Chapter VIII: Part III: Family Studies in Heredity of Build (1)

A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion, to seek a test of the hypothesis.

In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics. I shall take up in order the more significant matings.

B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.

The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11.

†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The † indicates death by the disease.

CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER.

We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27, 25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these cases follows:

*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.)

II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage; married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110 pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender; (2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender.

Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2) slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be added here.

I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26), slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds); build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg. (115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender.

Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034).

In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males; circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d. yg. (died young) are easily interpreted.

The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the following scheme:

SCH-37 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy. Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7 (25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80 years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children:

1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds, and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula 165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria, and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident.

4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis, weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29).

5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).

_Comment._—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of slender-medium build (R: Sch-37).

To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium.

MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK.

Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details of the families are given below.

TABLE 21. _Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny._

[From Table VI.]

+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|Ker 5 |M |30|29| |M |27|29| | 1| | 1| | |
|Ste 9 |M | S|28| |S |31|28| | | 3| | | |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+

KER-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico.

The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at 74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula 160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is prevailingly slender.

The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis. She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38 years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid; she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up:

1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78 inches; build 1.7 (25).

2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula 158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Male, is slender at 15 years.

_Comment._—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5).

STE-9 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula 120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula 115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At 40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the children. Four children grew up:

1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29).

2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24 years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).

4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her age.

_Comment._—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9).

MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS.

There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table 22).

Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry 1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his parents.

TABLE 22.—_Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together with their progeny._

+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|R Cod 1|35|33|29| |30|30|25| | | 2| | | |
|R Jos 1| | |24| | | |27| | | | 1| 1| |
|R Nob 1| | |26| | M| M|24|Sui, Neur | 2| 1| | | |
| +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+--+--+
| Total| | | | | | | | | 2| 3| 1| 1| |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+

COD-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman, suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism; in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at 56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion, died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium to slender build.

The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches, tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula 95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble, gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia, and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was 108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to very slender. The 2 children are:

1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8 to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases, besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26).

_Comment._—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1).

JOS-1 FAMILY.

A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania.

The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid, has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).

The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).

Of the two children who grew up:

1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).

2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).

_Comment._—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1).

NOB-1 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota, parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8 (26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma, colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M.

The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always “sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7 children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M.

The 7 children are:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23).

3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8 (25).

_Comment._—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14 years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below; No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above standard.

Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least, is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1).

Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23).

Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix). This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5 are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51, and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents, and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to the variety of matings included.

TABLE 23.—_Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of very slender parents, together with their progeny._

+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| | VS | S | M | F | VF |
+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| Ada 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Cod 1 | | 2 | | | |
| Fel | | 1 | | | |
|*Fun (a) | | 2 | | | |
|*Fun (b) | | 4 | | | |
| Hay 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Hay 12 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Hen 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | |
| Jos 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
| Ker 5 | 1 | | 1 | | |
| Lan 4 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| Law 7 | | 1 | | | |
|*Leo (a) | 1 | 4 | | | |
|*Leo (b) | | 3 | | | |
| Lou 2 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| McA 2 | | 3 | | | |
| McC 11 | | 1 | 1 | | |
|*Mor | | 3 | | | |
| Nob 1 | 2 | 1 | | | |
|*Pal | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Ran 4 | 1 | 2 | | | |
| Sch 8 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Sch 37 | | 3 | 1 | | |
| Sco 5 | | 2 | 1 | | |
| Shi 5 | | | 1 | | |
|*Smi | | 2 | | | |
| Ste 9 | | 3 | | | |
| Wil 23 | | 4 | 1 | | |
| You 9 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:44 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:19 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:60 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:63 | | 1 | | | |
| +----+----+----+----+----+
| Total 77| 9 |56 |10 | 2 | |
| Percentage 100|11.7|72.7|13.0| 2.6| |
| |
| Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.|
+------------------------------------------+

Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given herewith.

ADA-4 FAMILY.

A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly slender to medium build.

The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73 years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout grandparent). Two grown children:

1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25 years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28).

2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).

_Comment._—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4).

FEL-1 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years, having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years, his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had 6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At 30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4 children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia. At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77 inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family.

The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to stout parents.

The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).

_Comment._—A slender child (D: Fel-1).

HAY-4 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts, California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan, but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very resistant to tuberculosis.

The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children:

1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).

2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall.

3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27). There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is unknown.

_Comment._—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults of medium build (R: Hay-4).

HAY-12 FAMILY.

A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well, is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father, who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85 years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42 years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house carries a tendency to slenderness.

The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build 1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build. Four children:

1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of medium build.

2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender.

3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches; build 1.9 (27).

_Comment._—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are medium (R: Hay-12).

HEN-12 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in which State 4 children were born.

The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth; she was also, at 25 years, of medium build.

The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29 years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At 50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at 50 a medium build. Four children are:

1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22).

2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).

3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±).

4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±).

_Comment._—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of slender-medium build (R: Hen-12).

LAW-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota. The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young from lung trouble.

The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at 45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At 45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children:

1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28).

2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25).

_Comment._—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4).

LAW-7 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children, was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This side of the house brings in medium-slender elements.

The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children:

1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (32).

2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build.

_Comment._—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R: Law-7).

LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)

I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who are slender. There are 5 children:

II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of catarrh of stomach.

II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease.

II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114 pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender.

II 3, ♀, slender.

II 7, ♂, always slender.

So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change. II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or 6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child (III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy. Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness.

II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2 living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676).

LOU-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years, and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers, who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.”

The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). Two children:

1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5 inches; build 1.8 (25).

2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26).

_Comment._—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2).

MCA-2 FAMILY.

A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62 years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches; build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at 36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia. She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness.

The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at 60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74 inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active, was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium tendency. Three children:

1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever, energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).

3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed 9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).

_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they will reach the adjusted weight.

MCC-11 FAMILY.

A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48 years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T; build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years “probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender or slender-medium build.

The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father, who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth, at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise, contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children:

1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).

2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula 180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33).

_Comment._—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R: McC-11).

MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)

IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall, slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender.

IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1 slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children, all tall and slender.

The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690).

PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)

III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall (without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net. This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender, though her two parents were of medium build.

The two surviving children are:

IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy.

IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child.

_Comment._—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3 zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709).

RAN-4 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of tuberculosis. Three children:

1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27).

3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches; build 1.7 (25).

_Comment._—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4).

SCH-8 FAMILY.

A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut. The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula 132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the house is slender-medium.

The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children:

1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)).

2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66 inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4 (34)].

3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age.

_Comment._—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average build (R: Sch-8).

SCO-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24).

The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74 years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children:

1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).

3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30).

_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5).

SHI-5 FAMILY.

A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now settled.

The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters, died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at 51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at 71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown child:

1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

_Comment._—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5).

SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)

II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27); she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4 children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender. (2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock) has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736).

WIL-23 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut. The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from “quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother, who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45 years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected to determine medium build in children.

The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67 years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children:

1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28).

4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).

5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27).

_Comment._—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23).

YOU-9 FAMILY.

A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania. The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal potentialities.

The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5; build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age, asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64, from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are:

1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula 94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).

2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age.

_Comment._—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9).

A: 01-19 FAMILY.

A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good. At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26).

The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).

_Comment._—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19).

A: 01-44 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).

The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was 104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27).

The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble, skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19).

A: 01-60 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in addition.

The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0 (29).

The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build 1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is:

1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother. She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is 108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).

_Comment._—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60).

A: 01-63 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health. At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34 years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28).

The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19 years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).

_Comment._—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63).

SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS.

The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse. Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc, their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random, these gametes would produce zygotes as follows:

Number of dominant factors 4 3 2 1 0
Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25

Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender, medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50, and 25, respectively.

Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we get a total distribution for these children of:

VS S M
5 34 4

If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution 5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5: 6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively.

We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution found is determined by a combination of these two kinds.

Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S × S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build. The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries gametes with prevailingly recessive factors.

CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY.

Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock. That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews, especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7. The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity. At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.)