Chapter XXXVI: Preparation of the Universal Beverage (4)

1820--Another early form of the French percolator is patented by
Gaudet, a Paris tinsmith.

1822--Nathan Reed, Belfast, Me., is granted a United States patent
on a coffee huller.

1824--Richard Evans is granted a patent in England for a commercial
method of roasting coffee, comprising a cylinder sheet-iron roaster
fitted with improved flanges for mixing, a hollow tube and trier
for sampling the coffee while roasting, and a means for turning the
roaster completely over to empty it.

1825--The pumping percolator, working by steam pressure and by
partial vacuum, comes into vogue in France, Germany, Austria, and
elsewhere.

1825--The first coffee-pot patent in the United States is issued to
Lewis Martelley, New York.

1825--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Hawaii from Rio de
Janeiro.

1827--The first patent for a really practicable French coffee
percolator is granted to Jacques Augustin Gandais, a manufacturer
of plated jewelry in Paris.

1828--Charles Parker, Meriden, Conn., begins work on the original
Charles Parker coffee mill.

1829--The first French patent on a coffee mill is granted Colaux et
Cie, Molsheim, France.

1829--Établissements Lauzaune begin the manufacture of hand-turned
cylinder coffee roasting machines in Paris.

1830--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to
two cents a pound.

1831--David Selden is granted a patent in England for a
coffee-grinding mill having cones of cast-iron.

1831--John Whitmee & Co., England, begin the manufacture of
coffee-plantation machinery.

1831--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to
one cent a pound.

1832--A United States patent is granted to Edmund Parker and Herman
M. White, Meriden, Conn., on a new household coffee and spice mill.
(Chas. Parker Co. business founded same year.)

1832--Government coffee cultivation by forced labor is introduced
into Java.

1832--Coffee is placed on the free list in the United States.

1832-33--United States patents are granted to Ammi Clark, Berlin,
Conn., on improved coffee and spice mills for household use.

1833--Amos Ransom, Hartford, Conn., is granted a United States
patent on a coffee roaster.

1833-34--A complete English coffee-roasting-and-grinding plant is
installed in New York by James Wild.

1834--John Chester Lyman is granted a patent in England on a coffee
huller employing circular wooden disks with wire teeth.

1835--Thomas Ditson, Boston, is granted a United States patent on a
coffee huller. Ten others follow.

1835--The first private coffee estates are started in Java and
Sumatra.

1836--The first French coffee-roaster patent is issued to François
Réné Lacoux, Paris, on a combination coffee roaster and grinder
made of porcelain.

1837--The first French coffee substitute is patented by François
Burlet, Lyons.

1839--James Vardy and Moritz Platow are granted an English patent
on a form of urn percolator employing the vacuum process of coffee
making, the upper vessel being made of glass.

1840--Central America begins shipping coffee to the United States.

1840[L]--Robert Napier, of the Clyde engineering firm of Robert
Napier & Sons, invents the Napierian vacuum coffee machine to make
coffee by distillation and filtration, but the idea is never
patented. (See 1870.)

1840--Abel Stillman, Poland, N.Y., is granted a United States
patent on a family coffee roaster having a mica window to enable
the operator to observe the coffee while roasting.

1840--The English begin to cultivate coffee in India.

1840--Wm. McKinnon & Co.. Aberdeen, Scotland, begin the manufacture
of plantation machinery. (Established 1798.)

1842--The first French patent on a glass coffee-making device is
granted to Mme. Vassieux of Lyons.

1843--Ed. Loysel de Santais, Paris, is granted a patent on an
improved coffee-making device, the principle of which is later
incorporated in a hydrostatic percolator making 2,000 cups an hour.

1846--James W. Carter, Boston, is granted a United States patent on
the Carter "pull-out" coffee roaster.

1847--J.R. Remington, Baltimore, is granted a United States patent
on a coffee roaster employing a wheel of buckets to move the green
coffee beans singly through a charcoal-heated trough in which they
are roasted while passing over the rotating wheel.

1847-48--William Dakin and Elizabeth Dakin are granted patents in
England for a roasting cylinder lined with gold, silver, platinum,
or alloy, and traversing carriage on a railway to move the roaster
in and out of the heating chamber.

1848--Thomas John Knowlys is granted a patent in England on a
perforated roasting cylinder coated with enamel.

1848--Luke Herbert is granted the first English patent on a
coffee-grinding machine.

1849--Apoleoni Preterre, Havre, is granted a patent in England on a
coffee roaster mounted on a weighing apparatus to indicate loss of
weight in roasting, and automatically to stop the roasting process.

1849--Thomas R. Wood of Cincinnati is granted a United States
patent on Wood's improved spherical coffee roaster for use on
kitchen stoves.

1850--John Gordon & Co. begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation
machinery in London.

1850[L]--The cultivation of coffee is introduced into Guatemala.

1850[L]--John Walker introduces his cylinder pulper for coffee
plantations.

1852--Edward Gee secures a patent in England for an improved
combination of apparatus for roasting coffee; having a perforated
cylinder fitted with inclined flanges for turning the beans while
roasting.

1852--Robert Bowman Tennent is granted a patent in England on a
two-cylinder machine for pulping coffee. Others follow.

1852--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Salvador from Cuba.

1852--Tavernier is granted a French patent on a coffee tablet.

1853--Lacassagne and Latchoud are granted a French patent on liquid
and solid extracts of coffee.

1855--C.W. Van Vliet, Fishkill Landing, N.Y., is granted a patent
on a household coffee mill employing upper breaking, and lower
grinding, cones. Assigned to Charles Parker, Meriden, Conn.

1856--Waite and Sener's Old Dominion pot is patented in the United
States.

1857--The Newell patents on coffee-cleaning machinery are issued in
America. Sixteen patents follow.

1857--George L. Squier, Buffalo, N.Y., begins the manufacture of
coffee-plantation machinery.

1859--John Gordon, London, is granted an English patent on a coffee
pulper.

1860[L]--Osborn's Celebrated Prepared Java coffee, the pioneer
ground-coffee package, is put on the New York market by Lewis A.
Osborn.

1860--Marcus Mason, an American mechanical engineer in San José,
Costa Rica, invents the Mason pulper and cleaner.

1860--John Walker is granted a patent in England on a disk pulper
for pulping Arabian coffee.

1860--Alexius Van Gulpen begins the manufacture of a
green-coffee-grading machine at Emmerich, Germany.

1861--An import duty of four cents a pound on coffee is imposed by
the United States as a war-revenue measure.

1862--The import duty on coffee in the United States is increased
to five cents a pound.

1862--The first paper-bag factory in the United States, making bags
for loose coffee, begins operation in Brooklyn.

1862--E.J. Hyde, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent
on a combined coffee roaster and stove, fitted with a crane on
which the roasting cylinder is revolved and swung out horizontally
from the stove.

1864--Jabez Burns, New York, is granted a United States patent on
the Burns coffee roaster, the first machine that did not have to be
moved away from the fire for discharging the roasted
coffee--marking a distinct advance in the manufacture of
coffee-roasting apparatus.

1864--James Henry Thompson. Hoboken, and John Lidgerwood,
Morristown, N.J., are granted an English patent on a coffee-hulling
machine.

1865--John Arbuckle introduces to the trade at Pittsburgh roasted
coffee in individual packages, the forerunner of the Ariosa
package.

1866--William Van Vleek Lidgerwood, American chargé d'affaires, Rio
de Janeiro, is granted an English patent on a
coffee-hulling-and-cleaning machine.

1867--Jabez Burns is granted United States patents on a coffee
cooler, a coffee mixer, and a grinding mill, or granulator.

1868--Thomas Page, New York, begins the manufacture of a pull-out
coffee roaster similar to the Carter machine.

1868--Alexius Van Gulpen, in partnership with J.H. Lensing and
Theodore von Gimborn, begins the manufacture of coffee-roasting
machines at Emmerich, Germany.

1868--E.B. Manning, Middletown, Conn., patents his tea-and-coffee
pot in the United States.

1868--John Arbuckle is granted a United States patent for a
roasted-coffee coating consisting of Irish moss, isinglass,
gelatin, sugar, and eggs.

1869--Élie Moneuse and L. Duparquet, New York, are granted three
United States patents on a coffee pot, or urn, formed of sheet
copper and lined with pure sheet block tin.

1869--B.G. Arnold, New York, engineers the first large green-coffee
speculation; his success as an operator winning for him the title
of King of the Coffee Trade.

1869--Henry E. Smyser, assignor to the Weikel & Smith Spice Co.,
Philadelphia, is granted his first United States patent on a spice
box used also for coffee.

1869--Licenses to sell coffee in London are abolished.

1869--The coffee-leaf disease is first noticed in Ceylon.

1870--John Gulick Baker, Philadelphia, one of the founders of the
Enterprise Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania, is granted a patent
on a coffee grinder introduced to the trade by the Enterprise
Manufacturing Co. as its Champion No. 1 mill.

1870--Delephine, Sr., Marourme, is granted a French patent on a
tubular coffee roaster that turns over the flame.

1870--Alexius Van Gulpen, Emmerich, Germany, brings out a globular
coffee roaster having perforations and an exhauster.

1870--Thos. Smith & Son, Glasgow, Scotland, (Elkington & Co.,
successors), begin the manufacture of the Napierian vacuum
coffee-making machines for brewing coffee by distillation.

1870--First United States trade-mark for essence of coffee is
registered by Butler, Earhart & Co., Columbus, Ohio.

1870--The first coffee-valorization enterprise in Brazil results in
failure.

1871--J.W. Gillies, New York, is granted two patents in the United
States for roasting and treating coffee by subjecting it to an
intervening cooling operation.

1871--First United States trade-mark for coffee is issued to
Butler, Earhart & Co., Columbus, Ohio, for Buckeye, first used
1870.

1871--G.W. Hungerford is granted United States patents on
coffee-cleaning-and-polishing machines.

1871--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to
three cents a pound.

1872--Jabez Burns, New York, is granted a United States patent on
an improved coffee-granulating mill. Another in 1874.

1872--J. Guardiola, Chocola, Guatemala, is granted his first United
States patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee drier.

1872--The import duty on coffee in the United States is repealed.

1872--Robert Hewitt, Jr., New York, publishes the first American
work on coffee, _Coffee: Its History, Cultivation, and Uses_.

1873--J.G. Baker, Philadelphia, assignor of the Enterprise
Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania, is granted a United States
patent on a grinding mill later known to the trade as Enterprise
Champion Globe No. 0.

1873--Marcus Mason begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation
machinery in the United States.

1873--Ariosa, first successful national brand of package coffee is
put on the United States market by John Arbuckle of Pittsburgh.
(Registered 1900.)

1873--H.C. Lockwood, Baltimore, is granted a United States patent
on a coffee package made of paper and lined with tin-foil, with
false bottom and top.

1873--The first international syndicate to control coffee is
organized in Frankfort, Germany, by the German Trading Company, and
operates successfully for eight years.

1873--The Jay Cooke stock-market panic causes the price of Rios in
the New York market to drop from twenty-four cents to fifteen cents
in one day.

1873--E. Dugdale, Griffin, Ga., is granted two United States
patents on coffee substitutes.

1873--The first "coffee palace," the Edinburgh Castle, designed to
replace public-houses for workingmen, is opened in London.

1874--John Arbuckle is granted a United States patent on a
coffee-cleaner-and-grader.

1875--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Guatemala.

1875-76-78--Turner Strowbridge, of New Brighton, Pa., is granted
three United States patents on a box coffee mill first made by
Logan & Strowbridge.

1876--John Manning brings out his valve-type percolator in the
United States.

1876-78--Henry B. Stevens, Buffalo, assignor to George L. Squier,
Buffalo, is granted important United States patents on
coffee-cleaning-and-grading machines.

1877--The first German patent on a commercial coffee roaster is
issued in Berlin to G. Tuberman's Son.

1877--A French patent is granted Marchand and Hignette, Paris, on a
sphere or ball coffee roaster.

1877--The first French patent on a gas coffee roaster is issued to
Roure of Marseilles.

1878--Coffee cultivation is introduced into British Central Africa.

1878--_The Spice Mill_, the first paper in America devoted to the
coffee and spice trades, is founded by Jabez Burns of New York.

1878--A United States patent is issued to Rudolphus L. Webb,
assignor to Landers, Frary & Clark of New Britain, Conn., on an
improved box coffee grinder for home use.

1878--Chase & Sanborn, the Boston coffee roasters, are the first to
pack and ship roasted coffee in sealed containers.

1878--John C. Dell, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent
on a coffee mill for store use.

1879--H. Faulder, Stockport, Lancaster, Eng., is granted an English
patent on the first English gas coffee roaster, now made by the
Grocers Engineering & Whitmee, Ltd.

1879--A new gas coffee roaster is invented in England by Fleury &
Barker.

1879--C.F. Hargreaves, Rio de Janeiro, is granted an English patent
on machinery for hulling, polishing, and separating coffee.

1879--Charles Halstead, New York, is the first to bring out a metal
coffee pot with a china interior.

1879-80--Orson W. Stowe, of the Peck, Stowe & Wilcox Co.,
Southington, Conn., is granted United States patents on an improved
coffee and spice mill.

1880--Great failures in the American coffee trade as a result of
syndicate planting and buying of coffees in Brazil, Mexico, and
Central America.

1880--Coffee pots with tops, having muslin bottoms for clarifying
and straining, are first made by Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse Co. in
the United States.

1880--Peter Pearson, Manchester, Eng., is granted a patent in
England on a coffee roaster wherein gas is substituted for coke as
fuel.

1880--Henry E. Smyser, Philadelphia, is granted a United States
patent on a package-making-and-filling machine, forerunner of the
weighing-and-packing machine, the control of which by John Arbuckle
led to the coffee-sugar war with the Havemeyers.

1880--Fancy paper bags for coffee are first used in Germany.

1880-81--G.W. and G.S. Hungerford are granted United States patents
on machines for cleaning, scouring, and polishing coffee.

1880-81--The first big coffee-trade combination in North America,
known as the "trinity" (O.G. Kimball, B.G. Arnold and Bowie Dash,
all of New York), has a sensational collapse, its failure being the
result of syndicate planting and buying of coffees in Brazil,
Mexico, and Central America.

1881--Steele & Price, Chicago, are the first to introduce all-paper
cans (made of strawboard) for coffee.

1881--C.S. Phillips, Brooklyn, is granted three patents in the
United States for aging and maturing coffee.

1881--The Emmericher Machinenfabrik und Eisengiesserei at Emmerich,
Germany, begins the manufacture of a closed globular roaster with a
gas-heater attachment.

1881--Jabez Burns is granted a United States patent on an improved
construction of his roaster, comprising a turn-over front head,
serving for both feeding and discharging.

1881--The Morgan brothers, Edgar H. and Charles, begin the
manufacture of household coffee mills, subsequently acquired (1885)
by the Arcade Manufacturing Co., Freeport, Ill.

1881--Francis B. Thurber, New York, publishes the second important
American work on coffee, _Coffee from Plantation to Cup_.

1881--Harvey Ricker, Brooklyn, introduces to the trade a "minute"
coffee pot and urn, known as the Boss, name subsequently changed to
Minute, and later improved and patented (1901) as the Half Minute
coffee pot--a filtration device employing a cotton sack with a
thick bottom.

1881--New York Coffee Exchange is incorporated.

1882--Chris. Abele, New York, is granted a atent in the United
States on an improvement on a coffee roaster, similar to the
original Burns machine (on which the 1864 patent had expired) known
as the Knickerbocker.

1882--The Hungerfords, father and son, bring out a coffee roaster,
similar to the first Burns machine, in competition with Chris.
Abele.

1882--A German patent is granted to Emil Newstadt, Berlin, on one
of the earliest coffee-extract-making machines.

1882--The first French coffee exchange, or terminal market, is
opened at Havre.

1882--New York Coffee Exchange begins business.

1883--The Burns Improved Sample Coffee Roaster is patented in the
United States by Jabez Burns.

1884--The Star coffee pot, later known as the Marion Harland, is
introduced to the trade.

1884--The Chicago Liquid Sack Co. introduces the first combination
paper and tin-end can for coffee in the United States.

1885--F.A. Cauchois introduces into the United States market an
improved porcelain-lined coffee urn.

1885--Property of New York Coffee Exchange is transferred to the
Coffee Exchange, City of New York, incorporated by special charter.

1880--Walker, Sons & Co., Ltd., begin experiments in Ceylon with a
Liberian disk coffee pulper; fully perfected in 1898.

1886-88--The "great coffee boom" forces the price of Rio 7's from
seven and a half to twenty-two and a quarter cents, the subsequent
panic reducing the price to nine cents. Total sales on the New York
Coffee Exchange.

1887-88, amount to 47,868,750 bags; and prices advance 1,485
points during 1886-87.

1887--Beeston Tupholme, London, is granted a patent in England on a
direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1887--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Tonkin, Indo-China.

1887--Coffee exchanges are opened in Amsterdam and Hamburg.

1888--Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, is
granted a United States patent on a coffee-hulling machine
(invented in 1885); and the same year, the Engelberg Huller Co.,
Syracuse, N.Y., is organized for the purpose of manufacturing and
selling Engelberg machines.

1888--Karel F. Henneman, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted a
patent in Spain on a direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1888--A French patent is granted to Postulart on a gas roaster.

1889--David Fraser, who came to the United States in 1886 from
Glasgow, Scotland, establishes the Hungerford Co., succeeding to
the business of the Hungerfords.

1889--The Arcade Manufacturing Co., Freeport, Ill., brings out the
first "pound" coffee mill.

1889--Karel F. Henneman, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted patents
in Belgium, France, and England, on his direct-flame gas coffee
roaster.

1889--C.A. Otto is granted a German patent on a spiral-coil gas
coffee machine to roast coffee in three and a half minutes.

1890--A. Mottant, Bar-le-Duc, France, begins the manufacture of
coffee-roasting machines.

1890[L]--Coffee exchanges are opened in Antwerp, London, and
Rotterdam.

1890--Sigmund Kraut begins the manufacture of fancy grease-proof
paper-lined coffee bags in Berlin.

1891--The New England Automatic Weighing Machine Co., Boston,
begins the manufacture of machines to weigh coffee into cartons and
other packages.

1891--R.F.E. O'Krassa; Antigua, Guatemala, is granted an important
English patent on a machine for pulping coffee.

1891--John List, Black Heath, Kent, Eng., is granted an English
patent on a steam coffee urn described as an improvement on the
Napierian system.

1892--T. von Gimborn, Emmerich, Germany, is granted an English
patent on a coffee roaster employing a naked gas flame in a rotary
cylinder.

1892--The Fried. Krupp A.G. Grusonwerk, Magdeburg-Buckau, Germany,
begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery.

1893--Cirilo Mingo, New Orleans, is granted a United States patent
on a process for maturing, or aging, green coffee beans by
moistening the bags.

1893--The first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in America
(Tupholme's English machine) is installed by F.T. Holmes at the
plant of the Potter-Parlin Co., New York, which places similar
machines on daily rental basis throughout the United States,
limiting leases to one firm in a city, obtaining exclusive American
rights from the Waygood, Tupholme Co., now the Grocers Engineering
& Whitmee, Ltd., London.

1893--Karel F. Hennemann, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted a
United States patent on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1894--The first automatic weighing machine to weigh goods in
cartons is installed in the plant of Chase & Sanborn, Boston.

1894--Joseph M. Walsh, Philadelphia, publishes his _Coffee; Its
History, Classification and Description_.

1895--Gerritt C. Otten and Karel F. Henneman, the Hague,
Netherlands, are granted a United States patent on a coffee
roaster.

1895--Adolph Kraut introduces German-made double (grease-proof
lined) paper bags for coffee in America.

1895--Marcus Mason, assignor to Marcus Mason & Co., New York, is
granted United States patents on machines for pulping and polishing
coffee.

1895--Thomas M. Royal, Philadelphia, is the first to manufacture in
the United States a fancy duplex-lined paper bag.

1895--Édelestan Jardin publishes in Paris a work on coffee,
entitled _Le Caféier et le Café_.

1895--The Electric Scale Co., Quincy, Mass., begins the manufacture
of pneumatic weighing machines; business continued by the Pneumatic
Scale Corp., Ltd., Norfolk Downs, Mass.

1896--Natural gas is first used in the United States as fuel for
roasting, being introduced under coal roasting cylinders in
Pennsylvania and Indiana by improvised gas-burners.

1896-1897--Beeston Tupholme is granted United States patents on his
direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1897--Joseph Lambert of Vermont begins the manufacture and sale in
Battle Creek, Mich., of the Lambert self-contained coffee roaster
without the brick setting then required for coffee roasting
machines.

1897--A special gas burner (made the basis of application for
patent) is first attached to a regular Burns roaster.

1897--The Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Pennsylvania, is the first
regularly to employ electric motors for driving commercial coffee
mills by means of belt-and-pulley attachments.

1897--Carl H. Duehring, Hoboken, N.J., assignor to D.B. Fraser, New
York, is granted a United States patent on a coffee roaster.

1898--The Hobart Manufacturing Co., Troy, Ohio, puts on the market
one of the first coffee grinders connected with an electric motor
and driven by a belt-and-pulley attachment.

1898--Millard F. Hamsley, Brooklyn, is granted a United States
patent on an improved direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1898--Edwin Norton of New York is granted a United States patent on
a vacuum process of canning foods, later applied to coffee. Others
follow.

1898--J.D. Olavarria, a distinguished Venezuelan, first advocates a
plan for restriction of coffee production, and for regulation of
coffee exports from countries suffering from overproduction.

1898--A bear campaign forces Rio 7's down to four and a half cents
on the New York Coffee Exchange.

1899--The bubonic-plague boom temporarily halts the downward trend
of coffee prices.

1899--The Canister Co., Phillipsburg, N.J., begins the manufacture
of square and oblong fiber-bodied tin-end cans for coffee.

1899--Soluble coffee is invented in Chicago by Dr. Sartori Kato, a
chemist of Tokio.

1899--David B. Fraser, New York, is granted two patents in the
United States, one for a coffee roaster and one for a coffee
cooler.

1899--Ellis M. Potter, New York, is granted a United States patent
on a direct-flame gas coffee roasting machine embodying certain
improvements on the Tupholme machine, whereby the gas flame is
spread over a large area, so avoiding scorching and securing a more
thorough and uniform roast.

1900--The Burns direct-flame gas coffee roaster with a patented
swing-gate head for feeding and discharging at the center, is first
introduced to the trade.

1900--First gear-driven electric coffee grinder is introduced into
the United States market by the Enterprise Manufacturing Co. of
Pennsylvania.

1900--The Burns swing-gate sample-coffee roasting outfit is
patented in the United States.

1900--Hills Bros., San Francisco, are the first to pack coffee in a
vacuum under the Norton patents.

1900--Charles Morgan, Freeport, Ill., is granted a United States
patent on a glass-jar coffee mill, with removable glass measuring
cup.

1900--R.F.E. O'Krassa, Antigua, Guatemala, is granted an English
and a United States patents on machines for shelling and drying
coffee.

1900--Chemically purified and neutralized rosin as a glaze
(_harz-glasur_) for roasted coffee, designed to keep it fresh and
palatable, is first discovered and applied in Germany.

1900--Charles Lewis is granted a United States patent on his Kin
Hee filter coffee pot.

1900-1901--A new era in coffee is inaugurated when Santos
permanently displaces Rio as the world's largest source of supply.

1901--Kato's soluble coffee is put on the United States market by
the Kato Coffee Company at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo.

1901--American Can Co. begins the manufacture and sale of tin
coffee cans in the United States.

1901--Improved all-paper cans for coffee (made of strawboard or
chip-board, plain or manila-lined) are introduced into the United
States market by J.H. Kuechenmeister of St. Louis.

1901--The first issue of _The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal_,
devoted to the interests of the tea and coffee trades, appears in
New York.

1901--Coffee cultivation is introduced into British East Africa
from Réunion Island.

1901--Robert Burns of New York is granted two United States patents
on a coffee roaster and cooler.

1901--Joseph Lambert of Marshall, Mich., introduces to the trade in
the United States a gas coffee roaster, one of the earliest
machines employing gas as fuel for indirect roasting.

1901--T.C. Morewood, Brentford, Middlesex, Eng., is granted an
English patent on a gas coffee roaster with a removable sampling
tube.

1901--F.T. Holmes joins the Huntley Manufacturing Co., Silver
Creek, N.Y., which then begins to build the Monitor coffee roaster
for the trade.

1901--Landers, Frary & Clark's Universal percolator is patented in
the United States.

1902--The Coles Manufacturing Co. (Braun Co., successors) and Henry
Troemner, Philadelphia, begin the manufacture and sale of
gear-driven electric coffee grinders.

1902--The Pan-American Congress, meeting in Mexico City, proposes
an international congress for the study of coffee, to meet in New
York, October, 1902.

1902--An international coffee congress is held in New York, October
1 to October 30.

1902--_Robusta_ coffee is introduced into Java from the Jardin
Botanique at Brussels.

1902--The first fancy duplex paper bag made by machinery from a
roll of paper is produced by the Union Bag & Paper Corp.

1902--The Jagenberg Machine Co. begins the introduction into the
United States of a line of German-made automatic
packaging-and-labeling machines for coffee.

1902--T.K. Baker, Minneapolis, is granted two United States patents
on a cloth-filter coffee maker.

1903--A United States patent on a coffee concentrate and process of
making the same (soluble coffee) is granted to Sartori Kato of
Chicago, assignor to the Kato Coffee Company of Chicago.

1903--F.A. Cauchois introduces Coffey's soluble coffee to the
United States coffee trade, the product being ground roasted coffee
mixed with sugar and reduced to a powder.

1903--Overproduction in Brazil causes Santos 4's to drop to 3.55
cents on the New York Exchange, the lowest price ever recorded for
coffee.

1903--John Arbuckle, New York, is granted a United States patent on
a coffee-roasting apparatus, employing a fan to force the "hot fire
gases" into the roasting cylinder.

1903--George C. Lester, New York, is granted a United States patent
on an electric coffee roaster.

1904--Dr. E. Denekamp is granted a United States patent on a rosin
glaze for roasted coffee, designed to preserve its flavor and
aroma.

1904--The so-called "cotton crowd," under the leadership of D.J.
Sully, forces green-coffee prices up to 11.85 cents, all records
for business on the New York Coffee Exchange being smashed by the
sale of over a million bags on February 5.

1904--Sigmund Sternau, J.P. Steppe, and L. Strassberger, assignors
to S. Sternau & Co., New York, are granted a United States patent
on a coffee percolator.

1904-05--Douglas Gordon, assignor to Marcus Mason & Co., New York,
is granted United States patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee
drier.

1905--The A.J. Deer Co., Buffalo (now at Hornell, N.Y.), begins
the sale of its Royal electric coffee mills direct to dealers, on
the instalment plan, revolutionizing the former practise of selling
coffee mills through the hardware jobbers.

1905--The Henneman direct-flame gas coffee roaster, a Dutch
machine, is introduced into the United States market by C.A. Cross,
Fitchburg, Mass.

1905--H.L. Johnston is granted a United States patent on a coffee
mill which he assigns to the Hobart Manufacturing Co., Troy, Ohio.

1905--Frederick A. Cauchois introduces his Private Estate coffee
maker, a filtration device employing Japanese filter paper.

1905--Finley Acker, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent
on a coffee percolator, employing "porous or bibulous paper" as a
filtering medium and having side perforations.

1905--A coffee exchange is opened in Trieste, Austria-Hungary.

1905--The Kaffee-Handels Aktiengesellschaft, Bremen, is granted a
German patent on a process for freeing coffee from caffein.

1906--H.D. Kelly, Kansas City, Mo., is granted a United States
patent on the Kellum Thermo Automatic coffee urn, employing a
coffee extractor in which the ground coffee is continually agitated
before percolation by a vacuum process. Sixteen patents follow.

1906--G. Washington, an American chemist (born in Belgium of
English parents), living temporarily in Guatemala City, invents a
refined (soluble) coffee.

1906--Frank T. Holmes, Brooklyn (assignor to the Huntley
Manufacturing Co.), is granted a patent for an improvement on a
coffee-roasting machine.

1906--Captain Moegling's electric-fuel coffee roaster, invented in
1900, is given a practical demonstration in Germany.

1906--Ludwig Schmidt, assignor to the Essmueller Mill Furnishing
Co., St. Louis, is granted a United States patent on a coffee
roaster.

1906-07--Brazil produces a record-breaking crop of 20,190,000 bags,
and the State of São Paulo inaugurates a plan to valorize coffee.

1907--The Pure Food and Drugs Act comes into force in the United
States, making it obligatory to label all coffees correctly.

1907--Desiderio Pavoni, Milan, is granted a patent in Italy for an
improvement on the Bezzara system of preparing and serving coffee
as a rapid infusion of a single cup.

1907--P.E. Edtbauer (Mrs. E. Edtbauer), Chicago, is granted a
United States patent on a duplex automatic weighing machine, the
first simple, fast, accurate, and moderate-priced machine for
weighing coffee.

1908--Dr. John Friederick Meyer, Jr., Ludwig Roselius, and Karl
Heinrich Wimmer, are granted a United States patent on a process
for freeing coffee of caffein.

1908--Brazil begins a propaganda for coffee in England by
subsidizing an English company organized for that purpose.

1908--Porto Rico coffee planters present a memorial to the Congress
of the United States asking for a protective tariff of six cents a
pound on all foreign coffee.

1908--The revivification of the valorization coffee enterprise is
accomplished by a combination of bankers and the Brazil Government,
with a loan of $75,000,000 placed through Hermann Sielcken with
banking houses in England, Germany, France, Belgium, and the United
States.

1908--J.C. Prims, of Battle Creek. Mich., patents a
corrugated-cylinder improvement for a gas-and-coal coffee roaster
of small capacity (50 to 130 pounds) designed for retail stores.

1908--An improved type of Burns roaster, comprising an open
perforated cylinder with flexible back head and balanced front
bearing, is granted a patent in the United States.

1908--I.D. Richheimer, Chicago, introduces his Tricolator, an
improved device employing Japanese filter paper.

1908-11--R.F.E. O'Krassa, Antigua, Guatemala, is granted several
English patents on machines for hulling, washing, drying, and
separating coffee.

1909--The G. Washington refined (prepared) soluble coffee is put on
the United States market.

1909--The A.J. Deer Co. acquires the Prims coffee roaster and
re-introduces it to the trade as the Royal coffee roaster.

1909--The Burns tilting sample-coffee roaster is patented in the
United States for gas or electric heating units.

1909--Frederick A. Cauchois of New York is granted a United States
patent on a coffee urn fitted with a centrifugal pump for
repouring.

1909--C.F. Blanke, St. Louis, is granted two United States patents
on a china coffee pot with a dripper bag.

1910--The German caffein-free coffee is first introduced to the
trade of the United States by Merck & Co., New York, under the
brand name Dekafa, later changed to Dekofa.

1910--B. Belli publishes in Milan, Italy, a work on coffee entitled
_Il Caffè_.

1910--Frank Bartz, assignor to the A.J. Deer Co., Hornell, N.Y., is
granted two United States patents on flat and concave
coffee-grinding disks provided with concentric rows of inclined
teeth, used in electric coffee mills.

1911--All-fiber parchment-lined Damptite cans for coffee are
introduced by the American Can Company.

1911--The coffee roasters of the United States organize into a
national association.

1911--Robert H. Talbutt, Baltimore (assignor to J.E. Baines,
trustee, Washington) is granted a United States patent on an
electric coffee roaster.

1911--Edward Aborn, New York, introduces his Make-Right coffee
filter, and is granted a United States patent on it.

1912--Robert O'Krassa, Antigua, Guatemala, is granted four United
States patents on machines for washing, drying, separating,
hulling, and polishing coffee.

1912--The C.F. Blanke Tea & Coffee Co., St. Louis, brings out Magic
Cup, later known as Faust Soluble, coffee.

1912--The United States government brings suit to force the sale
of coffee stocks held in the United States under the valorization
agreement.

1912--John E. King, Detroit, is granted a United States patent on
an improved coffee percolator employing a filter-paper attachment.

1913--F.F. Wear, Los Angeles, Cal., perfects a coffee-making device
in which a metal perforated clamp is employed to apply a filter
paper to the under side of an English earthenware adaptation of the
French drip pot.

1913--F. Lehnhoff Wyld, Guatemala City, and E.T. Cabarrus organize
the "Société du Café Soluble Belna," Brussels, Belgium, to put on
the European market a refined soluble coffee under the brand name
Belna.

1913--Herbert L. Johnston, assignor to the Hobart Electric
Manufacturing Co., Troy, Ohio, is granted a United States patent on
a machine for refining coffee.

1914--The Association Nationale du Commerce des Cafés is
established at 5 Place Jules Ferry, Havre, to protect the interests
of the coffee trade of all France.

1914--The Kaffee Hag Corporation, capital $1,000,000, is organized
in New York to continue marketing in the United States the German
caffein-free coffee under its original German brand name.

1914--Robert Burns of New York, assignor to Jabez Burns & Sons, is
granted a United States patent on a coffee-granulating mill.

1914--The Phylax coffee maker, employing an improved French-drip
principle, is introduced to the trade by the Phylax Coffee Maker
Co., Detroit (succeeded in 1922 by the Phylax Company of
Pennsylvania).

1914--The first national coffee week is promoted in the United
States by the National Coffee Roasters Association.

1914-15--Herbert Galt, Chicago, is granted three United States
patents on the Galt coffee pot, all aluminum, having two parts, a
removable cylinder employing the French-drip principle, and the
containing pot.

1915--The Burns Jubilee (inner-heated) gas coffee roaster is
patented in the United States and put on the market.

1915--The National Coffee Roasters Association Home coffee mill,
employing a set screw operating on a cog-and-ratchet principle, is
introduced to the trade.

1915--The second national coffee week is held in the United States
under the auspices of the National Coffee Roasters Association.

1916--The Federal Tin Co. begins the manufacture of tin coffee
containers for use in connection with automatic packing machines.

1916--The National Paper Can Co., Milwaukee, introduces to the
United States trade a new hermetically sealed all-paper can for
coffee.

1916--A United States patent is granted to I.D. Richheimer,
Chicago, for an improvement on his Tricolator.

1916--The Coffee Trade Association, London, is formed to include
brokers, merchants, and wholesale dealers.

1916--The Coffee Exchange, City of New York, changes its name to
the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange, admitting sugar trading.

1916--Saul Blickman, assignor to S. Blickman, New York, is granted
a United States patent on an apparatus for making and dispensing
coffee.

1916--Orville W. Chamberlain, New Orleans, is granted a United
States patent on an automatic drip coffee pot.

1916--Jules Le Page, Darlington, Ind., is granted two United States
patents on cutting-rolls to cut, and not to grind or crush, coffee,
later marketed by the B.F. Gump Co., Chicago, as the Ideal
steel-cut coffee mill.

1916-17--The first hermetically-sealed all-paper cans for coffee
are introduced to the United States trade, patented in 1919 by the
National Paper Can Co., Milwaukee.

1917--The Baker Importing Co., Minneapolis and New York, puts on
the United States market Barrington Hall soluble coffee.

1917--Richard A. Greene and William G. Burns, New York, assignors
to Jabez Burns & Sons, are granted patents in the United States on
the Burns flexible-arm cooler (for roasted batches), providing full
fan-suction connection to a cooler box at all points in its track
travel.

1918--John E. King, Detroit, Mich., is granted a United States
patent on an irregular-grind of coffee, consisting of coarsely
grinding ten percent of the product and finely grinding ninety
percent.

1918--The Charles G. Hires Co., Philadelphia, brings out Hires
soluble coffee.

1918--I.D. Richheimer, promoter of the original soluble coffee of
Kato, and the Kato patent, organizes the Soluble Coffee Company of
America to supply soluble coffee to the American army overseas;
after the armistice, licensing other merchants under the Kato
patents, or offering to process the merchants' own coffee for them,
if desired.

1918--The United States government places coffee importers,
brokers, jobbers, roasters, and wholesalers under a war-time
licensing system to control imports and prices.

1918-19--The United States government coffee control results in the
accumulation at Brazil ports of more than 9,000,000 bags; in spite
of which, Brazil speculators force Brazil grades up 75 to 100
percent., costing United States traders millions of dollars.

1919--The Kaffee Hag Corporation becomes Americanized by the sale
of 5,000 shares of its stock sold by the alien property custodian
and by the purchase of the remaining 5,000 shares by George Gund,
Cleveland, Ohio.

1919--William A. Hamor and Charles W. Trigg, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
assignors to John E. King, Detroit, Mich., are granted a United
States patent on a process for making a new soluble coffee. The
process consists in bringing the volatilized caffeol in contact
with a petrolatum absorbing medium, where it is held until needed
for combination with the evaporated coffee extract.

1919--Floyd W. Robison, Detroit, is granted a United States patent
on a process for aging green coffee by treating it with
micro-organisms to improve its flavor and to increase its
extractive value. The product is put on the market as Cultured
coffee.

1919--William Fullard, Philadelphia, is granted a United States
patent on a "heated fresh air system" for roasting coffee.

1919--A million-dollar propaganda for coffee is begun in the United
States by Brazil planters in co-operation with a joint coffee-trade
publicity committee.

1920--The third national coffee week is observed in the United
States, this time under the auspices of the Joint Coffee Trade
Publicity Committee.

1920--Edward Aborn, New York, is granted a United States patent on
a Tru-Bru coffee pot, a device embodying striking improvements on
the French filter principle.

1920--Alfredo M. Salazar, New York, is granted a United States
patent on a coffee urn in which the coffee is made at the time of
serving by using steam pressure to force the boiling water through
the ground coffee held in a cloth sack attached to the faucet.

1920--William H. Pisani, assignor to M.J. Brandenstein & Co., San
Francisco, is granted a United States patent on a vacuum process
for packing roasted coffee.

1921--The Comité Français du Café is founded in France to increase
the consumption of coffee.

1922--The São Paulo legislature at the solicitation of the
Sociedade Promotora da Defeza do Café passes a bill increasing the
export tax on coffee from Santos to 200 reis per bag to continue
the propaganda for coffee in the United States for three years.

[L] Approximate Date.

[M] Legendary.

A COFFEE BIBLIOGRAPHY

_A list of references gathered from the principal general and
scientific libraries--Arranged in alphabetic order of topics_

TOPICS AND SUBDIVISIONS

ADULTERATION
BOARD OF HEALTH REGULATIONS
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMISTRY
ANALYSIS, GENERAL
CAFFEIN
CAFFEIN-FREE COFFEE
CAFFEOL
GREEN COFFEE
ROASTED COFFEE
CHICORY
CHICORY IN COFFEE
COFFEE HOUSES
CULTURE AND PREPARATION
GENERAL
REGIONAL
SOILS
DISEASES AND ENEMIES
GENERAL WORKS
LITERATURE, POETRY, ROMANCE
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
BREWING
GLAZING
MISCELLANEOUS
MODIFICATIONS
POLISHING AND COLORING
ROASTING AND GRINDING
MEDICINAL QUALITIES AND USES
ANTISEPTIC AND DISINFECTANT
GENERAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
GENERAL USE AND MISUSE
OF CAFFEIN-FREE COFFEE
OF CHEWING COFFEE
OF DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS
OF GREEN COFFEE
OF LEAVES OF COFFEE TREE
OF ROASTED COFFEE
OF SMOKING COFFEE
ON CHILDREN
ON DIFFERENT ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
SUBSTITUTES
GENERAL
MALT COFFEE
TAXATION, JURISPRUDENCE, ETC.
TRADE AND STATISTICS
EXCHANGE TABLES
GENERAL
REGIONAL
VALORIZATION

ADULTERATION

ADULTERATION of coffee. Report of the proceedings of a public
meeting held at the London Tavern, March 10, 1851. _London_, 1851.

DAFERT, FRANZ W. Las sustancias minerales del cafeto. _San José_,
1896. 33 pp. _Also_, Anales del Instituto médico nacional, 1897,
III: 25, 41, 62, 78.

GRAHAM, T. and others. Chemical report on the mode of detecting
vegetable substances mixed with coffee for purposes of
adulteration. _London_, 1852. 22 pp. (Board of Inland Revenue).

LES FRAUDES du café dévoilées per un amateur. _Paris._

SIMMONDS, P.L. Coffee as it is and as it ought to be. _London_,
1850.

_Periodicals_

BERTARELLI, E. Su una sofisticazione del caffè torrefatto mediante
aggiunta di acqua e borace. Giornale di Farmacia, 1900, 338-343.
_Also_, Rivista d'Igiene e Sanità pubblica, 1900, XI: 467-472.

CABALLERO, F.G. Inconvenientes del uso del café puro y del que se
toma con léche; sofisticacion de los componentes de esta bebida,
etc. Boletin de Medicina y Cirugia, 1851, 2 ser. I: 177-185.

CASAÑA, J. Acerca del producto llamado legumina y sofisticaciones
del café. Anales de la real Academia de Medicina, 1905, XXX:
359-364.

CHIAPPELLA, A.R. Il caffè macinato che si consuma in
Firenze--Alcune sofisticazioni non ancora descritte. Annali
d'Igiene sperimentale, 1904, n. s. XIV: 427-448.

---- Le sofisticazioni del caffè che si consuma in Firenze. Società
toscana d'Igiene, 1905, n. s. V: 110-116.

CHEVALLIER, J.B. Café indigène. Annales d'Hygiène, 1853, XLIX:
408-412.

COFFEE and its adulterations. Lancet, 1851, I: 21, 465; 1853, I:
390, 477; 1857, I: 195. _Also_, Pharmaceutical Journal, 10:
394-396.

COLLIN, E. Del caffè e sue falsificazioni. Giornale di Farmacia, di
Chimica e di Scienze affini, 1879, XXVIII: 529-535; 1880, XXIX:
20-22.

CORIEL, F. Analyse d'un café artificiel torréfié. Journal de
Pharmacie et de Chimie, 1897, 6. ser. VI: 106-108.

CRIBB, C.H. Note on (1) samples of coffee containing added starch;
(2) a sample of artificial coffee berries. Analyst, 1902, XXVII:
114-116.

CROMBIE, S. Examination of ground coffee as found in shops.
Physician and Surgeon, _Ann Arbor_, 1882, IV: 401.

DOOLITTLE, R.E. Coffee sophistications. Tea and Coffee Trade
Journal, 1912, XXIII: Supplement to no. 6, 62-65.

DRAPER, J.C. Coffee and its adulterations. New York Academy of
Medicine. Bulletin, 1869, III: 210-218.

DUBRISAY. Falsifications des cafés, procédés employés à cet effet;
moyens de reconnaître et de reprimer la fraude. Recueil des travaux
du Comité consultatif d'Hygiène publique de France, 1888, XVIII:
19-33.

DUCROS, H.A. De quelques falsifications du café Moka. Institute
égypt. Bulletin, 1901, 4. ser. pp. 293-306.

EDSON, C. Report on colored imitation Java coffee. Sanitary
Engineer, 1883-4, IX: 614.

ESTUDIO del cafeto. Anales del Instituto médico nacional, 1897,
III: 139-144.

FALSIFICATION du café. Annales d'Hygiène, 1864, 2. ser. XXII:
437-443.

FRICKE, E. Neuere Kaffeeverfälschung. Zeitschrift für
Medizinalbeamte, 1889, II: 178.

GIRARDIN, J. Rapports sur un café avarié par l'eau de mer et sur
poudre destinée à remplacer le café. Annales d'Hygiène, 1834, XI:
87-103.

GRIEBEL, C. and BERGMANN, E. Ueber eine neue Kaffeeverfälschung.
Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 1911,
XXI: 481-484.

HARNACK, E. Ueber die besonderen Eigenarten des Kaffeegetränkes und
das Thurmsche Verfahren zur Kaffeereinigung und verbesserung.
Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 1911, LVIII: 1868-1872.

HARRIS, WILLIAM B. Green and roast coffees, the adulteration and
misbranding thereof. American Grocer, 1913, Nov. 19, pp. 19-20.

HESSE, P. Ueber eine Kaffeefarbe. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der
Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 1911 XXI: 220.

JAMMES, L. Le café torréfié, en grains, factice. Revue d'Hygiène,
1890, XII: 1044-1050.

MOCHA coffee. Scientific American, 1903, LXXXIX: 81.

MUNITA, V. Apuntes acerca de las adulteraciones del café y medios
para reconocerlas. La Gaceta de Sanidad militar, 1883, IX: 286,
394.

NOTTBOHM, F.E. and KOCH, E. Arsenhaltige Kaffeeglasierungsmittel.
Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 1911,
XXI: 288-290.

OTTOLENGHI, D. Sopra una frequente sofistcazione del caffé in
polyere. Atti della reale Accademia dei Fisiocritici di Siena,
1903, 4. ser. XV: 381-389.

PARECER do commissão encarregada pela Sociedade pharmaceutica
lusitana de investigar se uma determinada èspecie de café é
prejudicial á saude 185. _Also_, Correio medica de Lisboa, 1874,
III: 136, 147.

RAUMER, E. VON. Beobachtungen über Kaffeeglasuren seit dem
Inkrafttreten der Kaffeesteuer. Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der
Nahrungs-und Genussmittel, 1911, XXI: 102-109.

REISS, F. Ueber eine mechanische Verfälschung der Kaffeesahne.
Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel, 1906,
XI: 391-393.

SOCCIANTI, L. Caffè adulteraro con sostanze nocive. Rivista
d'Igiene e Sanità pubblica, 1895, VI: 497-499.

SORMANI. Di un nuova falsificazione del caffè. Giornale della reale
Società italiana d'Igiene, 1882, IV: 401.

SPENCER, G.L. and EWELL, E.E. Tea, coffee, and cocoa preparations.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Division of Chemistry. Bulletin, XIII,
pt. 7.

VARIOUS "coffees." Lancet, 1915, II: 1006.

VOGEL VON FERHEIM, A. Zur Frage der Zulässigkeit der Verwendung der
sagenannten tauben oder Strohfeigen bei der Feigen
Kaffeefabrikation. Oesterreichische Sanitätswesen, 1903, XV:
101-102.

WIECHMANN, F. Coffee and its adulterations. School of Mines
Quarterly, 1897-8, I: 8-15.

BOARD OF HEALTH REGULATIONS

SCHNEIDER. Der Kaffee, als Gegenstand der medicinischen Polizei.
Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, 1829, IV: 303-327.

SCHÜTZE. Kaffee, Thee und Chocolade, als Nahrungsmittel und in
sanitäts-polizeilicher Hinsicht. Viertel jahrsschrift für
gerichtliche Medizin und öffentliches Sanitätswesen, 1860, XVII:
168-228.

WEITENWEBER, W.R. Medicinisch-poliseiliche Bemerkungen über den
Caffee. Medicinische Jahrbücher des kaiserl. königl.
österreichischen Staates, 1848, LXVI: 42, 151.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

COFFEA _stenophylla_. Royal Botanic Gardens, _Kew_, Bull. of Misc.
Information, 1898:27.

COOK, ORATOR FULLER. Dimorphic branches in tropical crop plants:
cotton, coffee, cacao, the Central American rubber tree, and the
banana. _Washington_, 1911. 64 pp. (U.S. Plant Industry Bureau.
Bulletin, 198.)

DAFERT, FRANZ W. Mittheilung aus dem Landwirthschaftsinstitut des
Staates São Paulo, Brasilien. Der Nahrstoff des Kaffeebaumes.
Landw. Jahrb. 1894, XXIII:27-45.

DOUGLAS, JAMES. Lilium sarniense: or, a description of the
Guernsay-lilly. To which is added the botanical dissection of the
coffee berry. _London_, 1725. 59 pp.

LAROQUE, JEAN. Voyage de l'arabie heureuse, par l'Ocean Oriental, &
le détroit de la Mer Rouge. Fait par les François dans les années
1708, 1709 and 1710. Avec la relation d'un voyage fait du port de
Moka à la cour du roy d'Yemen dans la 2. Expedition des années
1711, 1712 and 1713. Un mémoire concernant l'arbre et le fruit du
café. _Paris_, 1716. 403 pp. Also in English, _London_, 1726.

LA ROQUE. Gruendliche und sichere Nachricht vom Cafee- und
Cafee-Baum. _Leipzig_, 1717.

LIBERIAN coffee. Royal Botanic Gardens, _Kew_, Bull. of Misc.
Information, 1895:296-299.

MCCLELLAND, T.B. The botany of coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade
Journal, 1912, XXII:28-35.

MARIANA, J. Les caféiers; structure anatomique de la feuille.
_Paris_, 1908.

NATURAL caffein-free coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1912,
XXIII:230-233.

NATURAL history of coffee, thee, chocolate, tobacco with a tract of
elder and juniper berries. _London_, 1682.

A NEW hybrid Ceylon coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1916,
XXX; 232-233.

SLOANE, Sir HANS. On the Bird the Cuntur of Peru and on the Coffee
Shrub. _London_, 1694.

WILDEMAN, É. DE. Notes sur quelques espèces du genre Coffea L.
Cong, internat. d. botanique. Actes, 1900, I:221-238.

CHEMISTRY

ANALYSIS, GENERAL

ALLEN, A.H. Commercial organic analysis. _London_, 1892, (v. 3 pt.
2 contains a chapter on vegetable alkaloids, including coffee.)

ANDALORI, ANDRÉ. Il café descritto ed esaminato. _Messine_, 1702.

BOUSSINGAULT, J.B.J.D. Sur les matières sucrées contenues dans le
fruit du caféier. Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 1878-79, IV: 1-4.

CAFFÈ DI GIRASOLE: analisi chemiche, consigli agronomici, etc.
_Padova_, 1881.

COFFEE and chicory. Science readers and diagrams. Ser. 6, no. 3.

GALEANO, JOSEPH. Il caffè, con piu diligenza esaminato. _Palerme_,
1674.

GRIEBEL, C. Ueber den Kaffeegerbstoff. _München_, 1903.

KÖNIG, J. Chemie der menschlichen Nahrungs- und Genussmittel. 4th
ed. _Berlin_, 1904. See v. 2, index for Kaffee, Koffeïn.

LOCKE, EDWIN A. Food values. _New York_, 1911. Coffee analysed p.
54.

LYTHGOE, HERMANN CHARLES. Report on tea and coffee. _Washington_,
1905.

MARCHAND, N.L. Recherches organographiques et organogéniques sur le
Coffea arabica L. _Paris_, 1864.

SESTINI, J. Il caffé; lettura fatta nell' institutio tecnico di
Fochi. _Firenze_, 1868.

STANDARDS of purity for food products. Tea, coffee and cocoa
products. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary. Circ.
19, p. 16.

THORPE, EDWARD. Dictionary of applied chemistry. _London and New
York_, 1912. See pp. 97-103.

WANKLYN, JAMES ALFRED. Tea, coffee, and cocoa: a practical treatise
on the analysis of tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, maté (Paraguay
tea). _London_, 1874. 59 pp.

WARNIER, W.L.A. Bijerage tot de kennis der koffie, mededeeling uit
het laboratorium van het Kolonial museum te Haarlem. _Amsterdam_,
1899. 23 pp.

WEYRICH, R. Ein Beitrag zur Chemie des Thees und Kaffees. _Dorpat_,
1872.

WILEY, H.W. Coffee and tea. In his, 1001 Tests of food, beverages
and toilet accessories, pp. 10-18.

WINTON, ANDREW L. The microscopy of coffee. In his, Microscopy of
vegetable foods, _New York_, 1916. 2 ed. pp. 427-438. Reprinted,
Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, XXI: 22-28.

_Periodicals_

ALLEN, A.H. Note on the examination of coffee. Analyst, 1880, V:
1-4.

BAU, A. The determination of oxalic acid in tea, coffee, marmalade,
vegetables and bread. Z. Nahr. Genussm, 1920, 40: 50-66.

BERTRAND, GABRIEL. Sur la composition chimique du café de la Grande
Comore. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 1901, CXXXII:
162-164.

BINZ, C. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Kaffeebestandtheile. Archiv für
experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1878, IX: 31-51.

BÖTSCH, K. Zur Kenntniss der Saligeninderivate. Monatshefte für
Chemie (Sitzungs berichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften) 1880, I: 621-623.

CANADA (DOMINION). INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT LABORATORY. Coffee:
results of analysis. _Ottawa_, 1888. Bulletin, 3. 8 pp.; 1891,
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CAZENEUVE, P. and HADDON. Sur l'acide cafétannique. Comptes rendus
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CHARAUX, CHARLES. Sur l'acide chlorogénique. Fréquence et recherché
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THE CHEMISTRY of a cup of coffee. Lancet, 1913, II, no. 2:
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DOOLITTLE, R.E. and WRIGHT, B.B. Some effects of storage on coffee.
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FRANKEL, E.M. Coffee by-products. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal,
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---- Coffee identification. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1916,
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FRANKEL, F. HULTON. Calories in a cup of coffee. Tea and Coffee
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---- Die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Frucht und des Samens von
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HARRIS, WILLIAM B. Scientific study of coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade
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PRATT, DAVID S. The microscopy of tea and coffee. Tea and Coffee
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PRESCOTT, A. Chemistry of tea and coffee. Popular Science Monthly,
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ROBISON, FLOYD W. What do we know about coffee? Tea and Coffee
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SAYRE, L.E. A pharmacologist on coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade
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---- Coffee, its standardization and application to pharmacy.
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SOME new facts about coffee. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal,
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STREET, JOHN PHILLIPS. About hygienic coffees. Tea and Coffee Trade
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---- Hygienic coffee analyses. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1917,
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---- Recent coffee analyses. Modern Hospital, 1916: 330-332.
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TRIGG, CHARLES W. Caffetannic acid a bugaboo. Tea and Coffee Trade
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---- Coffee carbohydrates. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1919,
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WILLCOX, O.W. Coffee aroma secret out. Tea and Coffee Trade
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---- Tannin in coffee. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal, 1913, XXV:
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WILLCOX, O.W. and RENTSCHLER, M.J. Scientific analysis of coffee.
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CAFFEIN

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