Chapter C: L. entire, with a cartilaginous border (1)

349. M. PUNCTATUM, Hed. St. ½–3in., erect, radiculose; l. obovate or roundish obtuse, obscurely pointed, upper in a somewhat rosaceous tuft; generally nerved to apex; caps. oval pendulous; lid conical, with a longish beak: dioicous.

Wet shady places. II. III.

350. M. SUBGLOBOSUM. B. & S. St. 1in. or more, erect; l. obovate or roundish obtuse, not nerved to apex; border narrow sub-cartilaginous; caps. roundish, contracted at mouth, sub-pendulous; lid small conical beaked: synoicous.

Marshes and bogs. III.

52. CINCLIDIUM. SWARTZ.

351. C. STYGIUM. Sw. St. 1–4in. tufted, erect, with purplish radicles; l. roundish obovate, obtuse, pointed, rigid, very narrow at base, border cartilaginous, nerved to or beyond apex; caps. obovate or pyriform, pendulous, on a long seta, lid convex obtuse, sometimes pointed; synoicous.

Bogs. Malham Tarn (Nowell, Wilson). VI. VII.

53. MIELICHHOFERIA. N. & H.

352. M. NITIDA. Horn. “L. erecto-patent, larger and more crowded above, ovate-lanceolate, serrated at apex; caps. sub-erect pyriform; lid conical, very short.”

var. β. _gracilis._ more densely tufted; l. shorter, more crowded,
imbricate; caps. erect. [Wils. Bry. Brit., p. 263.]

Type not British; var. β. only found at head of Glen Callater, 1830 (Dr. Greville); again in same locality, 1868 (Fergusson and Roy); Ingleby, Yorkshire, 1862 (Mudd.)

54. PALUDELLA. EHR.

353. P. SQUARROSA. Brid. St. 2–6in. radiculose; l. obovate-lanceolate, pointed, recurved above the middle, squarrose, nerved to and serrulate at apex, margins recurved below; caps. elliptic-oblong gibbous, with a short thick neck, inclined; lid mammillate.

Boggy places. No fr. found in Britain. Summer.

55. MEESIA. HEDW.

354. M. ULIGINOSA. Hedw. St. ½–1in. radiculose, br. fastigiate; l. lanceolate or linear obtuse (upper longer), entire, margin recurved, scarcely nerved to apex; caps. pyriform, with a long tapering neck, incurved, inclined; lid conical truncate; seta very long.

Wet and boggy places. VII. VIII.

[It is very questionable whether _M. longiseta_ has ever been found in the British Islands.]

56. AMBLYODON. P. BEAUV.

355. A. DEALBATUS. P. B. St. ½–1in.; l. lanceolate broad, acute, margins plane, slightly serrulate at apex, below which the strong nerve ceases; caps. clavate or pyriform, incurved, inclined, mouth oblique, lid conical, seta very long.

Wet mountainous places. S. I. VI. VII.

57. FUNARIA. SCHREB.

1. Caps. cernuous on a straight seta, annulus none.

356. F. HIBERNICA. Hook. St. ¼–½in.; l. oblong-oval, gradually tapering to an acutely serrate point, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pyriform, longer than in next species, on a seta twisting to left its whole length when dry; lid concave.

Chalky soil. Cork, Matlock, Conway. IV. V.

357. F. MUHLENBERGII. Schw. St. shorter than last; l. ovate-lanceolate, suddenly tapering to a long bluntly serrate point, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pyriform, on a seta when dry twisted at base to left, above to right; lid convex obtuse with a reddish border.

Limestone walls, banks, &c. IV. V.

2. Caps. furrowed when dry, on a long arcuate seta, annulus present.

358. F. HYGROMATRICA. Hedw. St. ¼–1in.; l. lower scattered, upper ovate-lanceolate, concave, clustered into a bulb-like tuft, nerved to apex, margins reflexed; caps. broadly pyriform, incurved, mouth oblique, with a corrugate border; lid convex, with a red border.

Banks and walls, old cinder heaps, &c., common, V.—IX.

var. β. _patula._ st. slender branched; l. undulate, spreading, twisted
when dry.

γ. _calvescens._ seta long and straight; caps. slender, almost
erect.

359. F. MICROSTOMA. B. & S. Habit of last, but smaller; l. in a comal bud; caps. pyriform, turgid, not much furrowed when dry; mouth very small, with a smooth border; inner perist. very imperfect.

Damp stony places. VIII. IX.

Maresfield, Sussex, 1864 (Mr. Mitten).

58. ENTOSTHODON. SCHW.

360. E. TEMPLETONI. Schw. St. about ¼in.; l. lower distant ovate-acuminate, upper in a rosaceous tuft, obovate, acuminate, not nerved to apex, scarcely serrulate; caps. clavate-pyriform, upright, neck tapering, lid plano-convex.

Crevices of rocks and shady places. E. S. I. W. VII.

361. E. MINIMUM. Hunt. (Mem. Lit. and Sci. Soc., Manchester, vol. V., p. 100, 1871–2.) St. ⅛–¼in. erect, gregarious; l. lower obovate, margin reflexed, nerve thin, not reaching apex; upper oblong, sub-erect, sub-canaliculate, margin recurved, crenulate above, nerve strong, nearly reaching apex; areolæ large elongate hexagonal below, above shorter; caps. obconical when dry, smooth, with a distinct neck and wide mouth; seta erect, ⅛–¼in.; perist. half immersed, of 16 slender linear subulate teeth; dioicous.

Sandstone walls. Glasnevin, Dublin (D. Orr.) VIII.

59. PHYSCOMITRIUM. BRID.

362. P. ERICETORUM. De Not. St. ¼in.; l. lower, distant, small, upper in a tuft, larger, obovate-lanceolate, with a thickened distantly serrate margin, not nerved to apex; caps. small, pyriform, erect, lid almost flat.

Heaths, banks, stream sides, &c. III. IV.

363. P. FASCICULARE. B. & S. St. about ½in. tufted; l. ovate-oblong or lanceolate, pointed serrate, not bordered; caps. obovate or pyriform, tapering at base; lid convex.

Fallow fields. IV.

364. P. PYRIFORME. B. & S. St. about ¼in., tufted; l. lower distant ovate-lanceolate, above spathulate, pointed, serrate, uppermost longer erect, not nerved to apex; caps. globose-pyriform erect, mouth small, lid conical, calyptra sub-persistent, toothed at base.

Moist banks and ditches. IV.

365. P. SPHŒRICUM. B. & S. St. scarcely ¼in.; l. oval-oblong or slightly spathulate, acute, concave, entire; upper ones largest, nerved nearly to apex; caps. sub-globose, mouth large; lid large conical; calyp. lobed below.

Dried-up mud. IX.–XI.

Mere, Cheshire, 1834 (Wils.), J. Whitehead, Oct., 1870.

60. BARTRAMIDULA. B. & S.

366. B. WILSONI. B. & S. St. about ¼in. branched; l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat secund, nerved nearly to or beyond apex, serrulate above; caps. globoso-pyriform, generally pendulous, not striate; lid convex or conical.

Turfy soil on mountains. S. W. I. X.

61. BARTRAMIA. HEDW.

1. Caps. erect, perist. single.

367. B. STRICTA. Brid. St. loosely tufted, glaucous green; l. erecto-patent, rigid when dry, lanceolate-subulate, nerve excurrent into a serrate arista; caps. ovate-globose furrowed when dry, seta four-sided at summit, twisted to right when dry; lid convex or mammillate. [Bry. Eur., IV., t. 316. Schp. Syn., 417.]

On the ground and stones. Early summer.

Maresfield, Sussex (Mitten), 1862.

2. Caps. cernuous, perist. double.

_a._ Branches fastigiate. Monoicous.

368. B. RIGIDA. Bals. & Not. St. ¼–½in.; br. erect or recurved; l. erecto-patent, straight, rigid, lanceolate, finely serrulate, nerve excurrent, cap., large, sub-spherical, furrowed when dry, and cernuous; lid conical pointed; seta erect; inner perist. sometimes imperfect.

Shady banks, mountains. IX. X.

_b._ Br. fasciculate: dioicous.

* L. plicate and sheathing at base.

369. B. ARCUATA. Brid. St. 1–4in., with reddish brown radicles; l. ovate-lanceolate from a broad erect sheathing base, scabrous, serrulate, spreading; caps. sub-globose, almost pendulous, on an arcuate seta, furrowed when dry.

Waterfalls and wet rocks. IX. X.

* * L. not sheathing or plicate. (_Philonotis._)

370. B. (PHILONOTIS) FONTANA. Brid. Stem 1–6in., with reddish black radicles; l. ovate-acuminate, short and appressed or lanceolate secund, or spreading and longer (generally plicate at base), nerve almost excurrent; perig. l. obtuse, nerveless; caps. sub-globose large, furrowed when dry.

Springs and wet places. VI.

var. β. _alpina._ st. short, l. ovate-lanceolate, mucronate.

γ. _falcata._ l. falcato-secund, nerve thick.

δ. _pumila._ plant smaller in all its parts.

371. B. (PHILONOTIS) CÆSPITOSA. Wils. MS. St. 1–2in. reddish, cæspitose, radiculose below; l. falcato-secund, lanceolate acuminate, gradually tapering from base upwards, concave, margins sub-serrulate not recurved, nerved to apex, areolæ lax, largest at basal angles; perig. l. in a stellate tuft, almost triangular from a very broad base, finely sub-serrulate, nerved to apex.

Walton swamp, Cheshire (Wilson): male plant only.

372. B. (PHILONOTIS) ADPRESSA. Fergusson. “Plant widely cæspitose, erect, 2–3in. either dull, glaucous green, or reddish; l. papillose, erect when moist, with one wide plica on each side of nerve, incurved towards apex, slightly twisted when dry, widely ovate from an amplexicaul base, not acuminate, apex either obtuse or cucullate, with a very slight mucro, or in the more slender forms rather acute, margin denticulate slightly reflexed; nerve very thick continuous; areolæ small, ovoid above, shorter and wider towards the base.” [G. E. Hunt. Mem. Lit. & Sci. Soc., Manchester, vol. V., 102, 1872.]

Glen Prossen, &c., Clova (Fergusson); Glas Mheal, Perthshire 2500 ft. (Hunt).

373. B. (PHILONOTIS) SERIATA. Mitt. _Musc. Ind. Orient._ “L. spirally arranged, from a sub-erect base, patent towards apex, ovate acute plicate, margin distinctly reflexed; areolæ linear above, small and ovoid towards base; perig. l. from an erect dilated base, widely spreading, cordatetriangular obtuse, areolæ small obscure elongate-quadrangular, above large linear and reddish at base; nerve thick, indistinct, continuous or vanishing below apex, margin slightly denticulate.” [Hunt. loc. cit., p. 103.]

Springs at head of Clova; Ben-na-Bourd (Gardiner).

374. B. (PHILONOTIS) CALCAREA. B. & S. St. about 2in.; l. ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually from middle upwards, concave rigid secund, margin serrulate, not reflexed, strongly nerved to apex; areolæ large oblong, long hexagonal at base; perig. l. acute, triangular from a broad erect base, nerved to apex: caps. sub-globose, inclined or cernuous.

Wet places. VII.

_c._ Branches dichotomous and fastigiate.

* monoicous.

375. B. POMIFORMIS. Hedw. St. ½–2in.; l. spreading linear-lanceolate, not concave, doubly spinuloso-serrate, rough, crisp when dry, nerve slightly excurrent; caps. sub-globose, cernuous, lid small conical.

Dry sandy banks. V.

var. β. _crispa._ “l. longer, less crowded, branches often longer than
fruit-stalk.”

376. B. HALLERIANA. Hedw. St. 1–3in., radiculose below; l. spreading or secund, linear-subulate from a broad pale erect sheathing base, rough, serrate, nerve excurrent; caps. sub-globose, on a short curved seta.

Moist alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VI. VII.

* * Synoicous.

377. B. GRACILIS. Floerke, 1799. (_B. Oederi_, Swartz, 1800). St. 1–3in.; l. linear-lanceolate, recurved from an erect, not sheathing base, crisped when dry, margins recurved, serrate above, keeled, smooth; caps. small globose, oblique, lid convex.

Moist shady rocks. V.

378. B. ITHYPHYLLA. Brid. St. ½–2in.; l. from an erect broad base sharply bent back and lanceolate-subulate, rigid, serrulate, not crisped when dry, broadly nerved to apex; caps. globose, almost erect or cernuous.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VI.

62. CONOSTOMUM. SWARTZ.

379. C. BOREALE. Swartz. St. ½–2in. tufted, radiculose; l. imbricate lanceolate acuminate, keeled, serrate, nerve excurrent into a mucro; caps. globose, gibbous, cernuous; lid large beaked.

Summits of Scotch mountains. VIII. IX.

63. CATASCOPIUM. BRID.

380. C. NIGRITUM. Brid. St. 1in. or more (Wilson says 2–6in. or more), radiculose; l. lanceolate acute, margin reflexed entire, nerved nearly to apex; upper ones largest; caps. small globose, dark-coloured or black, cernuous; lid small conical.

Moist alpine rocks, &c.

Wilson says “fruits March (?)” My specimen from Fife is August.

64. DISCELIUM. BRID.

381. D. NUDUM. Brid. Stemless; l. few, ovate-lanceolate, entire, concave, round the base of the seta, generally buried; seta ½–1in.; caps. sub-globose reddish, cernuous, small; lid conical acute.

Clay banks and beds. II.–IV.

Near Manchester (Cayley); Todmorden (Hobkirk).

65. SPLACHNUM. B. & S.

382. S. VASCULOSUM. L. Stem ¼–1in. radiculose; l. roundish ovate, obtuse, or ovate-acuminate, entire, narrow at base, not nerved to apex, areolæ lax; caps. small cylindrical on a large globular apophysis; lid convex: dioicous.

Elevated wet places. VII.

383. S. AMPULLACEUM. L. St. about 1in.; l. lower lanceolate, upper larger obovate or oblong-lanceolate, all serrate or sometimes entire, acuminate, nerved nearly to apex; areolæ lax; seta dilated above into a turbinate apophysis, bearing the small cylindrical caps.; the whole shaped like the ancient _ampulla_; lid conical; mono- or dioicous.

On dung in peaty places. V. VI.

384. S. SPHŒRICUM. Hedw. St. ½–1in.; l. roundish obovate, acuminate, scarcely serrate, lower smaller, nerved nearly to apex; apophysis not tapering, roundish ovate, about same width as cylindrical capsule; lid mammillate: dioicous.

Dung in moist peaty places. V. VI.

66. TETRAPLODON. B. & S.

385. T. MNIOIDES. B. & S. St. ½–3in. tufted; l. sub-erect obovate or nearly elliptical, suddenly narrowed into a long piliferous point, concave, entire, nerved to apex; caps. elliptical on a large obovate apophysis of about same width; lid conical obtuse.

Moist mountainous situations, on dung, &c. V.

386. T. ANGUSTATUS. B. & S. St. ½–2in. tufted; l. sub-erect, ovate-lanceolate concave, narrowed into long tapering points, serrate; caps. ovate on an obconical apophysis; lid conical obtuse.

Dung on mountains, rare. VII. VIII.

67. TAYLORIA. HOOKER.

387. T. SERRATA. B. & S. St. scarcely 1in.; l. erecto-patent, recurved above, oblong-obovate, lower ovate-lanceolate acuminate, serrate above, not nerved to apex; caps. oval on a long tapering apophysis; lid convex obtuse.

var. γ. _tenuis._ “l. broader and shorter, caps. smaller on a more
slender stalk, much contracted when dry, columella exserted.”
Wils.

Normal form not found in Britain—only var. γ on turfy soil on Scotch mountains. VII. VIII.

68. DISSODON. GREV.

388. D. FROELICHIANUS. Grev. “St. cæspitose or scattered; l. ovate-oblong obtuse, nerve ceasing below apex; caps. (with apophysis) clavato-pyriform; lid conical; teeth of perist. in pairs.” [Wils. Bry. Brit., 296.]

Doubtful native; said to have been found on Ben High, Aberdeen, by Mr. Dickson, but the specimen in Herb. Turner is not certain.

389. D. SPLACHNOIDES. Grev. St. 1–4in. radiculose; l. erecto-patent, oval-oblong or lingulate obtuse, margin plane, not nerved to apex; caps. obovate with a short tapering neck; lid conical pointed; columella exserted when dry.

Wet mountainous bogs. Scotland. VIII.

69. ŒDIPODIUM. SCHW.

390. Œ. GRIFFITHIANUM. Schw. St. ¼–½in, tufted; barren often much longer; l. obovate-roundish, obtuse, fringed below, not nerved to apex; caps. obovate or pyriform, neck tapering into a thick succulent seta; lid convex obtuse.

Crevices of mountainous rocks. VII. VIII.

70. SCHISTOSTEGA. MOHR.

391. S. OSMUNDACEA. W. & M. St. ¼–½in.; l. bifarious, insertion vertical, lanceolate, pale green; caps. small, sub-globose, mouth large; lid convex; young plant, when growing in caves, emitting a beautiful golden green light.

Sandstone caves and banks, not rare. III.

71. FISSIDENS. HEDW.

I. Fructif. terminal.

_a._ Monoicous.

392. F. EXILIS. Hedw. St. ⅛in. simple; l. few, lower small ovate, upper lanceolate-oblong oblique, acute, margin not bordered, serrulate, nerved to apex, dorsal wing not reaching to base of leaf; caps. elliptic-oblong, erect, lid conical obliquely rostrate.

Shady banks and woods, not frequent. E. S. I. I.—III.

393. F. VIRIDULUS. L. St. ¼in. about; l. lanceolate acute, entire, bordered, crisped when dry, dorsal wing not reaching to base, nerved nearly to apex; caps. oval-oblong erect; lid conical with a blunt point; perist. immersed; barren fl. on a short branch.

Shady banks, rivulets on stones, &c. VIII. IX.

394. F. INCURVUS. Schw. St. ¼in. about, ascending from a decumbent base; l. lanceolate oblong apiculate, narrowly margined, nerve ceasing near the serrate apex; caps. oval oblique, curved, rarely erect, lid conical rostellate; perist. not immersed; barren fl. sessile at base of stem. [Schp. Syn. 104.]

Shady banks, Cheshire; Hurst-pier-point. II. III.

var. _Lylei._ l. scarcely margined, narrow; perist. immersed.
Cheshire, rare.

395. F. PUSILLUS. Wils. St. shorter; l. erect, acute, narrow; caps. sub-erect; perist. immersed.

Sandstone rocks.

396. F. CRASSIPES. Wils. St. ¼–¾in.; plant more robust; l. larger, broader, and more numerous; caps. obovate-roundish on a short seta, erect.

Sluices. Sandford, near Oxford. X. XI.

397. F. BRYOIDES. Hedw, St. ¼–½in.; l. lanceolate apiculate, with a thickened margin, dorsal wing reaching to, and broad at, the base, strongly nerved to or beyond apex; caps. elliptical erect, symmetrical; lid conical, acutely rostellate; barren fl. axillary.

Shady banks, frequent. I.—III.

_b._ Dioicous.

398. F. OSMUNDIOIDES. Hedw. St. 1–2in. tufted, erect, radiculose; l. lower scattered, small, upper larger crowded, ovate-lanceolate obtuse, apiculate, margin not thickened, almost entire, not nerved to apex, the latter sometimes toothed; caps. small oval-oblong, sub-erect; lid large convex rostrate.

Wet mountainous rocks. X. XI.

399. F. ASPLENIOIDES. Hedw. St. (in var. β. only found in Britain) 3–12in.; l. linear-lanceolate or ligulate entire, obtuse, incurved when dry; caps. sub-erect obovate, slightly incurved; lid rostrate, as long as capsule; barren fl. axillary or terminal.

var. β. _polyphyllos._ “branches arcuate, l. wider, rather acute, more
strongly nerved, serrulate at apex, barren fl. numerous
axillary.” [Wils. Bry. Brit.] Moist shady rocks on mountains.
W. I.

II. Fructif. lateral.

400. _F. adiantoedes._ Hedw. St. 1–2in. branched, leafy; l. ovate-lanceolate, finely serrulate below, dentate at apex, nerved almost or quite to apex; border sometimes thickened; caps. oval-oblong, constricted at mouth when dry, cernuous; lid with a long beak: monoicous.

Shady wet rocks and bogs. X.–IV.

401. F. TAXIFOLIUS. Hedw. St. about ½in. fasciculate from base; l. lanceolate, pointed, not bordered, finely crenulate, nerved almost to apex; caps. almost ovate, inclined on a seta curved at summit, and inserted at base of stem, lid large convex with a long oblique beak: monoicous.

Moist shady banks. XII.—II.

402. F. DECIPIENS. De Not. St. about ½in. fasciculate from base; l. lower distant, coulter-shaped, upper imbricate patulous, oblong-ligulate acute or mucronulate, dorsal wing narrow, nerve strongly excurrent, excavate; the cultriform lobe of the upper leaves obliquely acute, longer than half the leaf, upper part strongly serrate; caps. ovate, somewhat constricted at base, erect or inclined; lid large rounded beaked: dioicous. [De Notaris, Epilogo Briol. Ital. 1869, p. 480.]

Damp rocks and old walls.

403. F. TAMARINDIFOLIUS. Donn. St. about ½in. fasciculate, slender; l. elliptical “sub-falciform apiculate,” with an entire pellucid cartilaginous border, nerved to apex; caps. ovate-oblong curved inclined; lid short conical, with a bluntish point.

Banks, &c. II. III.

DIVISION II. PLEUROCARPI.

72. ANŒCTANGIUM. B. & S.

404. A. COMPACTUM. Schw. St. 1–4in. densely tufted, slender; l. short, lanceolate spreading from an erect base, acuminate, slightly serrulate near the base only, nerved to or beyond apex; caps. oval-oblong erect; lid long convex, with a slender oblique beak.

Crevices of moist alpine rocks. Autumn.

405. A. HORNSCHUCHIANUM. Hoppe. “St. elongate cæspitose; l. linear-subulate from a dilated base, channelled, entire; caps. roundish-pyriform: lid rostrate.” Wils. “L. upper part of dilated base is always more or less distinctly crenate or serrulate, from thence to the apex entire.” W. Mitten, Jour. of Bot., vol. V., p. 329. [Mr. Mitten refers Dr. Taylor’s plant from Ireland to _Tortula Hibernica_, by which name it is described under that genus.]

73. LEUCODON. SCHW.

406. L SCIUROIDES. Schw. St. or branches 1in. from a creeping rhizome; l. imbricate, ovate, entire, tapering to a point, plicate, somewhat secund; per. l. longer, all nerveless; caps. long elliptical erect; lid conical beaked.

Trees, walls, rocks, &c. IX.

407. L. LAGURUS. Hook. St. ½–1in., tomentous; l. ovate, suddenly contracted to a piliferous point, concave, serrulate near apex, nerved half way; caps. cylindrical; lid with a short curved beak.

Trees and rocks.

var. β. _borealis._ “st. not tomentous; l. auriculate and serrate at
base, more concave and more suddenly attenuated, with longer
points; faintly two-nerved at base only.” Wils. N. Uist,
Hebrides, 1851.

74. ANTITRICHIA. BRID.

408. A. CURTIPENDULA. Brid. St. 3–8in. straggling, pinnately branched; l. ovate, concave, sharply curved to a roughly toothed point, which ends in a double hook in the younger ones, nerved half way, margins recurved; caps. roundish elliptical drooping; lid with an oblique beak.

Rocks and trees. IV.

75. LEPTODON. BRID.

409. L. SMITHII. Brid. St. 1–3in. creeping, branches pinnate or bipinnate; l. ovate, rounded and obtuse at apex, entire, margin recurved below, nerved more than half way; per. l. erect ovate-subulate; caps. elliptical horizontal on a short curved seta; lid with an oblique beak.

Trees. Devon, &c. IV.

76. ANOMODON. H. & T.

410. A. VITICULOSUS. H. & T. St. 1–2in. from a creeping rhizome rigid; l. more or less secund or spreading from an ovate base lingulate or subulate, obtuse, entire, nerve pellucid, almost reaching apex; caps. almost cylindrical erect, on a yellowish seta; lid large conical rostrate.

Shady limestone rocks, trees. XI.

411. A. ATTENUATUS. Hueb. (_Hypnum_, Schreb. _Leskea_, Hedwig.) St. 1–2in. procumbent with incurved branches; l. imbricate, sometimes secund, ovate-lanceolate from a narrow base, acute, scarcely nerved to apex; per. l. narrower nerveless; areolæ minute opaque; caps. cylindrical erect; lid conical, with an oblique beak: dioicous.

Damp rocks and rotten tree trunks. Den of Airlie, Forfarshire (Fergusson), 1868.

412. A. LONGIFOLIUS. Hartm. Rhizomes slenderer than No. 410, branches sub-fasciculate; l. somewhat secund, from an ovate base lanceolate tapering, very acute, nerved to apex; caps. ovate-oblong on a short seta; lid large conical rostellate.

Scotch mountains; fr. not found in Britain. Autumn.

77. HABRODON. SCHP.

413. H. NOTARISII. Schpr. (_Pterogonium perpusillum_, De Not.) St. creeping, irregularly branched; l. spreading squarrose opaque, imbricate and shining when dry, from an ovate base longly acuminate, nerveless, entire; per. l. internal with erose margins; caps. oval-oblong erect, slightly striate, and contracted at mouth when dry; lid conical erose. [Supp. Bry. Eur. fasc. III. IV.]

Trunks of elm and white thorn. Spring.

Windermere and Devon (J. Nowell); Killin, Perthshire (A. McKinlay), July, 1865; Ben Lawers (Hunt).

78. PTEROGONIUM. SWARTZ.

414. PT. FILIFORME. Hedw. St. creeping, with incurved fasciculate branches; l. imbricate or secund, elliptical, concave, papillose at back, serrulate at pointed apex, margin recurved; nerved half way, or shortly two-nerved at base; caps. elliptical erect; lid conical, obliquely rostrate.

Mountainous rocks and tree trunks. S. I. Spring.

415. PT. GRACILE. Sw. Rhizome creeping, with arcuate stems, and incurved fasciculate branches; l. spreading, (appressed when dry) ovate, concave, acute, serrate near apex, margin not recurved, slightly two-nerved at base; caps. oblong, longer and thicker than last; lid conical, shorter, not rostrate.

Shady sub-alpine rocks and walls, and trees. XI.

79. ISOTHECIUM. BRID.

416. I. MYURUM. Dill. St. 1–2in. from a creeping stoloniferous rhizome, with fasciculate branches; l. elliptical concave, not tapering but serrulate at apex, nerved half way, singly or forked; per. l. erect; caps. ovate, erect, with a long rostrate lid: dioicous.

Trees and rocks. X.

80. CLIMACIUM. W. & M.

417. C. DENDROIDES. W. & M. St. 1–3in. erect, with long spreading branches; l. ovate-lanceolate, serrulate at apex: st. l. acute, br. l. obtuse, nerved nearly to apex; per. l. nerveless, entire; caps. erect ovate-oblong, with a pointed beak.

Boggy places. X.–I.

81. CYLINDROTHECIUM. BRY. EUR.

418. C. MONTAGNEI. Bry. Eur. Müller. St. 1–2in., branches pinnate, recurved, cuspidate; l. elliptical acute entire, rather obtuse, faintly two-nerved at base, margin recurved below; marginal basal cells large and pellucid; caps. cylindrical, erect, on a long seta, and with a blunt lid: dioicous.

Limestone hills. S. E. Autumn.

82. LESKEA. HED.

A. L. not striate.

_a._ l. nerveless, or faintly two-nerved.

419. L. MONILIFORMIS. Wahl. St. ½in. slender tufted, branched; l. imbricate, nearly round, obtuse, very concave, nerveless, denticulate at base; per. l. ovate-lanceolate; caps. almost erect, small, oval-oblong, with a short beak.

Alpine rocks. E. S. I. Summer.

420. L. APICULATA. Hueb. [_Myurella._] Loosely cæspitose, soft and fragile; l. loosely imbricate or patent, ovate, very concave, often with a recurved apiculus, opaque; perist. pale, small. [Bryol. Eur., v. t. 560.]

Moist rocky ground. Ben Lawers. Summer.

421. L. MICANS. Wils. [_Hypnum._ Bry. Brit. 402.] St. prostrate, very slender, filiform, branched; l. almost orbicular, concave, apiculate, serrulate, sometimes faintly two-nerved at base; fruit not known.

Shady rocks. S. of Ireland.

422. L. POLYANTHA. Hedw. Stem short creeping, branched; branches incurved above; l. crowded sub-secund, ovate-acuminate, suddenly apiculate, with apiculus sometimes slightly serrulate, nerveless; caps. elliptic-oblong erect, broader below, with a conical bluntish lid and long calyptra: monoicous.

Trees. E. S. W. VII. VIII.

_b._ l. nerved.

423. L. PULVINATA. Wahl. St. ½in. procumbent, slenderly branched; l. imbricate elliptic-ovate, narrowed below, concave entire, nerved half way, or two-nerved at base; areolæ large, almost hexagonal; per. l. nerveless; caps. almost erect, oval-oblong; lid conical pointed, falling early: monoicous.

Roots of trees near rivers, &c. V. VI.

424. L. POLYCARPA. Ehr. St. longer, densely tufted; almost pinnately branched; l. imbricate, sub-secund, ovate, tapering, stoutly nerved nearly to apex, margin entire, reflexed below; per. l. erect, striate; caps. cylindrical, erect, lid conical acute: monoicous.

Roots of trees. V. VI.

var. β. _paludosa_, generally more lax; caps. longer.

B. L. striate.

425. L. SERICEA. Dill. St. 1in. or more, creeping, branched; branches erect, curved; l. imbricate, sub-secund, lanceolate, long tapering, scarcely nerved to apex; areolæ very narrow; caps. almost erect, cylindrical, tapering above, on a rough seta; lid conical, obliquely beaked: dioicous.

Walls, rocks, and trunks of trees. XI.–III.

426. L. RUFESCENS. Hall. St. 1–3in. erect, branched, with reddish brown foliage; l. imbricate, almost erect, lanceolate, long tapering, often almost piliferous, nerveless, margins plane; caps. generally erect cylindrical, on a long smooth seta; lid shortly conical: dioicous.

Moist shady alpine rocks. S. X.

427. L. SUBRUFA. Wils. St. about 1in. or less, erect, branched; foliage, young green, older brownish; l. almost erect, sub-secund, lanceolate, long tapering, nerveless, entire; caps. ovate, tapering below, almost erect; lid conical pointed; dioicous. Fruit not found in Britain.

Sub-alpine rocks. Summer.

83. HYPNUM. DILL.

_Sub-genus_ I. THUYIDIUM. St. erect, pinnate or bipinnate, with numerous
branched villi; l. densely papillose on the back; nerve single.

_a._ St. simply pinnate.

428. H. (THUYIDIUM.) ABIETINUM. Dill. St. 2–4in. rigid, reddish, not always erect; br. slightly drooping crowded; l. imbricate, erecto-patent, more or less secund; st. l. ovate or cordate acuminate, serrulate near apex, plicate; br. l. narrower, less plicate; all papillose on back and keel, nerved nearly to apex; areolæ dot-like; caps. oblong-cylindrical, arcuate, cernuous; lid conical: dioicous.

Alpine rocks, chalk hills, &c. Spring.

429. H. (THUYIDIUM) BLANDOVII. W. & M. St. 3in. erect, flexible; br. slender, spreading; l. loosely imbricate, erect from a spreading base, broadly ovate or sub-cordate, acute, narrowed at base almost to a pedicel, keeled, serrulate, not papillose on keel, thinly nerved nearly to apex, margin recurved: areolæ larger, sub-hexagonal; caps. oblong, curved, cernuous; lid conical, with a blunt point: monoicous.

Bogs, rare. V.

430. H. (THUYIDIUM) DECIPIENS. De Not. (_H. rigidulum._ Ferg.) St. 2–4in. rigid, villous, with short attenuate branches; st. l. distant, sub-squarrose, deltoid-ovate, suddenly acuminate auricled, concave serrate, papillose on both sides, sometimes secund above; br. l. smaller, crowded, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, spreading or secund, nerved half way or more; areolæ large hexagonal and pellucid at base, above oval-elongate confused (Fergusson).

Springs and streams. Ben Lawers (Dr. Stirton), 1866; Clova, 2800 ft. (Fergusson), 1868; Auchinblae, 800 ft. (Sim and Fergusson); Glas Mheal, Perthshire, 2500 ft. (G. E. Hunt). All barren.

_b._ St. bi- or tri-pinnate: dioicous.

431. H. (THUYIDIUM) DELICATULUM. L. St. elongate, erect or procumbent, bipinnate; br. drooping, often rooting at apex; l. broadly cordate or ovate-acuminate, sub-striate, papillose or muricate on back and keel, nerved nearly to apex, which is finely serrulate; caps. sub-cylindrical curved, cernuous, pale brown, lid large conical, not rostrate.

Limestone and chalk rocks, &c. VII. VIII.

432. H. (THUYIDIUM) TAMARISCINUM. Hedw. St. elongate, arched, procumbent, interruptedly tri-pinnate; br. not rooting; st. l. cordate acuminate, plicate; br. l. ovate, obtuse; all papillose at back, but not so much so as last; serrulate near and nerved almost to apex; caps. oblong-cylindrical, curved, cernuous, purplish red; lid large conical, with a long beak.

Woods and banks, frequent. XI.

_Sub-genus_ II. PTYCHODIUM. Branches sub-pinnate; l. patent and secund,
often deeply sulcate, thinly nerved to apex; areolæ shortly linear,
quadrate at the angles; caps. cernuous, horizontal, ovate; per. teeth
dense and narrow, lamellose, cilia rudimentary.

433. H. (PTYCHODIUM) PLICATUM. Schl. St. creeping, tomentous; branches ascending incurved; l. ovate, imbricate, pointed, margin recurved; per. l. twice as large; caps. ovate-oblong, small, on a half-inch reddish seta: dioicous.

Alpine rocks. S. IV. (?)

_Sub-genus_ III. CAMPTOTHECIUM. Stems trailing in part, sub-erect,
branched; l. silky, striate, thinly nerved, areolæ narrowly linear;
caps. cernuous, on a smooth or rough incurved seta; lid shortly rostrate
or conical; internal perist. with long cilia.

434. H. (CAMPTOTHECIUM) LUTESCENS. Dill. St. about 3in. irregularly branched, sometimes pinnate; l. narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a long point, entire, nerved nearly to apex; caps. oblong arcuate, on a rough seta; lid conical, beaked: monoicous.

Rocks and woods (limestone and sandstone). IV.

435. H. (CAMPTOTHECIUM) NITENS. Dill. St. 2–4in. erect, almost pinnate, radiculose; branches short spreading; l. erecto-patent, lanceolate, long tapering, acute, not nerved to apex, entire, margin recurved; caps, arcuate oblong, on a long smooth seta; lid conical: dioicous.

Bogs. E. S. IV. V.

_Sub-genus_ IV. BRACHYTHECIUM. Plants upright or prone, irregularly branched; l. silky, patent or sub-secund, more or less decurrent, thinly nerved, striate; areolæ narrowly hexagono-rhomboid, generally quadrate at basal angles; caps. ovate, sub-globose, or oblong, often turgid, lid conical.

_a._ Seta smooth.

436. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) MILDEANUM. Schp. St. ½ to 1in. erect branched; l. sub-erect, long lanceolate, gradually tapering from a broadish base into a long slender point, almost piliferous, plicate when dry, margins plane, thinly nerved more than half way; areolæ long and narrow, broader at base and quadrate at basal angles; caps. obovate-oblong or unsymmetrical, much curved cernuous, constricted at mouth when dry, on a red twisted seta; lid conical, tapering to a blunt apex, tipped with an apiculus.

Sands. Southport, Fifeshire, Dublin, Cornwall. X. XI.

437. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) SALEBROSUM. Hoffm. St. 1–2in. procumbent sub-pinnate; l. shortly ovate-acuminate, serrulate, only slightly striate, nerved more than half way; caps. ovate cernuous curved, lid conical, scarcely beaked: monoicous.

Trees. XI.

Near Kirkham Abbey, Yorks. (R. Spruce); Sussex (Mitten).

438. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) GLAREOSUM. Bruch. St. about 2in. sub-procumbent, branches sometimes sub-pinnate; l. erecto-patent from an ovate base, gradually tapering into a long slender, sometimes twisted, sub-serrulate apex, margin reflexed below; caps. ovate-oblong, cernuous arcuate; lid conical, with a distinct beak: dioicous.

Woods and shady banks. XI.

439. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) ALBICANS. Dill. St. about 2in. upright; l. spreading, appressed when dry, ovate-acuminate, concave, entire, nerved more than half way; caps. ovate small, scarcely curved, cernuous, on a slender seta; young foliage pale green, greyish brown below: dioicous.

Sandy grassy places. XI. XII.

_b._ Seta rough.

440. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) VELUTINUM. Dill. St. short creeping, with erect branches; l. sub-secund, ovate-lanceolate, prolonged into a short serrulate taper point; nerved half way or more, margin reflexed below; per. l. almost piliferous; caps. roundish ovate cernuous; lid conical pointed; monoicous.

Walls, sandy hedge banks, roots of trees, &c. XI. XII.

441. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) REFLEXUM. Seliger. St. more or less arched, procumbent, and rooting at extremities; branches sub-pinnate, slender, incurved; l. shortly ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrate, nerved almost or quite to apex, margin reflexed, areolæ large; caps. small, roundish ovate, horizontal; lid conical pointed: monoicous.

Scottish mountains. Spring.

442. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) RUTABULUM. Dill. St. long, loosely tufted, procumbent, and rooting at extremities, with erect branches; l. ovate, concave, acuminate, serrulate, striate when dry; thinly nerved, above half way; caps. ovate-oblong, arcuate, cernuous on a very rough seta; lid bluntly pointed: monoicous.

Banks, walls, and trees. Common. IX.—III.

var. δ. _plumulosum._ Sch. l. narrower, tapering, not acuminate. Sands,
Southport.

443. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) CAMPESTRE. B. & S. St. loosely cæspitose, prostrate or ascending, much branched; l. erecto-patent, longly ovate-lanceolate, more or less subulato-acuminate, serrulate, thinly nerved more than half way, plicate, shining; per. l. recurved squarrose from the middle, piliferous; caps. oblong-cylindrical sub-arcuate, on a slightly roughened seta. (Sch. Synopsis, 543.)

Grassy places, fields, &c. Winter and Spring.

Maresfield, Sussex (Mr. Mitten); Spec, in Herb. Kew. “Newchurch, Over, Cheshire, W. W. Dec. 13, 1837.”

444. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) RIVULARE. Bruch. St. arched, slender; branches slender, incurved, sub-pinnate; l. deltoid-ovate, gradually tapering, not suddenly acuminate, serrate, nerved above half way, decurrent: caps. short roundish ovate arcuate, cernuous; lid large conical acute rostellate: dioicous.

Stones, &c., by rivulets in shady woods; sometimes in water, when the st. are often very elongate. IX.

445. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) POPULEUM. Hedw. St. creeping, sub-pinnate; l. narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a long serrulate point, margin reflexed, nerved to apex; caps. small roundish ovate, slightly cernuous or nearly erect; lid conical, very acute, sub-persistent on the ripe fruit: monoicous.

Walls, rocks, trees, &c., frequent. IX.—II.

var. β. _nutans._ Brid. branches longer, caps. distinctly cernuous.

446. H. (BRACHYTHECIUM) PLUMOSUM. Swartz. St. creeping; branches long, frequently erect, sub-pinnate; l. ovate, concave, acuminate, sub-secund, serrulate near apex, nerved above half way; caps. small roundish ovate, cernuous, seta roughish at summit only; lid conical acute: monoicous.

Sub-alpine shady rocks, stones in rivulets, walls, &c. X.—III

_Sub-genus_ V. SCLEROPODIUM. Areolation vermicular, slightly dilated and
excavate at angles; caps. on a rough seta, sub-erect or cernuous,
turgid, ovate or oblong and sub-incurved.

447. H. (SCLEROPODIUM) CÆSPITOSUM. Wils. St. densely tufted, creeping; branches slender, short, incurved; l. sub-secund, ovate, small, concave, serrulate, nerved above half way; caps. sub-cylindrical, slightly arcuate, sub-erect; lid long rostellate; dioicous.

Damp walls and roots of trees. XI.

Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Sussex.

448. H. (SCLEROPODIUM) ILLECEBRUM. L. St. procumbent, sometimes sub-pinnate, branches incurved obtuse; l. roundish ovate, pointed, very concave, imbricate, serrulate, tip slightly recurved; nerve reaching above half way, its tip slightly projecting from back of leaf; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous, somewhat ventricose; lid bluntly conical apiculate: dioicous.

Banks and rocks near the sea. XI. XII.

Hampshire, Anglesea.

_Sub-genus_ VI. EURYNCHIUM. More or less pinnately branched; areolæ
narrowly rhomboid or sub-vermicular, dilated at the angles; caps.
cernuous and horizontal, on a smooth or rough seta; lid with a long
beak.

_a._ _Striatæ._ l. sub-scariose, shining, more or less distinctly
sulcate; areolæ long and narrow.

1. Seta smooth.

449. H. (EURYNCHIUM) MYOSUROIDES. L. (_Isothecium myosuroides._ Bry. Brit. 323.) St. slender; branches fasciculate incurved; l. somewhat spreading, from an ovate base lanceolate acuminate, serrulate, nerved more than half way; caps. elliptic-oblong, more or less inclined, on a twisted or curved seta; lid conical, with a short beak: dioicous.

Trunks of trees and rocks. XI.

450. H. (EURYNCHIUM) STRIGOSUM. Hoffm. St. 1in. sub-erect or creeping, scarcely pinnate; l. roundish ovate or cordate, concave, rather obtuse, serrate, nerved above half way, margin recurved below; caps. sub-cylindrical, curved, small; lid conical, with a longish curved beak: parasitico-monoicous.

Roots of trees, rocks, &c. XI.

Cornwall (Tozer in Herb. Hook.) Spring.

451. H. (EURYNCHIUM) DIMORPHUM. Brid. St. 1–2in. procumbent, branches very slender, more or less pinnate; st. l. ovate-acuminate, spreading recurved; br. l. ovate, concave obtuse, sub-erect, all serrulate and shortly two-nerved; areolæ quadrate on margin, the rest larger, longer and less opaque; caps. oblong, almost horizontal; lid conical, without beak: dioicous.

Ben Lawers. Barren. Summer (?)

452. H. (EURYNCHIUM) CATENULATUM. Schwg. St. about ½in. creeping, with erect very slender branches; l. very small, ovate acute, entire concave, margin recurved below, broadly nerved half way or more; caps. oval-oblong slightly curved, sub-erect or cernuous; lid large, with a distinct beak: dioicous.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks.

Summer.

Scotland; Yorkshire. Fr. not known in Britain.

453. H. (EURYNCHIUM) HETEROPTERUM. Bruch. St. procumbent, more or less pinnate, often rooting at apex; l. ovate-acuminate, small, more or less secund, denticulate, somewhat papillose at back; nerved singly half way, or short and forked; caps. oblong, scarcely curved, almost erect; lid with a long beak: dioicous.

Moist rocks near waterfalls. XI.

Ireland, Wales, Todmorden.

454. H. (EURYNCHIUM) CIRCINNATUM. Brid. St. short, sub-erect arched: branches curved and drooping; l. very small ovate, pointed, sub-secund, serrulate at apex, thickly nerved nearly to apex; areolæ oval, smaller and quadrate at base; caps. oblong cernuous, curved; lid large, with a long oblique or curved beak: dioicous.

Shady limestone rocks and walls. III.

455. H. (EURYNCHIUM) STRIATULUM. Spruce. St. short creeping, tufted; branches short crowded, erect; l. erecto-patent, ovate, long taper pointed, serrate, sub-striate, strongly nerved more than half way; basal areolæ opaque minute; caps. oblong cernuous; lid roundish, with a long pointed beak: dioicous.

Shady limestone rocks and roots of trees. XII.

456. H. (EURYNCHIUM) STRIATUM. Hedw. Much larger than the last in all its parts; stems loosely tufted, arched, sub-pinnate; branches drooping; l. gradually tapering from a broad cordate base, almost squarrose, serrate, striate, nerved more than half way; caps. almost cylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid large, with a long slender curved beak: dioicous.

Woods and shady banks. XII.

2. Seta rough.

457. H. (EURYNCHIUM) CRASSINERVIUM. Tayl. St. creeping, branches erect; l. spreading ovate, sharply pointed serrate concave, margin reflexed, nerve thick, reaching more than half way, sometimes forked: caps. elliptic-oblong small curved, cernuous; lid large, with a very long slender oblique beak; dioicous.

Shady limestone rocks. XI.

458. H. (EURYNCHIUM) PILIFERUM. Vaill. St. 2–3in. slender, procumbent, branched; l. imbricate erecto-patent, elliptical serrulate, suddenly contracted into a long serrulate, almost piliferous point, concave, nerved half way; caps. oblong cernuous, slightly arcuate, lid with a long beak.

Shady banks and woods. Fr. rare. XI.

459. H. (EURYNCHIUM) CIRRHOSUM. Schwg. Stems erect or procumbent, with a few erect branches; l. imbricate elliptic, more oblong than the last (of which it may be only a variety, though very different in many points), entire except the long narrow points, which are serrulate and suddenly geniculate or reflexed where the point joins the blade; concave, nerved half way. Never been found in fruit.

Summit of Ben Lawers, 1823 (Dr. Arnott).

_b._ _Prælongæ._ l. opaque, scarcely sulcate, areolæ almost as broad as
long; seta rough.

* Synoicous.

460. H. (EURYNCHIUM) SPECIOSUM. Brid. St. creeping, with short erect, almost complanate branches; l. ovate serrulate, nerved almost to acute apex, bright green; caps. ovate or obovate, cernuous; lid with a long pointed beak.

Stones near springs, sometimes in water. XII.

* * Dioicous.

461. H. (EURYNCHIUM) PRŒLONGUM. Dill. St. long, arched or procumbent, often bipinnate, branches slender; l. squarrose recurved, broadly cordate, and suddenly tapering to a long point, amplexicaul, nerve carried nearly to base of point; br. l. lanceolate acuminate, all serrate: per. l. nerveless; caps. small oval-oblong, obliquely cernuous; lid with a long tapering slender beak.

Moist shady banks. XI.

462. H. (EURYNCHIUM) HIANS. Hedw. Sp. Musc. 272. t. 70. L. roundish ovate, spreading, areolæ large. [Mueller Syn. II., 447.]

Sussex (Mr. Mitten).

463. H. (EURYNCHIUM) PUMILUM. Wils. St. creeping, filiform; br. slender, sub-pinnate sub-complanate; l. minute ovate, shortly pointed, spreading sub-serrulate, faintly nerved half way; per. l. smaller, recurved; caps. short roundish ovate, cernuous; lid rather large, with an oblique beak.

Shady rocks and hedge banks. E. S. I. XI.

464. H. (EURYNCHIUM) STOKESII. Turn. St. densely cæspitose, branches ascending, simple below, above densely pinnate and bipinnate; st. l. distant, acutely cordate, shortly acuminate, and triquetrous, recurved; br. l. ovate-lanceolate, erecto-patent, all thinly nerved, and serrate; caps. oblong ventricose horizontal, olive-coloured; lid with a long straight subulate beak from a conical base. (Syn. 562. Bry. Eur. V. 526.)

Stones and rocks in woods, &c.

Autumn.

465. H. (EURYNCHIUM) SWARTZII. Turn. St. creeping, with short erect branches; l. uniform, ovate not acuminate, serrate, nerved more than half way; caps. roundish ovate, cernuous, reddish brown; lid with a long oblique beak.

Moist banks and rocks; frequent. XI.

_Sub-genus_ VII. HYOCOMIUM. St. prostrate; l. broadly obcordate, with a
long apiculus, decurrent, shortly two-nerved; areolæ, above
flexuoso-linear, middle narrowly rectangular, angles broadly hexagonal
or rectangular; caps. on a thick seta, oval, turgid, cernuous; lid
mammillate.

466. H. (HYOCOMIUM) FLAGELLARE. Dicks. St. 1in. or more, arched pinnate; br. sub-fasciculate, recurved; st. l. squarrose, broadly cordate acuminate, slightly striate; br. l. less spreading, sub-secund, roundish ovate, less acuminate; all sharply serrate and mostly two-nerved at base, or nerveless; per. l. almost erect, much narrower; caps. ovate-oblong, curved, cernuous, on a rough seta: dioicous.

Moist shady rocks by cascades, &c. X. XI.

_Sub-genus_ VIII. RHYNCHOSTEGIUM. Plants low cæspitose, with scattered
branches; l. soft, shining, nerveless or simply nerved; areolæ elongate,
narrowly hexagono-rhomboid; caps. horizontal cernuous; lid with a
subulate beak.

_a._ _Demissæ._ St. prostrate, l. complanate, oblong-lanceolate,
nerveless, entire; caps. thin walled; seta smooth: monoicous.

467. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) DEMISSUM. Wils. St. filiform; br. short slender: l. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, sub-secund above, margin reflexed; caps. small, narrowly elliptical, horizontal cernuous; lid obliquely rostrate.

Shady mountainous rocks. VII. VIII.

_b._ _Tenellæ._ st. creeping; l. narrowly lanceolate, caps. solid
walled, seta rough or smooth: monoicous.

468. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) TENELLUM. Dicks. St. and br. very short creeping; l. erecto-patent, narrowly lanceolate acuminate, almost setaceous, light green, entire, nerved more than half way; caps. ovate cernuous, on a smooth seta; lid beaked.

Walls and rocks, principally limestone. X.

469. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) TEESDALII. Sm. St. slender, creeping; br. erect; l. sub-complanate, narrowly lanceolate, rigid, slightly serrulate near apex, broadly nerved nearly to apex; caps. ovate cernuous, on a rough seta; lid almost as large as caps., beaked.

Moist shady rocks near waterfalls. III.—VI.

_c._ _Depressæ._ Pl. low cæspitose soft; l. broadly oblong, thinly
nerved; seta smooth.

* Dioicous.

470. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) DEPRESSUM. Bruch. St. prostrate pinnate; br. thickest in middle—both very short; l. complanate crowded ovate-oblong, slightly concave and finely serrulate, shortly two-nerved; caps. ovate, curved, cernuous; lid as long as caps. and long beaked.

Rocks and stones, especially limestone. Spring.

Caergwrle, N. Wales, Oct., 1871, in fruit (C. L. Higgins.)

* * Monoicous.

471. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) CONFERTUM. Dicks. St. creeping sub-pinnate; br. erect; l. slightly secund or complanate, ovate-acuminate concave serrulate, thinly nerved quite or more than half way; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous; lid short, with a very long curved beak.

Rocks, walls, trees, &c., frequent. X.

472. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) MEGAPOLITANUM. Bland. Much larger than the last, and remotely branched; st. l. remote, br. l. crowded; lower oblong-lanceolate, the others more or less sharply acuminate from a broad ovate base, slightly serrulate, nerved more than half way; caps. oblong cylindrical incurved, arcuate when dry; lid with a short thick beak. [Schp. Syn. 469, Bry. Eur. v. t. 511.]

Sandy shores. Southport, Dublin, Sussex. Spring.

473. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) MURALE. Dill. St. short, creeping, with erect crowded branches; l. closely imbricate, roundish ovate, concave, faintly serrulate, cucullate at apex, which is slightly mucronate, not acuminate, nerved half way; caps. ovate, somewhat cernuous; lid flattish, with a long beak.

Walls, &c., chiefly limestone. X.

474. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) RUSCIFOLIUM. Dill. St. creeping, with long irregular procumbent branches; l. complanate and sub-secund, ovate, with a cordate base, serrate, stoutly nerved nearly to apex; caps. shortly ovate cernuous; lid convex, with a very long beak.

Rocks and stones in rivulets, frequent. XI.

_Sub-genus_ IX. THAMNIUM. Dendroid from a creeping rhizome; l.
sub-complanate, nerved, areolæ minute, quadrate or rhomboid at apex,
narrowly oblong at base; caps. short and sub-arcuate with the seta,
turgidly ovate, lid with a long beak; inner perist. with long
appendiculate cilia.

475. H. (THAMNIUM) ALOPECURUM. Dill. St. 2–3in. naked below, pinnately branched above; l. spreading ovate-lanceolate, somewhat concave, serrate, strongly nerved nearly to apex; caps. shortly ovate, cernuous or erect, lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.

Moist woods, rocks, &c. XI.

_Sub-genus_ X. PLAGIOTHECIUM. St. generally prostrate, or partially
erect, branched; l. complanate or secund, thin, silky, nerveless or
shortly two-nerved; areolæ long hexagono-rhomboid; caps. sub-erect or
cernuous, more or less incurved; lid convexo-conical or rostrate; per.
teeth pale thin, internal a membrane with narrowish processes; cilia
none or obscure.

A. Per. teeth distantly articulate, without cilia: dioicous.

476. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) LATEBRICOLA. Bry. Eur. (_Leskea_, Bry. Brit.) St. short, slender, sparsely branched, sub-erect; l. sub-secund ovate-lanceolate, tapering acute, entire, slightly concave, decurrent, faintly two-nerved; margin recurved; caps. elliptic-oblong, turbinate when dry; lid short, acutely conical.

Moist shady woods, decaying trunks, and ferns. Winter.

B. Per. teeth densely articulate, internal with entire ciliary
processes.

_a._ Monoicous.

477. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) PULCHELLUM. Dicks. St. short densely tufted, sub-erect, br. fastigiate; l. crowded, secund, lanceolate, gradually tapering from base to apex, entire, generally nerveless; caps. oblong, sub-erect, curved; lid conical, scarcely beaked.

Mountainous shady rocks, &c. VI.—X.

478. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) MUHLENBECKII. B. &. S. St. short, tufted, sub-erect, with recurved fasciculate branches; l. complanate, spreading, deltoid-ovate or sub-cordate, tapering, dark green, finely serrulate, nerveless, or shortly two-nerved; caps. oblong, slightly inclined, tapering below, striate when dry; lid short conical.

Alpine rocks. S. I. VII.

479. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) SILESIACUM. Seliger. St. and branches procumbent, the latter arcuate; l. secund, mostly pointing upwards, ovate-lanceolate, longer tapering than the last, concave, distinctly serrulate, slightly and shortly two-nerved; caps. long sub-cylindrical, not striate when dry, curved, cernuous; lid conical pointed.

Stems of decaying trees, rocks, &c. IV. V.

Kent; Yorkshire.

480. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) DENTICULATUM. Dill. St. prostrate, with sub-fasciculate branches; l. complanate, obliquely ovate pointed, sometimes sub-serrulate at apex, margin recurved below, shortly two-nerved; caps. oblong, sub-erect; lid acutely conical.

Sub-alpine woods, banks, wet rocks, &c. Summer.

var. β. _obtusifolium._ l. elliptical, more or less obtuse, slightly
concave. Alpine rocks.

γ. _succulentum._ l. with almost plane margins: synoicous.
Todmorden, Warrington.

_b._ Dioicous.

481. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) ELEGANS. Hook. St. prostrate, br. distichous, fasciculate or pinnate; l. complanate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a slender serrulate point, sometimes oblique, nerveless, or faintly two-nerved; caps. small ovate elliptical, curved, more or less pendulous; lid conical, shortly beaked.

Shady banks and rocks, usually barren. III. IV.

var. β. _collinum._ “st. erect tufted; l. sub-secund.”

482. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) SYLVATICUM. Dill. St. longer, about 1 inch, decumbent branched; l. sub-complanate, sometimes sub-secund, ovate-lanceolate, not acuminate, entire, distinctly two-nerved nearly half way; caps. cylindrical, curved, inclined, or horizontal; lid long, shortly beaked.

Roots of trees in woods, &c. IX.

483. H. (PLAGIOTHECIUM) UNDULATUM. Dill. St. and br. procumbent, 2in. or more; l. complanate, ovate, acute, not acuminate, entire, undulate, faintly two-nerved, whitish green; caps. cylindrical, tapering at base, cernuous or horizontal, striate when dry, lid with a short beak.

Woods and moist places. IV.—VII.

_Sub-genus_ XI. AMBLYSTEGIUM. Plants small prostrate, sparingly branched; l. soft, generally opaque, simply nerved, rarely nerveless; areolæ hexagono-rhomboidal parenchymatous, or tubular prosenchymatous; caps. sub-erect or incurvo-cernuous, oval and sub-arcuate cylindrical, opaque, on a smooth seta; lid large, tumidly conical, obtuse; internal perist. generally integrate, cilia more or less perfect, rarely none.

1. L. opaque, areolæ all parenchymatous.

_a._ Dioicous.

484. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) SPRUCEI. Bruch. St. short, slender, with few branches; l. distant narrowly ovate-lanceolate, long pointed, margin almost entire, concave, nerveless; per. l. larger, with longer points, distinctly serrulate at apex; caps. erect elliptical, turbinate when dry, mouth wide; lid long conical pointed. [_Leskea._ Bry. Brit.]

Shady sub-alpine rocks, rare. Spring (?)

Teesdale, Todmorden.

485. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) ATROVIRENS. Dicks. St. prostrate, irregularly branched, the latter slightly incurved, rigid, sub-erect; l. imbricate, somewhat secund, ovate-lanceolate, with long tapering points, margin recurved below, sub-serrulate above; thickly nerved almost to apex; “caps. sub-cylindrical short curved and sub-cernuous, lid conical.”

Alpine rocks, &c., rare in fruit. Scotland. Spring.

_b._ Monoicous.

486. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) CONFERVOIDES. B. & S. St. creeping, very slender, sub-pinnate, sparingly branched; br. capilliform; l. scattered sub-secund, more or less spreading, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, nerveless; per. l. longer, erect; caps. cernuous, oval-oblong, slightly incurved, pale brown, semi-pellucid; lid convex, obliquely apiculate; annulus small deciduous.

Stones in shady places, limestone. Summer.

Dovedale (Dr. Fraser, 1866); Westmoreland.

487. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) SERPENS. Dill. St. creeping, sub-pinnate, with slender sub-erect branches; l. spreading, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into long points, entire, faintly nerved half way, or sometimes nearly to apex: caps. oblong, cylindrical or obovate, curved, cernuous, reddish at mouth; lid conical acute.

Walls, moist banks, trees, &c., common. IV. V.

488. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) RADICALE. P. Beauv. St. creeping, with sub-erect rigid branches; l. spreading, ovate-lanceolate from a cordate or deltoid base, twice as large as last, and strongly nerved almost to the long tapering apex; per. l. larger serrate; seta long (sometimes 2in.); caps. oblong, much curved, cernuous, not red at mouth; lid conical, with a short sharp beak.

Moist ground amongst grass. Wales. IV. V.

489. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) IRRIGUUM. Hook. St. procumbent rigid, sometimes pinnate; l. spreading, secund, gradually tapering to a point from a deltoid-ovate somewhat decurrent base, sub-serrulate, strongly nerved nearly to apex; caps. oblong, cernuous, curved, when dry more so, and contracted at mouth; annulus persistent; lid conical, blunt-pointed.

Stones in rivulets and streams. IV.

490. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) FLUVIATILE. Swartz. St. procumbent, with simple, prostrate, not rigid branches; l. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, concave, strongly nerved almost to apex; caps. slender, elliptical, elongate, sub-erect, only slightly curved; lid conical.

Rocks and stones in mountain streams. V. VI.

2. L. areolæ narrow, rhomboido-hexagonal, prosenchymatous at base only,
rectangulo–6–gonal.

491. H. (AMBLYSTEGIUM) RIPARIUM. Dill. St. longer, creeping, with sub-pinnate sub-erect branches; l. spreading, sub-complanate, ovate-lanceolate entire, nerved two-thirds or more; caps. oblong-cylindrical curved, cernuous, contracted at mouth when dry; lid conical pointed.

Stones, &c., near pools, sometimes in water. V. VI.

_Sub-genus_ XII. _eu_-HYPNUM. St. erect or procumbent, sometimes radiculose and pinnate; l. patent, squarrose, or falcato-secund, nerve various or none; areolæ narrowly linear,, often dilated, and transparent at base; caps. incurved cernuous on a smooth seta; lid convexo-conical, mammillate, rarely rostrate; perist. perfect.

_Sect. I._ Branches straggling or sub-pinnate; l. squarrose-divaricate
or stellate and patent.

_a._ Monoicous.

492. H. HALLEKI. L. Jun. St. creeping, with pinnate erect branches; l. crowded lanceolate, recurved from a roundish ovate base, acuminate, serrulate, almost squarrose, faintly two-nerved at base or nerveless; caps. oblong curved cernuous; lid conical, blunt.

Alpine rocks, rare. VIII.

493. H. POLYMORPHUM. Hedw. “St. procumbent, branches simple, erect, slender; l. spreading, almost squarrose, sub-secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, nerveless; caps. oblong, curved, cernuous, lid conical.” [Bry. Brit.]

Limestone walls, banks and rocks. V.

_b._ Dioicous.

494. H. ELODES. Spruce. St. elongate, slender, with sub-pinnate slender sub-erect branches: l. distant, spreading; br. l. lanceolate-subulate, apex almost setaceous, secund; st. l. wider, less secund; all entire, nerved nearly or quite to apex: caps. cylindrical curved cernuous; lid conical.

Wet places and bogs. IV. V.

[Wilson states the leaves to be sub-denticulate at _base only_, whilst
his figure is evidently _serrulate_ above and entire at base. I
can find no indications of denticulation, even under a ¼inch,
except perhaps an occasional slight protrusion of an odd cell here
and there, but this cannot be called even denticulate.]

495. H. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Brid. St. creeping pinnate; l. almost squarrose sub-second, from a cordate-ovate base, tapering into long setaceous points, entire, nerved more than half way, rarely absent; areolæ not enlarged or diaphanous at base; caps. large cylindrical, curved, cernuous; lid conical.

Fallow ground, chalk hills, &c. V.—IX.

496. H. STELLATUM. Dill. St. 1–2in. erect, densely tufted: branches irregular or sub-pinnate, cuspidate; l. squarrose, recurved, rather suddenly tapering into a long point from a deltoid-ovate base, with a few large diaphanous cells at basal angles, nerveless, entire; caps. oblong curved cernuous; lid convex pointed.

Marshes and bogs. V. VI.

_c._ Polygamous.

497. H. POLYGAMUM. Bry. Eur. St. 1in. or more, procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. spreading, almost squarrose, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into shorter points than last two, entire, nerved about half way, areolæ larger at base; caps. oblong, sub-cernuous, or almost erect; lid conical pointed.

Wet swampy places. V.

var. β. _stagnation._ “st. longer, sub-erect, more pinnate; l. with a
longer nerve; seta longer, often 3in. or more.”

_Sect. II._ St. pinnately branched; l. falcato-secund, nerve single,
areolæ linear.

_a._ Dioicous.

† Stems and branches strongly hooked at apex.

498. H. ADUNCUM. Dill. L.[1] (_H. exannulatum_, Gümb.) St. 2–4in. erect, sub-pinnate; br. short, simple, few; l. crowded, narrow, falcato-secund, lanceolate acuminate, striate, faintly sub-serrulate near the base; nerved nearly to apex; basal cells larger and inflated, gradually passing into the long narrower ones above; capsule sub-cylindrical, curved, cernuous, on a seta 1in. long or more.

Footnote 1:

This name has been wrongly given to some half-dozen different species;
but I am informed by Dr. Braithwaite (in lit. 29, Mch. 1872), that he
has recently consulted the original specimen of Dillenius on which
Linnæus founded the species, and from his examination the synonymy of
this group must be altered as above. The diagnoses of this and the
next four species are from his pen; the name _aduncum_ should be
retained as being older than _exannulatum_.

Marshes and marshy heaths. IV. V.

499. H. KNEIFFII. B. & S. (_H. aduncum_, Hedw. Stirpes, IV., t. 24, and Schp.) St. 2–6in. long, erect, sub-pinnate; l. falcato-secund, somewhat distant, lanceolate acuminate, occasionally faintly sub-serrulate near the base, thinly nerved two-thirds the length, not striate, basal angles decurrent excavate, of lax sub-quadrate cells, those above elongate rectangular; caps. cylindrical oblong arcuate, broadly annulate.

Swamps and marshes. VI.

500. H. SENDTNERI. Schpr. (_H. aduncum_, ε _hamatum_ and ζ _giganteum_, Bry. Eur.) St. 3–6in. simple, pinnate; l. falcato-secund, broadly oblong-lanceolate, hooked above, distinctly auricled at sub-decurrent angles, glossy, lightly sulcate only when dry, nerve vanishing below apex; basal cells rectangular, hyaline, yellowish, at angles brownish-yellow lax; caps. ovate-oblong, erect at base, arcuate.

Bogs. Scotland, and near Birmingham.

var. β. _Wilsoni._ St. very tall, sometimes 1ft., yellow green, with
slender, nearly simple branches; l. larger, with a filiform
acumen, auricles very small.

501. H. VERNICOSUM. Lindb. 1861. (_H. pellucidum_, Wils. MS.; _H. aduncum_, var. _tenue_, Bry. Brit.) St. erect, rather rigid, pinnate; l. shorter falcato-secund, the apical ones involute, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly sulcate, neither auricled nor decurrent, very glossy, yellow green, nerve vanishing far below apex; cells very narrow, vermicular, purplish at base; caps. oblong cernuous, arcuate.

Wybunbury Bog, Cheshire.

502. H. INTERMEDIUM. Lindb. (_H. Cossoni_, Schpr.) In habit like _H. Sendtneri_, var. β. St. elongate, flexuoso-erect, interruptedly pinnate; branches very unequal; l. falcato-secund, ovate-oblong, becoming lanceolate, not furrowed, with minute decurrent auricles, nerve vanishing far below apex; cells very narrow vermicular opaque; outer per. l. squarrose; fr. as in _Sendtneri_.

Bogs, frequent.

† † Brandies and stems scarcely hooked.

503. H. LYCOPODIOIDES. Neck. St. about 2in. erect, sub-pinnate, rather rigid; l. falcato-secund, ovate-acuminute, tapering to an acute point, but not apiculate, concave, entire, nerved nearly to apex, not striate; caps. oblong cernuous, lid conical.

Bogs and marshes: fr. rare. V.

var. β. _falcatum._ l. more crowded, more falcate, nerve stronger. Near
Copgrove, Yorkshire.

_b._ Monoicous.

504. H. FLUITANS. Dill. St. 6–12in. erect or floating, pinnate, slender; branches short deflexed; l. falcato-secund, lanceolate, tapering from an ovate base, acuminate, slightly serrulate near apex, thinly nerved more than half way, areolæ enlarged at base; caps. small oblong curved sub-cernuous, on a very long seta; lid conical, acute.

Marshes, bogs, &c. IV. V.

505. H. REVOLVENS. Swartz. St. 2–4in. erect or procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. crowded circinnate falcate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, serrulate near apex, deep red or purplish; nerve stronger, more than half way; areolæ not enlarged at base; caps. oblong cernuous, on a shorter seta; lid conical acute.

Bogs and marshes. IV. V.

506. H. UNCINATUM. Hall. St. about 2in. slender, erect or procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. circinnate secund, very narrow, lanceolate, setaceous from a broader base, plicate, serrulate, nerved nearly to apex; caps. cylindrical, curved, cernuous, lid conical.

Sub-alpine walls and rocks. V. VI.

_Sect. III._ St. regularly pinnate, radiculose, tomentose; l. thickly
nerved, opaque; caps. sub-arcuate.

507. H. COMMUTATUM. Dill. St. 4in. or more, procumbent; br. about ½in.—both more or less uncinate; radicles brownish; l. circinnate, secund, tapering to a slender long point from an ovate base, plicate, twisted when dry, finely serrulate, nerved more than half way, areolæ narrow; caps. large oblong, lid conical: dioicous.

Wet shady places. IV.