Chapter IX: Part III: Family Studies in Heredity of Build (2)

From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived (table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S, 22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43), assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is preferable.

The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17.

Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below.

TABLE 24.—_Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._

+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|[3]Can |VF|VF|47|2VF | | |56| | | 1| | 4| |
| Ekb 1 |50|36|50|51, 52, 45 | | |38|All tall | | | | 2| 2|
| Faz 1 |F | |39|4F |F |F |57|1VF | | | | 1| 2|
| Flo 3 |42|42|44| |37|35|49| | | | 1| 6| |
| Gou A | | |37| |37|50|54|2F | | | 2| 1| 1|
| Lyn | | |38|1VF | | |50|1F | | | 4| 2| 1|
| McL A |39|36|38|VF,2; F5; F*M1|34|45|44|VF1; F5; M3 | | 1| 4| 4| 3|
| Nic 5 |VF|VF|41| |38|40|45| | | | | 1| 1|
| Whe | | |40| | | |52|1VF, 2F, 1S | | | | 2| 4|
| | | | | +--+--+--+--+--+
| | A, 40.33 ±.55 | | |Total 50| | 2|11|23|14|
| | S. D. 5.74 ± .39 | | |Percentage 100| | 4|22|46|28|
+-------+--------------------------+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+

[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their ages.

CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.)

A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city.

I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.”

I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows:

II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall (without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness.

II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23 years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married, without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was _fleshy_ until the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂, at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5 inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9 years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14 is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby.

_Comment._—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained: illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652).

EKB-1 FAMILY.

A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother, dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build, say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50).

The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults:

1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build 2.9 (41).

2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46).

3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64 inches, build 3.3 (48).

4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68 inches, build 3.0 (43).

_Comment._—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any (R: Ekb-1).

FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)

A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in comfortable homes.

II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the mother’s build.

II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds); build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches) tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister. Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth. Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a “pure” fleshy strain.

There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches) tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II 14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5 kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be tall and thin, though well. He is not married.

_Comment._—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure” strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665).

FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.)

This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63 his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42). His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69 inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build.

The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children:

1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally high, associated with his pathologically short stature.

2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37).

3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula 190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39).

5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9 (42).

6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at 20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

_Comment._—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36) and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below the obese Mother (R: Flo-3).

GOU-A FAMILY.

A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37).

The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children:

1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48).

2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35).

3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40).

4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).

_Comment._—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than either parent (S: Gou-A).

LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.)

I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7 children who grew up:

(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium. (5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature 160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium. Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds).

_Comment._—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny 4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684).

MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.)

A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77 years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1) Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2) Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65 years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build 2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68 years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).

The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3) Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister, at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). 12 children:

1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).

2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+ years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).

3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35).

4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46).

5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32).

6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).

7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).

8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38).

9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).

10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31).

12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).

_Comment._—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1 (30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent. Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.)

NIC-5 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65 years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children, died at 70 years; was corpulent.

The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula 175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at 78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown children:

1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64 inches; build 2.7 (38).

2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build 3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53).

_Comment._—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5).

WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.)

I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is known.

II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom, it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3, ♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2 fleshy and 1 of medium build.

III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy, relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29 years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50 years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2, ♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg. (170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀, always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese.

The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy” and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years, stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1 (44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with 3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of 4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5 (49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent. (6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy.

[4] Not shown in figure 32.

_Comment._—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including 1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a “pure line” of fleshiness (73:754).

TABLE 25.—_Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._

[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.]

+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | FF | FM | F | Father’s | MF | MM | M |Mother’s|VS|S|M|F|VF|
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dol 3 | 36 | 38 | 40 | | 37 | 41 | 40 | | | |5| | |
|Lan A | 37 | 37 | 37 |37, 36, 29 | 43 | 37 | 40 | 35 | |1| | | 1|
|Sle 2 | 36 | 40 | 39 | | 37 | 43 | 37 | | | | |2| |
|Thr 2 | 27 | 34 | 38 |VF3, F3, M3 | 38 | 38 | 40 | | | | |6| |
| +----+----+----+ +----+----+----+ +--+-+-+-+--+
|Total | | | | | | | | | |1|5|8| 1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+

A, 37.57 ± 0.82.
S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52.

Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table XIII.)

From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5 M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender, which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2, and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness. Details are given in the following histories.

DOL-3 FAMILY.

A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor, suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at 73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5 (36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,” with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38).

The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at 57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper, died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5 children who grew up:

1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).

2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27 years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33).

3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68 inches; build 2.5 (36).

4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

_Comment._—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build (R: Dol-3).

LAN-A FAMILY.

A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50 years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).

The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54 years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children:

1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29).

_Comment._—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51) and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A).

SLE-2 FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer, is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from “dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,” having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40).

The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas, and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands, due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children:

1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37).

2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53 years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42).

_Comment._—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2).

THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)

In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p. 138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became stout.

Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy” build. Their mother was of medium build.

The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The 6 children (IV 1-6):

1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160 pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240 pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0 (43).

2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds, stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42).

3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build 3.0 (42).

4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130 pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38).

5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8 (40).

6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70 inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38).

_Comment._—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2).

Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV).

There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents. It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them, we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors, we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the 4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous.

Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always one on each side who is at least of grade 36.

The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender. In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows.

BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.)

A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula 200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build.

The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers, all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build 1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender.

Six children:

1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50).

2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).

3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45).

4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47).

5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).

_Comment._—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy, and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B).

BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.)

The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the children, except the first, in Connecticut.

The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot, had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister, has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker, and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs. Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66 inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall.

The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula 180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption; other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at 59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children:

1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).

2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea, and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).

3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).

4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).

5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44).

_Comment._—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very fleshy (S: Bow-2).

BYR-A FAMILY.

A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula 235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66 inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy.

The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children:

1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47).

2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).

3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33).

4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).

_Comment._—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S: Byr-A).

CAT-3 FAMILY.

A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily, moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father, a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years) from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was “short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).

The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51). Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman. She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Six grown children:

1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27 years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36).

2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66 inches; build 2.2 (39).

3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10 pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed 180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42); adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).

4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).

5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18 years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35).

_Comment._—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably inadequate) (R: Car-3).

DAL-A FAMILY.

A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years, has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build 3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60 years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70 inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build 3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1 fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently mixed.

The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53). Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children:

1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45).

2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).

3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50).

4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46).

5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).

6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).

_Comment._—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the 2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A).

DUD-A FAMILY.

A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina.

The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).

The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). Two grown children:

1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51).

2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31).

_Comment._—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A).

SMI-36 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child are all New Englanders.

The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula 208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at 82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth. At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of the house shows heavy build of mixed origin.

The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is 176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and 4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy. One child:

1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34).

_Comment._—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36).

SUMMARY.

The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5 or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis.

TABLE 26.—_Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their progeny._

+--------------------------+----+-------------------------------------+
| | | Offspring. |
| | +------------------+------------------+
| | No.| Frequency. | Proportion. |
| | +---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
| | | S | M | F | VF | S | M | F | VF |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
|Mating 1. One parent VF; | | | | | | | | | |
| the other F, of F stock.| 50 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 46 | 28 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 2. Both parents F, | | | | | | | | | |
| of F stock. | 15 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 53 | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 3. Other VF × VF | | | | | | | | | |
| matings. | 30 | | 12 | 8 | 10 | | 40 | 27 | 33 |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+

A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23 is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ± 0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender.

However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more variable than the slender offspring.

Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S × S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.

CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION.

After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned. This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender, fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average, of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating, since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.

Mating 1. ONE PARENT SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, AND THE OTHER FLESHY, OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table VIII in Part.)

If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27, extracted from table VIII, Appendix.

TABLE 27.—_Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._

+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+------------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s +---+----+----+----+
| | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF| MM| M | sibs. | S | M | F | VF |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ale 2 | 33| 28| 27| 3 tall | 36| 42| 38| 2 t | | 2 | 1 | |
|Coo 6 | 38| 38| 39| | 33| 29| 28| Short | | 1 | 2 | |
|Cla 32 | 29| 29| 29| | 31| 42| 38| | | 1 | 1 | |
|Dob 2 | 30| S | 26| | F | F | 42| | | 4 | 1 | |
|Dud I | 48| 61| 43|10 F | 31| 28| 28| 3 of 12,| 2| | | |
| | | | | and VF;| | | | F or VF.| | | | |
| | | | | 1S(t). | | | | | | | | |
|Elk I | 36| 44| 41| | 30| 32| 27| | 1| 3 | | |
|Faz | | F | S | 1 F | F | F | 57| 1 VF | | 1 | 1 | |
|Leo | | | F | 1 F | S | S | S | 4 S | | | 3 | |
|Lyn | | F | F | 2 F | | | S | | | | 6 | |
|Ofi a | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
|Ofi b | | | S | 1 M 3 F| | | F | 7 F | | 2 | 4 | 2 |
|Ofi c | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
|Smi | | | 45| | | | 30| | 1| 1 | 3 | 3 |
|Wal 4 | 38| 34| 41| | 31| 28| 27| | | 1 | 1 | |
| +---+---+---+ +---+---+---+ +---+----+----+----+
|Total | | | | | | | | 64 | 4| 18 | 35 | 7 |
|Per cent| | | | | | | | 100 |6.2|28.1|54.6|11.1|
+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+

A, 38.29 ± 0.43.
S. D., 5.02 ± 0.30

In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11 VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of 5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in this mating are given below.

ALE-2 FAMILY.

A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at 55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula M/VT;[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of slender build.

[5] M, medium weight; VT, very tall.