Chapter XI: Part III: Family Studies in Heredity of Build (4)

The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons:

1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).

2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44.

4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8 (39).

_Comment._—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents. Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy mating (R: How-8).

KRO-3 FAMILY.

A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia. Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42).

The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81 years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6 children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42).

_Comment._—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3).

TEA-A FAMILY.

A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49).

The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 5 children are:

1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46).

2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31).

3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).

5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

_Comment._—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy, suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A).

SUMMARY.

Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31; the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating 1 does.

The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74 ± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny (table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂ generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the Mendelian formulæ.

It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates again the presence of dominant fleshy factors.

TABLE 30. _Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._

+---+------------------------------------+--------------------+
| | |Grades of offspring.|
|No.| Nature of mating. +---+---+---+---+----+
| | |VS | S | M | F | VF |
+---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+
| 1 |One parent S, of S stock; the other | | | | | |
| | F, of F stock | | 4 | 18| 35| 7 |
| 2 |Other slender × fleshy matings | | 2 | 7| 15| 2 |
| 3 |One parent VS; the other VF | | | 1| 1| |
| 4 |One parent S; the other VF | | 5 | 17| 14| 4 |
| | +---+---+---+---+----+
| | Total | | 9 | 43| 65| 13 |
| | Proportion | | 7 | 33| 50| 10 |
+---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+

If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the parental stocks.

Slender × slender (S × S) Table 23
Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F) Table 24
Fleshy × slender (F × S) Table 27]

CLASS IV. MATING OF PROBABLY HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS (THE F₂ GENERATION).

We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such, probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness.

Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other parents who are both of medium build.

Mating 1. BOTH PARENTS EITHER MEDIUM OR FLESHY AND PROBABLY CARRYING GAMETES FOR SLENDERNESS AS WELL AS FLESHINESS.

This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII.

The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic factors than that of 4-zygotic factors.

The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78 ± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁ generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂ generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the presence of multiple factors.

The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below.

BEA-17 FAMILY. (Fig. 41.)

A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build 2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17, 19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35); 169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8 (40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38); fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy parents.

The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build 145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years, has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula 136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33); medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71; build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children:

III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29); slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30 years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42).

_Comment._—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R: Bea-17).

TABLE 31.—_Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation._

+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+----------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s| MF | MM |M |Mother’s+--+--+--+----+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M | F |VF|
+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
|Group X, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| M × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bea 17 |40|37|34|4 range |32[7]| 34 |33|4 range | | 1| |3[8]| |
| | | | | betw. 33| | | | 30 to | | | | | |
| | | | | and 37. | | | | 33. | | | | | |
|Cas 4 |39|29|34| |43 | 27 |34| | | | 3| 3 | |
|Smi |S |F |35|7M 1F |M |M[9]|33|1S 1M | | | | 1 | |
|War 3 |33|S |33| |41 | 26 |31| | | 3| 7| | |
|Whi 22 |41|27|32| |31 | 44 |36| | | | 2| | |
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|12| 7 | |
| | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
|Group XI, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| F × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cri 1 |37|26|34| |45 | 34 |39| | | | 2| | |
|Hor 5 |M |F |31| |M | F |42| | | | 6| 2 | |
|McF 2 |28| |39| |35 | 27 |32| | | 1| 2| 1 | |
|Mil 23 |30|37|38| |40 | 26 |33| | | | 1| 1 | |
|Ofi 1 |S |VF|33|6F 1VF | | |42|2M 3F | | 2| | | 1|
| | | | | | | | | 2VF | | | | | |
|Pot 4 |35|28|33| |29 | 43 |39| | | | 1| 2 | |
|Sta 7 |35|29|34| |37 | 44 |43| | | 1| 2| 3 | |
|Tra 4 |39|23|39| |37 | 30 |32| | | | 2| 3 | |
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|16|12 | 1|
| | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
|Group XIII,| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| F × F: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ber | | |50|2S | | |39|1S 1VF | | | 2| 2 | 3|
|Hod A | | |43|1M 2F 1V | | 37 |38| | | 2| 1| 3 | 4|
| | | | | F | | | | | | | | | |
|Mor |S |F |VF| |F | F |39|All F1 | 1| 1| | 2 | 2|
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 1| 3| 3| 7 |9 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Grand | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| total | | | | | | | | | 1|11|31|26 |10|
+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+

A, 36.58 ± 0.51.
S. D., 6.78 ± 0.26.

[7] MFB has an index of 37.

[8] All of grade 38.

[9] Her father fleshy, mother slender.

CAS-4 FAMILY.

A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years, had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40 years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years, had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children:

1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32).

3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43).

4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at 29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).

6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

_Comment._—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁ and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4).

SMI FAMILY.

The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build 2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at 41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39); their mother’s mother was “slender.”

There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had “disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin (weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of 13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds) and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or 60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate 9, fig. 5.)

_Comment._—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a full set of fleshy factors (73:736).

WAR-3 FAMILY.

A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania principally.

The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at 67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42 from consumption; she was slender.

The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). Ten children are:

1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).

6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).

7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33).

8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).

10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

_Comment._—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from 30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R: War-3).

WHI-22 FAMILY.

A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from “stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at 78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). Two grown children:

1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

_Comment._—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but may grow heavier (R: Whi-22).

CRI FAMILY. (Table XI).

A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years, suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4 brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official, died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children:

2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3 (33).

_Comment._—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R: Cri-1).

HOR-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father, who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from “consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78 years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent.

The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living, at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children:

1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41).

4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34).

5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).

7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+ years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).

_Comment._—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices (R: Hor-5).

MCF-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle. At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up:

1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years, having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28).

3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches; build 2.7 (39).

4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36).

_Comment._—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2).

MIL-23 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio.

The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years. At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had 4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy, capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula, 122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president, suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5 inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy, died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two children:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50 years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).

_Comment._—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23).

OFI FAMILY, D. (Fig. 35.)

II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs, as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for slenderness.

II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs, as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3 slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent.

The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy. Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry a gene for slenderness.

The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85 kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78 per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III 16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but is now a slender child.

_Comment._—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are very young (73:697).

POT-4 FAMILY.

A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble, died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48 years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at 71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children:

1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).

2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build 2.7 (38).

_Comment._—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R: Pot-4).

STA-7 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction, living in the Central States.

The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children:

1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula 118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at 29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33).

4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).

6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

_Comment._—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in the medium class (R: Sta-7).

TRA-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United States.

The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes, having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23).

The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,” suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis, and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children:

1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).

2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia, has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build 29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches; build 2.9 (41).

_Comment._—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4).

BER FAMILY. (Fig. 42.)

I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm. (59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250 pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30). This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents.

There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”) about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54, single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds); build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm. (69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.; at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at 57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has remained single.

Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart. She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium. The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy.

_Comment._—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and 2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2 medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio (73:646).

HOD-A FAMILY.

A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years, had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1) brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2) sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at 86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are:

1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28).

3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).

5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47).

7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55 years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43).

8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).

9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).

10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47); adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49).

_Comment._—This pedigree has a special interest because the original data gave the Father’s build as 26 and the Mother’s as 28. This led to correspondence which yielded the revised results according to which this fraternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later years, stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 are slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S: Hod-A).

MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)

III 13 ♂, short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds); very fleshy. In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous.

III 14 ♀, wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the time of her marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender. Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as indicated by her 6 children:

(1) IV 10 ♀, was stout as a child; when married at 24 years she weighed 75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now, at 41 years, she is 161 cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable. Her net relative chest-girth is 108/161 = 68 per cent. She married a man of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 69 per cent. He is one of a fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender. Their 2 children are (_a_) ♂, who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.5 pounds) at birth, instead of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of 2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (_b_) ♀, at 13 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy; relative chest-girth 97/152, or 64 per cent. She weighed 5.6 kg. at birth, grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness.

(2) IV 12 ♂, is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy.

(3) IV 15 ♀, at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg. (165 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Like her mother, she was slender until 39 years of age.

(4) IV 17 ♀, at 44 years is slightly fleshy.

(5) IV 19 ♀, is tall and “very slender”; by a very slender husband she has 3 children, all slender.

(6) IV 20 ♀, at 38 years is slender.

_Comment._—Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy—an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73:690).

REMARKS.

The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis. As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4, is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of heterozygous parents.

Mating 2. OTHER MEDIUM × MEDIUM MATINGS (Table X).

This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (_a_) that medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy; (_b_) that “medium” represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as slender does; (_c_) that the “medium” group is a combination of cases of the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype.

First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records, except medium × fleshy. But this is to be expected, inasmuch as the medium grade of build is the commonest grade.

Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ± 0.11. The only mating that has a less variable progeny is S × S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct biotype. On the other hand, M × M matings from table X, selected mostly on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny distributed nearly in a 1:2:1 ratio, such as is got in the second generation of a monohybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (_c_) is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are heterozygous.

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.

The matings selected because most obviously adapted to give an F₂ progeny produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the F₁ progeny. The wide range of variability of the F₂ progeny is more in accordance with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic factors.

The mating of two “medium-build” parents gives a progeny that is not very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S × F mating. The result is like that obtained in studies in heredity of stature, where the progeny of the M × M was not extremely variable. This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom 100 per cent are again of that type. Examples would seem to be found in the following families with 4 or more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a, Old-2, Rig-1, War-3. There is, of course, genetical justification for the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to 3 gametic factors, in others to only 2. This is especially well shown in susceptibility to tumor-growth of mice.

CLASS V. THE “BACK-CROSS.”

The mating of heterozygous individuals with the “pure” recessives of the parental stock, as well as with “pure” dominants, is an important procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of factors involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detecting “crossing over,” but our data are insufficient to permit use for this purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the “constants” are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two kinds of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender, and (2) heterozygous fleshy × fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy stock.

Mating 1. HETEROZYGOUS MEDIUM OR FLESHY × SLENDER.

The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the apparently most significant matings from Appendix tables III, IV, and VIII.

The totals of table 32, _b_ + _c_, give the following proportions: 3 VS, 26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF.

The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively give a distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are equally numerous), we get proportions as follows: 3 VS, 25 S, 44 M, 25 F, 3 VF.

This theoretical series is of the same general type as that given by the data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown factors) is fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32 are given below.

TABLE 32.—_Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross._

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (_a_) FROM TABLE III, VS × M (S). |
+-------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------+
| | Parentage. | Offspring. |
| +----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| Ref. | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s| | | | | |
| | FF | FM |F | sibs. |MF |MM |M | sibs. |VS | S | M | F |VF |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Ach 2 | 32 | 33 |32| |32 |27 |25| | | 1 | 2 | | |
|Bic 1 | 29 | 35 |34| |M |S |25|4t | | 1 | 2 | | |
|Gru 1 | M | M |31|1t |M |S |24| | | 1 | 1 | | |
|Ise 2 | 26 | 31 |31| |31 |27 |23| | | 2 | 5 | | |
|Mil A | 39 | 28 |36|1S 1M 3F|35 |30 |22| | 1 | | 3 | 3 | |
|Wit 2 | 26 | M |33| |M |t |22|2t | | 2 | 1 | | |
| | | | | | | | | +---+---+---+---+---+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 1 | 7 |14 | 3 | |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| A, 32.34 ± 0.59. S. D., 4.38 ± 0.42. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (_b_) FROM TABLE IV, VS × F (S). |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Hol A | | |39| | | |23| | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
|Law A | 34 | |43| |35 | |24|1S 1M 2F| | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
|Wat 5 | | |37|1F | |S |25|4S | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| (_c_) IN PART FROM TABLE VIII, S × F (S). |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Gui 3 | | |27| |34 |30 |39| | | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
|Hok 1 | 36 | S |37| |31 |35 |27| | | | 2 | | |
|Hot 1 | M | S |30| |S |S |40| | | | 1 | | |
|Hul 2 | 34 | 25 |30| |35 |27 |37| | 2 | 4 | 1 | | |
|Kie | | |S | | | |F | | | 2 | | 2 | |
|Leo (a)| S | S |S |4S |F |S |51|3S 3F | | | | 1 | |
|Leo (b)| | |S | | | |51| | | 2 | | 1 | 3 |
|Lyn 2 | S | F |37| |S |M |29| | | | 1 | | |
|Mer B | 47 | 27 |40| |37 |36 |25| | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
|Mor (a)| | |50| | | |S | | | |10 | 3 | |
|Mor (b)| | |S | |F |F |F |2S 2F | | 4 | | | |
|Mor (c)| F | M |F |1S 1M 4F| | |S |1S | | 2 | | | |
|Pad 1 | 31 | 35 |28| |33 |23 |37| | | | | 1 | |
|Rid 1 |F(?)|M(?)|42|3F |S |S |S | | | 2 | | | |
|Rom 1 | S | F |38|3t |F |M |28| | | | 6 | 1 | |
|Van | | |42|1S 1F | | |S |1M | | 2 | | 3 | |
|Wat | S | F |27| |26 |45 |40| | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| +----+----+--+ +---+---+--+ +---+---+---+---+---+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 3 |26 |36 |20 | 4 |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| A, 33.67 ± 0.40. S. D., 5.58 ± 0.28. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

ACH-2 FAMILY.

A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and nervousness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32). His sibs are all tall (and presumably slender). His father, a farmer, died when 78 years old, having at 40 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). His mother, after having borne 6 sons and 5 daughters, died of cancer at 70 years. At that time she had the formula 125/62 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father’s fraternity, though their parents were of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency.

The Mother suffers from “rheumatism”; she is “always busy” and is living at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of “heart trouble” at 42 years. She had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus this side of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are:

1. Female, a bookkeeper and “nervous,” at 26 has the formula 95/65 inches; build 1.6 (23); adjusted to 50 years, 112/65 inches; build 1.8 (27).

2. Female, a bookkeeper, and “energetic” and “nervous,” at 22 has the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 139/67 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, a bookkeeper and “energetic, impulsive, and agile,” has at 23 the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).

_Comment._—A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted index. It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire the adjusted index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27), may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active (R: Ach-2).

BIC-1 FAMILY.