Chapter I: The Common Chimpanzee. Anthropopithecus Troglodytes (2)

Fam. CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
Papio [+] [+] -- --
Theropithecus [+] -- -- --
Cynopithecus [+] -- -- --
Oreopithecus -- [+] -- --
Macacus [+] [+] -- --
Cercocebus [+] -- -- --
Cercopithecus [+] -- -- --
Dolichopithecus -- [+] -- --
Mesopithecus -- [+] -- --
Colobus [+] [+] -- --
Semnopithecus [+] [+] -- --
Nasalis [+] -- -- --

Fam. SIMIIDÆ. {229}
Pliopithecus -- [+] -- --
Hylobates [+] [+] -- --
Dryopithecus -- [+] -- --
Simia [+] [+] -- --
Gorilla [+] -- -- --
Anthropopithecus [+] [+] -- --

It will be apparent from the above tables that, while the living _Lemuroidea_ are confined to the Eastern Hemisphere, in past times some genera were not only common to both Hemispheres, but the Order was equally well, if not indeed better, represented in the New, than in the Old, World. Among the _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, then, as now, none of the genera were common to both Hemispheres; and a large number of the genera, which then existed, were identical with genera now living, to a greater extent than among the _Lemuroidea_.

II. Tables to illustrate the distribution of the genera of Primates in time, in the different Zoo-Geographical Regions into which the World has been divided.

{230}_A._ PALÆARCTIC REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fam. Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Anaptomorphidæ | 2 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Adapidæ | 2 | 3 | 3 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fam. Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3
,, Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- |-- | 1 |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
,, Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{231}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1
Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | -- | --
Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 12 | 42
Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 6 | 68
Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 3
Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{232}_C._ INDIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 2
Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 2 | 2
Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 3 |-- | 2 | -- | 4 | 42
Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 2 |-- | -- | 1 | 2 | 8
Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | 1 | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

PLATE XLII.

LEMUROIDEA.

PLATE XLIII.

LEMUROIDEA.

{233}_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1
Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 3 | 4
Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{234}_E._ NEARCTIC REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Anaptomorphidæ | 3 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Adapidæ | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cebidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{235}_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION.

Column headings

L: Lower. M: Middle. U: Upper.
P: Pleistocene. R: Recent. G: Genus. S: Species.

------------------+-----------------------------------+---------+--------
| TERTIARY. | POST- | NOW
+-----------+-----------+-----------+TERTIARY.| LIVING.
| EOCENE. | MIOCENE. | PLIOCENE. | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
| L | M | U | L | M | U | L | M | U | P | R | G | S
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---
LEMUROIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Chiromyidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Tarsiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Megaladapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Lemuridæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Anaptomorphidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Adapidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANTHROPOIDEA. | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hapalidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22
Cebidæ |-- |-- | 4 |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | 7 | -- | 10 | 65
Cercopithecidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Simiidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | -- | -- | -- | --
Hominidæ |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- |-- | ? |-- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---

{236}The above tables show that during the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary Period the _Lemuroidea_ were confined to the Palæarctic and Nearctic Regions; and, if the geological record were more perfect, we should probably find that they were distributed across the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere, which at that period was sub-tropical in climate. Outside these two regions no Lemuroid remains have been found after the close of the Eocene (with the exception of the solitary Lower Miocene genus _Laopithecus_) till the Recent Period, when the superficial deposits of Madagascar have yielded the sub-fossil _Megaladapis madagascariensis_ and a large undescribed species (probably of a new genus) of _Lemuridæ_, both of which may have been living in the historic period. At the present day Lemuroids are unknown in either the Palæarctic or Nearctic Regions, and, with the exception of four species, none are now found outside the Ethiopian Region.

The _Anthropoidea_, on the other hand, first appear in the Neotropical Region, in the upper Eocene, but the age of the Santa Cruz formation, in which the remains occur, has not yet been settled with certainty. In the Eastern Hemisphere they appear in the Mid-Miocene, and continue through the Pliocene, the Pleistocene and Recent deposits. As yet no remains have been found in the Nearctic Region, where Lemuroid remains occur so abundantly.

{237}The subjoined tables indicate the number of species in each of the six great Zoo-Geographical Regions, followed by others showing those peculiar to, and those living and fossil in, the various sub-divisions of these Regions:--

_A._ _B._ _C._ _D._ _E._ _F._
Palæarctic Ethiopian Indian Australian Nearctic Neotropical
Region. Region. Region. Region. Region. Region.
LEMUROIDEA.
CHIROMYIDÆ.
Chiromys -- 1 -- -- -- --
TARSIIDÆ.
Tarsius -- -- 2 1 -- --
Megaladapidæ.+
Megaladapis+ -- 1 -- -- -- --
LEMURIDÆ.
Perodicticus -- 2 -- -- -- --
Loris -- -- 1 -- -- --
Nycticebus -- -- 1 -- -- --
Galago -- 6 -- -- -- --
Chirogale -- 3 -- -- -- --
Microcebus -- 5 -- -- -- --
Opolemur -- 2 -- -- -- --
Lemur -- 8 -- -- -- --
Mixocebus -- 1 -- -- -- --
Hapalemur -- 2 -- -- -- --
Lepidolemur -- 7 -- -- -- --
Gen. ined.+ -- 1 -- -- -- --
Avahis -- 1 -- -- -- --
Propithecus -- 4 -- -- -- --
Indris -- 1 -- -- -- --
Anaptomorphidæ.+
Microchærus+ 7 -- -- -- -- --
Mixodectes+ -- -- -- -- 2 --
Cynodontomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 --
Omomys+ -- -- -- -- 1 --
Anaptomorphus+ -- -- -- -- 3 --
Plesiadapis+ 4 -- -- -- -- --
Protoadapis+ 2 -- -- -- -- --
Adapidæ.+
Adapis+ 5 -- -- -- 1 --
Tomitherium+ -- -- -- -- 1 --
Laopithecus+ -- -- -- -- 2 --
Pelycodus+ 1 -- -- -- 4 --
Microsyops+ -- -- -- -- 3 --
Hyopsodus+ 1 -- -- -- 6 --
Opisthotomus+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Apheliscus+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Sarcolemur+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Hipposyus+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Bathrodon+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Mesacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? --
Stenacodon+ -- -- -- -- ? --

ANTHROPOIDEA.
HAPALIDÆ.
Hapale -- -- -- -- -- 8
Midas -- -- -- -- -- 14
CEBIDÆ.
Chrysothrix -- -- -- -- -- 4
Callithrix -- -- -- -- -- 13
Nyctipithecus -- -- -- -- -- 5
Brachyurus -- -- -- -- -- 3
Pithecia -- -- -- -- -- 5
Alouatta -- -- -- -- -- 6
Cebus -- -- -- -- -- 19
Lagothrix -- -- -- -- -- 2
Brachyteles -- -- -- -- -- 1
Ateles -- -- -- -- -- 10
Protopithecus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1
Homunculus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1
Anthropops+ -- -- -- -- -- 1
? Homocentrus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1
? Eudiastus+ -- -- -- -- -- 1
CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
Papio 1 11 2 -- -- --
Theropithecus -- 1 -- -- -- --
Cynopithecus -- -- 1 1 -- --
Oreopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- --
Macacus 8 -- 14 2 -- --
Dolichopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- --
Mesopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- --
Cercocebus -- 6 -- -- -- --
Cercopithecus -- 41 -- -- -- --
Colobus 1 10 -- -- -- --
Semnopithecus 1 -- 31 -- -- --
Nasalis -- -- 1 -- -- --
SIMIIDÆ.
Pliopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- --
Hylobates 1 -- 7 -- -- --
Dryopithecus+ 1 -- -- -- -- --
Simia -- -- 1 -- -- --
Gorilla -- 1 -- -- -- --
Anthropopithecus -- 2 1 -- -- --

The following is a sketch of the past and present distribution of the Primates in the different Sub-regions and Provinces recognised by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe in his paper on the "Zoo-Geographical Areas of the World" already referred to.

{241}The black type indicates extinct or fossil species. The names of species peculiar to a certain area are printed in ordinary type, and those which are common to two or more areas are indicated by italics.

_A._ PALÆARCTIC REGION.

_A^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

_A^2._ EURASIAN SUB-REGION.

_A^2._ [alpha]. EUROPEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- 3 | Peculiar genera -- 3
,, species -- 20 | ,, species -- 9

The following species formerly existed in the Province:--

LEMUROIDEA.

1. Michrochærus antiquus.+ 2. M. erinaceus.+ 3. M. edwardsi.+ 4. M.
parvulus.+ 5. M. zitteli.+ 6. M. armatus.+ 7. M. (Cryptopithecus)
siderolithicus.+ 8. Plesiadapis remensis.+ 9. P. gervaisi.+ {242}10. P.
tournesarti.+ 11. P. daubrei.+ 12. Protoadapis crassicuspidens.+ 13. P.
recticuspidens.+ 14. Adapis parisiensis.+ 15. A. lemuroides.+ 16. A.
magna.+ 17. A. augustidens.+ 18. A. minor.+ 19. Pelycodus helveticus.+
20. Hyopsodus jurensis.+

ANTHROPOIDEA.

1. Macacus priscus.+ 2. M. pliocenus.+ 3. M. suevicus.+ 4.
Dolichopithecus ruscinensis.+ 5. Colobus grandævus.+ 6. Pliopithecus
antiquus.+ 7. P. chantrei.+ 8. Hylobates sp.+ 9. Dryopithecus fontani.+

_A^2._ [beta]. EAST SIBERIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent.
,, species ,, | ,, species ,,

_A^3._ MANCHURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 --

In this Sub-region the following species are found at the present day:--

1. Macacus fuscatus. 2. M. tcheliensis.

{243}_A^4._ MEDITERRANEO-ASIATIC SUB-REGION.

_A^4._ [alpha]. MEDITERRANEAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 2
,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 6

The following species are characteristic of this Province:--

1. Papio atlanticus.+ 2. Oreopithecus bambolii.+ 3. Macacus inuus (living
and fossil). 4. M. florentinus.+ 5. M. trarensis.+ 6. Mesopithecus
pentelici.+ 7. Semnopithecus monspessulanus.+

_A^4._ [beta]. MEDITERRANEO-PERSIC PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Peculiar genera absent. | Peculiar genera absent.
,, species ,, | ,, species ,,

_A^4._ [gamma]. MONGOLIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

{244}_B._ ETHIOPIAN REGION.

_B^1._ SAHARAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

_B^2._ SOUDANESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 --

In this Sub-region the following species appear to be found:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. demidoffi._ 3. _Papio maimon._ 4. _P.
babuin._ 5. _P. sphinx._ 6. _P. hamadryas._ 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8.
C. neglectus. 9. C. patas. 10. C. pyrrhonotus.

_B^3._ WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera 2 --
,, species 4 -- | ,, species 37 --

{245}In this Sub-region the following species occur:--

1. Perodicticus calabarensis. 2. P. potto. 3. Galago alleni. 4. _G.
demidoffi._ 5. G. monteiri. 6. _Papio maimon._ 7. P. leucophæus. 8. _P.
babuin._ 9. P. anubis. 10. _P. sphinx._ 11. Cercocebus fuliginosus. 12.
C. æthiops. 13. C. albigena. 14. C. aterrimus. 15. Cercopithecus
petaurista. 16. C. signatus. 17. C. erythrogaster. 18. C. buettikoferi.
19. C. martini. 20. C. ludio. 21. C. melanogenys. 22. C. nictitans. 23.
C. stampflii. 24. C. erythrotis. 25. C. cephus. 26. C. cynosurus. 27. C.
callitrichus. 28. C. mona. 29. _C. albigularis._ 30. C. campbelli. 31.
_C. leucampyx._ 32. C. grayi. 33. C. pogonias. 34. C. diana. 35. C.
palatinus. 36. C. brazzæ. 37. C. talapoin. 38. C. nigripes. 39. C. wolfi.
40. Colobus verus. 41. C. ferrugineus. 42. C. satanas. 43. C. ursinus.
44. C. vellerosus. [?45. _C. angolensis._] 46. _C. guereza._ 47. Gorilla
gorilla. 48. Anthropopithecus niger. 49. A. calvus.

_B^4._ ABYSSINIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 5 --

This Sub-region is the habitat of the following species:--

1. Papio doguera. 2. _P. babuin._ 3. P. thoth. 4. _P. hamadryas._ 5.
Theropithecus gelada. 6. T. obscurus. 7. _Cercopithecus sabæus._ 8. C.
boutourlini. 9. _Colobus guereza._

{246}_B^5._ EAST AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species 1 -- | ,, species 11 --

In this Sub-region occur the following species:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. G. garnetti. 3. _G. crassicaudata._ 4.
_Papio babuin._ 5. P. ibeanus. 6. _P. sphinx._ 7. P. langheldi. 8.
Cercocebus galeritus. 9. Cercopithecus rufo-viridis. 10. C. schmidti. 11.
_C. albigularis._ 12. _C. pygerythrus._ 13. C. ochraceus. 14. C. stairsi.
15. C. moloneyi. 16. _C. leucampyx._ 17. Colobus rufo-mitratus. 18. C.
kirki. 19. C. angolensis. 20. _C. guereza._ 21. _C. caudatus._

_B^6._ SOUTH-AFRICAN SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. CAPE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 --

The following species inhabit this Province:--

1. Papio porcarius; _Cercopithecus pygerythrus_.

{247}[beta]. NATALESE PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 1 --

The following species occur within this Province:--

1. _Galago senegalensis._ 2. _G. crassicaudata._ 3. _Cercopithecus
pygerythrus._ 4. _C. albigularis._ 5. _C. samango._

_B^7._ CAMERONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

In this Sub-region the following species occur:--

1. _Cercopithecus albigularis._ 2. _Colobus caudatus._

_B^8._ LEMURIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 12 2 | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species 34 2 | ,, species 1 --

{248}The following species are peculiar to this Sub-region:--

1. Chiromys madagascariensis; Chirogale, 4 species; Microcebus, 4
species; Opolemur, 2 species; Lemur, 8 species; Megaladapis
madagascariensis+; Gen. ined.+; Mixocebus caniceps; Hapalemur, 2 species,
Lepidolemur, 7 species; Avahis laniger; Propithecus, 3 species; Indris
brevicaudatus.

_C._ INDIAN REGION.

_C^1._ INDIAN-PENINSULAR SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera 1 -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species 1 -- | ,, species 6 4

The following species are characteristic of this Sub-region:--

1. Loris gracilis. 2. Papio sub-himalayanus.+ 3. P. falconeri.+ 4.
_Macacus rhesus._ 5. M. pileatus. 6. M. sinicus. 7. M. sivalensis.+ 8.
Semnopithecus entellus.[4] 9. S. priamus. 10. S. hypoleucus. 11. S.
cephalopterus. 12. S. palæindicus.+

_C^2._ INDO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 --
,, species 1 -- | ,, species 19 --

PLATE XLIV.

LEMUROIDEA.

PLATE XLV.

ANTHROPOIDEA

{249}The following species are found in this Sub-region:--

1. Tarsius tarsius. 2. _T. fuscus._ 3. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 4.
Macacus rufescens. 5. M. nemestrinus. 6. _M. cynomolegus._ 7.
Semnopithecus sabanus. 8. S. hosii. 9. S. thomasi. 10. S. everetti. 11.
S. cruciger. 12. _S. obscurus._ 13. S. maurus. 14. S. femoralis. 15. S.
rubicundus. 16. S. natunæ. 17. S. frontatus. 18. S. melanolophus. 19. S.
mitratus. 20. Nasalis larvatus. 21. _Hylobates agilis._ 22. H. leuciscus.
23. _H. lar._ 24. H. syndactylus. 25. Simia satyrus.

_C^3._ INDO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 13 --

The following species inhabit this Sub-region:--

1. _Nycticebus tardigradus._ 2. Macacus leoninus. 3. _M. rhesus._ 4. M.
sancti-johannis. 5. M. Cyclops. 6. _M. cynomologus._ 7. Semnopithecus
barbii. 8. S. pileatus. 9. _S. obscurus._ 10. S. germaini. 11. S.
phayrii. 12. S. nemæus. 13. S. nigripes. 14. S. siamensis.[5] 15.
_Hylobates agilis._ 16. H. leucogenys. 17. H. hoolock. 18. _H. lar._ 19.
H. hainanus.

_C^4._ HIMALO-CHINESE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 3 --

{250}The following species occur in this Sub-region:--

1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. lasiotis. 3. Semnopithecus roxellanæ. 4. S.
schistaceus.

_C^5._ HIMALO-MALAYAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 --

The following species occur in this Sub-region:--

1. _Macacus arctoides._ 2. M. assamensis. 3. M. silenus. 4. Semnopithecus
johni. 5. S. ursinus.

_D._ AUSTRALIAN REGION.

_D^1._ CELEBESIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 2 --

The following species are found within this Sub-region:--

1. _Tarsius fuscus._ 2. Cynopithecus niger. 3. Macacus maurus. 4. _M.
cynomologus._

{251}_D^2._ MOLUCCAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Only one species is found in this Sub-region:--

_Macacus cynomologus._ (Timor; Lombock.)

_D^3._ PAPUAN. _D^4._ AUSTRALIAN. _D^5._ NEW ZEALAND. _D^6._ FIJIAN. _D^7._ HAWAIAN SUB-REGIONS.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both orders are unknown in these Sub-regions.

_E._ NEARCTIC REGION.

_E^1._ ARCTIC SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown.

{252}[beta]. ALASKAN ARCTIC PROVINCE.

1. Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea--recent and extinct--unknown.

_E^2._ WARM TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- 15 | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- 30 | ,, species -- --

The following species have been found fossil in this Sub-region:--

1. Mixodectes pungens.+ 2. M. crassiusculus.+ 3. Cynodontomys latidens.+
4. Omomys carteri.+ 5. Anaptomorphus æmulus.+ 6. A. homunculus.+ 7.
Adapis tenebrosus.+ 8. Tomitherium rostratum.+ 9. Laopithecus robustus.+
10. L. lemurinus.+ 11. Pelycodus jarrovii.+ 12. P. tutus.+ 13. P.
frugivorus.+ 14. P. angulatus.+ 15. Microsyops spierianus.+ 16. M.
elegans.+ 17. M. scottianus.+ 18. Hyopsodus acolytus.+ 19. H. paulus.+
20. H. minusculus.+ 21. H. vicarius.+ 22. H. powellianus.+ 23. Indrodon
sp.+ 24. Opisthotomus sp.+ 25. Apheliscus sp.+ 26. Sarcolemur sp.+ 27.
Hipposyus sp.+ 28. Bathrodon sp.+ 29. Mesacodon sp.+ 30. Stenacodon sp.+

{253}_E^3._ COLD TEMPERATE SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both the orders of Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

_F._ NEOTROPICAL REGION.

_F^1._ ANTILLEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

Both orders of the Primates are absent from this Sub-region.

_F^2._ CENTRAL AMERICAN SUB-REGION.

[alpha]. MEXICAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- --

{254}The following species is recognised from this Province[6]:--

1. _Ateles vellerosus._

[beta]. ISTHMIAN PROVINCE.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 4 --

The following species are inhabitants of this Province:--

1. _Midas rosalia._ 2. _M. geoffroyi._ 3. Chrysothrix oerstedi. 4.
Nyctipithecus rufipes. 5. Alouatta villosa. 6. A. palliata. 7. _Cebus
hypoleucus._ 8. _Ateles geoffroyi._ 9. _A. rufiventris._ 10. _A. ater._
11. _A. vellerosus._

_F^3._ SUB-ANDEAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 7 --

The following species are recorded as inhabiting this Sub-region:--

1. Hapale leucopus. 2. _Midas rosalia._ 3. _M. geoffroyi._ 4. M. oedipus.
5. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 6. Callithrix ornata. 7. _Nyctipithecus
{255}temurinus._ 8. _N. felinus._ 9. _Alouatta senicula._ 10. _Cebus
hypoleucus._ 11. _C. fatuellus._ 12. _C. capucinus._ 13. _C. albifrons._
14. C. chrysopus. 15. Lagothrix lagothrix. 16. _L. infumatus._ 17.
_Ateles variegatus._ 18. _A. geoffroyi._ 19. _A. rufiventris._ 20. _A.
ater._ 21. A. fusciceps. 22. A. cucullatus.

_F^4._ AMAZONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 2 --
,, species -- -- | ,, species 34 --

The following species are found in this Sub-region:--

1. Hapale jacchus. 2. H. humeralifer. 3. H. chrysoleuca. 4. H. pygmæa. 5.
_H. melanura._ 6. Midas labiatus. 7. M. rufiventer. 8. M. mystax. 9. M.
pileatus. 10. M. weddelli. 11. M. nigricollis. 12. M. illigeri. 13. M.
bicolor. 14. M. midas. 15. M. ursulus. 16. _Chrysothrix sciurea._ 17. _C.
usta._ 18. Callithrix torquata. 19. C. cuprea. 20. C. amicta. 21. C.
cinerascens. 22. C. personata. 23. C. nigrifrons. 24. _C.
castaneiventris._ 25. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus. 26. _N. lemurinus._ 27.
_N. felinus._ 28. Brachyurus melanocephalus. 29. B. rubicundus. 30. B.
calvus. 31. Pithecia monachus. 32. P. pithecia. 33. P. satanas. 34. P.
chiropotes. 35. P. albinasa. 36. _Alouatta senicula._ 37. A. beelzebul.
38. A. ursina. 39. _Cebus monachus._ 40. _C. fatuellus._ 41. C. cirrifer.
42. _C. albifrons._ 43. _Lagothrix infumatus._ 44. _Ateles variegatus._
45. A. paniscus. 46. A. marginatus. 47. _A. ater._

{256}_F^5._ BRAZILIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera 1 1
,, species -- -- | ,, species 20 5

The following species are recorded from this Sub-region. In many cases, however, the habitat "Brazil" may be found to be erroneous, as it was often made, in olden days, to include Amazonia.

1. Hapale aurita. 2. _H. melanura._ 3. H. jacchus.+ 4. H. grandis.+ 5.
_Midas rosalia._ 6. M. fuscicollis. 7. M. chrysopygus. 8. _Chrysothrix
usta._ 9. C. entomophaga.[7] 10. Callithrix moloch. 11. _C.
castaneiventris._ 12. C. melanochir. 13. C. gigot. 14. C. chlorocnomys.+
15. C. primæva.+ 16. Nyctipithecus azaræ. 17. Alouatta nigra. 18. A.
ursina.+ 19. Cebus lunatus. 20. C. flavus. 21. _C. capucinus._ 22. _C.
monachus._ 23. C. variegatus. 24. C. robustus. 25. C. annellatus. 26. _C.
albifrons._ 27. C. flavescens. 28. C. fatuellus.+ 29. C. cirrifer.+ 30.
C. macrognathus.+ 31. C. vellerosus. 32. C. subcristatus. 33. C.
capillatus. 34. C. azaræ. 35. Brachyteles arachnoides. 36. Protopithecus
brasiliensis.+

PLATE XLVI.

ANTHROPOIDEA

PLATE XLVII.

ANTHROPOIDEA

{257}_F^6._ PATAGONIAN SUB-REGION.

I. Lemuroidea. | II. Anthropoidea.
Living. Extinct. | Living. Extinct.
Peculiar genera -- -- | Peculiar genera -- 4
,, species -- -- | ,, species -- 4

The following fossil species have been recorded from this Sub-region:--

1. Homunculus patagonicus.+ 2. Anthropops perfectus.+ 3. Homocentrus
argentinus.+ 4. Eudiastus lingulatus.+

{259}APPENDIX.

During the passage of this volume through the press, a good deal of additional material has come into the author's hands, while the results of important recent explorations have also been published. The following appendix has, therefore, been added to include the latest additions to our knowledge of the Anthropoids dealt with in its pages.

On page 82, the Talapoin (_Cercopithecus talapoin_) has been relegated to a group (and, indeed, it had been assigned by Geoffrey to a distinct genus--_Miopithecus_), in which it is the sole example on account of the supposed peculiarity of possessing but three tubercles on the posterior lower molar. A specimen which the author has recently examined shows that this character is not invariable, and the species should, therefore, in his opinion, be transferred to among the Green Guenons--Group II., CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI--and be placed next after the Tantalus Guenon on page 62.

The extremely important collections made by his friend Dr. Forsyth Major during his adventurous explorations in Madagascar in the years 1894 to 1896--from which he has but just returned--have made it necessary to add on page 212 a new family to the _Anthropoidea_. In the marshes of Sirabé, in Central Madagascar, he discovered the fossil remains of a species of true monkey--a group hitherto unknown to occur in that island--which must have been a contemporary of the Æpyornis, the well-known giant moa-like ratite bird which once lived there, but is now extinct. The fragments so far recovered show that in this creature the orbits were directed straight forward and {260}were separated from the temporal fossæ by a bony wall. The lachrymal foramen was situated inside the margin of the orbit; the inner upper incisors were in contact in the middle line; the nasals were broad and concave in profile, while the facial contour, viewed from the side, was very high. The pattern of the molars closely agreed with that seen in the Guenons (_Cercopithecidæ_). "The nasals are broad," continues Dr. Major, "and so is the whole of the interorbital region, its transversal diameter almost equalling that of the orbits, and therefore exceeding that obtained in the genera of _Anthropoidea_, which show the maximum of external extension of the region (_Mycetes_, _Hylobates_, _Homo_)." This is about the only point in which the fossil approaches some of the _Lemuroidea_. The formula of its upper teeth is I 2, C 1, P 3, M 3 = 18, or that which has been found heretofore to be characteristic of the New World monkeys. "The three molars are each composed of four tubercles, the outer and inner pairs being placed opposite one another and connected together by transverse ridges. This is the pattern of the _Cercopithecidæ_; but, unlike the Old World monkeys, the molars decrease in size from before backwards" (_Major_). In the lower jaw the formula appears to have been I 2, C 1, P 2, M 3 = 16. Hence "whilst the dental formula of the upper teeth agrees with that of the _Cebidæ_, it is quite peculiar in the lower jaw, and whilst the pattern of the molars is that of the _Cercopithecidæ_, the premolars differ alike from Old and New World monkeys.... These combined characters amply justify the establishment of a separate family of _Anthropoidea_ for the Malagasy fossil, intermediate in some respects between the South American _Cebidæ_ and the Old World _Cercopithecidæ_, besides presenting characters of its own." Dr. Forsyth Major has, therefore, proposed the new genus _Nesopithecus_ for the reception of this most remarkable monkey, under the new family of _Nesopithecidæ_. The discovery of _Nesopithecus roberti_, {261}as he has designated the species, suggests, as Dr. Major has set forth in the _Geological Magazine_ for October, 1896, page 436, "the following general conclusions:--

"(1) We may look forward in Continental Africa likewise for the discovery of Tertiary monkeys, intermediate between _Cebidæ_ and _Cercopithecidæ_.

"(2) The recent African _Cercopithecidæ_ are not invaders from the North-East, as has been supposed; on the contrary, most, if not all, of the Tertiary monkeys of Europe and Asia are derived from the Ethiopian region. The home of a part at least of the _Anthropoidea_ seems to have been in the Southern Hemisphere. This assumption is corroborated by the two facts--that _Anthropoidea_ make their appearance for the first time in the later Tertiary of Europe and Asia, and that they are entirely absent from the Tertiary of North America."

After the first paragraph on page 219, the discoveries of Dr. Eugene Dubois, made since these pages were written, necessitate the insertion of the following paragraphs.

In the year 1892 this distinguished geologist made one of the most important contributions to our knowledge of the antiquity of man. In that year he disinterred a large number of vertebrate remains from beds--determined to be of late Pliocene, if not of Miocene age--"of cemented volcanic tuff, consisting of clay, sand, and consolidated lapilli," at Trinil on the slope of the Kendeng Hills in Java. Among these remains were a portion of a cranium, two molar teeth, and a femur, presenting mixed simian and human characters. The dimensions of the skull-cap showed that the internal capacity of the cranium was about 1,000 cubic centimetres, while the largest skulls of the _Simiidæ_ averaged only about 500 centimetres. With the exception of this large capacity, the calvarium presented few characters which were not strongly {262}simian, and of all the apes it most resembled the Gibbons' (_Hylobates_); but it was far superior in its cranial arch--low and depressed as the arch was--to that of any ape. The frontal region was narrow and the supraciliary ridges prominent. The neck area of the occipital bone was also ape-like in form. The thigh-bone (_femur_), on the other hand, presented human characters in a very marked degree, and gave no indication that the individual who owned it was in the habit of sitting on his hams. The molar teeth were likewise more human than ape-like, although they presented many strong simian characters. Dr. Dubois has assigned these remarkable fossils to a species which he has named _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (the Erect Ape-man), as he believes that their owner occupied a place in the genealogical tree below the point of devarication of the anthropoid apes from the human line. Dr. Cunningham, of Dublin, however, who is one of our most eminent anatomists and anthropologists, would place it "on the human line, a short distance above the point at which the anthropoid branch is given off"; for he could "not believe that an ape-form with a cranial capacity of 1,000 centimetres could be the progenitor of the man-like apes, the largest of which had a capacity of only 500. Such a supposition would necessarily involve the assumption that the anthropoid apes were a degenerated branch from the common stem." Altogether, then, a study of these important remains tends to show that _Pithecanthropus_ had the lowest human cranium known, and was the most ape-like ancestor of the human race yet described. He was very nearly as much below the Neanderthal man as he was below the normal European. It should be stated that some doubt has been expressed whether all the remains belong to one and the same species of animal. Dr. Dubois' arguments for their really belonging to the same individual appear, however, very convincing.

{263}On page 223, after the close of the first paragraph, insert:--

In the Palæolithic Terrace-Gravels at Galley Hill, in Kent, in strata in which numerous palæolithic implements have been found, one of the most interesting discoveries of the ancient inhabitants of England was made in 1895. In these strata was discovered a human skull with a lower jaw, and parts of the limb bones. The skull is very long and narrow; its breadth index being above 64, and its height index 67. The supraciliary ridges were large and the glabella prominent, with the forehead receding and the occiput flattened below, while the hindmost molar was larger than the first. The skull showed numerous points of resemblance to the Neanderthal and Spy crania; as well as presenting affinities with the skulls of the early Neolithic race. The limb bones gave indication that the individual was short of stature, standing slightly over five feet. The evidence that these remains were embedded naturally in the Pleistocene age in the apparently undisturbed gravels in which they were found, and not interred at a much later period, was very strong.

PLATE XLVIII.

ANTHROPOIDEA

PLATE XLIX.

ANTHROPOIDEA

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abelii, Simia, ii. 171
Pongo, ii. 171
acolytus, Hyopsodus, i. 123; ii. 252
Adapidæ, i. 119
Adapis, i. 111, 113, 114, 119; ii. 227, 238
angustidens, i. 120; ii. 242
lemuroides, i. 120; ii. 242
magna, i. 120; ii. 242
minor, i. 120; ii. 242
parisiensis, i. 120; ii. 242
tenebrosus, i. 120; ii. 252
adrotes, Satyrus, ii. 181
adusta, Simia, i. 185
ægyptiaca, Hamadryas, i. 272
æmulus, Anaptomorphus, i. 118; ii. 252
æthiopicus, Cercopithecus, ii. 39
æthiops, Cercocebus, ii. 38, 39, 245
Cercopithecus, ii. 38
Simia, ii. 38
Agile Gibbon, ii. 151
agilis, Hylobates, ii. 149, 151; ii. 249
Pithecus, ii. 151
agisymbianus, Otolemur, i. 40
agrias, Simia, ii. 170
alba, Pithecia, i. 178
albicans, Pithecia, i. 183
albicollis, Hapale, i. 132
albifrons, Ateles, i. 233
Cebus, i. 213, 218; ii. 255, 256
Simia, i. 213
Lemur, i. 73
albigena, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 41, 245
Presbytis, ii. 40
Semnocebus, ii. 40
albigularis, Cercopithecus, ii. 67, 69, 70, 245, 246, 247
albimana, Simia, ii. 160
albimanus, Hylobates, ii. 160
Lemur, i. 74
albinasa, Chiropotes, i. 188
Pithecia, i. 188; ii. 255
albinus, Presbytis, ii. 113
albipes, Semnopithecus, ii. 108
albocinereus, Semnopithecus, ii. 123, 138
albogularis, Semnopithecus, ii. 67
Semnopithecus, ii. 105
albus, Cebus, i. 209
alleni, Galago, i. 43; ii. 245
Otolicnus, i. 43
Allen's Galago, i. 43
Alouatta, i. 192, 229, 247; ii. 210, 228, 239
beelzebul, i. 197; ii. 255
niger, i. 199
nigra, i. 195, 197, 199, 200; ii. 256
palliata, i. 202; ii. 254
seniculus, i. 192, 193; ii. 255
ursina, i. 198; ii. 210, 255, 256
villosa, i. 199; ii. 254
Aluatta nigra, i. 196
palliata, i. 202
senicula, i. 193, 203
Amboanala, i. 108
American Monkeys, i. 204
amicta, Callithrix, i. 161; ii. 255
Simia, i. 161
amictus, Callithrix, i. 161
Anaptomorphidæ, i. 114
Anaptomorphus, i. 116, 117; ii. 226, 238
æmulus, i. 118; ii. 252
homunculus, i. 118; ii. 252
anchises, Semnopithecus, ii. 105
andamanensis, Macacus, ii. 14
Anderson's Langur, ii. 124
Angolan Guereza, ii. 96
angolensis, Colobus, ii. 96, 245
Guereza, ii. 96
angulatus, Pelycodus, i. 122
angustidens, Adapis, i. 120; ii. 242
Angwantibo, i. 28
anjuanensis, Lemur, i. 71
annellatus, Cebus, i. 213; ii. 256
anthracinus, Semnopithecus, ii. 93
Anthropoidea, i. 123, 124, 227, 229, 252; ii. 3, 41, 143, 149, 173, 191
Anthropomorpha, ii. 174
Anthropopithecus, ii. 183, 188, 217, 229, 240
calvus, ii. 183, 194, 199, 200, 201, 245
niger, ii. 145, 195
sivalensis, ii. 217
troglodytes, ii. 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202
Anthropops, ii. 211, 228, 229
perfectus, ii. 211
antiquus, Microchærus, i. 115; ii. 241
Pliopithecus, ii. 215, 242
Anubis Baboon, i. 266
anubis, Cynocephalus, i. 265, 266, 267
Papio, i. 266, 267; ii. 245
Aotus trivirgatus, i. 168
Ape, Black, i. 252
Rock, ii. 7
apella, Cebus, i. 211
Simia, i. 211
Aphanapteryx, i. 114
Apheliscus, i. 123; ii. 227, 238, 252
Aphelotherium, i. 119
duvernoyi, i. 120
apicalis, Otolicnus, i. 43
Arabian Baboon, i. 272, 274
arachnoides, Ateles, i. 226
Brachyteles, i. 226, 227; ii. 256
Eriodes, i. 226, 227
arctoides, Macacus, ii. 8, 10, 11, 12, 250
Arctocebus, i. 26
calabarensis, i. 27
argentata, Hapale, i. 137
Simia, i. 136
argentatus, Jacchus, i. 136
Midas, i. 136
Presbytes, ii. 138
Semnopithecus, ii. 131
argentinus, Homocentrus, ii. 211
armatus, Microchærus, i. 116; ii. 241
Ascagne, ii. 44, 45
ascanias, Cercopithecus, ii. 44, 48, 50
assamensis, Macacus, ii. 20, 29, 31, 250
Ateles, i. 128, 190, 204, 227, 228, 229, 235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 247,
248; ii. 228, 239
albifrons, i. 233
arachnoides, i. 226
ater, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255
bartletti, i. 231
belzebuth, i. 244
chuva, i. 231
cucullatus, i. 243; ii. 255
frontalis, i. 239, 244
fuliginosus, i. 244
fusciceps, i. 242; ii. 255
geoffroyi, i. 233, 234, 237, 244; ii. 254, 255
grisescens, i. 242
hybridus, i. 233
hypoxanthus, i. 226
marginatus, i. 231, 233, 239; ii. 255
melanochir, i. 231, 233
ornatus, i. 233, 234
pan, i. 241
paniscus, i. 237, 239, 241, 242; ii. 255
pentadactylus, i. 237
rufiventris, i. 234, 236; ii. 254, 255
variegatus, i. 231, 233; ii. 255
vellerosus, i. 128, 129, 236, 244; ii. 254
ater, Ateles, i. 128, 129, 237, 238, 241, 242; ii. 254, 255
Chiropotes, i. 186
Sapajou, i. 241
aterrimus, Cercocebus, ii. 40, 245
Cercopithecus, ii. 40
atlanticus, Papio, ii. 212, 243
aubryi, Troglodytes, ii. 194
aulaxinus, Macacus, ii. 213
auratus, Mycetes, i. 193
Semnopithecus, ii. 128
aureus, Macacus, ii. 31, 32
aurita, Hapale, i. 134
auritus, Jacchus, i. 134
Semnopithecus, ii. 136
ausonianus, Macacus, ii. 213
Avahi Lemurs, i. 94
Woolly, i. 94
Avahis, i. 94; ii. 226, 238
laniger, i. 94; ii. 248
Aye aye, i. 14
azaræ, Cebus, i. 219; ii. 256
Nyctipithecus, i. 170
Simia, i. 170
Azara's Capuchin, i. 219
Douroucoli, i. 170

Babakoto, i. 108
Baboon, Anubis, i. 266
Arabian, i. 272, 274
Celebean Black, i. 281
Chacma, i. 263
Doguera, i. 262
East-African, i. 269
Gelada, i. 252, 276
Guinea, i. 269
Langheld's, i. 275
Thoth, i. 268
Yellow, i. 265
Baboons, i. 248, 252, 253; ii. 1
Gelada, i. 276
Malayan, i. 280
babouin, Cynocephalus, i. 262, 265
babuin, Cynocephalus, i. 268, 271, 276
Papio, i. 265; ii. 244, 245, 246
Bald Chimpanzee, ii. 199
Bald Uakarí, i. 177
bambolii, Oreopithecus, ii. 212, 243
Bandar, ii. 23
Banded Langur, ii. 126
Barbary Macaque, ii. 4, 6
Barbe's Langur, ii. 102
barbei, Presbytis, ii. 102
barbii, Semnopithecus, ii. 102, 249
barbatus, Cebus, i. 208
Mycetes, i. 195
Barrigudo, i. 221
bartletti, Ateles, i. 231
Bathrodon, i. 123; ii. 227, 239, 252
Bay Guereza, ii. 91
Bearded Guenons, ii. 44, 78
beelzebul, Alouatta, i. 197; ii. 255
Mycetes, i. 197
Simia, i. 197
belzebuth, Ateles, i. 244
Bengal Macaque, ii. 22, 23, 26
Monkey, ii. 23
bengalensis, Nycticebus, i. 33, 35
betillei, Palæolemur, i. 120
bicolor, Colobus, ii. 95
Hapale, i. 147
Midas, i. 147; ii. 255
Mycetes, i. 198
Pithecus, ii. 171
Semnopithecus, ii. 95
Seniocebus, i. 147
Black and Red Tamarin, i. 145
Black Apes, i. 252
Black-cheeked Guenon, ii. 49
Black-crested Langur, ii. 136
Black-eared Mouse-Lemur, i. 51
Black-faced Lemur, i. 73
Black-faced Spider-Monkey, i. 241
Black-footed Guenon, ii. 78
Black-footed Langur, ii. 135
Black-fronted Tamarin, i. 143
Black-fronted Titi, i. 164
Black Guereza, ii. 93
Black-handed Titi, i. 165
Black-headed Squirrel-Monkey, i. 155
Black-headed Uakarí, i. 175
Black Howler, i. 195
Black Lemur, i. 69
Black-limbed Guenons, ii. 44
Black Mangabey, ii. 40
Black Saki, i. 186
Black Sifaka, i. 100
Black-tailed Marmoset, i. 136
Blanc-nez, ii. 44
boliviensis, Callithrix, i. 155
Bonnet Macaque, ii. 34, 35, 36
Bonneted Capuchin, i. 218
Langur, ii. 103
Macaque, ii. 114
Tamarin, i. 143
Bosman's Potto, i. 28
boutourlinii, Cercopithecus, ii. 69
Boutourlini's Guenon, ii. 69
bouvieri, Piliocolobus, ii. 92
Brachyteles, i. 204, 224, 227, 228, 248; ii. 228, 239
arachnoides, i. 226, 227; ii. 256
hemidactylus, i. 227
macrotarsus, i. 226
Brachyurus, i. 128, 174, 248; ii. 228, 239
calvus, i. 177; ii. 255
israelita, i. 188
melanocephalus, i. 175; ii. 255
ouakary, i. 175
rubicundus, i. 176; ii. 255
satanas, i. 188
Bradycebus, i. 33
brasiliensis, Protopithecus, ii. 210, 256
brazzæ, Cercopithecus, ii. 81, 245
brevicaudatus, Indris, i. 105; ii. 248
Broad-nosed Gentle-Lemur, i. 82
Brown Capuchin, i. 211
Brown-headed Spider-Monkey, i. 242
Brown-headed Tamarin, i. 144
Brown Howler, i. 198
Brown Lagothrix, i. 223, 224
Brown Macaque, ii. 8
Brown Woolly Spider-Monkey, i. 226
brunnea, Callithrix, i. 163
brunneus, Macacus, ii. 8
buettikoferi, Cercopithecus, ii. 47, 245
burnetti, Cercopithecus, ii. 70
Büttikofer's Guenon, ii. 47