Chapter II: The Brown Macaque. Macacus Arctoides

_Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on
a drawing).

_Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.;
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i.
and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p.
17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876).

_Papio melanotus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31.

_Macacus melanotus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870).

_Macacus thibetanus_, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870).

_Macacus brunneus_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl.
xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652.

CHARACTERS.--Body short and stout; head large; muzzle short and truncated; chin bulging; chin and throat almost nude; eyes large; ears large and rounded, with a pointed projection behind; limbs short, stout and strong; hands and fingers short, the terminal phalanges nude; tail almost rudimentary; callosities and surrounding region of buttocks naked.

Fur long and woolly (especially in those living at high {9}altitudes), longer on the head, back and limbs, shortest over the sacrum; hair on the head parted outwards from the centre; fingers slightly haired; tail thinly haired, or nude in old animals. In individuals living in the inclement regions of Eastern Thibet, the tail is thickly haired.

General colour dark brown or blackish; cheeks, underside of body, inner sides of arms and legs paler, washed with yellowish, the hairs being very closely ringed (in some more distinctly than in others), for their outer two-thirds, with alternating annulations of golden-yellow and brown, their terminal points dark brown. Face, ears, sub-caudal callosities, bright reddish flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes. Length of the body, 15-24 inches; tail 1½-2 inches.

In the young the fur is lighter. When first born it is of purely uniform brown, the annulations appearing and increasing in number with advancing age.

In a young Bornean specimen the sides, abdomen, and legs are light chestnut colour; the tips of many of the hairs golden, which with age changes more and more into blackish-brown. The tail is 3½ inches long, and extremely slender for the last two-thirds of its length--a part easily lost in captivity.

Tongue with numerous papillated glandular crypts for lubrication of the cheek-pouches. Throat-pouch situated in an excavated hollow in the hyoid bone, the pouch being continuous with the convergence of the vocal chords.

Skull with strong inwardly projecting supra-orbital processes; external opening for the nostrils triangular. The anterior upper incisors appear first, followed by the anterior pre-molar, the median molar, the median pre-molar, and then the canines; anterior molar four-cusped; anterior lower molar five-cusped. Caudal vertebræ eleven in number.

{10}DISTRIBUTION.--Moupin in N.W. China, living on the snow-clad mountains; Upper Burmah (Bahmo); Siam; the Cachar and Kachin hill-region on the western frontier of the Province of Yun-nan, China; North-west Borneo, on the mainland opposite Labuan. This species has been recorded, but erroneously, from Madras, whither specimens are imported from Burmah, or from the Malayan Islands.

Dr. John Anderson, the distinguished naturalist of the Yun-nan Expedition, gives the following interesting remarks in reference to the distribution of this species: "_M. arctoides_ would seem to have a considerable range of distribution, in which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive of a large series of the Mammalian forms which occur in the same region. It has been obtained in Cachar, and I have learned of its existence in Upper Assam, and have procured it alive in the Kachin Hills on the frontier of Yun-nan, beyond which it spreads to the south-east of Cochin-China. It seems essentially to be a hill or mountain form--occurring only in the mountainous regions of Cachar, being absent in the valley of the Irawady, but stretching round it into Yun-nan from Upper Assam, being doubtless distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady and Cochin-China."

HABITS.--Of this Macaque little is known in a wild state. It is, however, very docile and gentle in captivity. In life the tail is rarely carried erect, and is as a rule applied over the anus; its latter fourth being doubled on itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace between the divergent portion of the callosities, so that the animal sits on this portion of its tail, which contains only a few rudiments of vertebræ at its {11}base, and the upper surface of which is rough and somewhat callous.... Here we have a monkey which sits on its tail, and although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently; and there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. (_Anderson._)

III. RUFOUS STUMP-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS RUFESCENS.

_Macacus rufescens_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool.
Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.;
1873, p. 194.

_Macacus arctoides_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part).

CHARACTERS.--Very nearly related to _M. arctoides_, of which it is perhaps only a southern race. Face red, more brilliant round the orbits; nose and lips brownish; tail stumpy, thinly haired. Fur rather brilliant brick-red, especially on the cheeks, flanks, and outside of the limbs. This animal is known, however, only from young specimens.

DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula.