabrous above, and remaining pubescent beneath, rarely entirely glabrous; flowers about 6 cm. long, bell-shaped, pale yellowish-green; fruit cylindrical, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. diameter, the large scarlet seeds begin to push out of their receptacle in September; wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained and durable.

=Distribution.=--North shore of Lake Erie, western New York, eastern Ohio, southern Indiana, southern Illinois and along the Appalachian Mountains to southern Alabama and west to Arkansas. It doubtless occurred in all or nearly all of the counties in southern Indiana south of a line drawn from Franklin to Knox Counties. It no doubt was extremely local. For instance a pioneer 81 years old who had always lived in Washington County told me that there were two trees on his farm near Pekin, and these were the only two trees he knew of in the vicinity. These trees were popular because the neighbors came for the fruit to put into whisky for making bitters which were a specific for all ailments. I have seen only a shrub on the Forest Reserve in Clark County. On a beech and sugar maple ridge about 4 miles northwest of Medora in Jackson County on the Geo. W. Scott farm two trees were still standing in 1915. Mr. Scott, a pioneer, said the species was found on the ridge for about 2 miles and that there were about a half dozen trees to the acre, and the largest was about a meter in diameter. It is known in two other places in this county. A tree is still standing in Lawrence County on the Sam Mitchell farm 2-1/2 miles south of Bedford. Mr. Mitchell is a pioneer and says that a few trees were found in the vicinity on the ridges. It has been reported for Franklin, Floyd and Jefferson Counties. There is hearsay evidence that it occurred in other counties.

MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA Linnæus. Cucumber Tree. (× 1/2.)]

=Remarks.=--The cucumber tree has been too rare in Indiana to be of economic importance. The greatest interest with us is its distribution. The uses of the wood are similar to that of tulip with which it is botanically related. It is said that the greater part of the lumber which is produced in the south is sold as tulip. The seeds of this tree are extremely bitter and no bird, squirrel or mouse will carry or touch them. However, man after macerating them in whisky can use them for medicine.

=2. LIRIODÈNDRON.= The Tulip Tree.

=Liriodendron Tulipífera= Linnæus. Tulip. Yellow Poplar. Plate 67. Large trees with deeply furrowed grayish bark; twigs glabrous and glaucous at first, becoming reddish-brown by the end of the season, then gray or dark brown; leaves very variable, 4-6 lobed, average blades 5-12 cm. long, truncate and notched at the apex, more or less rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, glabrous above and below at maturity or with a few hairs on the veins beneath; flowers appear in May or June, large bell-shaped, about 4 cm. deep, greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with orange-red; fruit upright, cone-shaped, 5-7 cm. long; wood light, weak, soft, stiff, straight and moderately coarse-grained, seasons and works well. Sap wood white, heart wood a light yellow.

=Distribution.=--Vermont, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, south to Florida and west to Arkansas and Missouri. Found throughout Indiana, and doubtless is found in every county. It is rare to infrequent in most of the counties north of the Wabash River. It gradually becomes more frequent toward the south and where its habitat is found it is frequent to common. It prefers a moist rich well drained soil and thrives best in protected coves and near the lower part of slopes of hills. It is found with beech, sugar maple and white oak. It is rarely found in a black loam soil, but prefers a sandy soil. It was generally a common tree and of very large size in practically all of the counties in the southern two-thirds of the State.

=Remarks.=--This tree is generally known by botanists as tulip tree. By lumbermen it is usually known as yellow poplar, or more often shortened to poplar. It is also known as blue, white and hickory poplar, or as white wood. The tulip tree is the second largest tree of Indiana. In the Ind. Geol. Rept. 6:70:1875, is the following: "I measured four poplar trees that stood within a few feet of each other; the largest was thirty-eight feet in circumference three feet from the ground, one hundred and twenty feet high, and about sixty-five feet to the first limb. The others were, respectively eighteen and a half, eighteen and seventeen feet in circumference at three feet from the ground." The range of the uses of the wood is not so great as the oak, but it has many uses. The demand has been so great that practically all of the large trees have been cut. Small trees have so much sap or white wood that they are not sought for lumber, but can be used for pulp and excelsior.

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA Linnæus. Tulip or Yellow Poplar. (× 1/2.)]

The tulip transplants easily, grows rapidly, tall and with short side branches. Experiments in growing this tree indicate that it is one of the very best trees for reinforcing the woodlot, and other forest planting. It can be recommended for roadside planting because it grows tall and has a deep root system. Where conditions of life are not too severe it could be used for shade tree planting.

=ANONÀCEAE.= The Custard Apple Family.

=ASÍMINA.= The Pawpaw.

=Asímina tríloba= (Linnæus) Dunal. Pawpaw. Plate 68. Shrubs or small trees; bark smooth except on very old trees when it becomes somewhat furrowed; twigs at first covered with rusty brown hairs, becoming glabrous and reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves obovate-lanceolate, average blades 16-30 cm. long, abruptly taper-pointed, wedge-shape at base, margins entire, somewhat rusty pubescent at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above, and glabrous or nearly so beneath; flowers appear in May or early June, maroon color, drooping; fruit edible, ripening in September and October, 7-13 cm. long, greenish-yellow, smooth, pulp white or yellow, with a few large, dark-brown flattened seeds; wood light, soft and weak.

=Distribution.=--New York, north shore of Lake Erie, southern Michigan, Nebraska, south to Florida and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana, although it is found in the greatest abundance in the central counties. It prefers a moist rich soil, although it is quite adaptive. Sometimes it is found in a black loam soil in low woods or about lakes, but its preference is for a beech and sugar maple woods or habitats approximating it. In the southern counties it is absent on the sterile wooded ridges, but may be a common shrub at the base of the slopes. It is a constant companion of the tulip tree and where one will grow the other is likely to be found. It is a great tree to send up suckers, hence it is always found in clumps, or forms real thickets. This species with us is usually 2-7 meters high; however, there are records of large trees. Collett in Ind. Geol. Rept. 5:404:1874, in a geological report of Gibson County says: "A forest of pawpaw bushes attracted our attention by their tree-like size, being nearly a foot in diameter."

ASIMINA TRILOBA (Linnæus) Dunal. Pawpaw. (× 1/2.)]

=Remarks.=--This species is also known as the yellow and white pawpaw. Recently some enthusiasts have christened it the "Hoosier Banana". There has been an attempt for years to cultivate the pawpaw, and some varieties have been named. The fruit is variable. The one with a white pulp is rather insipid and is not considered good to eat. The form with a yellow pulp is the kind that is regarded as the most palatable. The two forms are not botanically separated but Prof. Stanley Coulter has made some observations on the two forms in the Ind. Geol. Rept. 24:745:1899. He says: "Two forms, not separated botanically are associated in our area. They differ in time of flowering, in size, shape, color and flavor of the fruit, in leaf shape, venation and odor and color of the bark. They are of constant popular recognition and probably separate species, never seeming to intergrade."

It is desirable for ornamental planning on account of its interesting foliage, beautiful and unique flowers and delicious fruit. It is very difficult to transplant a sucker plant, and in order to get a start of this species it is best to plant the seed or seedlings. It is usually found growing in the shade, but does well in full sunlight.

Mr. Arthur W. Osborn of Spiceland, who has done much experimental work in propagating this species, reports some interesting cases of pawpaw poisoning. He says he knew a lady whose skin would be irritated by the presence of pawpaws. Some individuals after eating them develop a rash with intense itching. In one instance he fed a person, subject to the rash from eating the pawpaw, a peeled pawpaw with a spoon, and the subject never touched the pawpaw, and the results were the same. The American Genetic Association has taken up the subject of improving the fruit of this tree, and there is no doubt but that in the future this species will be of considerable economic importance. The tree is free from all insect enemies, and since it can be grown in waste places, there is no reason why it should not receive more attention than it does.

=LAURÀCEAE.= The Laurel Family.

=SÁSSAFRAS.= The Sassafras.

=Sassafras officinàle= Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. Red Sassafras. White Sassafras. Plate 69. Small to large trees; bark aromatic, smooth on young trees, reddish-brown and deeply furrowed on old trees, resembling that of black walnut; branchlets yellowish-green, splotched more or less with sooty spots; twigs at first more or less hairy, soon becoming smooth or remaining more or less hairy until autumn, more or less glaucous, especially the smooth forms; buds more or less pubescent, the axillary ones usually more or less hairy, the outer scales of the terminal one usually smooth and glaucous; leaves simple, alternate, ovate, elliptic to obovate, blades 5-16 cm. long, entire or with 1-5 lobes, narrowed at the base, the apex and terminal of the lobes acute, both surfaces hairy when they expand, generally becoming smooth above and beneath, or more often remaining more or less pubescent beneath, the midrib and two lateral veins usually prominent beneath; petioles 0.5-5 cm. long, hairy at first, becoming smooth or more often retaining some pubescence; flowers appear before or with the leaves in April or May, small, yellow or greenish, the male and female generally on different trees, on racemes up to 4 cm. long; flower stalks usually pubescent, sometimes smooth; fruit an oblong, blue-black, glaucous berry which matures late in summer; fruit generally 7-10 mm. long, on a stalk including the pedicel and raceme up to 9 cm. long.

SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Maine, southern Ontario to Iowa and south to Florida and west to Texas. No doubt it was formerly found in every county of Indiana. In the northern part of the State it is more local in its distribution than in the southern counties. In the northern counties where it is local it is found in colonies on sandy or clayey ridges. Sassafras is usually considered an indicator of poorer soils, hence, in the central counties it is often very local. It is frequent to common throughout the hilly counties of the southern part of the State. In this part of the State it becomes a pernicious weed tree. It soon invades fence rows and fallow fields, and is extremely difficult to kill out. It is rarely found in wet situations; however, in Sullivan and Clay Counties large trees have been observed in low alluvial ground, associated with the white elm, etc.

=Remarks.=--Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, aromatic, heartwood brownish. In our area sassafras wood is used principally for posts and crossties. The roots contain a volatile oil which is much used in medicine and perfumery. Every one is familiar with the sassafras peddler who in the Spring sells a small bundle of roots or bark for making sassafras tea. The tea is reputed "to thin the blood." The aromatic character of the wood led the earliest inhabitants to attribute many medicinal and other qualities to the wood which, in many instances bordered on superstition. In some of the southern States bedsteads were made of sassafras with the belief that they would produce sounder sleep. Floors were made of sassafras to keep out the rats and mice. Perches of chicken houses were made of sassafras poles to keep off the lice. To successfully make soap, it was necessary to stir the contents of the kettle with a sassafras stick.

The sassafras is usually about one-fourth of a meter in diameter. However, on the Charles Hole farm about three miles southeast of Butlerville grew two of the largest trees of which we have record. The trees grew within seven meters of each other on a slope now grown up with large sugar maple. They were cut by Mr. Hole's father, on whose farm they were located. The largest was cut in the later sixties and the smaller in the early seventies. The stumps were seen by the writer in 1918. Both are now hollow although the outside is quite solid after having been cut about fifty years. Chips were cut from the root spurs and the wood was almost as aromatic as if the tree had just been cut. "The stumps have been burned at least three times," says Mr. Hole, yet the smaller now measures 1.09 m. (43 inches) in diameter at a meter high. The largest stump now measures 1.22 m. (48 inches), in diameter at a meter high. Mr. Hole says that the smallest tree had a clear hole of at least 18 meters, and the largest tree was .92 m. (36 inches) in diameter 20 meters from the stump.

Sassafras deserves more consideration than it has received as a shade and ornamental tree. The autumnal coloring of its foliage is scarcely surpassed by any tree; and it is free from injurious insect pests. It adapts itself to almost all kinds of soils, and grows rapidly. It is, however, transplanted with difficulty; this means only more care in digging the tree and planting it.

Commonly the sassafras is classed as red and white sassafras. The roots of the white sassafras are said to be whiter, the aroma of the wood has a suggestion of camphor, and the wood is less durable. This belief is common throughout the area of its distribution, but so far as the writer knows, no scientific work has been published to verify this division of the species.

Sassafras is extremely variable, but most botanical authors have considered the many variations as one species. Nuttall in 1818 was the first author to make a division of the forms, and he has been followed by some recent authors. Nuttall separated those forms with smooth twigs, buds, and under surface of leaves, from those with pubescent twigs, buds, and under surface of leaves. Nieuwland[50] separates a variety from the smooth forms which he calls =Sassafras albida= variety =glauca=, and reports it as occurring in the counties in the vicinity of Lake Michigan.

The writer has at hand 46 specimens from 41 counties in Indiana, including all of the Lake Michigan Counties, and he has not been able to find a single character that is constant enough to make a division of our forms, consequently all the Indiana forms are included under one and the old name for sassafras.

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA Linnæus. Sweet or Red Gum. (× 1/2.)]

=ALTINGIÀCEAE.= Sweet Gum Family.

=Liquidámbar Styracíflua= Linnæus. Sweet Gum. Plate 70. Large trees with resinous sap; bark deeply furrowed, grayish; twigs when very young somewhat hairy, soon becoming glabrous, a light reddish-brown by the end of the season, later a gray, usually some or all of the branchlets develop one or more corky ridges running lengthwise of the branchlets, or in some cases only corky excrescences; leaves simple, alternate, long-petioled, orbicular in outline, cleft into 5 wedge-shaped lobes, rarely 7 lobes, average blades 5-12 cm. long, truncate or cordate at the base, margins finely serrate, hairy on both surfaces on unfolding, soon becoming glabrous above, and remaining more or less hairy beneath especially in the axils of the veins, at maturity turning to a dull or brilliant red; flowers in heads, expanding in April or May; fruit a globular, horny aggregate of carpels, 3-4 cm. in diameter including the horns; wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, inclined to shrink and warp in seasoning, takes a good polish, heart wood a rich brown which can be finished to imitate walnut or mahogany.

=Distribution.=--Connecticut, southern Ohio to Missouri, south to Florida and west to Texas, and in the mountains in Mexico south to Guatemala. In Indiana it is confined to wet woods in the southern half of the State. The most northern records are from Franklin, Shelby, Putnam and Parke Counties. Wherever it is found it is usually a frequent to a common or very common tree. It is most frequently associated with the beech, but in the very wet woods it is found with pin oak, red birch, cow oak and white elm.

=Remarks.=--This species grows rapidly; is somewhat hard to transplant; grows straight and tall with few side branches, and adapts itself to a wet, compact soil. In the "flats" of southern Indiana where it is associated with pin oak, red birch and beech, it is to be preferred for forest planting to these or any other species that could be grown in the "flats." It is practically free from all injurious insects. Sweet gum should be one of the principal species in wet places of the woodlots of southern Indiana.

This species is one of the best for ornamental planting in all parts of the State where it is hardy. It is doubtful if it is wise to use it in the northern part of the State. Several trees in the northern part of the State are known to be quite hardy, but there are reports that it sometimes winter-kills. It can also be recommended for roadside and street planting.

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linnæus. Sycamore. (× 1/2.)]

=PLATANÀCEAE.= The Plane Tree Family.

=PLÁTANUS.= The Plane Tree.

Platanus occidentàlis Linnæus. Sycamore. Plate 71. The largest tree of the State; bark thin, smooth, on age separating into thin plates and exfoliating, base of the trunks of very old trees somewhat roughened or fissured, gray to grayish-green, splotched with white; twigs at first covered with a scurvy pubescence, becoming at maturity glabrous except a ring at the node about the leaf-scar, gray or light brown, and zigzag; leaves alternate, long-petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, the blades somewhat deltoid, blades large, variable in size and shape, average blades 9-17 cm. long, frequently much larger on vigorous shoots, generally with 3-5 main lobes, sometimes the lobes are indistinct and the leaves appear only irregularly toothed, margins toothed, rarely entire between the lobes, truncate or cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex; one form has been noted with leaves obovate, scarcely lobed and with a wedge-shaped base; leaves covered on both sides at first with a dense tomentum, becoming at maturity glabrous above--rarely tardily pubescent, nearly glabrous beneath, except on the veins and in the axils, petioles remaining pubescent; flowers appear in May with the leaves in heads on long woolly peduncles; fruit a globose head of many seeds, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter, maturing late in the year; the seed are scattered by the wind during the winter months; wood heavy, hard, weak, close-grained, difficult to split and work, takes a high polish; when used as a container it does not communicate an objectional taste or odor to contents.

=Distribution.=--Maine, Ontario to Nebraska, south to the Gulf States and west to Texas. Found in all parts of Indiana, although there are no records for the extreme northwestern counties. It is a tree of a low ground habitat, and is found principally in low ground along streams, about lakes, and ponds. In such habitats it is a frequent tree in all parts, except in the "flats" of the southern counties. In some places it is a common to a very common tree, especially along the upper courses of White River.

=Remarks.=--In this State this species is always called the sycamore tree. It is the largest tree of the State, and the largest deciduous tree of the United States. Indiana has the distinction of having the largest living sycamore in the United States. It is located near Worthington, Indiana, and "in 1915, measured 43 feet and 3 inches in circumference at five feet above the ground." See frontispiece. The sycamore grew to great diameters in all parts of the State. It was commonly hollow, because it is believed the tree in early life is usually more or less injured by floating ice and debris which starts inner decay. Hollow sycamore logs were commonly used by the pioneers in which to smoke their meat, and sections of hollow logs about 12 dm. (4 feet) long were used to store grain in, and were known as "gums."

The value of sycamore lumber has been very much underestimated. It has many uses such as butcher blocks, interior finish, furniture, piling, tobacco boxes, veneer berry boxes, handles, wooden ware, etc. Indiana has led in the production of sycamore lumber for years.

The sycamore is well adapted for shade, ornamental and forestry purposes. It transplants easily, grows rapidly, stands pruning well and is comparatively free from injurious insects. It grows straight, tall and usually with a rather narrow crown. It prefers a moist soil, but adapts itself to dry situations. For planting overflow lands, or on the banks of streams it is one of the best species we have. It is also one of the best species for roadside tree planting, because it is deep rooted, grows tall, and does not produce a dense shade.

=MALÀCEAE.=[51] The Apple Family.

The trees of this family that occur in our area have simple, alternate leaves; perfect, regular flowers, 5-merous calyx and corolla; fruit a more or less fleshy pome.

Flowers in racemes, cavities of mature fruit twice as many
as the styles, seeds less than 4 mm. (1/8 inch) long 2 Amelanchier.

Flowers in cymes or corymbs, cavities of mature fruit as
many as the styles, seeds more than 4 mm. (1/8 inch)
long.

Fruit green, mature carpels papery 1 Malus.

Fruit red, orange, blue-black or yellow, mature carpels
bony 3 Cratægus.

=I. MÀLUS.= The Apples.

_Malus angustifolia_ has been reported from the State, but it is a species of more southern range. Both _Malus ioensis_ and _Malus lancifolia_ may easily be mistaken for this species.

Leaves and petioles glabrous or only slightly pubescent;
calyx tube and outside of calyx lobes glabrous or only
slightly pubescent.

Leaves distinctly lobed, at least those of vigorous
shoots; petioles pubescent above 1 M. glaucescens.

Leaves serrate, not lobed; petioles glabrous 2 M. lancifolia.

Leaves (at least the lower surfaces) and petioles
densely tomentose; calyx lobes densely tomentose
on both sides 3 M. ioensis.

=1. Malus glaucéscens= Rehder. American Crab Apple (_M. fragrans_ Rehder). Plate 72. Bark reddish, fissured and scaly; leaves on glandless petioles, petioles usually 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long, leaves narrow ovate to almost triangular, those on the lateral branchlets of the ovate type, those of the terminal branchlets and vigorous shoots of the triangular type, 3-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, acute at the apex, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, sometimes tapering, those of the triangular type usually truncate, margin of the ovate type of leaves more or less sharply serrate, the basal third of the leaf with shallow teeth or entire, margins of the triangular type more deeply serrate to almost lobed, hairy above and below when they expand, becoming smooth both above and below, sometimes a few hairs are found on the veins beneath at maturity, bright green above, paler beneath; flowers appear in May when the leaves are about half grown, usually 5 or 6 in a cluster, white or rose-color, very fragrant, 3-4 cm. (1-1/2-2 inches) broad when fully expanded; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, tomentose on the inside, glabrous outside; fruit depressed-globose, without angles, yellow-green, 2-4.5 cm. (3/4-2 inches) thick, 2-2.5 cm. (3/4-1 inch) long, very fragrant and covered with a waxy bloom.

=Distribution.=--Central New York, lower peninsula Michigan, western New Jersey to northern Alabama and Missouri. Found in all parts of Indiana. No doubt in the original forests it was rare, but the removal of the large trees has been favorable to its growth until today it is somewhat frequent in moist open woods, along streams and neglected fences. It is most frequent among the hills in southern Indiana, and in all its distribution it is usually found in clumps.

In our area it is a small tree about 10-20 cm. (4-8 inches) in diameter and 4-6 m. (12-18 feet) high, with a spreading crown. An exceptionally large tree is located on the south bank of Round Lake in Whitley County which measures 1.3 m. (51 inches) in circumference at one meter (3 feet) above the ground where the first branch appears.

Specimens which were collected by the person whose name follows the county have been seen by the writer from the following counties of Indiana: Allen (Deam) 1919; Brown (Deam) 1911; Clark (Deam) 1913; Daviess (Deam) 1910; Decatur (Deam) 1911; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd (Very) 1896; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; Kosciusko (Deam) 1910; Laporte (Deam) 1911; Morgan (Deam) 1910; Noble (Deam) 1919; Owen (Deam) 1911; Posey (Deam) 1911; Randolph (Deam) 1916, 1919; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Warren (Deam) 1911; Wayne (Deam) 1919; Wells (E. B. Williamson) 1896, (Deam) 1898, 1907, 1916, 1919.

MALUS GLAUCESCENS Rehder. American Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)]

=2. Malus lancifòlia= Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (_M. coronaria_ of manuals, in part.) Plate 73. Leaves ovate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. (1/2-1-1/4 inches) wide, 3.5-8 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex; rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, finely serrate often doubly serrate, slightly tomentose when young, becoming entirely glabrous; bright yellow-green on both sides. Flowers 3-3.5 cm. broad, 3-6 in a cluster, pedicels slender, glabrous. Calyx lobes oblong, lanceolate, glabrous outside, slightly villous inside, fruit subglobose, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/3 inches) in diameter, green.

=Distribution.=--Pennsylvania to the mountains of North Carolina, west to Indiana and south to Missouri.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties of Indiana: Allen (Deam) 1919; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Dubois (Deam) 1919; Fountain (Deam) 1919; Henry (Deam) 1917, 1919; Jay (Deam) 1919; Jennings (Deam); Knox (Deam) 1918, 1919; Noble (Deam) 1919; Posey (Deam) 1919; Spencer (Deam) 1919; Starke (Deam) 1911; Union (Deam) 1919; Vermillion (Deam) 1911.

=3. Malus ioénsis= (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. Iowa Crab Apple. Plate 74. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches), wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, dentate-crenate or doubly so, slightly pubescent above, becoming glabrous, dark green, slightly rugose above, densely white-tomentose below, remaining so at least along the veins; petioles 1.5-4 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 inches) long, densely white-tomentose; corymbs 2-5 flowered, pedicels pubescent; calyx densely white-tomentose, calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, densely tomentose on both sides; flowers similar to those of _Malus coronaria_; fruit globose, without angles, green, 2-3.5 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) thick, 2-3 cm. (3/4-1-1/4 inches) long.

=Distribution.=--Indiana, central Kentucky, Louisiana, Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Kansas and Texas. A tree in habit, similar to _Malus glaucescens_.

Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam) 1915; Benton (Deam) 1919; Cass (Deam) 1916; Daviess (Deam) 1919; Delaware (Deam) 1911; Floyd (Very) 1896; Huntington (Deam); Jasper (Deam) 1919; Knox (Deam) 1917; Lake (Deam) 1919; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Laporte (Deam) 1913, 1919; Newton (Deam) 1919; Porter (Deam) 1915; Posey (Deam) 1919; Putnam (Grimes); Sullivan (Deam) 1917, 1919; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900, (Deam) 1917; Vigo (Deam) 1917, 1919; Warren (Deam) 1919; White (Deam) 1916; Whitley (Deam) 1919.

MALUS LANCIFOLIA Rehder. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)]

MALUS IOENSIS (Wood) Britton. Western Crab Apple. (× 1/2.)]

=Malus ioensis × lancifolia= n. hyb. Specimens collected by Deam in Grant County in 1907 and Huntington County in 1919 appear to be this cross. It would be strange indeed if such closely related species as these _Malus_ and many _Cratægus_ would not cross.

=2. AMELÁNCHIER.= The Service Berries.

Leaves densely white tomentose when young,
becoming green. 1 A. canadensis.

Leaves nearly or quite glabrous 2 A. lævis.

=1. Amelanchier canadénsis= (Linnæus) Medicus. Juneberry. Service Berry. Plate 75. Leaves obovate, ovate, oval or oblong, 4-10 cm. (1-1/2-3 inches) long, 2.5-5 cm. (1-2 inches) wide, cordate at base, acute, or acuminate at apex, sharply and doubly serrate; blades and petioles densely white tomentose when young, persisting particularly on petioles with age, green or yellowish green, not unfolded at flowering time; racemes short, dense, silky tomentose pedicels, 15-25 mm. (1/2-1 inch) long in fruit; petals linear or linear-oblong 10-14 mm, (3/8-5/8 inch) long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. broad, campanulate, glabrous or somewhat woolly, calyx lobes oblong-triangular, obtuse, tomentose 2-3 mm. long, abruptly reflexed at the base when the petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; fruit scanty, maroon-purple, dry and tasteless; flowers in April or May; fruit ripening June or July.

=Distribution.=--Southern Maine to southern Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and south to Georgia and Louisiana.

Bushy tree or shrub sometimes 10 meters (35 feet) high.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Clark (Deam) 1913; Clay (Deam) 1913; Crawford (Deam) 1911; Floyd (Deam) 1913; Fountain (L. A. Williamson) 1908; Jackson (Deam) 1911; Jefferson (Deam) 1918; Jennings (Deam); Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Tippecanoe (Dorner) 1900; Warren (Deam) 1911.

=2. Amelanchier laévis= Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry. Service Berry. (_Amelanchier canadensis_ of Manuals, in part.) Plate 76. Leaves ovate-oval to ovate-oblong or sometimes obovate or elliptical, 4-6 cm. (1/2-2-1/4 inches) long, 2.5-4 cm. (1-1-1/2 inches) wide, apex short, acuminate, base cordate, rounded or sometimes acute, sharply serrate, glabrous or with a few hairs when young, dark green and slightly glaucous when mature, one-half or two-third grown at flowering time; petioles glabrous; racemes many flowered, drooping, glabrous or nearly so; fruiting pedicels 30-50 mm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; petals oblong-linear, 10-18 mm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; calyx campanulate, 2.75-5 mm. wide, glabrous, sepals triangular, lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, abruptly reflexed at base when petals fall; summit of ovary glabrous; fruit purple to nearly black, glaucous, edible; flowers in April or May; fruit, June or July.

AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (Linnæus) Medicus. June or Service Berry. (× 1/2.)]

AMELANCHIER LAEVIS Wiegand. Smooth Juneberry or Service Berry. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Newfoundland, northern Michigan, Kansas, Missouri and south in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Brown (Deam) 1910; Dubois (Deam) 1912; Grant (Deam) 1916; Jackson (Deam) 1918; Jefferson (Deam) 1918; Lagrange (Deam) 1915; Lake (Deam) 1911; Laporte (Deam) 1911, 1913; Lawrence (Deam) 1918; Owen (Deam) 1912; Perry (Deam) 1919; Porter (Deam) 1911 and (Agnes Chase); Putnam (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam) 1913; Ripley (Deam) 1915; St. Joseph (Deam) 1916; Steuben (Deam) 1905; Wells (Deam) 1898.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes 13 meters (45 feet) high. In the mountains of Vermont the fruit is often abundant, very juicy and sweet, and in much demand both by man and the birds. The berries on the long racemes ripen at different times and are perhaps two weeks in maturing, thus furnishing food for some time.

=3. CRATAÈGUS.= Thorn Apples. Red Haws.

Large shrubs or small trees, most at home in a limestone region. This genus has been studied a great deal in this country. Much work is still necessary in Indiana since there are a number of other species that belong in this range. The "knob country" and southwestern Indiana are likely to produce the best results.

A. Leaves not deltoid-cordate; pubescent or glabrous.

I. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate.

a. Leaves broadest towards the apex.

Leaves not impressed-veined above, shining I. Crus-galli.
1 C. Crus-galli.

Leaves impressed-veined above, dull. II. Punctatæ.

Fruit glabrous; calyx lobes entire.

Fruit ellipsoidal; nutlets usually
3 or 4.

Leaves bright yellow-green,
slightly impressed above;
fruit ellipsoidal. 2 C. cuneiformis.

Leaves dull gray-green, strongly
impressed-veined; fruit short
ellipsoidal. 3 C. punctata.
Fruit globose. 4 C. Margaretta.

Fruit villous; calyx lobes
glandular-serrate. 5 C. collina.

b. Leaves broadest at the middle.

Leaves impressed-veined; nutlets deeply
pitted on inner face. III. Macracanthæ.

Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, coriaceous.

Fruit sometimes 16 mm. (2/3 inch)
thick; stamens usually 10;
leaves and anthers large. 6 C. succulenta.

Fruit sometimes 12 mm. (1/2 inch)
thick; stamens 15-20; leaves
and anthers small. 7 C. neo-fluvialis.

Leaves gray-green, pubescent and
dull above, subcoriaceous. 8 C. Calpodendron.

Leaves not impressed-veined; nutlets without pits.

Calyx glandular margined, fruit more than
8 mm. (1/8 inch) thick; leaves not
trilobate. IV. Rotundifoliæ.
9 C. chrysocarpa.

Calyx lobes not glandular margined; fruit 4-8 mm.
(1/16-1/8 inch thick); leaves often trilobate
towards the apex. V. Virides.

Fruit bright red, glaucous,
4-6 mm. (1/6-1/4 inch) thick;
leaves serrate. 10 C. viridis.

Fruit dull dark red, 6-8 mm.
(1/4-1/3 inch) thick;
leaves coarsely serrate. 11 C. nitida.

II. Leaves broadest at the base.

a. Leaves 1.5-6 cm. (1/2-2-1/2 inches) long and wide,
membranaceous; calyx lobes usually entire.

Leaves yellow-green, often slightly pubescent; fruit soft
at maturity. VI. Tenuifoliæ.

Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid or
pyriform. 12 C. macrosperma.

Fruit compressed, globose or
subglobose. 13 C. basilica.

Leaves blue-green, glabrous; fruit hard at
maturity. VII. Pruinosæ.

Leaves elliptic-ovate. 14 C. Jesupi.

Leaves usually cordate.

Fruit conspicuously angled,
strongly pruinose. 15 C. rugosa.

Fruit without conspicuous
angles, slightly pruinose. 16 C. filipes.

Leaves usually cuneate.

Leaves deltoid. 17 C. Gattingeri.

Leaves ovate. 18 C. pruinosa.

b. Leaves 3-10 cm. (1-4 inches) long and wide;
calyx lobes usually serrate. VIII. Coccineæ.

Mature leaves usually glabrous above; young
foliage bronze-green; anthers pink.

Corymbs and fruit glabrous. 19 C. coccinioides.

Corymbs and fruit pubescent or
tomentose. 20 C. coccinea.

Mature leaves tomentose above;
young foliage yellow-green;
anthers yellow. 21 C. mollis.

B. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate. IX. Cordatæ.
22 C. Phænopyrum.

=1. Crataegus Crus-gálli= Linnæus. Cock-spur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. Plate 77. Bark dark gray, scaly; spines many, strong, straight, 3-18 cm. (1-7 inches) long; leaves obovate to elliptical, 2-10 cm. (3/4-4 inches) long, 1-4 cm. (1/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, sharply serrate, except towards the base, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate, dark green and shining above, coriaceous, glabrous or occasionally slightly pubescent; petioles slightly winged above, glandless, 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long; corymbs glabrous or occasionally pubescent, many flowered; flowers appear in May or June, about 1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) wide; stamens 10-20; anthers usually pink; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; styles and nutlets usually 2; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-ovoid to subglobose, about 1 cm. (3/8 inch) thick, greenish to red; flesh hard and dry, rather thin.

=Distribution.=--Northern New York to Ontario, eastern Kansas and south through western Connecticut to Georgia and Texas. Introduced near Montreal, about Lake Champlain and Nantucket Island. Well distributed in Indiana (but apparently more common in the southern part of the State).

A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with spreading branches and a broad crown; but often a large shrub. This is a variable species and has received many names.

I have seen specimens from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Crawford (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Decatur (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Delaware (Deam); Dubois (Deam); Franklin (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Grant (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Jackson (Deam); Knox (Schneck); Lawrence (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Owen (Grimes); Randolph (Deam); Scott (Deam); Tippecanoe (Deam); Vermillion (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Washington (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=2. Crataegus cuneifórmis= (Marshall) Eggleston. (_C. pausiaca_ Ashe). Marshall's Thorn. Plate 78. Bark dark brown, scaly; spines numerous, 2-18 cm. (3/4-7 inches) long; leaves oblanceolate-obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate 3-6 cm. (1/2-1-1/2 inches) wide, dark vivid yellow-green, glabrous and impressed veined above when mature, subcoriaceous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs usually slightly pubescent, many flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) wide; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire; stamens, 10-15; anthers dark pink; styles and nutlets 2-4; fruit ripens in October, ellipsoidal-pyriform, scarlet or dark red, about 8 mm. (3/8 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick.

=Distribution.=--Western New York and Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia, west to central Illinois.

CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI Linnæus. Cock-spur Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATAEGUS CUNEIFORMIS (Marshall) Eggleston. Marshall's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches, forming a flat or round crown. This species is intermediate between _Crus-galli_ and _punctata_ and has been found as yet only in a region where both these species are known.

I have seen specimens from the following counties: Clark (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Gibson (Schneck), (Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Knox (Schneck); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Wells (Deam).

=3. Crataegus punctàta= Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. Dotted Haw. Plate 79. Bark grayish-brown, scaly; leaves light grey, 2-5 cm. (3/4-4 inches) long, 1-5 cm. (1/4-2 inches) broad, dull gray-green and markedly impressed-vein above, pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous above when mature, acute or obtuse at the apex, sharply cuneate at the base, serrate, doubly serrate or lobed at the apex, subcoriaceous; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs tomentose or canescent, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about 2 cm. (5/6 inch) wide; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire; stamens about 20; anthers white or pink; styles and nutlets usually 3 or 4; fruit ripens in October or November, green, yellow or red, short-ellipsoidal, 1.2-2.5 cm. (1/2-1 inch) thick, flesh hard, thick; calyx lobes spreading.

=Distribution.=--Quebec to Pennsylvania, southeastern Minnesota, Iowa, Kentucky and south to the high Alleghenies. Well distributed over Indiana. A small tree, sometimes 10 m. (35 feet) high, with distinctly horizontal branches and a broad, flat crown.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Bartholomew (Deam); Dearborn (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Gibson (Deam); Grant (Deam); Hamilton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Hendricks (Deam); Howard (Deam); Jennings (Deam); Johnson (Deam); Marion (Deam); Noble (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Vermillion (Deam); Vigo (Blatchley); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=4. Crataegus Margarètta= Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. Plate 80. Bark dark grayish-brown; spines curved, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) long; leaves oblong-obovate or ovate, sometimes broadly so, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) long, 2-4 cm. (3/4-1-1/2 inches) wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, glabrous when mature, dark green above, membranaceous; petioles 1-3 cm. (3/8-1-1/4 inches) long, slightly winged; corymbs slightly pubescent, becoming glabrous, 5-12 flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.5-2 cm. (1/2-5/6 inch) wide; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles and nutlets usually 2; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, slightly pubescent inside; fruit ripens in October, dull rusty green, yellow or red, compressed-globose, to short ellipsoidal, angular, 8-25 mm. (1/2-2/3 inch) thick, flesh yellow, mealy, hard, thick; calyx lobes reflexed, deciduous.

CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA Jacquin. Large-fruited Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS MARGARETTA Ashe. Judge Brown's Thorn. Mrs. Ashe's Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Southern Ontario to central Iowa, western Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri. Known in Indiana only from the northern part of the State.

A small tree sometimes 8 m. (25 feet) high, with spreading branches.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Blackford (Deam); Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Delaware (Deam); Elkhart (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Grant (Deam); Henry (Deam); Huntington (Deam); Johnson (Deam); Lagrange (Deam); Lawrence (Deam); Noble (Deam); Randolph (Deam); Steuben (Deam); Tipton (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Wayne (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=5. Crataegus collìna= Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. Plate 81. Bark dark gray, scaly; spines numerous, about 3-7 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) long; often numerous branched thorns on the trunk 15-20 cm. (6-8 inches) long, brown; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) long, 1.5-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, strongly cuneate, serrate or doubly serrate with obtuse lobes towards the apex, subcoriaceous, yellow-green, young leaves somewhat pubescent, becoming glabrous with age; petioles about 2.5 cm. (1 inch) long, slightly hairy, somewhat winged; corymbs and calyx pubescent; flowers about 15 mm. (3/4 inch) wide; stamens 10-20, usually 20, anthers usually yellow; styles and nutlets, 4-5; calyx lobes glandular-ciliate or glandular-serrate; fruit ripens in October, globose or compressed-globose, red or orange-red, 9-12 mm. (3/8-1/2 inch) thick; calyx tube somewhat prominent, the lobes reflexed.

=Distribution.=--Virginia to Georgia, Indiana, Missouri and Mississippi.

Only one station known in Indiana; Deam's No. 12449 from Dearborn County.

A tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high with spreading branches and a broad flat crown.

=6. Crataegus succulénta= Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. Plate 82. Bark gray; spines numerous, strong, 3-10 cm. (1-1/2-4 inches) long, chestnut-brown; leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3-1/4 inches) long, 2.5-6 cm. (1-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, serrate or doubly serrate with fine teeth, often lobed towards the apex, coriaceous, dark shining green above, pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) broad; stamens 10-20, usually 10; anthers pink or occasionally yellow or white, large; styles and nutlets usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-laciniate, villous; fruit ripens in September, subglobose, 5-15 mm. (1/4-2/3 inch) thick, dark red, shining, flesh thin, glutinous; nutlet with deep pits on the inner faces; calyx-lobes villous, reflexed.

CRATÆGUS COLLINA Chapman. Chapman's Hill Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS SUCCULENTA Schrader. Long-spined Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Nebraska and south in the higher Alleghenies to North Carolina and in the Rocky Mountains to southern Colorado. As yet reported only from northern to central Indiana.

A small tree sometimes 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches and a broad, irregular crown; more often, however, a large shrub.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Allen (Deam); Cass (Mrs. Ida Jackson); Fulton (Deam); Noble (VanGorder); Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Deam); Wells (Deam).

=Horticultural Uses.=--Highly ornamental for parks and hedges because of the abundant flowers, dark green shining leaves and its dark red shining fruit.

=7. Crataegus neo-fluviàlis= Ashe. New River Thorn. Plate 83. Bark grayish; spines numerous, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long; leaves elliptical-ovate to obovate, 2.5-8 cm. (1-3 inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/2 inches) wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, with obtuse or acute lobes towards the apex, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged-above; corymbs and calyx-tubes glabrous or slightly villous, many-flowered; flowers appear in May, 1.2-1.6 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad, stamens 15-20, anthers usually pink, small; styles and nutlets usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes more villous on the inside, lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-laciniate; fruit ripens in September, globose or short ellipsoidal, dark red, 4-13 mm. (1/4-1/2 inch) thick, flesh thin, glutinous, nutlets with deep pits in the inner faces; calyx lobes reflexed, glabrous or slightly hairy.

=Distribution.=--Western Vermont to eastern Wisconsin, Iowa and south in the Alleghenies to North Carolina.

A small tree sometimes 8 m. (30 feet) high, with ascending and spreading branches.

Specimens have been seen from Allen (Deam); Fulton (Deam); Shelby (Deam); Wells (Deam).

CRATÆGUS NEO-FLUVIALIS Ashe. New Riverthorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS CALPODENDRON (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=8. Crataegus Calpodéndron= (Ehrhart) Medicus. Pear-thorn. Pear or Red Haw. Plate 84. Bark pale gray to dark brown, furrowed; spines occasional, slender 3-5 cm. (1-1/4-2 inches) long; leaves rhombic-ovate, 4-11 cm. (1-1/2-4-1/2 inches) long, 3-8 cm. (1-1/4-3 inches) wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, finely and doubly serrate, those on the vegetative shoots obtuse and more entire than the others, pubescent on both sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull green above; petioles about 2 cm. (3/4 inch) long, wing margined, glandular hairy; corymbs white-tomentose, many flowered; flowers appear in June, about 1.5 cm. (2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers small, pink; styles and nutlets usually 2 or 3; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, glandular laciniate; fruit ripens in September, pyriform to ellipsoidal, orange-red or red, 8-10 mm. (1/3 inch) thick, flesh glutinous; nutlets with deep pits in their inner faces; calyx lobes reflexed.

=Distribution.=--Central New York, northeastern New Jersey to Minnesota and Missouri and south in the mountains to northern Georgia.

A large shrub or occasionally a tree 6 m. (20 feet) high, with ascending branches forming a broad crown.

Specimens have been examined from the following counties: Boone (Deam); Floyd (Deam); Hancock (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Harrison (Deam); Marion (Mrs. Chas. C. Deam); Posey (Deam); Putnam (Grimes); Tippecanoe (Stanley Coulter); Wells (Deam); White (Deam); Whitley (Deam).

=9. Crataegus chrysocárpa= Ashe. (_Crataegus Dodgei_ Sargent. _Crataegus rotundifolia_, Borckhausen.) Round-leaved Thorn. Plate 85. Bark dark red-brown, scaly; spines numerous, chestnut-brown, curved, 2-5 cm. (1-2 inches) long; leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, 3-6 cm. (1-1/4-2-1/4 inches) long, 2-6 cm. (3/4-2-1/4 inches) wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, doubly serrate with rather coarse teeth and with 3 or 4 pairs of acute lobes, subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and shining above, slightly pubescent or glabrous; corymbs glabrous or slightly pubescent; flowers 10-15 mm. (1/2-3/4 inch) wide; stamens 5-10; anthers light yellow; styles and nutlets usually 3-4; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate, usually entire, but glandular margined; fruit depressed-globose to short ovoid, about 10 mm. (1/2 inch) thick, flesh soft; calyx lobes reflexed.

=Distribution.=--Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to Nebraska and Pennsylvania and in the mountains to North Carolina and New Mexico.

Round topped shrub or tree sometimes 8 meters (25 feet) high.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties: Delaware and Lagrange (Deam).

CRATÆGUS CHRYSOCARPA Ashe. Round-leaved Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

CRATÆGUS VIRIDIS Linnæus. Southern Thorn. (× 1/2.)]

=10. Crataegus víridis= Linnæus. Southern Thorn. Plate 86. Bark gray to light orange; spines uncommon, 2-5 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. (3/4-3-1/4 inches) long, 2-5 cm. (1/2-2 inches) wide, acute, acuminate or even obtuse at the apex, serrate or doubly serrate, often with acute or obtuse lobes towards the apex, dark green, shining and slightly impressed veined above, sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. (3/8-3/4 inch) long, slightly winged above; corymbs glabrous, many flowered; flowers appear in May, 1-1.5 cm. (1/2-2/3 inch) broad; stamens about 20; anthers usually yellow, sometimes pink; styles and nutlets 4 or 5; calyx lobes lanceolate-acuminate, entire, slightly pubescent inside; fruit ripens in October, globose or compressed-globose, bright red or orange, glaucous, 4-6 mm. (1/4 inch) thick, flesh thin, hard, edible.