Chapter DIV: II. Calyptra mitriform (2)

var. β. _incana._ caps. small; l. oval-lanceolate, with long hair
points.

γ. _æstiva._ l. long linear-lanceolate, nerve scarcely excurrent.

δ. _rupestris._ larger and much branched; l. larger oblong,
piliferous, caps. longer, curved.

Walls and stones (δ limestone). IV. V.

SECT. III. BARBULA. L. naked, narrowly or ovate-lanceolate, in some
species slightly cirrhate when dry.

158. T. MUCRONATA. Brid. [_Cinclidotus riparius_ β. _terrestris_. Bry. Brit.] St. 1–2in. radiculose, branches fastigiate; l. erecto-patent, long lingulate, concave, minutely papillose on both sides, margin slightly recurved, nerve thick excurrent into a mucro; areolæ upper minute, rectangular and hyaline at base; caps. erect cylindrical incurved, lid with an oblique beak: dioicous.

Stones in streams. Anglesea, Bristol, Surrey, Sussex, in fr. (Davies.) IV.

159. T. UNGUICULATA. Hedw. St. ⅛–1in. cæspitose, dichotomous; l. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, margin recurved, nerve excurrent into a short mucro; caps. oblong-cylindrical erect on a long reddish seta; lid with a subulate beak: dioicous.

Clay banks and hedges. XII.

var. β. _cuspidata._ stems shorter, l. narrower, with a longer mucro.

γ. _apiculata._ l. spreading recurved, mucro long.

δ. _microcarpa._ caps. small oval or oval-oblong.

ε. _obtusifolia._ more robust, l. shorter, broader obtuse, mucro
almost or altogether absent; caps. sub-cylindrical.

ζ. _fastigiata._ with long fastigiate innovations; l. larger,
slightly undulate.

160. T. CONVOLUTA. Hedw. Cæspitose; l. spreading oblong-lanceolate, plane or somewhat undulate in margin, nerve not excurrent; per. l. strongly convolute, sheathing; caps. inclined oblong-ovate, on a yellowish seta; lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.

Walls, &c. V. VI.

161. T. REVOLUTA. Schwaeg. Densely cæspitose, l. crowded erecto-patent oblong-lanceolate, nerve excurrent from the blunt apex, margin strongly revolute; caps. reddish brown oval-oblong, with a scarcely oblique lid; seta red: dioicous.

Walls, mostly limestone. V.

162. T. HORNSCHUCHIANA. Schultz. Loosely cæspitose, l. crowded, spreading, ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering to an acute point, formed by slightly excurrent nerve, margins slightly revolute; caps. oblong slightly curved, annulus narrow: dioicous.

Rocks, walls, and banks, not common. IV. V.

163. T. VINEALIS. Brid. St. more tufted than in _T. fallax_; l. strictly patent with a stouter nerve, which is obscure towards the acute apex; the latter usually tipped with a pointed hyaline cell; appressed when dry, not crisped or contorted; caps. sub-cylindrical: dioicous. (W. Mitten, in Jour. Bot. v. 324.)

Walls. IV. V.

164. T. INSULANA. De Not. (_T. vinealis_ β. _flaccida_. Bryol. Brit. 124.) St. loosely cæspitose; l. linear-subulate from a lanceolate appressed base, recurved or hooked, obliquely patent, acute, margin recurved below, above plane, nerve excurrent; contorted when dry; caps. oblong erect; lid conical attenuate, somewhat obtuse, half as long as capsule: rare in fruit. (loc. cit. 328.)

England and Ireland.

* [T. GRACILIS. Schw. Stem cæspitose, branches fastigiate; “l. erecto-patent, imbricated when dry, carinato-concave, margin recurved, nerve excurrent; per. l. larger, sheathing subulate, and flexuose at apex; caps. ovate-oblong or ovate; perist. scarcely contorted, with a broadish basilar membrane.”—Wils. Bryol. Brit. p. 123. Inserted from Wilson, but has not yet been certainly found in Britain.]

Spring.

165. T. RIGIDULA. Hedw. (_Trichost. rigidulum_, var. β. _densum_. Bryol. Brit. 114.) l. lanceolate carinate, rigid, bristly, not appressed and imbricate, when dry slightly curved and loosely contorted; nerve stout continued into a thick obscure point, not really excurrent; fruit similar to No. 164. (loc. cit. 327.)

Scotland, York, Sussex, and Cornwall.

166. T. SPADICEA. Mitt. (_Trichostomum rigidulum._ Bryol. Brit., p. 114.) St. robust 1–2in.; l. patent from the base, lanceolate-subulate, canaliculate, margin recurved below; incurved and closely imbricate when dry; nerve percurrent and distinct to apex; per. l. lower half erect broadly ovate, upper narrow, recurved; caps. erect cylindrical on a red seta; lid shortly subulate, twisted; teeth narrow, on a short membrane: dioicous. (loc. cit., p. 326.)

Rocks and stones near water. Scotland, Ireland, Bolton Abbey. Autumn, Winter.

167. T. FALLAX. Hedw. St. ½–1in. cæspitose; l. lanceolate from a broadish base, keeled, margin recurved, somewhat squarrose, gradually tapering and nerved to apex; per. l. sheathing; caps. variable both in size and shape, usually sub-cylindrical, with an obtuse rostrate lid often as long as itself: dioicous.

Clay and limestone banks. XI. XII.

168. T. REFLEXA. Brid. [_T. fallax._ δ. Bry. Brit.] St. loosely cæspitose; l. tristichous, recurved and falcate, slightly twisted, from an oblong base lanceolate, keeled, strongly papillose on both sides, margin reflexed below, nerve vanishing below apex; caps. erect cylindrical regular; lid subulate beaked: dioicous.

Calcareous rocks and walls, rare in fr.

Scotland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire; Rydal Water (Baker). [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. of Bot. IX., 293.]

169. T. RUFA. (Lorenz). Braithwaite. “St. 2–5in. often prostrate at base, sparingly dichotomous, dense leaved. L. recurved when moist, solid from an ovate base lanceolate, gradually apiculate, margin strongly recurved, nerve vanishing just below apex; cells at base rhomboid pellucid, at apex minute quadrate papillose. Reported from Ben Lawers by Dr. Stirton, but I have not seen British specimens.”—[Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 293.]

170. T. RECURVIFOLIA. Mitt. (_T. gigantea_, Lindb.). “In large fuscous green tufts, blackish brown at base. St. 3–8in. simple or bi-tripartite, robust dense leaved, with a few radicles. L. trifarious squarroso-recurved, when dry twisted and crisped, elongate lanceolate concave, margin strongly revolute, nerve strong, reaching apex; basal cells elongate with sinuous walls, above irregularly stellate.” (l. c. 293.)

Dripping alpine rocks. Ben Bulben, Sligo (Moore).

Buxton in fruit, June, 1865. G. E. Hunt.

SECT. IV. SYNTRICHIA. Lower portion of peristome forming a long tube.

171. T. PRINCEPS. De Not. (_T. Mulleri._ B. & S.) St. 1–2in., cæspitose, with brownish radicles; l. erecto-patent, oblong broad, concave, fawn-coloured, margin reflexed; nerve excurrent into a short scabrous hair point from a rounded obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical, straight or curved on a purplish seta; one-half perist. tubular: synoicous.

Rocks, Scotland. Spring.

172. T. RURALIS. Hedw. Cæspitose, branches dichotomous; l. squarrose, recurved ovate-oblong keeled, nerve excurrent into a long scabrous hair point from the acute apex, margin slightly recurved; caps. sub-cylindrical slightly curved; quite one-half perist. tubular; lid long conical: dioicous.

Walls and roofs. III. IV.

173. T. LÆVIPILA. Brid. Cæspitose; l. spreading obovate-oblong or almost panduriform, margin slightly recurved below, nerve reddish, excurrent into a longish white hair point from the obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical, slightly curved, lid conical; one-third perist. tubular: monoicous.

Trunks of trees and rocks. V. VI.

174. T. INTERMEDIA. Brid. (_T. ruralis_ β _minor_, Wils. Bry. Brit.) Smaller and densely cæspitose or sub-pulvinate; l. erecto-patent, oblong spathulate apex obtuse, nerve excurrent into a long scabrous hair point; caps. shorter than in 172: dioicous.

Limestone walls, Scotland and N. Wales. Spring.

175. T. PAPILLOSA. Wils. Cæspitose; l. spreading obovate concave, margin plane (involute when dry), nerve thick papillose on the back, and excurrent into a smooth hair point from suddenly tapering apex; a few hyaline cells at base: fr. not known.

Wales, Sussex, and Hampshire.

176. T. LATIFOLIA. B. & S. L. obovate-spathulate or almost panduriform, soft and flaccid, with a scarcely excurrent nerve, notched at the obtuse apex; caps. cylindrical slightly curved, with a long rostrate lid; quite one-third of perist. tubular; annulus small: dioicous.

Roots of trees, stones, &c.; fruit rare. Spring.

177. T. SUBULATA. Brid. Cæspitose, simple or branched; l. oblong-lanceolate, narrowed and pellucid at base, margin plane, sometimes with a row of larger cells, nerve excurrent into a short mucro, apex sometimes slightly toothed; caps. very long cylindrical curved with a short lid; half peristome tubular: monoicous.

Sandy hedge banks, walls, &c. V. VI.

SECT. V. TORTUOSÆ. L. strongly twisted and cirrhate when dry.

178. T. TORTUOSA. W. & M. St. ½–3in. tufted; l. very long linear-lanceolate, crowded flexuose, margin plane and undulated, with an excurrent nerve; per. l. narrow and tapering cirrhate; caps. straight or incurved, erect or inclined, ovate-oblong, on a longish seta: dioicous.

Limestone rocks, Derbyshire. VII.

179. T. HIBERNICA. Mitt. St. 2in. branched; l. at apices of branches sub-comose and stellate; base dilated and clasping above, thence patent or patenti-divergent, straight, rarely incurved or recurved, channelled, cirrhate when dry; ovate-lanceolate below, thence lineal-subulate, acute, nerve yellow continued to apex. (loc. cit. p. 329.)

Mountains near Dunkerran, common, but always sterile. (Dr. Taylor.)

180. T. NITIDA. Lindb. 1864. (_Trichost. diffractum_, Mitt. 1868.) Dioicous, densely pulvinate: stem rigid branched; l. crowded erecto-patent, arcuate when dry, more or less elongate, oblong, obtuse, channelled, margin plane slightly undulate, nerve terete prominent on back, excurrent; areolation minute, loose and cuneiform at base; fr. not known. (l. c. IX., 294.)

Clifton, Torquay, Plymouth.

181. T. SINUOSA. Mitt. Jour. of Bot. V., 327. (_Dicranella_, Wils. MS.; _Trichostomum_, Lindb.) Densely cæspitose, fuscous below, l. long linear-lanceolate or subulate patent from a very short pellucid base, margin slightly recurved below, above denticulate, nerve continued into a thick obscure blunt point, often broken off; basilar cells all oblong and rectangular; fr. not known.

Shady places at roots of trees, Sussex, Cornwall, Bangor.

182. T. FRAGILIS. Wils. (_Trichostomum_, Müll. Syn.) Stem erect simple or dichotomously branched, radiculose tomentose at base; l. crowded lanceolate-subulate, nerve excurrent, margins plane; areolæ minute, large and hyaline at base; caps. erect, ovate-oblong, regular or slightly incurved; lid conical with a long oblique beak; fruit rare. (l. c. IX., 294.)

Clefts of rocks and on the ground. Ben Lawers.

Summer.

183. T. SQUARROSA. De Not. St. 1in. cæspitose; l. squarrose, lanceolate, recurved, with a broad sheathing base, margin undulate, with large diaphanous cells, somewhat serrulate at apex; nerve scarcely excurrent; capsule sub-cylindrical, narrow, slightly curved; lid conical, half as long as capsule; seta 1in. long: dioicous.

Chalk. Ireland and S. of England; fr. not known in this country.

28. CINCLIDOTUS. B. & S.

[C. RIPARIUS. Walker Arnott. Acrocarpous; branches fasciculate; “l. spreading oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, with thickened margins, very shortly mucronate, nerve excurrent; caps. exserted on a short thick pedicel, elliptic-oblong; lid obliquely conico-rostrate; perist. with numerous subdivisions.”] Bry. Brit. 138.

Not found in Britain, but IV.

var. β. _terrestris_ has been frequently found, and is now referred to
_Tortula mucronata_, to which refer.

184. C. FONTINALOIDES. P. Beauv. Cladocarpous; st. 2–5in., in long straggling tufts, generally floating; l. crowded, spreading, flexuose, lanceolate, acute, with a thickened margin and strong excurrent nerve; per. l. larger sheathing ovate-lanceolate, thinner; cap. immersed, with a conical beaked lid; calyp. persistent, thick, split on one side.

Stones in rivulets, &c. III. IV.

29. ENCALYPTA. Schreb.

_a._ Monoicous.

1. Peristome wanting.

185. E. COMMUTATA. N. & H. Stems about 1in. branched radiculose; l. squarrose, from an erect ovate base lanceolate, concave, acute, nerve excurrent; caps. smooth cylindrical, with a long beaked lid; calyp. jagged but not fringed at base.

Alpine summits. Scotland. VII. VIII.

2. Peristome single.

186. E. VULGARIS. Hedw. St. about ½in. branched, radiculose; l. spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong, acute or obtuse, nerve sometimes excurrent; margin plane; caps. smooth cylindrical; base of calyptra entire; perist. very fugacious.

Limestone walls, rocks, &c. III. IV.

var. β. perist. none, leaves apiculate (common).

γ. perist. none, l. obtuse and concave at apex.

δ. perist. none, l. obtuse; caps. oblique.

ε. perist. none, l. piliferous.

187. E. CILIATA. Hedw. St. about ½in. radiculose; l. oblong-ovate, margin recurved below, and toothed near apex; gradually tapering to a point formed by the excurrent nerve, undulate; caps. cylindrical, smooth; perist. persistent; calyptra fringed at base.

Sub-alpine rocks. VI. VII.

188. E. RHABDOCARPA. Schw. St. ½–1in. radiculose; l. spreading, erect and crisped when dry, oblong-lanceolate, nerve generally more or less excurrent into a mucro, margins plane; caps. oblong-cylindrical, striate, ribbed when dry; perist. persistent; calyp. slightly toothed at base, and roughish at apex.

Mountains in Scotland and Ireland. VII. VIII.

_b._ Dioicous: perist. double.

189. E. STREPTOCARPA. Hedw. St. 1–2in. radiculose; l. sub-erect, ligulate, obtuse and cucullate at apex, nerve not excurrent; per. l. lanceolate-subulate from an ovate base; caps. oblong narrowed above, spirally striate, and twisted when dry; perist. outer teeth filiform, inner cilia; calyp. toothed or fringed at base, and roughened at apex.

Limestone and mortared walls; rare in fr. VIII.

30. HEDWIGIA. Ehr.

190. H. CILIATA. Hedw. Monoicous; dichotomously branched, rooting at base only; l. crowded, spreading, sometimes secund, ovate-lanceolate, concave, margin recurved below, apex diaphanous, prolonged to a blunt point and strongly toothed on each side; per. l. with apex laciniate; caps. immersed globose; lid convex with a short beak; calyp. conical, sometimes hairy.

Rocks in mountainous districts. N. Wales, Arthur’s Seat, &c. III.

Bry. Brit, gives as varieties—

β. _leucophæa._ l. more crowded and spreading, wider and with
longer diaphanous points.

γ. _secunda._ procumbent slender; l. more distant, secund,
sub-muticous.

δ. _viridis._ l. scarcely secund; spreading, deep green, scarcely
diaphanous at apex.

ε. _striata._ l. plicate much recurved; lid conical.

31. HEDWIGIDIUM. B. & S.

191. H. IMBERBE. B. & S. St. 1–3in. irregularly, not dichotomously branched, flagelliferous; l. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, imbricate when dry, margin recurved, apex not diaphanous, but slightly crenate; caps. exserted on a short seta, spherical or obovate; lid with a blunt slightly oblique beak; calyptra cucullate, reddish.

Rocks. Wales and Ireland. X. XI.

32. GRIMMIA. EHR. B. & S.

SECT. I. SCHISTIDIUM. Caps. smooth, immersed on a very short straight
seta, calyptra small, cleft at base into several lobes.

192. G. CONFERTUM. B. & S. Cæspitose; intense green above, blackish below; l. ovate-lanceolate, tapering in the upper ones to a short hair point; margins slightly recurved and thickened, nerve strong, deeply channelled on its upper side; caps. small ovate, with a rostellate lid, almost pellucid; per. teeth much perforated, pale or orange-red.

Rocks, Scotland. II. III.

β. _urceolare._ caps. urceolate; leaves with white points.

γ. _obtusifolium._ l. all obtuse, shorter and broader.

δ. _incana._ (_G. pruinosa._ Wils. MS.) more robust, per. l.
broader with long hair points; caps. more elongate, per.
teeth stronger, nearly entire red. [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour.
Bot., N. S., vol. I., 195.] Trap rocks. King’s Park
(Greville); Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh (Bell); Fife (Howie).

193. G. APOCARPUM. B. & S. Loosely cæspitose; l. spreading lanceolate acuminate from an ovate erect base, upper ones with white points, margins much recurved; nerve ceasing below apex; per. l. larger with a thinner nerve; caps. elliptical, not pellucid, with an oblique beaked lid; per. teeth dark red; calyptra divided at base.

Rocks and walls, sometimes on trees. XI.–III.

var. β. _gracile._ per. l. secund, others sub-secund or spreading, stem
decumbent elongated.

γ. _rivulare._ st. fasciculate, l. ovate-lanceolate dark green
obtuse; caps. turbinate. (By streams.)

δ. _strictum._ l. reddish brown, rigid.

194. G. MARITIMUM. B. & S. Cæspitose, dull green or brownish; l. rigid, not hair-pointed, straight lanceolate acuminate, keeled; nerve strong, reddish brown, excurrent, margin plane; caps. obovate with a rostellate lid; per. teeth large and perforate.

Rocks near the sea. Scotland. XI. XII.

SECT. II. GASTERO-GRIMMIA. Plants very short pulvinate; caps. slightly
emerging, ventricose on one side, on a short curved seta; calyptra
five-lobed or cucullate.

195. G. ANODON. B. & S. In small hoary cushions; l. lower minute loosely imbricate, ovate-lanceolate muticous, upper larger, broadly oblong-lanceolate concave, nerve excurrent into long serrated hair; basal cells elongate pellucid, above quadrate opaque; caps. immersed, oval gymnostomous, strongly ventricose; lid plano-convex: monoicous.

Walls and dry limestone rocks. Arthur’s Seat (Bell).

196. G. CRINITA. Brid. In loose flat silky tufts; l. imbricate, lowest lanceolate, muticous, upper obovate-oblong channelled, the broad diaphanous apex continued into a long hair, nerve not reaching apex; basal cells elongate diaphanous, upper large rounded thickened; caps. ovate, lightly striate, sub-cernuous, furrowed when dry; lid convex with an obtuse point; cal. dimidiate, two-lobed: monoicous. [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot. N. S., vol. I., 195.]

Mortar of old walls and limestone rocks. Near Hatton, Warwick, 1872 (J. Bagnall).

SECT. III. EU-GRIMMIA. L. ending in a hair point; caps. plicate,
exserted on a curved seta; cal. multifid at base, or with a single cleft
at side.

197. G. ORBICULARIS. B. & S. Densely pulvinate; l. oblong-lanceolate, rounded obtuse at apex, with nerve excurrent into a long hair point, basal cellules large; caps. almost spherical drooping on a curved yellowish seta, slightly striate; lid small convex; annulus narrow; per. teeth trifid, more distantly barred than the next; calyptra dimidiate: monoicous.

Limestone rocks. II. III.

198. G. PULVINATA. Sm. Densely pulvinate; st. ½–1in. l. elliptic lanceolate, margin recurved, apex rather obtuse, terminated by the nerve excurrent into a long hair point; caps. drooping reddish brown, ovoid, eight-furrowed; lid convex with a straight beak; calyptra lobed at base; per. teeth dark red bi-trifid, annulus large: monoicous.

Rocks and walls. III. IV.

β. _obtusa._ lid short obtuse; caps. shorter.

199. G. SCHULTZII. Brid. L. crowded, sub-secund, lanceolate, tapering into a long rough diaphanous point, margins recurved; caps. slightly obovate, furrowed, on a very short curved seta; annulus large; per. teeth long tapering, deeply bifid; monoicous.

Sub-alpine rocks. E. S. W. IV. V.

200. G. SUBSQUARROSA. Wils. MS. Dr. F. B. White. Bot. Soc. Edin. Trans, IX., 142. In lax dark green tufts, fuscous at base; st. ⅓–¾in. with dichotomous short curved branches; l. patent squarrose, erect and appressed when dry, lowest from an ovate base gradually lanceolate, muticous, upper longer and extended into a long denticulate hair point, nerve strong, margin recurved; basal cells quadrate hyaline, marginal narrow and elongate, above minute rounded quadrate. Fr. not known. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c., p. 196.]

Rocks. Kinnoul Hill, Perth (Dr. B. White); Moncrieff Hill (Dr. Stirton); Arthur’s Seat and Braid Hills, &c.

201. G. ROBUSTA. Fergusson MS. In large loose tufts, black below, dark green and hoary above; br. fastigiate; l. erecto-patent, appressed when dry, keeled at back with the strong nerve, margin recurved below; lower short muticous, lanceolate from a contracted ovate base, upper longer, gradually tapering into a long smooth hair point; cells quadrate thickened, at centre of base longer, with a single row at margin of basal wing hyaline. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. p. 196.]

Alpine rocks. Clova (Fergusson); Fairhead, Ireland, (Dr. Moore); Cardross and Bowling (Dr. Stirton); Ross-shire (Hunt).

202. G. CONTORTA. Wahl. In small deep green soft tufts, black below and radiculose; l. patent incurved, curled when dry, lineal subulate from a lanceolate base, with short diaphanous hair points, keeled, margin recurved below: basal cells diaphanous elongate hexagono-rectangular, above sinuous and quadrate; per. l. erect sheathing; caps. small oval smooth yellowish, cernuous on a sub-arcuate seta, erect when dry, lid convex conical obtuse orange-red: dioicous. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. p. 197; Schp. Syn. 210.]

Quartz rocks. Cheviots (Hardy); Cloch-na-ben (Sim); Glen Callater, &c. (Fergusson).

203. G. TORQUATA. Grev. (_G. torta._ N. & H. Bry. Brit.) Loosely tufted elongate; st. 1–2in. dichotomous; l. lanceolate acuminate, spirally twisted when dry, channelled, occasionally hair-pointed; fruct. not known.

Alpine rocks. E. I. S.

204. G. FUNALIS. Schwgn. (_G. spiralis._ H. & T. Bry. Brit.) Densely pulvinate; st. ½–1in. slender; l. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, erecto-patent, upper ones tapering into a long hair point, nerve not excurrent; caps. ovoid, smooth, eight-furrowed when dry; lid short apiculate; annulus large compound; calyp. five-lobed at base; per. teeth closely bifid: dioicous.

Dry alpine rocks. E. S. I. X. XI.

205. G. MUHLENBECKII. Schpr. Loosely pulvinate and cæspitose; st. tall erect or procumbent dichotomous and rooting at base; l. densely crowded, patulous, erect when dry, elongate-lanceolate, keeled with the strong nerve, margin plane, lower with a short, upper with a long, rough hair point with recurved teeth; basal cells elongate, upper rounded quadrate; caps. small oval glossy, rugulose when dry yellowish brown, lid convex with a short beak, red. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c., p. 197. Schp. Syn. p. 212.] VII.

206. G. TRICHOPHYLLA. Grev. Loose yellowish green tufts, ¼–1in. l. linear-lanceolate from an erect base, flexuose, tapering into a long diaphanous point, margin recurved at base, nerve not excurrent; caps. ovate-oblong, furrowed when dry, lid with a long straight beak; annulus larger; per. teeth bifid; calyp. lobed: dioicous.

Walls. E. S. I. IV. V.

207. G. HARTMANNII. Schp. Loosely cæspitose, green above, black below; st. elongate procumbent rigid, arcuate ascending, dichotomous; l. elongate-lanceolate; upper ones secund, prolonged into a short smooth hair point, somewhat concave, margin more or less recurved; basal cells sinuouso-rectangular hyaline, above quadrate opaque; fruit not known. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. p. 197. Sch. Syn. 214.]

Shaded quartzose rocks. Wales and Scotland.

208. G. ELATIOR. B. & S. Robust, loosely cæspitose; fuscous green, hoary at top; st. sparingly branched elongate, from decumbent naked base ascending; l. very long curved patent, from oblong carinato-concave base longly lanceolate, margin revolute, ending in a long smoothish hair point; basal cells linear-rectangular, wider towards margin, above rounded opaque; caps. ovate ten-ribbed, when dry oblong deeply furrowed; lid conical muticous or sub-aciculate: dioicous. [Bry. Eur. III. Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 197.]

Granite rocks. Clova, 1868 (Fergusson).

SECT. IV. GUEMBELLIA. L. not curling, generally piliferous; caps. smooth
on a straight seta; cal. multifid at base or cucullate.

209. G. DONNIANA. Sm. Stems ¼–½in. tufted, l. erecto-patent, lanceolate elongate narrow, tapering into a roughened hair point, margin plane; per. l. longer; caps. erect oval-oblong, slightly exserted, pale yellowish brown, lid obtuse conical; annulus small; per. teeth broad, sometimes perforate: monoicous.

Mountain rocks and walls. E. S. W. III. IV. X.

var. β. _sudetica._ l. with longer hair points; caps. immersed; lid
conico-acuminate.

γ. _elongata._ l. scarcely hair-pointed, caps. on a longish seta.

210. G. UNGERI. Juratzka. Compact irregular blackish green, hoary tufts; st. short simple or dichotomous; l. erecto-patulous, lower smaller muticous, upper larger lanceolate from an obovate base, ending in a long smooth hair point, margin plane; basal cells quadrate hyaline, above quadrate, then opaque and indistinct; caps. small oval smooth, without annulus, exserted on an erect pale brown seta; lid conical obtuse, calyp. cucullate: monoicous. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c., 198.]

On earth in crevices of rocks at 1600 feet at Ballater (Rev. J. Fergusson).

211. G. OVATA. W. & M. St. ½in. or more, branched fastigiate; l. spreading, erect when dry, lanceolate tapering into a roughish hair-point, nerve broad indistinct, margin recurved below; caps. ovoid erect exserted reddish brown, annulus large, lid rostellate, with a groove round its base; per. teeth narrow, cleft and perforate: monoicous.

Alpine rocks. Breadalbane and Clova; Snowdon; Charnwood Forest. X.—III.

212. G. LEUCOPHEA. Grey. Dark green hoary tufts; st. ½in.; l. erect, spreading, when dry closely imbricate, upper ovate or elliptical concave, with very long hair points and plane margins, lower ones muticous; caps. smooth elliptical or oblong erect, exserted, with a short conico-rostellate lid, and large dehiscent annulus: dioicous.

Scotland, Devon. IV.

213. G. COMMUTATA. Hueb. Loosely tufted, blackish green, hoary at top; stems slender flexuose, naked below; l. lower small loosely imbricate, upper much longer ovate-lanceolate, from a broad upright base declining, shortly hair-pointed; per. l. three internal erect sheathing, longly pointed; basal cells rectangular, upper quadrate; caps. ovate or ovate-globose erect, smooth, exserted, lid acutely and obliquely rostrate, annulus broad. [Schp. Syn. p. 109. Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 198.]

Dry quartzose rocks. Moncreiff Hill, Perth (Dr. Stirton); Dunkeld (Dr. B. White); Clova, in fr. (Fergusson.)

Spring.

214. G. MONTANA. B. & S. St. slender dichotomous; l. erecto-patent oblong-lanceolate with a long hair-point, very concave, margin erect; basal cells diaphanous quadrato-hexagonal, above minute rounded thickened opaque; caps. erect on a short seta, ovate small brown very smooth; lid, obliquely rostrate; calyptra large cucullate long beaked, annulus simple; per. teeth irregularly torn. [Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 199.]

Sandstone and granite rocks. Deeside, Aberdeenshire, 1869 (Prof. Barker and Mr. Roy); Bolt Head, Devonshire, in fruit (Mr. Holmes).

215. G. ELONGATA. Kaulfuss. In loose cushioned tufts, black below, innovations olive green with hoary tips. St. slender, repeatedly dichotomous, naked below without radicles. L. patulous, lower lanceolate muticous, upper elongate-lanceolate obtuse with the apex diaphanous, margin erect, basal cells rectangular hyaline at margin, becoming minute and quadrate above; caps. ovate erect smooth pale brown, on a straight seta; lid conical obtuse, annulus narrow; per. t. lanceolate red entire or slightly perforate; calyp. multifid, long beaked. (Dr. Braithwaite, l. c. 199.)

Alpine rocks. Glen Callater and Glen Phee, Clova, 1868 (Fergusson); near Glasgow (Dr. Stirton).

216. G. UNICOLOR. Grev. St. 1–2in. loosely cæspitose, naked below; branches brittle flexuose; l. erect channelled lanceolate-subulate from an ovate base, obtuse, not hair-pointed, rigid, margin incurved, broadly nerved to apex; caps. ovate, nearly erect, with a large annulus and a long straight or slightly inclined beak: dioicous.

Alpine rocks, Clova. IV. (?)

217. G. ATRATA. Miel. St. cæspitose, 1–2in., l. blackish, rigid, erecto-patent lanceolate-subulate, carinate, margin reflexed, scarcely so obtuse as the last, with a thinner nerve scarcely reaching to apex. Caps. elliptic-oblong on a longer seta, with a large annulus and short rostellate lid: dioicous.

Alpine rocks. Snowdon, Glen Callater. X.–IV.

33. RACOMITRIUM. B. & S.

A. Dichotomously branched, innovations simple fastigiate.

218. R. (DRYPTODON) PATENS. Bridel. Bry. Univ., I., 192. (_Grimmia patens._ Bry. Brit., p. 158.) In dark green or fuscous tufts; st. 2–4in. branched, decumbent and naked below; l. spreading or slightly secund, oblong-lanceolate, gradually tapering to a blunt apex, margin recurved below, nerve strong two-winged at back; per. l. shorter; caps. almost obovate smooth, furrowed when dry, on a pale flexuose seta; annulus large; cal. five-lobed: dioicous.

Moist alpine rocks. S. I. W. IV. V.

219. R. ELLIPTICUM. B. & S. Blackish rigid tufts; st. 1in. decumbent and naked below; l. spreading from an erect base lanceolate oblong, strongly nerved to apex, margins plane thickened; caps. erect roundish smooth, on a short thick seta; lid large conical with a long slender subulate beak: dioicous.

Moist alpine rocks. Scotland, Wales, Ireland. XI.—IV.

220. R. ACICULARE. Brid. St. 1–3in. cæspitose, decumbent and naked at base, branches very leafy; l. spreading or secund, ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes toothed at apex, to which the nerve does not reach; caps. erect oblong smooth, with a small mouth, and on a longer and thinner seta, lid with a long straight subulate beak: dioicous.

Wet mountainous rocks by streams. XI.—IV.

var. β. _denticulatum._ l. distinctly and distantly toothed at apex.

221. R. PROTENSUM. A. Braun. St. less rigid than last, and leafy at base; l. generally secund lanceolate-subulate obtuse, nerved to apex; per. l. sheathing; caps. sub-cylindrical thinner, on a pale seta; lid with a long subulate beak; calyp. lobed at base; dioicous.

Moist alpine rocks. Wales, Derbyshire, Yorkshire. IV.

222. R. SUDETICUM. B. & S. St. slender, decumbent and naked at base, l. spreading recurved keeled lanceolate tapering into a long whitish diaphanous denticulate point; caps. small ovoid on a short seta, lid with a shorter acute beak. IV.

B. Branches irregular, with lateral ramuli; innov. not fastigiate.

* L. without diaphanous points.

223. R. FASCICULARE. Brid. St. 1–2in., decumbent at base, with upright innovations, fasciculate; l. crowded, from a broadish erect base lanceolate spreading, muticous, margins recurved, areolæ long narrow sinuous; caps. elliptical with a long subulate lid; calyp. copiously papillose.

Rocks. III.

* * L. with diaphanous points.

224. R. HETEROSTICHUM. Brid. St. ½–1in., base decumbent, branches scarcely fasciculate; l. sometimes secund, lanceolate tapering to a long white denticulate point, margin recurved, areolæ long and sinuous below, above sub-quadrate; caps. sub-cylindrical, mouth very small; calyp. somewhat papillose at apex only; lid short obliquely rostrate.

Rocks and walls. E. W. I. III.

var. β. _alopecurum._ l. with short hair points; caps. smaller.

γ. _gracilescens._ l. obtuse, caps. small, on a short seta.

225. R. MICROCARPON. Brid. St. slender fasciculate with short branches; l. spreading falcato-secund, lanceolate tapering to a short point, areolæ all long and sinuous; caps. small ovate, thin and pale, with a robust rostrate lid.

Highlands of Scotland.

226. R. LANUGINOSUM. Brid. St. very long and slender, fasciculate; l. lanceolate tapering into a long strongly dentate point, sometimes secund or spreading from an erect base; areolæ sinuous; caps. small ovoid, on a short roughish seta, and with a long straight rostrate lid; calyp. papillose above.

Mountains, walls, rocks, and heaths. III.

227. R. CANESCENS. Brid. St. 2–4in. decumbent at base; l. ovate-lanceolate tapering into a long denticulate point, recurved from an erect base, areolæ sinuous; caps. ovoid eight-striate when dry, with a very long subulate lid; calyp. papillose above.

Stony and sandy heaths. III.

var. β. _prolixum._ older innovations only with fasciculate ramuli.

γ. _ericoides._ covered with fasciculate ramuli; l. squarrose.

34. GLYPHOMITRIUM. SCHWG.

228. G. DAVIESII. Schwg. St. ½in. cæspitose; l. linear-lanceolate spreading entire, margin thickened and reflexed below, strongly nerved to apex, areolæ minute, larger at base; caps. erect, almost globose, with a reddish mouth and long rostrate lid; per. teeth converging when moist, reflexed when dry; calyp. large, laciniate at base.

Clefts of rocks. VI. VII.

Giant’s Causeway; Llanberis; Glenarbuck, May, 1863 (W. Galt and McCartney); New Kilpatrick, Killin (McKinlay); Ardtun Mull (Dr. Black); Skye (Hunt); Blairlogie; Craigallion; Campsie Hills (Thompson and Galt).

35. PTYCHOMITRIUM. B. & S.

229. P. POLYPHYLLUM. B. & S. St. ½in. tufted; l. linear-lanceolate from a broadish base, spreading, nerved to the dentate acute apex; caps. elliptical on a long twisted seta; calyp. plicate; lid long subulate.

Mountainous rocks and walls. III. IV.

36. ORTHOTRICHUM. B. & S.

A. Caps. on a very short seta, immersed or shortly exserted; ochrea
distinct, calyptra with about ten furrows.

1. Caps. with 16 furrows.

230. O. CUPULATUM. Hoffm. St. under 1in.; l. spreading lanceolate keeled, lower brownish, nerve distinct; caps. obovate, urceolate when dry, with a shortly beaked lid; calyp. hairy; perist. simple, of 16 free equidistant teeth, spreading when dry.

Rocks and walls. IV. V.

2. Caps. with eight furrows.

231. O. STURMII. Hop. & Hornsch. In loose cushions; st. short and erect, or longer and prostrate; l. patent and recurved when moist, incumbent when dry; margin subrevolute, acutely costato-carinate; caps. generally immersed, obovate, with eight obsolete striæ, when dry eight-ribbed and constricted below the mouth; calyp. more or less hairy, shining; per. teeth simple 16 equidistant, erect when dry, slightly incurved. [Bry. Eur. III., t. 109.]

Trap rocks. S. I. (Dr. Wood.) Summer.

232. O. SHAWII. Sch. Resembles the last, but differs by its leaves being less solid and of looser texture at base; cells in one row always (not in two); by the fewer hairs on its shorter glossy white calyptra; and by its per. teeth densely papillose white and reflexed when dry. [Supp. Bry. Eur., fasc, I. II.]

On an ash tree at Kilkerran Castle, Argyleshire, 1860 (J. Shaw). VI.

233. O. OBTUSIFOLIUM. Schrad. In loose yellowish green tufts, brownish below; l. patulous oblong from an ovate base, apex obtuse hyaline and minutely serrulate, concave, margin incurved, papillose at back, per. l. broader and less obtuse: caps. oval immersed with eight orange striæ; cal. long naked whitish, with a brown tip; lid convex acuminate; per. teeth eight bi-geminate reflexed when dry, alternating with eight cilia: dioicous. (Bry. Eur. III., t. 208.)

On trunks of trees. York, Bristol. V.

234. O. PUMILUM. Swartz. (_O. fallax_, Br. Wils. B. & S. but not Schp. Syn.) Minute pulvinate; l. lanceolate acute, carinate, margin revolute; per. l. longer erect; caps. oblong, with eight orange striæ, neck gradually tapering into the seta; cal. long shining brown at apex; per. teeth eight bi-geminate yellow, densely papillose, reflexed when dry.

Ash trees at Inverkip and Dailly, Ayrshire.

235. O. FALLAX. Schp. Syn. 264, _non_ Bruch. (_O. pumilum_, Dicks, Bry. Brit. B. & S., Müller, &c.) Differs from the above in having a more oblong thicker capsule, with deeper yellow striæ, with its neck shorter abrupt, not gradually narrowed, and with a shorter more inflated calyptra; l. elliptic-lanceolate and obtuse.

On trees, not common. E. I.

236. O. TENELLUM. Bruch. St. ½in. tufted; l. spreading, lanceolate-oblong or ligulate, obtuse; caps. yellow-brown, exserted, sub-cylindrical, not contracted at mouth when dry, broadly and distinctly striate; calyp. with a few short hairs, conico-campanulate, yellow; perist. yellow, eight teeth and eight cilia.

Trees, E. I. W. V. VI.

237. O. PALLENS. Bruch. St. erect short tufted; l. spreading, lanceolate or ligulate obtuse, margins revolute; caps. elliptic-oblong with a large apophysis, scarcely exserted, slightly contracted at mouth when dry; striæ broad; calyp. large pale yellow hairless. Perist. of eight yellow teeth and 16 cilia.

Trees. York. VI.

238. O. STRAMINEUM. Horns. St. short tufted; l. spreading, narrowly lanceolate acuminate, keeled, margin reflexed; caps. ovate-pyriform slightly exserted, striæ broad; calyp. large campanulate purple-tipped, slightly hairy; perist. 8 teeth, and 16 (sometimes only eight) cilia; vaginula hairy.

Trees and rocks. E. S. W. VI. VII.

239. O. FASTIGIATUM. Bruch. St. longer, tufted with fastigiate branches; l. broader lanceolate, gradually tapering to a point, sub-erect; caps. almost pyriform, scarcely exserted, with broad striæ; calyp. brownish yellow hairy; per. teeth eight, and 16 broad short cilia.

Solitary trees, Yorkshire and Sussex. V. VI.

240. O. AFFINE. Schrad. St. ½–1in. tufted branched; l. spreading, oblong-lanceolate, with a blunt point, margin revolute and slightly undulate, strongly papillose on both sides; caps. elliptic-oblong, somewhat exserted, contracted when dry, striæ narrow. Perist. eight pale teeth and eight filiform cilia; calyp. large greenish yellow hairy.

Trees, walls, &c., common. VI. VII.

241. O. RUPESTRE. Schl. St. 1in. or more, cæspitose, creeping at base; l. broadly lanceolate, spreading, slightly recurved; caps. pyriform, mouth large, scarcely exserted, striæ indistinct; calyp. large yellow, with long hairs; perist. 16 pale teeth in pairs (equidistant when dry), and eight cilia.

Mountainous rocks. VII. VIII.

var. β. _rupincola._ “l. sub-erect, caps. smaller.”

γ. “stem longer; caps. exserted, calyp. very hairy.”

242. O. SPECIOSUM. Nees. St. 1in. or more, tufted, branched; l. spreading, lanceolate, somewhat pointed, papillose, margins recurved; caps. shortly exserted elliptic-oblong, faintly striate at summit, lid conical beaked; calyp. large yellowish, with long hairs; perist. eight yellowish teeth, and eight cilia.

Trees, rare. Montrose and Corrie Mulzie. VII. VIII.

243. O. LYELLII. Hook. St. 2in. or more, loosely tufted, with erect branches; l. much spreading long linear-lanceolate, wavy, scarcely serrate at apex, and studded with papillæ and brownish gland-like bodies; caps. elliptic-oblong, with a distinct tapering apophysis, and faint striæ; calyp. very large, brown tipped, with a few long whitish hairs. Perist. 16 pale teeth, and 16 red-toothed cilia.

Old tree trunks, rare in fr. VII.

244. O. RIVULARE. Turn. St. long tufted, often floating; l. oblong-ovate flaccid, sometimes sub-secund, obtuse, with a strong nerve and small papillæ; margin recurved below: caps. pyriform, broadly striate, almost immersed; perist. eight teeth in pairs, afterwards nearly equidistant, and 16 cilia; calyp. large dull green hairless.

Rocks and tree trunks at edges of streams. E. W. I. IV. V.

245. O. SPRUCEI. Mont. St. ¼in. tufted; l. oblong-ovate or ligulate, apex rounded and tipped with an apiculus, scarcely reflexed, thinly nerved, not papillose; caps. pyriform, scarcely exserted, contracted at mouth when dry, striæ broad; lid with a short beak; calyp. reddish tipped, large, hairless; perist. 16 teeth, in pairs, yellowish, and eight, sometimes 16, cilia.

Trees near rivers. York, Matlock, Glasgow. V. VI.

246. O. DIAPHANUM. Schrad. St. scarcely ½in. tufted; l. spreading, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a slender diaphanous serrulate point, margin recurved; caps. somewhat pyriform, almost immersed, faintly striate; calyp. generally naked; perist. 16 equidistant teeth, sometimes split at apex, and 16 cilia.

Walls, trees, and palings. IV.

3. Caps. without furrows.

247. O. LEIOCARPUM. B. & S. St. 1–3in. tufted, branched; l. spreading, lanceolate, pointed, margin strongly revolute; caps. large pale brown, obovate, perfectly smooth and not contracted at mouth when dry, scarcely exserted; calyp. hairy, sometimes naked; perist. 16 teeth and 16 erose cilia.

Trees. IV. V.

[N.B.—Notwithstanding the note in Lin. Soc. Jour., vol. XI. p. 465, I
retain the name _leiocarpum_ instead of _striatum_, as _all_ the
species in this section have a _striate_ calyptra.]

B. Caps. on a long seta, much exserted.

1. Calyp. naked.

248. O. PULCHELLUM. Sm. St. ¼in. tufted; l. spreading, soft, crisped when dry, linear-lanceolate bluntish, margin recurved; caps. pale, oval, with eight reddish striæ; perist. 16 reddish teeth in pairs, and 16 cilia; calyp. pale, without hairs, purplish at tip.

Trunks of trees. V.

2. Calyp. very hairy, furrowed; ochrea indistinct; l. dilated at base,
and crisped when dry.

249. O. SAXATILE. Brid. (_O. anomalum_, Bry. Brit., p. 177.) St. erect sparingly branched; l. narrow lanceolate sharply acuminate, nerve thick, areolæ narrow at base; caps. narrow sub-cylindrical, much exserted, with eight long striæ prominent when dry, and then with eight shorter alternating spurious ones just below the mouth; per. teeth in pairs; calyp. hairy. [Supp. Bry. Eur. fasc. I. II.]

Limestone walls and rocks. Spring.

250. O. ANOMALUM. Hedw. Sp. Musc, (_non_ Bry. Brit.) St. erect simple, slightly branched; l. lower patulous remote, upper erecto-patent, lanceolate from an ovate base, margin revolute; caps. ovate-oblong, 16–striate; calyp. brownish hairy; per. t. pale equidistant erect when dry. [Bry. Eur., III., t. 210. Schp. Syn. 262.]

_Trap_ rocks, Aberdour, Fifeshire (Dr. Wood); Conway.

Summer.

251. O. LUDWIGII. Schw. St. ½in. creeping; l. subpatent or spreading, narrowly linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, contorted when dry, margin slightly undulate; caps. obovate, striate only at summit, much contracted at mouth when dry; perist. 16 teeth in pairs, afterwards equidistant, occasionally with short cilia.

Trees. Scotland, Ireland. VIII. IX.

252. O. CRISPULUM. Hornsch. St. very minute tufted; l. small, linear-lanceolate, scarcely crisped when dry; caps. pyriform, small, thin, with eight inconspicuous striæ.

Trees, not common. Yorkshire, Sussex, English lakes. V. VI.

253. O. CRISPUM. Hedw. St. about 1in. tufted; l. linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, slightly waved at margin, very much contorted when dry; caps. clavate, contracted at mouth when dry; apophysis gradually tapering into the thick seta; eight broad striæ; perist. eight teeth, and eight, sometimes 16, cilia.

Trees. VII. VIII.

254. O. CALVESCENS. Wils. Differs from _Bruchii_ by its shorter leaves more narrowly reticulated; calyp. scarcely hairy; caps. with a long tapering neck, lid more convex and shortly beaked; from _crispum_ by its longer seta and shorter caps. not contracted at mouth when dry, and by its smooth glossy calyptra.

Trees. VI.

Killarney (Dr. Moore and Dr. Carrington); Dailly and Loch Doon (J. Shaw).

255. O. BRUCHII. Brid. St. short tufted; l. spreading sharply linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, contorted when dry, sometimes wavy; caps. pyriform on a long seta, with eight broad striæ, and contracted at mouth when dry; calyp. blackish yellow, with many furrows and very hairy; perist. of 16 teeth in pairs, and eight, very seldom 16, cilia.

Trees. Scotland, Yorkshire, Westmoreland, &c. VII. VIII.

256. O. DRUMMONDII. H. & G. St. longer, creeping, l. linear-lanceolate from a narrow ovate base, blunt-pointed, scarcely crisped, margin hardly recurved; caps. oblong-pyriform, deeply striate, and contracted at mouth when dry, on a long seta; calyp. with long stiff hairs; perist. of 16 teeth in pairs, and no cilia.

Trunks of young trees. S. I. E. VIII.

257. O. HUTCHINSIÆ. Sm. St. about ½in. tufted; l. erecto-patent broadly lanceolate, nerved to blunt apex, margin scarcely reflexed; caps. clavate-pyriform, with eight broad striæ, slightly contracted at mouth when dry; apophysis tapering; calyp. large, very hairy. Perist. 16 teeth in pairs, and eight short cilia, sometimes wanting.

Mountainous rocks. W. I. S. E. VII.

258. O. PHYLLANTHUM. B. & S. St. 1in. tufted; l. linear-lanceolate without a broad base, nerve extending to apex or exserted, where it is generally covered with gemmæ, crisped when dry; fruit not known.

Rocks and trees, generally near the sea.

37. ZYGODON. HOOK. & T.

A. Peristome absent.

1. Caps. on a short seta.

259. Z. LAPPONICUS. B. & S. St. ½in. cæspitose radiculose; l. spreading, linear-lanceolate keeled, contorted when dry, nerve ceasing near apex; per. l. ovate-lanceolate; caps. scarcely exserted turbinate, deeply eight-striate, urceolate when dry; lid with a short oblique beak: monoicous.

Crevices of alpine rocks. S. W. Summer.

260. Z. MOUGEOTTII. B. & S. St. more than 1 inch cæspitose, scarcely radiculose; l. fasciculate recurved, narrowly linear-lanceolate, margin reflexed below, nerved to apex, not contorted when dry; caps. turbinate urceolate when dry, eight-striate; lid with a long very oblique beak: dioicous.

Moist shady rocks. Summer.

2. Caps. on a longer seta.

261. Z. VIRIDISSIMUS. Brid. St. ½–1in., fastigiate, radiculose below; l. much spreading recurved, widely lanceolate, somewhat contorted when dry, nerve sometimes slightly excurrent; caps. obovate obscurely eight-striate; lid with a long oblique beak: dioicous.

Trees and rocks. III. IV.

B. Peristome present.

1. Inner perist. fugacious.

262. Z. CONOIDEUS. Dicks. St. very short, cæspitose, fastigiate, densely radiculose; l. somewhat spreading, not recurved, widely lanceolate, with plane margins, and nerved nearly to apex; caps. pyriform, tapering below, eight-striate, lid with a long straight beak; perist., outer eight short recurved teeth, inner eight yellowish cilia, often absent: dioicous.

Trees. S. I. E. V.

2. Inner perist. persistent.

263. Z. FORSTERI. Dicks. St. ¼–½in. densely tufted, with whitish radicles; l. erecto-patent, elliptic-lanceolate, nerved to apex or slightly excurrent; areolæ hexagonal (not as in all the previous ones, dot-like), oblong and diaphanous at base; caps. pyriform, striate; lid with a long inclined beak; perist., outer eight acute bi-geminate teeth, inner eight alternating cilia: monoicous.

Trees. South of England, rare. Spring.

264. Z. GRACILIS. Wils. MS. St. 1in. or more, tufted, branched; l. lanceolate twisted when dry, with plane margins, and denticulate near the apex; areolæ close and punctate above, large and pellucid below.

Old walls. Malham (J. Nowell) in fr., Sept., 1866.

[I have no specimen in fruit.]

38. TETRAPHIS. HEDW.

265. T. PELLUCIDA. Hed. St. ½–1in.; l. lower, ovate-acuminate, nerved, reddish, upper larger ovate-lanceolate entire, nerve ceasing below apex, margins plane; stems bearing gemmiferous cups, l. of which are obcordate; caps. (fruit not found in England) elliptical, with a red border at mouth, on a long reddish seta.

Decaying stumps and roots of trees, common. VIII. IX.

39. TETRODONTIUM. SCHW.

266. T. BROWNIANUM. Schwg. St. almost none, with long linear radical leaves or ramuli; per. l. ovate-acuminate, entire, shortly and faintly nerved; caps. oval-oblong, lid with an acute oblique beak.

Sandstone rocks. III. IV. (Wilson says VII.)

40. BUXBAUMIA. HALLER.

267. B. APHYLLA. Hall. “Stem almost none, buried; l. lower roundish, deeply toothed, upper fringed with long ciliary processes; caps. plano-convex, roundish ovate, reddish; outer perist. irregularly sub-divided, thick and cellular.” [Wilson.]

Scotland, Yorkshire, &c.; rare. V.

268. B. INDUSIATA. Brid. “Resembling the last, but caps. more erect, not flattened on the upper surface, of uniform texture and yellowish green colour, covered with a soft membrane, which ruptures on the upper surface, the margins rolling back, somewhat like the indusium of a fern; annulus narrow.” [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot., VIII., 226.]

On the ground and rotten trunks, chiefly in pine woods.

Near Ballater, 1847 (Cruikshank); Craigendinnie Hill, Aboyne, 1867 (Dickie and Roy).

41. DIPHYSCIUM. W. & M.

269. D. FOLIOSUM. W. & M. St. almost none; l. long narrow linear, flexuose, with an obscure nerve, margin plane, sometimes toothed near apex; per. l. with a pale thin blade, nerve excurrent into a long rough bristle, and the innermost divided at apex into long jointed cilia; caps. immersed, ovate, oblique, gibbous; lid conical pointed; per. teeth white.

Shady mountainous rocks. VIII.

42. ATRICHUM. P. BEAUV.

_a._ Monoicous.

270. A. UNDULATUM. P. Beauv. St. 1–2in. l. ligulate, margin undulate, thickened, with bi cuspid spinulose teeth, which also occur on back near apex, where lamellate nerve ceases; caps. cylindrical curved; lid with a long curved beak.

Grassy places, common. X. XI.

var. β. _attenuatum._ l. narrow, more crisped when dry; caps. smaller.

_b._ Dioicous.

271. A. ANGUSTATUM. Brid. St. shorter, l. narrower, densely reticulate, serrate at apex _only_, less hispid beneath, with numerous lamellæ on nerve; caps. sub-erect cylindrical straight or curved, lid dark purple, shortly rostrate. [Schp. Syn. p. 434.]

Bare sandy ground, heaths, &c. Winter.

Braes of Doune, fr. (McKinlay); Sussex—male (Mitten).

272. A. TENELLUM. Roth. St. short; l. elongate, oblong-lanceolate, upper ones narrowly lingulate, scarcely undulate, smooth beneath, margins dentate below the middle, subcirrhate when dry, nerve thinly lamellate; caps. obovate-oblong, sub-cernuous, lid with a long beak; per. teeth large. [Bry. Eur. IV., 412. Syn. 435.]

Bare moist sandy places, and dried-up pools. Autumn.

Loch Goil Head; Killin, Perthshire.

273. A. CRISPUM. James. (_laxifolium_, Wils. MS.) St. simple, slender; l. lower small somewhat spathulate; upper much larger oblong-lanceolate, slightly undulate, border thickened, toothed; nerve reaching apex, scarcely lamellate; areolæ larger, hexagonal or rounded; caps. obovate-oblong, sub-erect or inclined, wide-mouthed, teeth very short irregular, seta red. [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. Bot., VIII., 225.]

Lancashire; Oakmere, Cheshire; Saddleworth, Yorkshire; Dartmoor. Male plant only found in Britain.

43. OLIGOTRICHUM. DE C.

274. O. HERCYNICUM. De C. St. ½–1in; l. rigid erecto-patent, lanceolate, sheathing, margins indexed, lamellæ of nerve undulate, and spinulose at back; caps. erect cylindrical, plicate and oblique when dry; lid conical pointed.

Alpine and sub-alpine barren soil. VI. VII.

Scotland; Todmorden (Nowell).

44. POGONATUM. P. Beauv.

275. P. NANUM. Brid. St. short, not branched at apex; l. rigid spreading, lanceolate obtuse, sheathing, serrulate above; caps. almost globose, erect or inclined, lid with a curved or oblique beak; columella not winged.

Moist shady sandy banks. X. XI.

var. β. _longisetum._ l. long, linear-lanceolate, seta very long; caps.
oval-oblong.

276. P. ALOIDES. Brid. St. less than 1–in., branched at apex; l. rigid spreading, lanceolate, sheathing, serrate on margin and back; caps. erect, somewhat ovate-urceolate or cylindrical; lid conical beaked; columella with four wings; hairs of calyp. whitish.

Moist banks. X. XI.

var. β. _minus._ smaller generally; “hairs of calyp. confluent below
capsule.”

277. P. URNIGERUM. Brid. St. 1–4in. branched above, reddish below; l. spreading linear-lanceolate from a short broader sheathing base, acute serrate; caps. narrowly cylindrical regular papillose, lid convex with a short beak.

Mountainous banks and sides of streams. X. XI.

var. β. _crassum._ l. broader, caps, oval-oblong, lid with a longer
beak.

278. P. ALPINUM. Brid. St. much longer, branched above, decumbent below; l. linear-lanceolate from a sheathing base, gradually tapering, serrate, back spinulose, margin inflexed; caps. generally inclined, ovoid, tumid, smooth, lid small, with a long curved beak.

Sub-alpine localities. E. S. I. VI.

var. β. _arcticum._ caps. oblong sub-cylindrical.

δ. _campanulatum._ st. short, l. narrower and shorter; caps.
apophysate; calyp. campanulate.

45. POLYTRICHUM. BRID.

A. Caps. six-angled; apophysis indistinct.

279. P. SEXANGULARE. Hoppe. Barren st. 2–6in., fertile shorter; l. short incurved rigid, linear-lanceolate from a broader base, margins plane, incurved, almost cucullate at serrulate apex; caps. short, at first upright, afterwards cernuous, sometimes six, sometimes only four or five-angled; lid rostrate; calyp. short, and shortly villous.

Summits of Scotch mountains. VIII. IX.

Ben Lawers; Cairngorm, &c.

280. P. GRACILE. Menzies. St. about ½in. densely tufted; l. lanceolate from a broad sheathing base, serrate, with prominent lamellæ on upper surface; caps. ovate, obscurely four, five, six-angled; lid conico-rostrate; calyp. small.

Turbaries, &c., frequent. VI.

281. P. FORMOSUM. Hedw. St. 3–6in. loosely tufted; l. spreading linear-lanceolate from a broad sheathing base, acute, serrate, lamellate; caps. four, five, six-angled, fawn-coloured; lid long conical; calyp. large.

Woods. VI.

var. β. _pallidisetum._ st. and l. shorter; caps. narrower, on a short
pale seta.

B. Caps. four-angled; apoph. very distinct.

282. P. COMMUNE. L. St. 6 or 8in. simple; l. spreading reflexed, linear-lanceolate, sheathing, whitish and membranous at base, serrate on margin and back; nerve broad; per. l. with long wavy hair points; caps. short, upright, afterwards cernuous, on a very long seta; lid variable in size; calyp. large reddish.

Tufty and marshy places. VI.

var. β. _perigoniale._ smaller; outer per. l. longer; dry heaths.

γ. _minus._ st. short; l. shorter, less spreading; per. l. less
striking; calyp., caps., and seta smaller: dry heaths.

γ. β. _fastigiatum._ st. branched fastigiate; l. as in var. γ. Very
dry heaths.

283. P. JUNIPERUM. Hedw. St. 1–6in.; l. reflexed, spreading, linear-lanceolate, almost bristle-pointed, margin entire, except a few teeth at apex, much inflexed from middle upwards, somewhat spinulose at back; caps. roughish, horizontal when dry, on a seta 2in. or more long; calyp. large.

Heaths. V. VI.

284. P. STRICTUM. Menzies. (_P. juniperum._ β. _strictum_, Bry. Brit.) “St. more slender, densely matted, branched, closely interwoven with whitish tomentum; l. straight, erecto-patent, imbricate when dry, shorter and narrower, pale glaucous green; caps. shorter cuboid, acutely angled, rufous orange; calyp. brownish or white.” [Dr. Braithwaite, Jour. of Bot., VIII., 225.]

Mountain moors, common.

285. P. PILIFERUM. Schreb. St. about 1in. simple; l. lower short appressed, upper much longer, lanceolate, prolonged into roughish hair points, margins entire inflexed; caps. faintly angular, almost ovate, on a short seta; calyp. long, reddish.

Dry heaths. V. VI.

46. TIMMIA. HEDW.

286. T. AUSTRIACA. Hedw. St. 2–3in.; l. linear-lanceolate from a reddish brown sheathing dilated base, margins strongly serrate; caps. ovate pyriform, inclined, striate when dry, on a seta 2in. long; lid rounded mammillate; per. teeth inner smooth entire.

Rocks, very rare. Forfarshire. Summer.

287. T. MEGAPOLITANA. Hedw. St. loosely cæspitose, brownish below; l. from a whitish sheathing base, spreading and recurved, linear-lanceolate concave opaque serrate, cirrhate when dry; per. l. internal ovate-lanceolate thinner; caps. oblong horizontal, somewhat striate when dry; lid convex, not apiculate; per. teeth internal with numerous appendiculate cilia. [Schp. Syn., 431.]

Ben Lawers, 1866 (Dr. Stirton). Summer.

47. AULACOMNION. SCHW.

288. A. PALUSTRE. Schw. St. 2–4in. branched, beset with reddish radicles; l. oblong-lanceolate, denticulate at apex, flexuose undulate, crisped when dry, papillose on both sides; caps. ovate-oblong, gibbous, cernuous, curved; lid conical, with a blunt beak; barren fl. discoid: dioicous.

Turfy bogs and marshes. V. VI.

var. β. _imbricatum._ “l. broader imbricate, entire, not twisted when
dry.”

γ. _fasciculare._ st. with many short innovations and fasciculate
leaves; ramuli flagelliform from axils of fl. leaves.

δ. _polycephalum._ “st. decumbent branched; pseudopodia elongated
numerous.”

289. A. ANDROGYNUM. Schw. St. less than 1in., nearly simple; l. lower lanceolate, upper longer, all denticulate at apex, not flexuose nor crisped when dry, papillose, margin recurved; caps. almost cylindrical, gibbous, inclined, furrowed; lid short, conical; pseudopodia numerous; barren fl. gemmiform.

Dry shady woods and banks. V. VI.

48. ORTHODONTIUM. SCHW.

290. O. GRACILE. Schw. St. ½in. slender, tufted; l. long linear setaceous, carinate, flexuose, entire, faintly nerved nearly to apex; caps. obovate-clavate, gradually tapering at base into the seta, inclined; lid long, beaked; calyp. very small.

Sandstone rocks. Yorkshire and Cheshire. III.

49. LEPTOBRYUM. WILS.

291. L. PYRIFORME. Wils. St. scarcely ½in.; l. lower lanceolate entire, upper linear-setaceous, flexuose, serrate at summit, nerve sometimes reaching apex; caps. pyriform pendulous, on a slender flexuose seta; lid convex mammillate.

Rocks. Cheshire. V. VI.

50. BRYUM. H. & T.

Synopsis specierum.

I. L. erect narrow; not nerved to apex (except No. 1).

A. Caps. narrow, inclined.
_a._ monoicous.
1. acuminatum.
2. polymorphum.
3. elongatum.
_b._ synoicous or dioicous.
4. crudum.

B. Caps, pyriform pendulous.
_a._ monoicous or synoicous.
5. nutans.
_b._ dioicous.
6. annotinum.
7. carneum.

II. L. ovate, not nerved to apex.

_a._ dioicous.
8. Wahlenbergii.
9. Ludwigii.
_b._ monoicous.
10. Marrattii.
11. calophyllum.

III. L. mostly ovate, nerved to apex.

A. synoicous or monoicous.
12. lacustre.
13. Warneum.
B. dioicous.
14. pseudotriquetrum.
15. neodamense.
16. alpinum.
17. Muhlenbeckii.
18. turbinatum.
19. latifolium.
20. Duvalii.
21. pallens.
22. barbatum.