Chapter DIV: II. Calyptra mitriform (1)

HOOKERIA (86). Caps. ovate or elliptical, cernuous, lid with a straight beak; perist. as in _Leskia_; calyptra not fringed at base; leaves complanate, loosely reticulated. 184.

DALTONIA (87). Caps. erect oval-oblong, obscurely apophysate; calyptra fringed at base; leaves spreading every way; inner perist. divided nearly to base. 184.

CRYPHÆA (88). Caps. oval-oblong or roundish, sub-sessile, immersed; calyptra conical small, not fringed; peristome as in _Neckera_. 184.

FONTINALIS (89). Caps. ovate or oval, immersed, sub-sessile; calyptra conical, crenate or slightly lacerate at base, small; outer teeth 16 linear-lanceolate, very long, cohering at apex in pairs, barred, twisted; inner a plicate cone, with 16 angles, consisting of filiform cilia, united by crossbars. 185.

DIVISION I. ACROCARPI. (Genera 1–72.)

1. ANDREÆA. Ehr.

_a._ _L. nerveless._

1. A. PETROPHILA. Ehr. (_A. rupestris_ Hedw.) St. ¼ inch loosely tufted, with fastigiate branches; l. erect imbricate, with a sheathing base, generally secund, ovate or ovate-subulate, tapering above, and rather obtuse; papillose, areolæ dotted; per. l. larger; all reddish brown.

Sub-alpine rocks, frequent. V. VI.

2. A. ALPESTRIS. Schimp. St. taller, densely tufted, with slender branches; l. crowded, very small, patent on all sides when moist, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, areolæ quadrate at margin; per. l. shorter and more obtuse.

Damp alpine rocks. Glen Callater; Perthshire.

3. A. OBOVATA. Thed. “Densely tufted, blackish brown, tall and robust; l. somewhat like those of _alpina_, from an imbricate base ovate-panduriform, gradually lanceolate, nearly smooth, glossy, quite entire at margin, areolæ much laxer.” Dr. Braithwaite, Jour, of Bot., VIII. p. 95.

Glen Callater.

4. A. ALPINA. Turner. St. tall 1–3in. densely tufted, with long fastigiate branches; l. imbricate, spreading, reddish or purplish brown, obovate, almost panduriform concave; per. l. larger elliptic sheathing, acute, areolæ dot-like.

Alpine rocks. V. VI.

_b._ _L. nerved._

5. A. RUPESTRIS. Turn. (_A. Rothii_ W. & M.) St. scarcely ½ inch, loosely tufted; l. imbricate, falcato-secund, longly subulate from an ovate base, thickly nerved to apex, rigid almost black; per. l. larger convolute.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. V. VI.

6. A. GRIMSULANA. Bruch. Much more robust than the last, rufous black; l. lanceolate acute broader, more solid, falcato-secund; per. l. broadly ovate not acuminate.

Brandsley Falls, Yorkshire, J. G. Baker 1858. Herb. Kew.—Ingleborough.

7. A. CRASSINERVIA. Bruch. Tufts depressed deep black, st. prostrate ascending, fragile; l. shining falcato-secund, subulate from an oblong base; nerve thick excurrent into the round papillose _subula_, margin entire, cells quadrate; per. l. erecto-patent convolute nerveless.

Alpine rocks; Hebden Bridge 1865; Scotland; Snowdon 1853.

8. A. FALCATA. Schimp. Smaller than last, very fragile black; l. falcato-secund, opaque, from a dilated obovate base abruptly lanceolate-subulate, nerve flattened, ending at or below the apex, which is erose at margin.

Snowdon 1865 and Cader Idris (Schimper); Perthshire (McKinlay).

9. A. NIVALIS. Hooker. St. longer tufted slender, l. reddish brown, falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, acute, gradually tapering and nerved to apex.

Alpine rocks at limit of perpetual snow; Ben Nevis, &c. Summer.

2. SPHAGNUM. Dill.

[Dr. Braithwaite is at present publishing in the “Monthly
Microscopical Journal” a Monograph of this genus, but as he has
only got some three or four species described, I regret that I
cannot avail myself of his valuable researches, and can only
publish such species as are known to me. His division of species
is as follows:—

A. 1 _S. cymbifolium_ Ehr.
B. 2 _S. tenellum_ Ehr.
3 _S. rubellum_ Wils.
4 _S. neglectum_ Angst.
5 _S. subsecundum_ N. von E.
C. 6 _S. molle_ Sulot.
7 _S. rigidum._ N. H. & S.
D. 8 _S. squarrosum_ Pers.
9 _S. teres_ Angst.
10 _S. acutifolium_ Ehr.
11 _S. strictum_ Lindb.
12 _S. fimbriatum_ Wils.
13 _S. Lindbergii_ Schp.
14 _S. intermedium_ Hoff.
15 _S. cuspidatum_ Ehr.]

SECT. I. _Leaves obtuse roundish or elliptical._

_a._ Utricles of branches lined with spiral fibres.

10. S. CYMBIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–12 inches robust tufted solid, covered with a cortical web. Stem l. lingulate-spathulate with a rounded apex; br. l. imbricate broadly ovate concave cucullate and muriculate at apex; caps. large globose on a short seta: dioicous.

Bogs, common. VI. VII.

_b._ Branch cells without spiral fibres.

11. S. COMPACTUM. Brid. St. erect, 2–4in. dichotomous, densely cæspitose; branches crowded short, almost erect, br. l. ovate-subulate, obtuse, concave, slightly cucullate and smooth at apex, præmorse with 3–4 teeth; st. l. small elliptical: dioicous.

Wet moors. VII. VIII.

12. S. TENELLUM. Ehr. (_S. molluscum._ Bruch.) Stems rarely 2in. slender, soft, fragile, branches similar; l. erecto-patent reflexed, ovate-oblong, with a broadish border, very concave on the branches, pale yellowish white; utricles of the branches between the leaves recurved at points; caps. small orange-red, on a long pedicel: dioicous.

Wet hollows on peat bogs. V. VI.

13. S. RUBELLUM. Wils. St. 2–5in. slender loosely tufted with slender deflexed sometimes curved branches; st. l. large ovate-oblong concave obtuse sub-secund with a minutely toothed apex; br. l. ovate or oblong-ovate, margins indexed, capsule almost included: dioicous.

Peat mosses, fr. rare. VI. VII.

SECT. II. _Leaves acuminate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate._

_a._ Leaves erecto-patent.

14. S. ACUTIFOLIUM. Ehr. St. 3–6in. with slender attenuated branches; stem. l. small ovate acute erect; branch l. ovate-lanceolate slightly præmorse with a 3–4 toothed apex, erecto-patent, often with a pinkish tinge, sometimes almost white; pedicel long; monoicous.

Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.

15. S. FIMBRIATUM. Wils. St. slender 6–12in. loosely cæspitose, with slender deflexed branches; st. l. obovate broad very obtuse, and fringed at the summit; br. l. ovate-lanceolate acute erecto-patent, whitish, never reddish; p. l. very large obtuse, cucullate; caps. on a short pedicel, nearly enclosed in the per. leaves: monoicous.

Bogs and marshes. VI. VII.

16. S. CUSPIDATUM. Dill. Ehr. St. 3–12in., flaccid with distant deflexed attenuated branches, the younger ones cuspidate; st. l. ovate acute, br. l. lanceolate acute præmorse slightly fringed and bordered; per. l. broadly ovate, acute, ped. short: dioicous.

Wet bogs. VI. VII.

17. S. RECURVUM. P. Beauv. “Distinguished from the last by its branch leaves, recurved when dry, elliptical, not attenuated towards the apex; usually growing out of the water, whilst _S. cuspidatum_ is almost submerged.”—G. E. Hunt.

Common in bogs.

var. δ. _laricinum_. Spruce. l. loosely imbricated, slightly undulate
when dry, areolæ very minute.

18. S. CONTORTUM. Schultz. St. 3–6in. rigid blackish, “with a single layer of cortical cellules”, and with crowded generally contorted attenuated branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute concave, frequently 3–toothed at the apex, the cellules bordered with a row of small pores at the back of the leaf: dioicous.

Bogs and ditches. VII.

var. γ. _obesum_; stem more robust, branches thicker and longer, leaves
larger.

19. S. SUBSECUNDUM. Nees & H. Allied to _contortum_, but more lax in habit, stems more slender, with shorter branches and with the branch leaves generally more or less secund.

20. S. CURVIFOLIUM. Wils. MS. Allied to the last; stem with a cortical layer of two or three rows of cellules, leaves without marginal pores, entire, acute.

_b._ Leaves squarrose.

21. S. SQUARROSUM. Pers. St. 4–12in. rigid, often forked, with long deflexed attenuated branches; l. ovate-acuminate acute, recurved; caps. large on a longish pedicel.

Bogs. VI. VII.

3. ARCHIDIUM. BRIDEL.

22. A. PHASCOIDES Brid. St. ¼in., second year branched sometimes 1in.; fertile branches short, barren ones longer, slender, and with more distant leaves; l. lanceolate pointed, upper ones longest, entire, nerved nearly to or beyond apex; p.l. ovate-lanceolate, toothed near the apex, nerve excurrent.

Moist clayey or chalky banks, &c. III. IV.

4. PHASCUM. LINN.

SECT. I. (EPHEMERUM.) Almost stemless, capsule immersed, barren fl.
gemmiform at base of, or near to, fertile fl.

_a._ Growing from a conferva-like thallus, columella fugacious.

23. P. SERRATUM. Schreb. “Stemless, leaves lanceolate, nerveless (?) serrated, connivent; capsule large roundish ovate, sub-sessile.” (Wils.)

Sandy banks or fallows. Spring or Autumn.

var. β. _angustifolium._ “Leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, obscurely
toothed; caps. smaller.”

24. P. COHÆRENS. Hed. Stemless, very minute; l. ovate-lanceolate, keeled, erect, nerved to apex, and serrated about half way from summit; capsule immersed sub-sessile.

On the ground. Winter.

25. P. TENERUM. Bruch. Inconspicuous; l. broad ovate-lanceolate, slightly denticulate at apex, very flaccid; caps. small, pale yellow, calyptra conical. Bry. Europ. vol. I.

On the mud of dried-up pools. Winter.

Weald of Sussex, Mr. Mitten.

26. P. SESSILE. B. & S. Very minute, almost stemless; l. lanceolate-subulate, denticulate more than two-thirds from summit, rigid, with an almost excurrent nerve; caps. sessile small, rounded, brownish: monoicous.

Clay and chalky heaths, rare. Autumn, Winter.

var. β. _stenophyllum_. l. shorter, linear-lanceolate, slightly
serrulate.

27. P. RECURVIFOLIUM. Dicks. Minute, st. almost none; l. lingulate, rarely linear-lanceolate, erect, frequently recurved, denticulate at the apex, with a strong generally excurrent nerve; caps. roundish ovate, nearly sessile.

Heaths and fallows. Autumn, Winter.

_b._ Mature plants without confervoid shoots.

28. P. MUTICUM. Schreb. Minute, almost stemless; l. convolute, broadly ovate, tapering pointed, concave, toothed above, nerved nearly to the apex; caps. round, reddish, erect, sub-sessile.

Moist banks and fallows. Autumn, Spring.

var. β. _minus_, leaves entire.

29. P. TRIQUETRUM. Spruce. Almost stemless; l. in three rows, lowest minute ovate nerveless, three uppermost (perichætial) cucullate, pointed, obovate, keeled, margins reflexed, denticulate above, nerve excurrent; caps. spherical, horizontal or drooping, pedicel long, slender, suddenly bent near its union with the capsule.

Cliffs, Sussex coast. III.

SECT. II. Barren fl. axillary, antheridia naked.

30. P. FLOERKEANUM. Web. & M. Almost stemless, very minute; leaves broadly ovate, tapering to a point, lower ones small nerveless, upper ones larger nerve excurrent, margins reflexed; caps. ovate-spherical, shortly beaked, immersed with sub-conical curved-pointed calyptra.

Clay or chalky fields, rare. IX.–XI.

31. P. RECTUM. Sm. Stem short; l. closely crowded, erecto-patent, elliptic-lanceolate pointed with an excurrent nerve, often reddish, margins recurved; caps. exserted, roundish ovoid, on a longish straight pedicel.

Fields and banks near the coast, frequent. Winter.

32. P. CURVICOLLUM. Hedw. St. short reddish; l. erecto-patent, lanceolate, tapering, pointed with an excurrent nerve, entire, margin reflexed; caps. roundish, blunt-pointed, cernuous, exserted, on a longish curved pedicel; cal. dimidiate.

Moist banks and fields.

SECT. III. Barren fl. axillary, gemmiform.

33. P. CUSPIDATUM. Schreb. From ⅛ to ¼in. high, st. simple or branched; l. ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, erect concave, keeled, with the nerve prominently excurrent; caps. roundish, immersed on a short pedicel.

Moist banks, hedges, and fields, common. III.

var. β. leaves longer, lanceolate; caps. smaller.

γ. _Schreberianum._ St. elongated, branches dichotomous; leaves
distant spreading.

δ. _piliferum._ Pedicel curved; leaves with long white filiform
points.

ε. _curvisetum._ Caps. laterally exserted, on a longish curved
pedicel.

ζ. _elatum._ Upper leaves lanceolate, cuspidate caps.
sub-pendulous, similar to the last.

34. P. BRYOIDES. Dicks. St. ⅛–¼in. simple or branched; l. lower, ovate pointed, upper elliptic ovate concave erect, margin reflexed, pointed with the excurrent nerve; caps. elliptical, with an oblique blunt point, brown, exserted. Barren fl. sometimes terminal on a short branch.

Banks and fields, rare. Spring.

var. β. leaves piliferous.

γ. _curvisetum._ Pedicel curved, longer.

δ. caps. roundish, pedicel very short.

ε. smaller, with piliferous leaves. (_P. pusillum_ Schleich.)

ζ. _Thornhillii._ “l. spreading sub-reflexed
spathulato-lanceolate, margin plane, nerve slightly
excurrent; caps. narrowly elliptical, rostrate, pedicel
elongated.”

SECT. IV. Barren fl. naked in the axil of a perichætial leaf.

35. P. PATENS. Hedw. St. ⅛in. l. more or less spreading, sometimes recurved, obovate-lanceolate, serrulate near the apex, concave, nerve ceasing below apex; caps. immersed spherical pointed, pale brown, sub-sessile.

Clay banks and fields. Autumn.

SECT. V. Stems growing by innovations, caps. therefore often apparently
lateral, leaves narrow, almost setaceous.

36. P. NITIDUM. Hedw. L. generally erect, linear-lanceolate, keeled, sub-denticulate near apex, nerved (thin) nearly to summit; caps. elliptical, with a short oblique point, sometimes pendulous, on a short pedicel.

Moist banks, &c. Autumn, Spring.

37. P. SUBULATUM. L. St. ⅛in. l. lanceolate, sharply tapering from a broadish base, not keeled, with a broad nerve ceasing near the apex; per. l. almost setaceous; caps. roundish-ovoid pale brown, immersed, on a very short pedicel.

Banks and fields, common. Spring.

38. P. ALTERNIFOLIUM. Bruch. & S. St. sometimes with innovations, ½in. long, or more; st. l. lanceolate acuminate from a broad base; per. l. subulate-setaceous, with a thick nerve, excurrent and forming nearly the upper half of the leaf; caps. ovoid immersed, brownish, with an oblique point.

Banks and fallow ground. Spring.

SECT. VI. Stems perennial branched; leaves linear-lanceolate firm
strongly nerved; caps. with traces of a dehiscent lid; barren fl.
gemmiform, terminal on a branch or sometimes axillary.

39. P. CRISPUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. cæspitose; with fastigiate branches; l. lanceolate-subulate, grooved erect or spreading, margins involute, nerve excurrent; per. l. very long, concave at base, sometimes almost secund; caps. roundish, immersed, pale brown, with an oblique beak.

Banks and fields, chiefly limestone. Spring.

40. P. MULTICAPSULARE. Smith. St. ½in., loosely tufted; leaves distant, alternate, spreading, lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, with an excurrent nerve and plane margin; per. l. longer and broader, erect, incurved; capsule ovoid tapering to an oblique short beak, on a longish pedicel, sometimes two together.

Fields, &c., rare. III.

var. β. _Mittenii._ Stems fragile, l. shorter, acute, recurved; p. l.
smaller; caps. on a longer pedicel.

41. P. ROSTELLATUM. Brid. St. ⅛–¼in., tufted; l. linear-lanceolate, spreading obtuse, nerve excurrent, margin plane; caps. olive-brown ovoid elliptical with a straight beak; pedicel equalling caps. in length: a smaller plant than the last.

Dried beds of pools, &c. Autumn, Spring.

5. GYMNOSTOMUM. HEDW.

SECT. I. Infl. dioicous, margin of l. reflexed or plane, not incurved.

_a._ St. short, per. l. sheathing; caps. elliptic-oblong, narrow at
mouth, lid conical, annulus large persistent.

42. G. TENUE. Schrad. St. tufted; l. lingulate, sub-erect, upper ones longest entire, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pale brown, lid obtuse.

Sandstone rocks and walls. VII. VIII.

_b._ St. taller, branched; per. l. slightly sheathing, caps. oval or
ovoid, truncate; lid with a long beak, annulus narrow, persistent.

43. G. RUPESTRE. Schw. St. ½in. densely tufted, slender, dichotomous; l. linear-lanceolate, spreading obtuse keeled, nerved nearly to apex; capsule erect oval, lid flattish, suddenly rising to a longish scarcely bent beak.

Wet alpine rocks. Autumn.

var. β. _ramosissimum._ densely tufted, leaves shorter, capsule smaller
on a shorter pedicel.

γ. _stelligerum._ loosely tufted, l. fasciculate and
stellato-patent at the ends of the branches,
linear-lanceolate acute.

δ. _compactum._ leaves fascicled, longer and more obtuse.

44. G. CURVIROSTRUM. Hedw. St. ½–1in. cæspitose branches fastigiate; l. linear-lanceolate, spreading keeled, margins recurved, nerved nearly to apex; caps. broadly ovoid, lid adhering to columella, conical battened, with a long suddenly bent beak.

Moist sub-alpine rocks. Autumn.

var. β. _pomiforme._ leaves narrow, caps. more spherical.

γ. _microcarpon._ l. broader, erecto-patent, caps. smaller,
roundish obovate.

δ. _pallidisetum._ st. long slender, l. fascicled, caps. small
obovate, with a shorter pedicel and beak.

SECT. II. Infl. monoicous; margins of l. incurved or plane, not
reflexed.

_a._ Caps. contracted at mouth; sporangium adherent to columella forming
a closed sac.

45. G. SQUARROSUM. Wils. St. ¼in. loosely tufted, l. linear-lanceolate, squarrose, distant, blunt, nerve running out into a mucro; caps. elliptical, sometimes oblique and unequal; lid with a blunt beak.

Clay fields and banks. Autumn, Spring.

46. G. MICROSTOMUM. Hedw. St. ⅛ to ¼in. densely tufted; l. linear-lanceolate, acute, upper ones longest, nerve excurrent; capsule elliptical, sometimes oblique and gibbous, olive-brown, much contracted, lid with a longish curved beak.

Fields, &c. Spring.

var. β. _obliquum._ caps. oblong, oblique, lid sub-rostrate.

γ. _brevirostre._ caps. oblong symmetrical, lid short conical.

δ. _brachycarpum._ caps. roundish, gibbous.

ε. _elatum._ innovations overtopping fruit, caps. roundish small,
lid sub-rostrate.

_b._ Caps. scarcely contracted; sporangium not adherent.

47. G. TORTILE. Schw. St. ⅛–¼in. densely tufted with fastigiate branches; l. oblong-lanceolate, spreading or sub-erect curved, obtuse, pointed with the excurrent nerve; caps. elliptical, with a purple mouth and an inclined beaked lid.

Limestone rocks. Spring.

var. β. _subcylindricum._ l. linear-lanceolate, caps. oblong.

6. WEISSIA. HEDW.

_a._ Monoicous.

48. W. CONTROVERSA. Hedw. St. ⅛–¼in. branched; l. lower lanceolate, upper linear-lanceolate, margin incurved, with a slightly excurrent nerve; caps. oval, erect, lid conical, beak half-length of capsule; barren fl. gemmiform.

Frequent. Spring.

var. β. _stenocarpa._ caps. sub-cylindrical narrow.

γ. _densifolia._ densely tufted; l. crowded narrower.

δ. _amblyodon._ teeth of peristome variable, short and truncate,
acute or cleft at apex., yellowish.

ε. _gymnostomoides._ teeth of peristome almost wanting.

49. W. MUCRONATA. B. & S. Smaller than last; l. linear-lanceolate, with plane margins, the nerve slightly excurrent and forming a mucro; caps. oblong, scarcely striated; teeth of per. short truncate, perforated, lid with a longish beak; barren fl. gemmiform.

Fallow (clay) ground. III. IV.

50. W. CIRRHATA. Hedw. St. ½–1in. loosely tufted; l. linear-lanceolate, spreading entire concave, keeled, margin reflexed, not nerved to apex; per. l. slightly sheathing, shorter; caps. oval-oblong; lid with a long beak; monoicous.

Posts and rocks in mountainous districts.

51. W. CRISPULA. Hedw. St. shorter than last, branched; l. spreading, frequently falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, base wide, concave; margins plane, not nerved to apex; caps. oval or oblong without annulus; lid beaked. Barren fl. gemmiform.

Mountainous rocks. VI. VII.

SECT. II. Infl. dioicous; terminal.

52. W. VERTICILLATA. Brid. St. ¼–¾in., branches fastigiate; l. linear-lanceolate, rigid, denticulate at base, sub-erect, margin plane, with a strong slightly excurrent nerve; teeth of per. incurved, not barred, sometimes perforated; caps. erect, reddish; lid beaked.

Dripping limestone rocks. VI. VII.

53. W. CALCAREA. Müll. St. short, simple; densely tufted, radiculose at base; l. lower small ferruginous, erecto-patent, narrowly lanceolate; upper larger deep green lineal-lanceolate, rather obtuse concave, stoutly nerved nearly to apex, margin minutely crenulate; per. l. lanceolate concave acute; caps. oblong sub-cylindric short-necked erect, on a pale yellow seta, lid conical subulate.

var. δ. _brevifolium._ Schpr. Slender branched; l. lower very minute
distant, upper crowded ovate-lanceolate, recurved above;
caps. oval.

Damp rocks and walls. Blackhall, nr. Banchory, Dee side. Mr. Sim. _var._ δ. only and barren. [Dr. Braithwaite.]

54. W. COMMUTATA. Mitt. “L. from a sub-oblong base lanceolate, narrowed, keeled with the nerve, which vanishes below apex, cells nearly all elongated and pellucid; per. l. similar”; caps. turbinate, lid with a very oblique longish beak.

Alpine rocks, Nant-y-Fydd, Wrexham (Mr. Bowman.)

55. W. TRUNCICOLA. De Not. In large dense bright green tufts; st. 1–2in. dichotomous, reddish, radiculose below; l. erect when moist and often secund on the young shoots, rather soft, papillose at back, from a narrowly lanceolate base gradually subulate channelled, thinly nerved nearly to apex, margin not revolute, sharply denticulate above and on the back of the nerve; strongly cirrhate and twisted when dry; basal cells large cylindraceo-vesicular, the rest small quadrate or sub-hexagonal, filled with chlorophyll. [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot., IX., 290.]

Base of an oak trunk in Sutton Park, Birmingham. J. Bagnall, 27th Aug., 1870.

7. RHABDOWEISSIA. BRUCH. & S.

56. R. FUGAX. B. & S. St. ¼–½in. tufted; l. linear-lanceolate, acute, toothed near apex, margins plane; caps. ovate, somewhat striated; teeth of per. subulate, fugacious; lid with an oblique beak longer than capsule.

Sub-alpine rocks, in crevices. VI. VII.

57. R. DENTICULATA. B. & S. St. longer than last, loosely tufted; l. lingulate or linear-lanceolate, strongly toothed half way from apex; caps. more distinctly striated when dry, teeth of per. lanceolate, persistent.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks.

8. CAMPYLOSTELIUM. BRUCH. & S.

58. C. SAXICOLA. B. & S. Minute; l. elongate, linear-lanceolate, crowded entire, twisted, nerved nearly to summit; caps. elliptical drooping, on a geniculate pedicel, annulus double, calyptra 5–cleft. at base.

Sandstone rocks, rare. XI.

9. BRACHYODUS. NEES. & H.

59. B. TRICHODES. N. & H. Very minute; l. lanceolate-subulate, almost setaceous; erect, with an excurrent nerve forming half the leaf; caps. erect, furrowed; per. very short, annulus large, lid flattish with a long beak.

Sub-alpine sandstone rocks. Spring.

10. SELIGERIA. BRUCH & S.

60. S. PUSILLA. Bruch. & S. Minute, ⅛in. stems loosely tufted, simple or dichotomous; l. lanceolate-subulate, very narrow, thinly nerved nearly to apex; per. with teeth distantly barred; caps. on an upright pedicel, turbinate when dry, with a flattish beaked lid.

Shady limestone rocks. IV. V.

61. S. TRISTICHA. Brid. Densely cæspitose, rigid; l. exactly tristichous, crowded, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, muticous, base whitish; caps. yellowish brown sub-spherical, with a tumid neck, lid large with a long oblique or arcuate beak; per. teeth narrower than in _calcarea_.

Calcareous stones and rocks. Summer.

Blair Athol, Glen Tilt, and Ben-y-Gloe. Rev. J. M. Crombie.

62. S. PAUCIFOLIA. Carruthers. (_S. subcernua_, Schp.; _S. calcicola_, Mitt.) Densely gregarious, low; leaves crowded erecto-patent, lower ones lanceolate, upper subulate from a narrow oblong base, margins plane, nerve exserted, areolæ dense, rectangular; caps. elliptical sub-cernuous on a long seta, unsymmetrical, lid with a long beak; male fl. at base of female plant.

Limestone rocks and stones. VI.

Chalk Downs, Sussex, Mr. Mitten; Near Wetherby, 1801, Dickson.

[63. S. ACUTIFOLIA. Lind. Very small; l. and per. l. from a more or less sheathing base abruptly narrowed into a subterete setiform acute pointed awl, formed by the excurrent nerve, crenulate; seta 1 mm. long; caps. small, scarcely exserted, pyriform with a short neck, lid with a short scarcely oblique beak];—type not British but

var. β. _longiseta_, Lindb. Plant larger, seta 2–3 mm. long, caps.
exserted, beak of lid longer and more oblique—gathered by Mr.
Wilson, 14th May, 1831, and sent by him to Dr. Lindberg.

64. S. CALCAREA. B. & S. St. short, more robust, than No. 60, l. ovate-subulate, obtuse, dull green with a thicker nerve; caps. turbinate, shortly beaked, on a short stiff pedicel; peris. teeth, broader obtuse, closely barred.

Chalk cliffs. IV. V.

65. S. RECURVATA. B. & S. St. minute gregarious; l. lanceolate-subulate, somewhat flexuose, acute, nerve excurrent generally; caps. obovate elliptical; pedicel curved drooping.

Sandstone rocks, rare. IV. V.

11. ANODUS. BRUCH. & S.

66. A. DONIANUS. B. & S. St. minute, ⅛in. gregarious; l. almost setaceous, lanceolate-subulate, very minutely toothed; per. l. bluntish and rather shorter; caps. cup-shaped or turbinate, mouth wide; Cal. dimidiate; perist. none, lid with a short beak.

Sandstone rocks, rare. IX.

12. STYLOSTEGIUM. WILS.

67. S. CÆSPITICIUM. B. & S. St. ¼–½in. densely tufted; branches fastigiate; l. somewhat falcate and secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; per. l. larger with a sheathing base entire, nerve predominant; caps. roundish-pyriform glossy; lid obliquely beaked, adherent to columella.

Alpine rocks, in crevices. VII.

13. BLINDIA. WILS.

68. B. ACUTA. B. & S. St. ½–3in. tufted; l. subulate or lanceolate-setaceous, rigid, glossy, sub-secund, nerve thick; per. l. sheathing; caps. roundish-pyriform, on a short reddish pedicel; lid with a longish beak.

Moist alpine or sub-alpine rocks. Summer.

var. β. _breviseta._ “Stem shorter, caps. on a very short pedicel.”
Wils.

γ. _rupincola._ pedicels arcuate.

δ. _trichodes._ Braithwaite. l. longer and more falcate. Wet
rocks, near Bolton.—Whitehead.

14. ARCTOA. BRUCH. & S.

69. A. FULVELLA. B. & S. St. ½–2in. densely tufted; l. somewhat secund, often falcate, subulate-setaceous dull green, sometimes slightly toothed at apex, nerve predominant, per. l. large sheathing; caps. ovate, sometimes gibbous, 8–furrowed, lid obliquely beaked; barren fl. gemmiform: monoicous.

Fissures of alpine rocks. VII. VIII.

15. CYNODONTIUM. BRUCH. & S.

70. C. BRUNTONI. B. & S. St. ½–1in. tufted, branches fastigiate; l. linear-lanceolate or lanc-subulate, keeled, sometimes minutely denticulate at apex, margin reflexed, twisted when dry, nerved almost or quite to apex; per. l. sheathing; caps. erect obovate or elliptical; lid with a long oblique beak.

Sub-alpine rocks. VI.

16. DICRANUM. HEDW.

_a._ (DICRANELLA. Schimp.)

SECT. I. Stem long, rooting in all parts; leaves spreading flexuose,
papillose on both sides, crenulate in margin, not nerved to apex; infl.
monoicous; beak of lid shorter than caps.

71. D. POLYCARPUM. Ehr. L. bent, flexuose, often recurved, lanceolate-subulate or linear-lanceolate, keeled, margin recurved, somewhat papillose, denticulate at apex, nerve excurrent; caps. erect, symmetrical, striated, with a tumid neck.

Alpine rocks. VII. VIII.

var. β. _strumiferum._ caps. unequal, base strumose.

SECT. II. St. rooting in all parts, leafy; l. spreading, nerve slightly
excurrent; infl. monoicous; caps. strumose.

72. D. VIRENS. Hedw. St. 1–3in. branched; l. erect ovate-lanceolate at base, sheathing, running to a long sub-denticulate, almost setaceous prolongation, margins recurved, nerve thick sub-excurrent; caps. cernuous strumose smooth oblong and curved; lid beaked.

Moist alpine rocks; Ben Lawers. VI. VII.

var. β. _Wahlenbergii._ l. flexuose, much attenuated, above narrower
and longer, yellowish; caps. short, with a very prominent
struma.

γ. _serratum._ stems taller; l. recurved from a sheathing base,
coarsely serrated.

δ. _compactum._ st. shorter and slender; l. shorter lanceolate
from an ovate base, entire, or very slightly toothed at apex;
caps. gibbous on a shorter pedicel.

ε. _gracilescens._ l. narrower; caps. smaller.

SECT. III. L. squarrose, or patent spreading.

73. D. PELLUCIDUM. Hedw. St. 1–2in. loosely tufted; l. distant, lanceolate, margins undulate, denticulate, papillose obtuse; caps. shortly ovate; lid conical rostrate; dioicous.

Wet stones in streams. X. XI.

var. β. fagimontanum. st. short, branches slender, l. shorter.

γ. serratum. l. crenato-serrate, with a more acute point; caps.
oval or oblong, lid with a slender beak.

74. D. CRISPUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. gregarious, l. subulate from a broadish sheathing base setaceous above, long, spreading flexuose, minutely dentate, nerved to apex; caps. almost erect, oval or obovate, striate; lid with a long oblique subulate beak: monoicous.

Moist sandy banks, not common. X. XI.

75. D. GREVILLIANUM. B. & S. L. with a broad sheathing base, suddenly lanceolate-subulate prolonged, wide-spreading and wavy, entire, nerve broad; caps. ovate, sub-striate, strumose; lid with a beak longer than capsule: monoicous.

“Glen Tilt, at foot of Ben-y-Gloe, 1823, not since found.”—Wils. VIII. IX.

[I have a specimen gathered by Dr. A. O. Black, marked “Esk-no-more.”]

76. D. SCHREBERI. Hedw. St. ½–1in. sub-cæspitose, branched sparingly; l. base broad, suddenly lanceolate-subulate, spreading flexuose keeled, denticulate at apex; caps. ovate-oblong, scarcely strumose, cernuous; lid conical, shortly rostrate; dioicous.

Clayey or sandy soil near streams, rare. X. XI.

Lancashire, Cheshire, and near Glasgow.

77. D. SQUARROSUM. Schrad. St. 1–3in. dichotomous; l. lanceolate from a broad sheathing base obtuse, undulate, entire concave recurved, nerve narrow, reaching nearly to apex; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous; lid long conical, with a short beak.

Wet mountainous places. VIII. IX.

78. D. CERVICULATUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. sparingly branched; l. spreading flexuose, almost setaceous from a broadish amplexicaul base, entire, nerved into the subula; caps. roundish ovate gibbous, strumose; lid with a long oblique or curved subulate beak.

Sandy banks or on turf, frequent. VI. VII.

var. β. _pusillum._ st. shorter, simple; l. smaller sub-erect; caps.
smaller and less gibbous.

SECT. IV. L. secund or sub-secund.

79. D. VARIUM. Hedw. St. ¼in. cæspitose; l. lanceolate, entire keeled sub-denticulate at apex, margin reflexed, nerve scarcely excurrent; caps. inclined, ovate or oblong, slightly tumid; lid shortly beaked; seta twisted to the right.

Moist banks. XI. XIII.

var., β. _tenuifolium._ l. narrow, obscurely nerved.

γ. _tenellum._ st. slender, scarcely branched; l. falcato-secund,
distantly denticulate.

δ. _callistomum._ l. scarcely secund, caps. erect, obovate
truncated, lid almost as long as caps.

80. “D. FALLAX. Wils. MS. Closely resembles the last. L. more distant, with impressed wings and less elongated setaceous points, and a more dilated flattened nerve, uppermost sub-secund. Caps. nearly symmetric erect or sub-cernuous, with a shorter conical lid: dioicous.” [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot., VIII., 227.]

Banks. III. IV.

Anglesea (Wilson); Cotterall Wood (Hunt); Park Gate, Cheshire (Miss Jelly).

81. D. RUFESCENS. Turn. St. short bright red, scarcely branched; l. linear-lanceolate, obscurely toothed, reddish, margins plane, secund, pellucid; caps. erect ovate or obovate, slightly tumid, with a conical beaked lid. Seta twisted to the left; dioicous.

Moist sandy banks. X. XI.

82. D. SUBULATUM. Hedw. St. ½–1in. l. falcato-secund, setaceous from an oblong-lanceolate base, entire; caps. ovate gibbous oblique striate when dry, seta red; dioicous.

Moist shady sandy banks; common on the mortar of walls, &c. IX. X.

83. D. CURVATUM. Hedw. Cæspitose; st. bi-tripartite; l. setaceous from a shortly ovate semi-sheathing base, channelled, apex denticulate, falcato-setaceous; caps. erect or sub-erect, ovate-oblong, slightly gibbous, distinctly striate. [Sch. Syn. p. 75. Bry. Eur. vol. I.]

Walls. Autumn and Spring.

Llanberis, N. Wales (W. Wilson).

84. D. HETEROMALLUM. Hedw. St. ½–1in. simple or branched, in silky tufts; l. lanceolate-setaceous, slightly dentate at apex; caps. obovate gibbous, obliquely plicate when dry; lid with a long beak, seta pale yellowish; dioicous.

Moist banks and walls. XI. XII.

var. β. _strictum._ l. erecto-patent, straight, not secund; seta longer
flexuose.

γ. _interruptum._ larger; stem interrupted leafy; l. spreading or
secund.

δ. _sericeum._ Schp. plants taller; l. diverging almost on all
sides, pale green or yellowish, often strongly and remotely
toothed. Soccoth Hill, Arrochar (McKinlay).

_b._ (EU-DICRANUM.)

SECT. I. FALCATÆ. Densely tufted, st. dichotomous and fastigiate,
decumbent at base with few or no radicular fibres; l.
lanceolate-subulate, secund or falcato-secund, nerve predominant above;
caps. cernuous, neck strumose or ventricose, lid with a long beak:
monoicous.

85. D. STARKII. Web. & M. St. 1–3in. branched; l. subulate-setaceous from a lanceolate base, falcato-secund, entire, nerve strongly predominant, caps. oblong arcuate, gibbous, strumose, striate, sub-cernuous.

Alpine rocks. VIII.

var. β. _molle._ taller; l. wider lanceolate, purplish brown; nerve not
predominant.

Summit of Ben Nevis.

86. D. FALCATUM. Hedw. St. shorter, dichotomously branched and fastigiate; l. strongly falcato-secund, from a lanceolate base subulato-setaceous, denticulate at apex, nerve predominant, caps. shortly obovate, strumose, almost smooth when dry; lid large beaked.

Alpine rocks. VIII. IX.

87. D. BLYTTII. Br. & S. St. branched fastigiate; l. flexuoso-patent, or sub-secund, from an erect base lanceolate-subulate, soft, entire, nerve predominant, per. l. sheathing; caps. sub-cernuous, ovate, incurved, without striæ, strumose, lid rostrate; per. teeth narrow inflexed when dry.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VIII.

SECT. II. ORTHOCARPA. Densely cæspitose; st. 1 or more inches high,
dichotomous, with or without radicular fibres; l. secund,
lanceolate-subulate, smooth glossy, nerve excurrent or nerveless. Caps.
erect cylindrical; neck long symmetrical; lid conical at base.

88. D. GLACIALE. Berg. Monoicous, in wide tufts, without radicular tomentum, erect, 2–5in. high, l. erecto-patent, straight glossy, lowest minute lanceolate nerveless, upper oblong at base, lanceolate-subulate, deeply concave, margin inflexed entire, basal angles auricled, orange, nerve narrow compressed; per. l. sheathing, suddenly narrowed into a long subula; caps. cernuous, cylindraceous, more or less incurved strumose, not striate; lid rostrate.

Alpine rocks; Ben Nevis, Clova, Ben-y-Gloe.

[Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot. VIII., 228.]

89. D. VIRIDE. Sull. et Lesq. Dioicous, in dense cushions, or cæspitose, reddish and tomentose at base, above dark green; branches dichotomous; l. lineal-lanceolate subulate, nerve running out in the concave awl; per. l. sheathing; areolæ densely chlorophyllose, enlarged at base; caps. erect, oblong, slightly incurved, lid with a long beak.

Trunks of trees: rarely on sandstone rocks.

fig. Schpr. Musci. Eur. novi, &c. fasc. III. IV.

Staffordshire (Mr. Bloxam).

90. D. SCOTTIANUM. Turn. St. 2 or 3in. robust; l. erecto-patent, sub-secund incurved lanceolate-subulate, slightly twisted at apex when dry, concave entire, nerve strong excurrent; caps. elongated, slightly curved, tapering at base, lid obliquely rostrate.

Rocks in mountainous districts. VII. VIII.

91. D. LONGIFOLIUM. Hedw. Cæspitose, tufts pale green or whitish; stem arcuate or geniculate ascending, slightly radiculose; l. long falcato-secund, rarely spreading, subulate from a lanceolate base, with a slender nerve, margin and back serrate at apex; per. l. convolute sheathing; caps. elongate cylindrical, upright or sub-incurved, without striæ, brown; beak subulate, annulus narrow: dioicous.

Sub-alpine rocks. Autumn.

Ben Lawers, 1866 (Dr. Stirton).

92. D. CIRCINNATUM. Wils. Dioicous, in loose irregular light green tufts; st. 3–6in. dichotomous, geniculate or ascending, with radicles from base of leaves. L. very long, secund, arcuate from an oblong sheathing base decurrent at angles, longly subulate concave; nerve flattened, covering one-fifth of base and all the subula, which is denticulate; base laxly areolate in middle, with narrower cells at margin. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 230.]

Fr. unknown.

Ben Voirlich, Clova, Ben Nevis, Lennox Castle.

SECT. III. SCOPARIÆ. St. loosely or densely matted, tall, with
proliferous radicular fibres; l. long spreading or secund,
lanceolate-subulate, glossy, denticulate at apex; nerve with or without
dorsal lamellæ; caps. cernuous bent; lid with a long beak.

93. D. FUSCESCENS. Turn. St. 2–3m. loosely tufted; l. spreading, sub-secund, flexuose, canaliculate, minutely toothed at apex, nerve excurrent; caps. oblong incurved, furrowed when dry; lid with a very long beak.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks. VIII.

94. D. SCOPARIUM. Hedw. St. 2–4in. loosely tufted dichotomous; l. secund or falcato-secund, carinato-concave, margins inflexed, serrate at apex; nerve with about four prominent ridges at back, serrate at apex; per. l. larger convolute; caps. cylindrical, slightly curved; lid with a long beak.

Shady banks and rocks, common. VII. VIII.

var. β. _orthophyllum._ stem erect; l. erecto-patent or sub-secund
straight.

γ. _curvatum._ branches curved ascending, l. more falcate; caps.
shorter.

95. D. MAJUS. Turn. St. 4–6in. loosely cæspitose; l. falcato-secund; concave dentato-serrate at apex; caps. horizontally cernuous, curved, furrowed when dry; lid and calyptra very long; fruit-stalks pale aggregate.

Shady banks, &c., in woods. VII. VIII.

SECT. IV. UNDULATA. St. very tall, with radicular fibres; l. large
glossy, spreading every way or secund, lanceolate below, linear-subulate
above; nerve flattish, with lamellæ at back.

96. D. PALUSTRE. Brid. St. 3–4in. erect branched sub-fastigiate; l. spreading, sub-secund, linear-lanceolate undulated, terminal ones crowded into a cuspidate cluster on the barren shoots; serrate at apex; nerve thin and narrow, not reaching to apex, and without ridges; caps. sub-erect, slightly curved, sub-cylindrical, striate.

Marshy places and moist banks. IX.

var. β. _juniperifolium._ with shorter, wider, and more rigid leaves.

γ. _polycladum._ branches slender flagelliform; l. small
imbricate.

97. D. SCHRADERI. Schwaeg. St. 3–6in.; l. sub-secund, rather obtuse, carinato-concave, subrugose, toothed on margin and keel, sub-papillose at back near apex; caps. oval-oblong incurved; lid rostrate.

Turfy bogs, rare. IX.

98. D. SPURIUM. Hedw. St. 1–2in. loosely cæspitose; l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate serrate, papillose at back; not nerved to apex; caps. sub-cylindrical arcuate, slightly strumose, striate; lid with a long curved beak.

Moors and bogs. VI.

17. LEUCOBRYUM. HAMPE.

99. L. GLAUCUM. Hampe. St. 1–6in. or more, dichotomous fragile, fastigiate; l. subulate from an ovate-lanceolate base, erect, rather obtuse, and apiculate; caps, cernuous, strumose, furrowed when dry.

Moist heaths, woods, rare in fr.

18. CERATODON. BRID.

100. C. PURPUREUS. Brid, St. ¼–2in. cæspitose, branched; l. oblong-lanceolate, margin recurved, nerve excurrent; caps. elliptic-oblong, irregular, purple, angular when dry on a purplish red seta; lid conical.

Banks, &c., common. IV. V.

101. C. CYLINDRICUS. B. & S. St. ¼in. gregarious; l. subulate from a dilated ovate amplexicaul base, flexuose, minutely toothed above, nerve predominant; caps. cylindrical, smooth, erect or slightly curved, on a pale slender seta; lid conical.

Sandy banks, not common. IV. V.

19. DICRANODONTIUM. BR. & S.

102. D. LONGIROSTRE. B. & S. St. 1–3in. blackish; l. falcato-secund, subulato-setaceous from an ovate sheathing base, denticulate above on predominant nerve; caps. elliptic-oblong, smooth, on a thick curved or flexuose seta.

Mountainous woods, rare. X.

20. CAMPYLOPUS. BRID.

[The diagnoses of species are taken from Dr. Braithwaite’s Paper in
Jour. of Bot. VIII., pp. 386–393.]

_a._ Leaves hoary at point.

103. C. ATROVIRENS. De Not. (_C. longipilus._ Brid. pro parte: Wils. Bry. Brit.; et Schimp. Musc. Eur. Nov.) Dense tufts 1–3in. high, above yellowish green, below brownish, at base black. Stem erect, dichotomous, with few radicles at base; l. lower, lax, shorter, the rest densely crowded, erecto-patent, lanceolate, very longly subulato-setaceous, channelled below, auricled; nerve excurrent into a hoary hispid arista, channelled at back, one-third width of leaf base; cells of auricles dilated, castaneous, central colorless, above these sub-rectangular, uppermost oblongo-elliptic. Fem. fl. 2. 3 at apex of innovations.

Wet rocks, and moorlands in mountainous districts.

E. S. & I.

104. C. BREVIPILUS. B. & S. In dense broad tufts, when dry glossy yellow green above, fuscescent below, ¾–1¼ in. high, almost free from radicles, fastigiate; l. erect densely crowded, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, very concave, the point denticulate at margin and back, not auricled; nerve one-third width of leaf base excurrent into a short hair point; per. l. wider sheathing, narrowed into a hispid hair, margin recurved above base. Areolæ lax; basal cells quadrate, above rhomboidal flexuose, marginal very narrow; fem. fl. solitary.

Heathy places. Sussex, Hants, Cheshire, York, Arran.

105. C. INTROFLEXUS. Brid. (_C. longipilus._ Bry. Eur. pro parte. _C. polytrichoides._ De Not. _D. ericetorum._ Mitt.) Densely tufted, olivaceous brown below, innov. yellow green with hoary tips; ¾–1½in. high, sparingly radiculose, dichotomous; l. imbricated, erecto-patent, lanceolate-subulate, channelled; not auricled; wings but little incurved, comal leaves broader lanceolate acuminate, lowest muticous, rest prolonged into a diaphanous spinuloso-denticulate arista shorter than the leaf. Nerve three-fourths width of limb, lammelluligerous at back. Basal cells hyaline large and empty, gradually becoming obliquely oval and minute, chlorophyllose, a few fuscous alar cells in comal leaves; per. l. oblong convolute, subulate at apex. Thecæ aggregated on short peduncles, oval, unequal, rough at base, lid obliquely rostrate. Calyp. reaching middle of capsule, sparingly fimbriate.

Dry heaths and stony places. Cornwall, Jersey, Scotland, Ireland.

_b._ Leaves unicolorous.

* auricled at base.

106. C. SHAWII. Wils. MS. Tufts lax, yellow green above, blackish brown below, 1–2in. high. Stems robust, with numerous radicles. L. erecto-patent, straight, rigid, from a somewhat contracted linear base, lanceolate, longly subulate, suddenly narrowed at one-third their length; margin involute above, apex acute, with a few minute denticulations. Nerve two-thirds width of base. Cells at basal wings enlarged lax reddish brown, exterior rows hyaline, above rectangular, and then rhomboido-elliptic. Leaves falcate when growing in dry places.

Outer Hebrides, 1866 (Mr. Shaw).

107. C. ALPINUS. Schpr. Densely cæspitose, 2–3in. high, stem erect, dichotomous, with rufous radicles from back of leaf base at base of innovations. L. rigid, fragile, and deciduous, erect or slightly secund, lowest lanceolate, becoming larger upwards and longly subulate, subtubular, subula sharply or obsoletely serrate. Nerve half width of base. Auricles very large decurrent, cells orange brown, central hyaline, above laxer narrowly hexagono-rectangular, and at last quadrate without chlorophyll, solid and yellowish.

Moist heaths and rocks. Wales and Scotland.

108. C. FLEXUOSUS. Brid. Tufts dense yellowish green. Stems ½–1½in. high, erect dichotomous, with rufous purple radicles to apex, bearing gemmæ intermixed. L. patent straight or secund, sub-falcate, lower lanceolate upper subulate, uppermost very long and toothed at apex all concave, glossy, red when old. Nerve one-third width of base; angles not decurrent, with short wide fuscous cells, others hexagono-rectangular, upper quadrate and chlorophyllose; per. l. nine; inner sheathing longly subulate, with a narrower nerve, calyptra fuscous at apex. Caps. oval, regular, or gibbous, short-necked olivaceous, with eight striæ, sulcate when dry; lid conico-rostrate; annulus broad double.

Sub-alpine moist rocks and peaty soil. XI.

109. C. PARADOXUS. Wils. MS. Tufts ½–1in. high, fastigiate, dull yellowish green above, pale brown below; st. with short lateral ramuli, and few rufous radicles. L. erecto-patent (erecto-appressed when dry) uppermost longest slightly secund lanceolate-subulate, concave; apex usually of two teeth, with a few irregular ones below on each side. Nerve one-third width of base. Lamina extended to apex; basal cells thin enlarged hyaline when young, afterwards fuscous, above rectangular, in 14–16 longitudinal rows, thickened and quadrate towards apex.

Peaty soil, Cheviots (barren), Boyd and Hardy, 1868.

110. C. SETIFOLIUS. Wils. Tufts lax soft, bright or yellowish green above, blackish below, without radicles. St. 5–10in. slender, erect, geniculate. L. distant erecto-patent or sub-secund, glossy, from a lanceolate base gradually running into a very long subula, sometimes half twisted; uppermost with wings serrate. Nerve half width of base; auricles very large and inflated, the cells partly fuscous, partly hyaline, hexagonal, above hexagono-rectangular, upper rhombic chlorophyllose; fl. of each sex collected in capitula; males 3–4, fem. numerous.

Wet places, and clefts of rocks. I. S.

111. C. SWARTZII. Schpr. Tufts dense soft yellowish green, brownish below, without radicles. St. 2–3in. slender; l. erecto-patent, straight or slightly secund, lowest lanceolate, upper lanceolate-subulate, entire at apex, base somewhat sheathing, auricles hyaline inflated decurrent. Nerve two-thirds of base, finely sulcate at back towards apex. Basal areolæ narrow, auricular very lax hexagono-rectangular hyaline, above sub-quadrate.

Granite alpine rocks. Wales, Scotland.

* * L. not auricled.

§ St. radiculose.

112. C. FRAGILIS. B. & S. Tufts pale green glossy, st. ½–2in. fragile. L. densely crowded erecto-patent rigid incumbent when dry, lower lanceolate, upper extended into a subula, toothed at apex, wings recurved above. Nerve very broad. Basal areolæ lax pellucid narrow rectangular, above minute quadrate, no distinct alar cells. Caps. solitary, bent down, oval, symmetric, fuscous, when dry plicate, contracted below the mouth, lid conico-subulate oblique, red; calyp. whitish, rufous at apex.

Sandstone rocks and moist heaths.

var. β. _densus._ (B. & S.) st. taller, l. shorter, with more acute
entire points and laxer cells.

113. C. SCHIMPERI. Milde. Tufts dense compact. St. 1–2in. slender light silky green above, fuscous below. L. erecto-patent, appressed when dry, straight rigid, lanceolate-subulate, channelled, denticulate only at apex. Nerve very broad. Basal cells lax rectangular hyaline, very narrow at margin, above elliptic.

Alpine hills. Scotland.

114. C. PYRIFORMIS. Brid. (_C. turfaceus._ B. & S.) Tufts flat olivaceous or bright green, finally tawny. St. ½–1in. slender erect, radiculose only at base. L. less crowded, gradually larger upwards, erecto-patent, lower lanceolate, middle lanceolate-subulate, upper from a lanceolate base setaceous. Nerve one-third base, thin channelled at back. Areolæ resembling _C. flexuosus_, but thinner, hyaline at base Fr. several from same apex; caps. ovate olivaceous, fulvous when ripe, sulcate, lid obliquely rostrate; calyp. whitish, tip brown.

Moist heaths and sides of ditches.

var. β. _Mulleri._ Juratzka. L. caducous, calyptra without fringe.

§ § St. very short, not radiculose.

115. C. BREVIFOLIUS. Schpr. St. ½in. yellowish green, with caducous ramuli. L. short rigid erect lanceolate, longly acuminate, concave, obsoletely toothed at apex. Nerve half base; basal areolæ hyaline lax rectangular, gradually shorter and more quadrate, lower ones with their transverse walls much thickened.

Dry and stony places. Scotland.

21. POTTIA. EHRH.

116. P. PUSILLA. Hedw. (_P. cavifolia._ Ehr.) St. very short and simple or branched; l. erecto-patent concave, obovate or elliptical; caps. oval, on a short seta; lid obliquely rostrate.

Banks and mud walls. III.

var. β. stem short, l. somewhat acuminate, scarcely piliferous.

γ. _incana._ N. & H. l. with long hair-like points.

117. P. MINUTULA. B. & S. Very minute, l. carinate, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, with recurved margins; caps. small, ovate-truncate; lid flattish conical, not beaked.

Fallow fields. Winter and Spring.

var. β. _rufescens._ l. narrower reddish.

γ. _conica._ l. ovate-lanceolate, with a short mucro, caps.
narrower at mouth.

118. P. TRUNCATULA. L. St. ⅛in., l. spreading obovate-acuminate or oblong-lanceolate, with a slightly excurrent nerve; caps. obovate, truncate, with a wide mouth; lid convex obliquely rostrate.

Fallow soil. II. III.

var. β. _major._ caps. oval-oblong, stem smaller.

γ. _sub-cylindrica._ l. ovate-lanceolate; nerve much excurrent;
caps. sub-cylindrical.

119. P. CRINITA. Wils. St. ¼in. tufted; l. obovate-oblong obtuse; nerve excurrent into a very long hair-like point; caps. elliptic-oblong, scarcely contracted, calyp. smooth.

Rocky and moist places.

120. P. WILSONI. B. & S. St. ¼in. in tufts, l. ovate-oblong, obtuse; nerve excurrent into a longish mucro; caps. elliptic-oblong, contracted at mouth; lid shortly and obliquely rostrate; calyp. rough at apex.

Sandy banks. II.

121. P. LITTORALIS. Mitt. (Jour. Bot. IX., 4.) L. oblong-spathulate obtuse or acute, lower pale, upper green, nerve excurrent, longer in lower leaves; areolæ in upper part of leaf small obscure, smooth, lower oblong pellucid; caps. oblong-oval, mouth less than greatest diameter; lid rostrate slightly twisted; male fl. bud-like.

Aldington, near Brighton, Hastings.

122. P. ASPERULA. Mitt. (l. c.) L. obovate-spathulate, acute, but not acuminate, nerve excurrent into a short point; areolæ upper rounded rather obscure, each with several elevated points, lower oblong smooth pellucid; caps. oval, lid rostrate slightly twisted; antheridia naked in axils of comal leaves.

Henfield, Sussex; Penzance (Curnow), Jersey (Piquet).

123. P. VIRIDIFOLIA. Mitt. (l. c.) (_P. pallida_, Braith. Jour. Bot. VIII., 255, non Lindberg.) L. obovate-spathulate obtuse or slightly acute; nerve not very stout, excurrent into a short point; margin recurved at middle; areolæ, upper hexagonal or nearly square, obscure, with minute protuberances, lower oblong hyaline smooth; caps. oblong on a short seta; lid rostrate; antheridia in axils of comal leaves.

Plymouth (Holmes).

124. P. HEIMII. B. & S. St. ⅛–¼in. cæspitose, branched; l. spreading, oblong-lanceolate, margin not recurved; caps. obovate or oblong truncate, lid obliquely rostrate, adherent to columella.

Moist banks near the sea. IV. V.

22. ANACALYPTA. RÖHL.

125. A. STARKEANA. N. & H. Minute, gregarious; l. spreading ovate-lanceolate, entire, margin recurved; nerve excurrent; caps. small oval brown; lid convexo-conical; per. teeth obtuse perforate.

Banks and fields. I. II.

var. β. _brachyodus._ caps. narrower; per. teeth very short truncate.

126. A. CÆSPITOSA. Bruch. Minute cæspitose; l. oblong-lanceolate or ovate, concave, plane, nerve excurrent; caps. ovate yellowish brown, lid with a long beak; per. teeth perforate.

Woolsonbury Hill, Sussex (chalk). III.

127. A. LANCEOLATA. RÖHL. St. ¼–½in. cæspitose; l. spreading ovate-lanceolate acute, margin recurved, entire; nerve excurrent into a longish mucro; caps. ovate; lid conical obliquely rostrate; per. teeth very variable, rather long, with a medial line.

Moist limestone banks, walls, &c. III.

128. A. LATIFOLIA. N. & H. St. short, gregarious, bulb-like; l. imbricate, broadly roundish ovate, pointed or obtuse, concave, nerve ceasing below apex: caps. oval-oblong, lid long, rostrate.

Alpine rocks, in crevices. Spring.

var. β. _pilifera._ l. with hair-like points.

[23. DESMATODON. BRID.—_Vide_ “TORTULA.”]

24. DISTICHIUM. B. & S.

129. D. CAPILLACEUM. B. & S. St. 1–2in. cæspitose; l. subulate-setaceous, spreading; caps. erect, ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical, reddish brown; per. teeth, narrow, articulate, bi- or tri-fid.

Scotch and Welsh mountains. Summer.

130. D. INCLINATUM. B. & S. St. shorter than last, and less cæspitose; leaves same, per. l. 1, 2, or 3 together; caps. oval, olive-brown, inclined or cernuous; per. teeth larger lanceolate, articulate, entire or perforate, bi-trifid.

Irish and Scotch mountains. VI. VII.

var. β. _tenue._ smaller in all its parts.

25. DIDYMODON. BR. & S.

1. Monoicous.

131. D. RUBELLUS. B. & S. St. ¼–1in. cæspitose, lower leaves reddish, upper dull green, all oblong-lanceolate, spreading, margin recurved, keeled, nerved nearly to apex; caps. pale brown, cylindrical; lid with a short oblique beak; antheridia naked in axils of per. l.

Shady walls, rocks, &c. X.

132. D. JENNERI. Schp. St. 1–1½in. cæspitose, brownish black below; br. fastigiate; l. spreading cirrhate linear-lanceolate concave, keeled, serrate, nerved to apex; areolæ minute rectangular transparent at base; caps. oval-oblong, slightly drooping, lid with a short obtuse beak.

Ross-shire (Jenner and Howie). [Referred by Wilson, and others, to _Cynodontium polycarpon_.]

2. Dioicous.

_a._ L. lanceolate, rigid.

133. D. LURIDUS. Hornsch. St. ¼–1in. cæspitose; l., lower ovate-lanceolate, upper larger and broader, with entire recurved margins, keeled, acute, nerved (reddish) almost or quite to apex, areolæ small roundish; caps. symmetrical oblong on a shortish seta twisted to the right; lid conical pointed; per. teeth small irregular.

Limestone walls, &c., rare. XII.

_b._ L. narrow, not rigid.

134. D. CYLINDRICUS. B. & S. ¼–1in.; l. spreading flexuose, linear-lanceolate, margin undulate and minutely crenulate; areolæ small opaque, gradually enlarged towards the base, there diaphanous; caps. erect, narrow, cylindrical; lid long conico-rostrate, per. teeth linear-lanceolate, fugacious.

Damp shady rocks. E. S. & I. X.

135. D. FLEXIFOLIUS. Hook. & Tayl. Barren stems long trailing, fertile ½in; l. spreading, flexuose, more so when dry, oblong or ligulate, margin reflexed below, and serrate at apex, nerve not reaching apex; areolæ round; caps. small cylindrical, somewhat curved, lid with a short beak; per. teeth short.

High moorlands, Buxton, Alderley Edge, Ben Ledi. III. IV.

var. _gemmescens._ Mitt. MS. Nerve excurrent into an apiculus, which
bears a cluster of egg-shaped or oblong gemmæ.

Old thatch, Amberley, Sussex (Mitten).

136. D. RECURVIFOLIUS. Tayl. “Stems elongate, loosely cæspitose; l. squarrose, crisped and undulate when dry; elliptic-oblong or ligulate, pale margined serrulate, nerve sub-excurrent; areolæ small dense opaque, elongate and pellucid at base.” Ireland, 1842; fruit not known (Wilson).

26. TRICHOSTOMUM. BR. & S.

SECT. I. L. lanceolate or ligulate: dioicous.

137. T. TOPHACEUM. Brid. St. ¼–1in. densely cæspitose, branches fasciculate; l. lanceolate (the upper ones obtuse), concave keeled, margins recurved; nerve not reaching to apex; caps. sub-cylindrical erect, regular; lid with an oblique beak; per. teeth variable, sometimes only 16, somewhat fugacious.

Moist places and rocks. XI.

138. T. BRACHYDONTIUM. Bruch. (_T. mutabile._ olim.) L. broader, lanceolate or ligulate, crisped, not cucullate, margin slightly undulate, nerve excurrent into a prominent mucro; caps. ovate-oblong erect, regular; lid obliquely rostrate; per. teeth very short and irregular.

139. T. CRISPULUM. Bruch. St. ¼–1in., l. lower lanceolate, distant; upper crowded, longer, linear-lanceolate concave cucullate at apex, crisped when dry; nerve prolonged into a short mucro; caps. oval, erect, regular; lid with an oblique beak; perist. t. in unequal pairs.

Limestone rocks near the sea; Ormes Head; Anglesea; Bristol. VI. VII.

var. β. _brevifolium._ l. shorter, lanceolate, acuminate, caps.
smaller.

γ. _angustifolium._ l. narrowly linear-lanceolate crowded,
apiculate.

140. T. FLAVO-VIRENS. Bruch. Müller. St. short, with innovations from summit (interruptedly comose); l. oblong-ligulate, obtuse mucronate, margins entire undulate incurved; fruit-stalk red, slightly flexuose; thick nerve prolonged into a short mucro; caps. oblong-cylindrical pale yellowish brown, with a red mouth; per. t. elongate, regular, in pairs. Lid acuminate, half as long as caps. with an oblique beak.

Shoreham, Sussex; Plymouth (Holmes), Malahide (Dr. Moore). [W. Mitten. Jour. Bot., VI., p. 97.]

141. T. LITTORALE. Mitten. St. elongate, tufted, more or less interruptedly comose; l. erecto-patent, oblong-ligulate obtuse, channelled, recurved towards apex, with nerve excurrent into a short mucro; basal cells hyaline oblong and rectangular.

Ireland; Whitsand Bay, Cornwall; Hastings, (loc. cit. p. 99.)

142. T. (DITRICHUM) TENUE. Hedw. Dwarf, branched. L. from an erect base, patent or secund, narrowly lanceolate, uppermost lanceolate-subulate; per. l. sheathing half their length, quite entire; caps. oblong erect or a little curved, lid conic rostrate.

Carn Lochan and Mael Girdy, 1863 (Crombie); Clova (Fergusson). [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot. VIII. 228.]

β. _glaciale._ in long broad tufts with broader erecto-patent
leaves. (This is _Ditrichum zonatum_ Lorenz.)

SECT. II. L. subulate from a lanceolate base.

_A. dioicous._

143. T. TORTILE. Schrad. St. ¼in. gregarious, sub-flexuose; l. mostly secund, somewhat falcate, margin reflexed, nerve excurrent into the slightly toothed apex; caps. small cylindrical, erect, regular or curved; lid conical, slightly rostrate; per. teeth irregular, purplish red.

Sandy places, rare; Belfast, Yorkshire, Sussex. X. XI.

144. T. FLEXICAULE. Br. & S. St. 1–3in. flexuose, cæspitose, with fastigiate branches; l. longer and more setaceous than in last, flexuose, concave, usually secund, nerve broad, excurrent, toothed at apex; caps. erect, small, ovate-oblong; annulus present; per. teeth long irregular.

Scotch and Derbyshire mountains (calcareous). VI.

var. β. _densum._ densely cæspitose; l. straighter.

145. T. HOMOMALLUM. B. & S. St. scarcely ½in. cæspitose; l. subulato-setaceous from a broadish base, mostly secund, nerve broad, much excurrent; caps. erect oblong-ovate, brown on a long red seta; annulus present; lid short conical obtuse; basilar membrane of perist. very narrow.

Sandy banks. Autumn.

B. _monoicous._

146. T. SUBULATUM. Bruch. St. ¼in. cæspitose; l. subulato-setaceous from an ovate base, spreading or somewhat secund, with a long excurrent nerve; caps. oval, lid large obliquely rostellate; seta somewhat flexuose; annulus none; basilar membrane very narrow; antheridia axillary naked.

Cornwall (Rev.—Tozer). Spring.

147. T. GLAUCESCENS. Hedw. St. ½in., branches fastigiate; l. glaucous, linear-lanceolate, margin plane (upper crowded into a tuft or coma), nerve sometimes excurrent into the denticulate apex; caps. oblong-oval, pale brown, with a long beaked lid; basilar membrane very narrow; barren fl. gemmiform.

Scotch mountains. Summer.

27. TORTULA. SCHREB.

SECT. I. ALOIDELLA. L. rigid, covered on the upper side with articulated
cellular filaments or gemmæ arising from the broad nerve.

148. T. STELLATA. Schreb. 1771. (_T. rigida._ Schultz,) St. minute, loosely cæspitose; l. spreading from an upright base oblong obtuse, margin inflexed membranaceous; caps. erect elliptical; lid with a long oblique beak; calyp. half as large as capsule; per. teeth long, and much twisted; dioicous.

Limestone walls. XI. XII.

149. T. AMBIGUA. Br. & S. (larger in all its parts than last.) L. ligulate lanceolate, apex cucullate, margin incurved; caps. erect cylindrical; lid rostrate; calyp. very short; per. teeth filiform, little twisted; arcuato-incurved when dry: dioicous.

Walls and banks (marly). XI. XII.

150. T. ALOIDES. Br. & S. St. as above; l. spreading, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a strong nerve; caps. cylindrical inclined; lid conical, bluntly rostrate; per. teeth scarcely twisted, when dry widely spreading: dioicous.

Clay banks. XI. XII.

SECT. II. CUNEIFOLIÆ. L. broadly or spathulato-lanceolate.

151. T. LAMELLATA. Lindb. (_Pottia cavifolia_ var. _gracilis_. Bry. Brit.) St. very short cæspitose; l. rather lax erecto-patent, concave, lower smaller, roundish oval, piliferous, upper larger oval spathulate, nerve excurrent into mucro; caps. oblong sub-cylindrical, striate when dry, on a long red seta; lid with a long rather oblique beak; perist. that of a true _Tortula_, but so fragile as to have escaped notice, and always falling off with the operculum according to Dr. Schimper; monoicous.

Banks and walls, Oxford (Boswell), Pontefract, Edinburgh (Nowell); Aldrington (Davies). II.

152. T. ATROVIRENS. Smith. Lindb. [_Didymodon nervosus_, Hook. & T. _Desmatodon nervosus_, Bry. Brit.] St. ¼in. densely cæspitose, branched; l. spreading oval or oblong concave, margins revolute, nerve thick, prolonged into a short mucro; areolæ small roundish larger and diaphanous at base; caps. oval-oblong, lid large conical with an oblique beak.

Dry banks, &c., near the sea.

153. T. CUNEIFOLIA. Dicks. Gregarious; st. simple; l. upper crowded oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, nerve sometimes excurrent, soft, pellucid, areolæ loose; lower broadly ovate aristate; caps. oblong erect, lid obtuse short; basilar membrane of perist. broadish: monoicous.

Banks, sea coast, rare. III. IV.

154. T. MARGINATA. B. & S. St. simple gregarious or cæspitose; l. oblong-lanceolate or linear, margin thickened, nerve sometimes excurrent into a mucro; caps. oblong, lid very large, shortly rostrate; basilar membrane narrow.

Sandstone walls, rare. V. VI.

155. T. VAHLIANA. Schultz. Small, gregarious or cæspitose; l. lower oblong, upper oblong wedge-shaped, nerve excurrent subulate, margin reflexed; caps. narrow elongate cylindrical, brown, sometimes slightly incurved; lid shortly subulate, annulus broad; basilar membrane of perist. tesselate: monoicous. Differs from _muralis_ in its broader softer leaves, narrower capsule, and longer basilar tube.

Damp clayey ground, on road sides, &c. Spring.

Sussex, 1863 (G. Davies); Woking, Surrey (Sheppard and Westell.)

var. β. _subflaccida._ (_T. oblongifolia_, Bry. Brit.) L. with margins
more or less revolute, crenulate, with minute papillæ.

156. T. CANESCENS. Br. Simple gregarious or cæspitose, hoary; l. lower obovate, upper oval-oblong, all concave, with a recurved margin, and nerve excurrent into a long hair-like point; caps. small oblong erect, with a long oblique conical lid; basilar membrane broadish: monoicous.

Fairlight Glen, Hastings. (Mr. Jenner).

157. T. MURALIS. Timm. Short, cæspitose; l. oblong obtuse, margin recurved, nerve excurrent into a long hair-like point; caps. oblong erect, with a long rostellate lid; basilar membrane narrow: monoicous.