Chapter C: L. entire, with a cartilaginous border (2)

508. H. SULCATUM. Schpr. Loosely cæspitose; st. rigid, without radicles, sub-pinnate; l. partly broadly elongate-lanceolate, partly sharply lanceolate from broadly ovate base, all reflexed hamulose; nerve strong. [Schp. Syn. 699.]

Mountainous places. Ben Lawers, July, 1865 (G. E. Hunt.)

509. H. FALCATUM. Brid. (_H. commutatum_ var. _condensatum_, Bry. Brit.) St. 2–3in. cæspitose, erect, sparingly branched; l. as in _commutatum_, but less circinnate and more rigid, undulate, nerved nearly to apex; capsule small, curved cernuous. [Bry. Eur. VI., 607. Schp. Syn., 613.]

Sub-alpine places and bogs. V. VI.

510. H. FILICINUM. Dill. St. 2–4in. sub-erect, slender, pinnate, with purplish radicles; l. spreading, falcato-secund, st. l. deltoid-ovate, tapering; br. l. ovate-lanceolate—all serrulate, scarcely twisted when dry, nerved to or beyond apex; areolæ oval, rather large, larger rhomboid and pellucid at base; caps. oblong curved, cernuous, lid conical acute: dioicous.

Marshes, wet rocks. IV.

var. β. _vallisclausæ._ Brid. l. sub-secund, nerve very strong and
excurrent. Ormeshead; Derbyshire.

_Sect. IV._ St. robust, without radicles, irregularly pinnate; l.
scariose, shining, strongly rugose; areolæ vermicular above, the rest
small quadrate; caps. sub-arcuate, lid rostrate, annulus broad.

511. H. RUGOSUM. Dill. St. 2–3in. rigid, erect, densely tufted; br. recurved; l. crowded, falcato-secund, serrulate and recurved at margin, lanceolate acuminate from a broad base, rugose at back, nerved more than half way; caps. sub-cylindrical curved, pale reddish brown; lid large yellowish, with an oblique beak: dioicous.

Limestone and other rocks; barren in England. Spring (?)

_Sect. V._ St. creeping, cæspitose, pinnate, l. curved secund, areolæ loosely rhomboid; caps. incurved cernuous, compressed below mouth when dry.

512. H. INCURVATUM. Brid. St. short slender, branches curved upwards; l. ovate-lanceolate, tapering, all pointing upwards, entire, shortly two-nerved; caps. small, ovate, horizontal; lid short, conical, acute: monoicous.

Shady walls and stones. VI. VII.

_Sect. VI._ St. more or less regularly pinnate; l. falcato-secund, two
or singly nerved, or nerveless, areolæ narrowly linear, quadrate at
basal angles; caps. sub-cylindrical incurved; lid large, shortly
rostellate.

_a._ Monoicous.

513. H. BREADALBANENSE. Buchanan White. “St. procumbent or sub-erect, covered with villi; vaguely pinnate; l. secund ovate-lanceolate concave, nerve strong single, reaching about half way, margin of base slightly recurved; sub-denticulate.”

Breadalbane Mts. and Ben Lawers 1865 (Dr. F. B. White). Fruit not known.

514. H. HAMULOSUM. Frölich (?) St. 1in. or more, procumbent pinnate; br. hooked at apex; l. circinnate-secund, much curved, tapering into a long slender sub-serrulate point from an ovate-lanceolate base, nerveless; caps. sub-cylindrical curved, tapering at base, lid conical pointed:

Alpine grassy declivities. Summer.

var. β. _micranthum._ smaller, l. shorter pointed, and faintly
two-nerved; caps. more oval, with an obtuse lid. Ben Lawers,
&c.

_b._ Dioicous.

515. H. RUPESTRE. Buchanan White. St. procumbent, covered with very short villi, irregularly pinnate; l. strongly falcato-secund, lanceolate acuminate from a wide base, much curved; obscurely two-nerved, margin plane, scarcely denticulate.

Ben Lawers, August, 1865.

Fr. unknown.

516. H. BAMBERGERI. B. & S. Rather small dense tufts, yellowish green above, passing to yellow-fuscous at base; st. without radicles or villi, sub-pinnate, br. few fastigiate; l. densely crowded secund, strongly circinnate, ovate-lanceolate elongate, entire, with a long point, faintly two-nerved, one usually larger than the other; alar cells few, rather obscure, yellow, upper linear elongate; fr. not known.

Near summit of Ben Lawers, July, 1867 (Dr. Fraser).

517. H. IMPONENS. Hedw. Cæspitose, sub-pinnate, l. imbricate, circinnate secund, filiform from a broad ovate-oblong base, margin reflexed below, and minutely serrate, obsoletely two-nerved; br. l. much narrower, and at apex of br. convolute, and hamato-incurved; per. l. nerveless filiform flexuose apiculate; caps. sub-erect cylindrical incurved; lid convexo-conical, acutely pointed yellowish, annulus broad. [Bry. Eur. VI., 597. Schp. Syn. 625.]

Woods and stony ground. Autumn.

Reigate Heath (Mr. Mitten), 1864.

518. H. CUPRESSIFORME. Dill. St. about 1in. procumbent; l. falcato-secund, pointing downwards, sharply acuminate from an ovate-lanceolate base, slightly serrulate, nerveless or faintly two-nerved; per. l. erect, almost piliferous; caps. sub-cylindrical cernuous, curved, lid conical, cuspidate.

Walls, rocks, trunks of trees, &c. XI. XII.

var. β. _compressum._ st. slender pinnate, reddish, with compressed
foliage; l. pale green, serrulate at apex; seta long slender;
caps. short, elliptic oblong.

γ. _minus._ pinnate; br. slender: l. narrow, falcate serrulate,
margin recurved, caps. small erect. Trunks of trees.

δ. _filiforme._ br. prostrate, filiform, slender; l. falcate,
serrulate; caps. short; lid with a shorter point. Rocks.
Killarney, &c.

ε. _lacunosum._ more robust; br. thickened; l. larger
sub-coriaceous, yellowish brown.

ζ. _longisetum._ slender, l. pale, serrulate; seta elongate, caps.
short ovate.

θ. _mammillatum._ caps. with a short conical or mammillate lid.

519. H. RESUPINATUM. Wils. St. creeping, sub-pinnate; l. erecto-patent, secund, pointing upwards, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, entire, nerveless; caps. oblong erect, almost symmetrical; lid with an oblique beak.

Walls, rocks, trees, &c. X. XII.

520. H. LINDBERGH. Mitt. Jour, of Bot. I., p. 123. (_H. pratense_, Bry. Brit. 399.) “St. sparingly branched in an irregular manner, without any appearance of becoming pinnate; l. loosely compressed ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, but with a broad point,[2] margins entire, nerveless; cells at angles enlarged and pale; caps., according to Lindberg, is on a rather thick seta 1in. long, turgid ovate, when dry plicate.”

Footnote 2:

Some of the leaves, even on authenticated specimens, have longer and
narrower points (acuminate), but in no case that I have seen are they
denticulate.

“Damp sandy ground among thin grass, not in bogs. The fr. has been gathered once by Dr. Klingraff in June, in W. Prussia.”

“_H. pratense_ differs from above in its irregularly pinnate stems,
more compressed foliage, l. lanceolate with a narrow point denticulate
at apex, and the enlarged basal cells of same colour; not found in
Britain.”

521. H. ARCUATUM. Lindb. (_H. pratense_, var. β. Bry. Brit.) “L. more falcato-secund, scarcely complanate.”

Clay soils, common.

_Sect. VII._ Prostrate or ascending, rooting, regularly pinnate; l.
hamate, circinnato-secund; caps. cernuous, solid, lid convexo-conical.

522. H. MOLLUSCUM. Dill. St. soft, 1–2in. sub-erect; l. circinnate secund; st. l. cordate; br. l. ovate-lanceolate—all tapering acuminate, striate, serrulate, and faintly two-nerved, crisped when dry; caps. ovate, horizontal; lid conical, large, sharply pointed.

Moist banks and limestone rocks, common. XI.

_Sect. VIII._ St. erect, rigid, villose, regularly pinnate; l. hamate;
caps. oblong, incurved, solid.

523. H. CRISTA-CASTRENSIS. L. St. sub-erect, 3–4in. pectinate; st. l. ovate-acuminate, br. l. narrowly lanceolate acuminate, strongly striate, serrulate near apex—all circinnato-secund, faintly two-nerved, margin reflexed; caps. oblong curved, cernuous, lid conical, pointed; dioicous.

Woods and alpine rocks. VII. VIII.

_Sect. IX._ St. soft cæspitose, prostrate, branched; l. falcato-secund, rarely spreading, faintly nerved; areolæ linear; per. l. long, deeply sulcate; caps. incurved cernuous, lid convexo-conical or mammillate.

_a._ Monoicous.

524. H. PALUSTRE. Dill. St. creeping; br. ascending, crowded, curved, cuspidate and convolute at apex; l. generally secund, sometimes almost falcate, elliptic-entire, strongly concave, pointed; either nerveless, shortly two-nerved or singly nerved half way; per. l. erect, distinctly striate; caps. ovate, slightly curved; cernuous; lid conical, pointed.

Stones and rocks in streams. V.

var. β. l. imbricate, not secund.

γ. _subsphœricarpon._ l. strongly nerved nearly to apex; caps.
roundish ovate, tumid.

525. H. DILATATUM. Wils. (_H. molle_, Bry. Eur.) Plant of somewhat firm growth; l. rotundo-ovate, rather concave, suddenly apiculate, texture very close, areolæ long and very narrow; nerve double, short slender, but well defined (_fide_ G. E. Hunt). Caps. ovate cernuous curved, lid conical.

At a low elevation. N. Wales, Yorkshire, Berkshire, Clova, Braemar.

526. H. MOLLE, Dicks. (_H. alpestre_ (?) Bry. Eur., non Swartz.) Very weak and flaccid, the tufts falling to pieces on removal from the water; l. varying from ovate to rotundo-ovate, flat, or sometimes very slightly reflexed towards apex, gradually tapering upwards, or very rarely suddenly apiculate; texture somewhat loose, areolæ larger and wider than in last; nerve rather long and thick, ill-defined, single or double (_fide_ G. E. Hunt). Caps. as above.

Great elevations. Ben-mac-Dhui, Ben Nevis.

[The above two diagnoses are from a paper by Mr. G. E. Hunt, on
Perthshire and Braemar Mosses in Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. and
Manchester, 1868–9, p. 320.]

527. H. ARCTICUM. Sommerfelt. St. 1–2in. creeping; br. elongate, simple, obtuse; l. spreading, green above, purplish below, small, broadly ovate or roundish, somewhat obtuse, entire, strongly two-nerved about half way, sometimes nerves blended into one; caps. ovate, cernuous, tapering into the seta; lid conical.

Alpine rivulets. VI.

528. H. EUGYRIUM. Schpr. St. short, much branched; l. crowded, st. l. drooping on two sides, broadly oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate; br. l. flexuoso-falcate, plano-concave, elongate-lanceolate narrower, serrulate at apex; nerve thin, unequally bifid; areolæ vermicular excavate, fulvous, and rectangular at the decurrent angles; per. l., external spreading, internal erect, longly lanceolate, with erose apices; caps. ovate-oblong cernuous, turgid, lid mammillate; annulus broadly bi-triseriate. [Bry. Eur. VI., t. 579. Schp. Syn., 639.]

Stones in waterfalls. Summer.

N. Wales, Devonshire, Killarney.

_b._ Dioicous.

529. H. OCHRACEUM. Turn. St. 2–4in., tufted filiform, sub-erect, sparingly branched; l. yellowish green sub-secund, sometimes falcate, distant, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, concave, nerve forked, extending half way; per. l. squarrose recurved; caps. oblong, tapering at base, cernuous; lid conical.

Stones in alpine and sub-alpine streams, &c. V. VI.

_Sect. X._ Erect or procumbent, stem simple or more or less pinnate; l. patent, rarely sub-complanate, or sub-secund, thinly single-nerved, or shortly two-nerved, shining; areolæ linear; caps. incurved cernuous; lid mammillate or convexo-conical.

1. St. more or less regularly pinnate; l. patent or loosely imbricate.

_a._ Monoicous.

530. H. CORDIFOLIUM. Swartz. Bright green above, reddish brown below; st. 3–6in. erect, sub-pinnate; br. short slender; l. spreading, almost squarrose, convolute and cuspidate at tip of branches, distant, cordate-ovate, obtuse, or slightly apiculate, concave entire, strongly nerved almost to apex; cells scarcely enlarged at base; caps. oblong, suddenly horizontal, not tapering at base; lid conical.

Marshes and ditches. IV. V.

_b._ Dioicous.

531. H. GIGANTEUM. Schp. St. erect, thick, often 1ft. long, densely pinnate; st. l. patent, broadly cordate-ovate, strongly nerved to apex; cells linear, excavate and quadrate at basal angles; br. l. lingulate narrow, terminal ones twisted and subulate; per. l. oblong-lanceolate; caps. oblong-cylindrical, sub-incurved, horizontal, on a long seta; annulus none; lid mammillate. [Schp. Syn. 642.]

Marshes. Hale Moss and Wybunbury Bog. Summer.

532. H. SARMENTOSUM. Wahl. St. 1in. or more, procumbent, sub-pinnate; br. short cuspidate; foliage red or purplish; l. much crowded, sub-erect, elliptic-oblong, scarcely pointed, concave, entire, nerved almost to apex; areolæ large, quadrate and pellucid at basal angles; caps. ovate-oblong, cernuous.

Wet alpine rocks. Spring (?)

533. H. CUSPIDATUM. Dill. St. 2–6in. erect, pinnate; terminal foliage cuspidate; l. spreading, almost squarrose, when young erect appressed and convolute; ovate, obtuse, entire, nerveless or shortly two-nerved; cells enlarged and pellucid at basal angles; caps. oblong, much curved, tapering below; lid conical acute.

Marshes. V. VI.

534. H. SCHREBERI. Dill. St. 4–6in. erect, pinnate, deep red, with slender curved branches, somewhat cuspidate at summit; l. convolute, afterwards erecto-patent, elliptical, concave, obtuse, shortly two-nerved; cells enlarged at basal angles; caps. ovate-oblong curved cernuous; lid conical, pointed.

Woods and shady banks. X. XI.

535. H. PURUM. Dill. St. 4–6in., not coloured, erect, pinnate; br. slightly curved, not cuspidate at apex; l. closely imbricate, broadly elliptical, concave, with recurved points, almost boat-shaped, entire, nerved half way; caps. ovate, suddenly horizontal; lid conical.

Shady banks. X. XI.

2. St. almost simple, or sparingly branched; l. closely imbricate when
dry: dioicous.

536. H. STRAMINEUM. Dicks. St. 2–4in. erect, filiform, with few erect branches; l. erecto-patent, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, concave, thinly nerved nearly to apex; cells enlarged quadrate and pellucid at basal angles; caps. small, ovate, curved, cernuous; lid short, conical.

Marshes amongst _Sphagnum_; rare in fr. IV. V.

537. H. TRIFARIUM. W. & M. St. 2–3in. erect or trailing, sparingly branched; l. very closely imbricate, fragile when dry; generally but not always trifarious, roundish obtuse, inflated, entire, nerved almost to apex; caps. oval-oblong, curved, cernuous; lid conical.

Alpine bogs and turfy rills. VI. (?)

_Sect. XI._ Fastigiate, sparingly branched; l. imbricate secund,
ventricose, faintly nerved.

538. H. SCORPIOIDES. Dill. St. 3–4in. erect or procumbent, irregularly pinnate; branches short; l. crowded, imbricate, falcato-secund, large, roundish ovate, ventricose, apiculate, entire, nerveless or faintly and shortly two-nerved, purplish brown or lurid; caps. short oblong curved, tumid, cernuous, on a long seta; lid conical, pointed.

Bogs. V.

_Sub-genus_ XIII. HYLOCOMIUM. St. woody, pinnate or bipinnate, or
sparingly branched; l. scariose, shining, sulcate, thinly two-nerved,
without radicles; cells narrow, linear, broader at base; caps. ovate or
ovate-globose, coriaceous, lid mammillate, perist. large, perfect.

_a._ irregularly bi-tripinnate, l. loosely imbricate; lid rostrate.

539. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) SPLENDENS. Dill. St. 2–6in., erect or procumbent, interruptedly bi-tripinnate, villous, reddish; fol. reddish or fulvous green; st. l. roundish elliptical, with long wavy points; br. l. with a short point or muticous—all imbricate concave serrate, shortly two-nerved, margin recurved below; caps. ovate, curved, cernuous; lid convex, tapering into a long beak: dioicous.

Grassy banks, woods, &c. IV.

_b._ irregularly pinnate, l. patent, lid mammillate or shortly beaked.

540. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) UMBRATUM. Ehrh. St. arched, sub-erect, with branched villi, irregularly bipinnate; l. yellowish green, glossy, cordate acuminate, serrate, plicato-striate, nerve unequally bifurcate; caps. short, roundish, obovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical, acute: dioicous.

Alpine woods on stones. XI.

541. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) OAKESII. Sulliv. St. arched, irregularly and distantly pinnate, with branched villi; l. larger, elliptical, concave, not cordate, plicato-striate, serrate, and sharply acuminate, singly nerved half way or shortly two-nerved, margin recurved; per. l. squarrose; caps. roundish ovate, gibbous above, cernuous; lid conical, shortly beaked: dioicous.

Alpine rocks. Autumn (?)

542. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) BREVIROSTRE. Ehrh. St. 2–6in. arched, erect, with branched villi, irregularly bipinnate; st. l. distant, almost squarrose, plicato-striate, cordate, and suddenly acuminate; br. l. ovate-acuminate, not so suddenly acuminate, striate—all serrulate and two-nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate, cernuous; lid conical, tapering into a rather long inclined beak: dioicous.

Mountainous woods. X. XI.

_c._ L. squarrose.

543. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) SQUARROSUM. Dill. St. 2–3in. reddish, slender, more or less erect, irregularly pinnate; br. drooping; st. l. squarrose, recurved, ovate, gradually tapering and very acute, faintly striate below; br. l. narrower, less recurved, and squarrose—all serrulate and shortly two-nerved: caps. roundish ovate, drooping; lid conical, with a short sharp point: dioicous.

Banks and woods. XI.

544. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) TRIQUETRUM. Dill. St. 6in. or more, rigid, reddish, erect, sub-pinnate; br. long straggling; st. l. squarrose or sub-secund, striate; br. l. spreading, scarcely striate—all triangular acuminate from a cordate, amplexicaul base, serrulate and two-nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate, cernuous; lid conical, acute: dioicous.

Woods, &c. XI.

_d._ L. secund, or falcato-secund.

545. H. (HYLOCOMIUM) LOREUM. Dill. St. 6–12in. slender, erect, or procumbent, more or less pinnate; br. drooping straggling; l. squarrose, recurved, more or less secund at summit of stem and branches, ovate-lanceolate, with a long acumen, not cordate or amplexicaul; plicato-striate below; shortly and faintly two-nerved, sometimes nerveless; caps. small roundish ovate; lid conical, sharply pointed: dioicous.

Mountainous woods. XI.

84. OMALIA. BRID.

546. O. TRICHOMANOIDES. Dill. St. about 1in. irregularly pinnate; l. crowded, sub-secund, complanate, oval, serrulate at obtuse rounded apex, faintly nerved half way; caps. small sub-cylindrical, sub-erect, lid with an oblique beak.

Trunks of trees and shady rocks. X. XI.

85. NECKERA. Hedwig.

547. N. COMPLANATA. Bry. Eur. St. 1–2in. pinnate; br. short crowded attenuate; l. complanate, not undulate, obliquely ovate-oblong, suddenly apiculate from broadish apex, faintly and shortly two-nerved; caps. roundish elliptical, tapering below, erect; lid large, obliquely rostrate: dioicous.

Trunks of trees, walls, &c. X.—XII.

548. N. CRISPA. Dill. St. 4–6in. pinnate, from a creeping rhizome; l. complanate, undulate, ovate-oblong or ovate-ligulate, somewhat obtuse and pointed, serrulate at apex, faintly and shortly two-nerved or singly nerved half way; caps. roundish ovate erect; lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.

Mountainous rocks, trees. XI.—IV.

549. N. PUMILA. Huds. St. 1–2in. sub-pinnate, with slender flagellæ and short complanate branches; l. complanate undulate, ovate-oblong, tapering, apiculate or acuminate, somewhat concave, serrulate, margin recurved, shortly two-nerved or nerveless; caps. elliptical, erect, on a very short seta; lid with a short beak: dioicous.

Trunks of trees and rocks. X. XI.

550. N. PHILIPPEANA. Schp. Primary stem creeping densely pinnate, secondary ascending remotely pinnate; l. densely imbricate, complanate, strongly and elegantly undulate, ovate-lanceolate, sharply narrowed into a longer or shorter flexuose apiculus, nerveless; areolæ small linear. [Bry. Eur. V. 445. Schp. Syn. 471.] Possibly only a variety of _N. pumila_.

Bark of a young ash tree, Valley of Hirnant, Bala, N. Wales (Rev. H. H. Higgins), July, 1872, barren; Scotland.

551. N. PENNATA. Hall. St. 2in. pinnate, with complanate longer branches; l. complanate undulate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a slightly serrulate point, otherwise entire, nerveless, or sometimes shortly and faintly two-nerved; caps. oblong or oval immersed, lid with a short oblique beak: monoicous.

Trunks of trees, rare. Spring.

86. HOOKERIA. SMITH.

552. H. LUCENS. Dill. St. 1–3in. procumbent, with irregular complanate branches; l. complanate, large roundish ovate, obtuse, entire, nerveless; areolæ large, hexagonal, pellucid; caps. roundish elliptical, almost pendulous; lid conical, suddenly tapering into a long straight beak: monoicous.

Moist banks, stones in streams, &c. XI. XII.

553. H. LÆTEVIRENS. H. & T. St. shorter and more slender, procumbent, sub-pinnate; l. complanate, loosely imbricate, smaller, ovate, suddenly and shortly acuminate, with a thickened border; doubly nerved above half way, serrulate at apex; areolæ smaller, hexagonal; caps. smaller, drooping, roundish, elliptical; lid as above: monoicous.

Caves, wet rocks, and by rivulets. XI. XII.

87. DALTONIA. HOOKER & TAYLOR.

554. D. SPLACHNOIDES. H. & T. St. ¼in. tufted, erect, br. fastigiate; l. crowded, sub-erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly keeled, entire, nerve vanishing below apex; per. l. small ovate; caps. small oval-oblong, sub-erect, lid large, with a long straight beak.

Sub-alpine moist shady rocks and trees, rare. X. XI.

88. CRYPHÆA. MOHR.

555. C. HETEROMALLA. Dill. St. 1in. decumbent, sparingly branched, sub-pinnate; l. spreading, imbricate, slightly recurved, broadly ovate, pointed, concave, thickly nerved nearly to apex; per. l. elliptic, with an excurrent nerve; caps. oblong immersed, appearing secund; lid conical, pointed: synoicous.

Trunks of trees.

var. β. _aquatilis._ st. elongate, l. roundish ovate obtuse; stones in
running streams, or trees.

89. FONTINALIS. DILL.

556. F. ANTIPYRETICA. L. St. very long, often 1ft., with long spreading branches; l. ovate-lanceolate, very concave, keeled, nerveless, all on each branch with one margin reflexed on the same side, the other plane, sometimes serrulate near apex; caps. oval or ovate, immersed; lid long conical acute.

Streams and stagnant water. VI. VII.

557. F. SQUARROSA. L. St. shorter, but elongate; br. numerous, crowded fasciculate, not spreading; l. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, concave, not keeled, margin not reflexed, nerveless, entire; caps. similar to last.

Mountain rivulets. VI. VII.

90. DICHELYMA. MYRIN.

558. D. CAPILLACEUM. Dicks. St. 3–6in. slender, brittle, with a few distichous spreading branches; l. erecto-patent, secund, subulate-setaceous, keeled, with a long excurrent nerve; per. l. long convolute, nerveless; caps. short oval, almost immersed; lid large conical, beaked.

Alpine rivulets. Summer.