Chapter VI: Part 6

=Tempest= (_The_), a drama by Shakespeare (1609). Prospero and his daughter, Miranda, lived on a desert island, enchanted by Sycŏrax, who was dead. The only other inhabitants were Caliban, the son of Sycorax, a strange, misshapen thing, like a gorilla, and Ariel, a sprite, who had been imprisoned by Sycorax for twelve years in the rift of a pine tree, from which Prospero set him free. One day Prospero saw a ship off the island, and raised a tempest to wreck it. By this means his brother, Anthonio, Prince Ferdinand, and the king of Naples, were brought to the island. Now it must be known that Prospero was once duke of Milan; but his brother, Anthonio, aided by the king of Naples, had usurped the throne, and set Prospero and Miranda adrift in a small boat, which was wind-driven to this desert island. Ferdinand (son of the king of Naples) and Miranda fell in love with each other, and the rest of the shipwrecked party being brought together by Ariel, Anthonio asked forgiveness of his brother, Prospero was restored to his dukedom, and the whole party was conducted by Ariel with prosperous breezes back to Italy.

⁂ Dryden has a drama called _The Tempest_ (1668).

_Tempest_ (_The_), a sobriquet of Marshal Junot, one of Napoleon’s generals, noted for his martial impetuosity (1771-1813).

_Tempest_ (_The Hon. Mr._), late governor of Senegambia. He was the son of Lord Hurricane; impatient, irascible, headstrong, and poor. He says he never was in smooth water since he was born, for being only a younger son, his father gave him no education, taught him nothing, and then buffeted him for being a dunce.

First I was turned into the army; there I got broken bones and empty
pockets. Then I was banished to the coast of Africa, to govern the
savages of Senegambia.--Act ii. 1.

_Miss Emily_ [_Tempest_], daughter of Mr. Tempest; a great wit of very lively parts. Her father wanted her to marry Sir David Daw, a great lout with plenty of money, but she had fixed her heart on Captain Henry Woodville, the son of a man ruined by gambling. The prospect was not cheering, but Penruddock came forward, and by making them rich, made them happy.--Cumberland, _The Wheel of Fortune_ (1779).

_Tempest_ (_Lady Betty_), a lady with beauty, fortune and family, whose head was turned by plays and romances. She fancied a plain man no better than a fool, and resolved to marry only a gay, fashionable, dashing young spark. Having rejected many offers because the suitor did not come up to her ideal, she was gradually left in the cold. Now she is company only for aunts and cousins, in the ballroom is a wallflower, and in society generally esteemed a piece of fashionable lumber.--Goldsmith, _A Citizen of the World_, xxviii. (1759).

=Templars= (_Knight_), an order of knighthood founded in 1118, for the defence of the Temple in Jerusalem. Dissolved in 1312, and their lands, etc., transferred to the Hospitallers. They wore a _white_ robe with a _red_ cross; but the Hospitallers a _black_ robe with a _white_ cross.

=Temple= (_The_). When Solomon was dying, he prayed that he might remain standing till the Temple was completely finished. The prayer was granted, and he remained leaning on his staff till the Temple was finished, when the staff was gnawed through by a worm, and the dead body fell to the ground.--_Talmud Legend._

_Temple_ (_Launcelot_), the nom de plume of John Armstrong, the poet (1709-1779).

_Temple_ (_Elizabeth_), daughter of Judge Temple and the heroine of two stirring adventures, the first being an escape, by the intervention of Leather-Stocking, from a panther, the second from a forest-fire, the hunter again coming to her aid. She marries Oliver Effingham, whom she has known as Oliver Edwards.--J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers (1822).

=Templeton= (_Laurence_), the pseudonym under which Sir W. Scott published Ivanhoe. The preface is initialed L. T., and the dedication is to the Rev. Dr. Dryasdust (1820).

=Tempy= (_Miss_), New England spinster, who kept her young, loving heart and through it, her young face, after all contemporaries were old. She had but one old quince-tree, but she tended it carefully every spring, “and would look at it so pleasant, and kind of _expect_ the thorny old thing into blooming.”

“She was just the same with folks!”--Sarah Orne Jewett, _Miss Tempy’s
Watchers_ (1888).

=Tenantius=, the father of Cymbeline, and nephew of Cassibelan. He was the younger son of Lud, king of the southern part of Britain. On the death of Lud, his younger brother, Cassibelan, succeeded, and on the death of Cassibelan, the crown came to Tenantius, who refused to pay the tribute to Rome exacted from Cassibelan, on his defeat by Julius Cæsar.

=Tendo Achillis=, a strong sinew running along the heel to the calf of the leg. So called because it was the only vulnerable part of Achillês. The tale is that Thetis held him by the heel when she dipped him in the Styx, in consequence of which the water did not wet the child’s heel. The story is post-Homeric.

=Teniers= (_The English_), George Morland (1763-1804).

_Teniers_ (_The Scottish_), Sir David Wilkie (1785-1841).

=Teniers of Comedy= (_The_), Florent Carton Dancourt (1661-1726).

=Tennessee’s Partner=, camp-name for associate and co-worker with a dare-devil who runs away with the Partner’s wife, returns to camp without her, and is taken back amicably by the Partner. When Tennessee is tried for highway robbery the Partner offers “$1700 in coarse gold and a watch”--his whole fortune--to buy him off. The offer is refused; Tennessee is hanged. The Partner waits composedly, a little way from the gallows, with a mule and a cart. “When the gentlemen are done with the ‘diseased,’ he will take him.” “Ef thar is any present”--in his simple, serious way--“as would like to jine in the fun’l, they ken come.”--Bret Harte, _Tennessee’s Partner_ (1871).

=Tennis-Ball of Fortune= (_The_), Pertinax, the Roman emperor. He was first a charcoal-seller, then a schoolmaster, then a soldier, then an emperor; but within three months he was dethroned and murdered (126-193; reigned from January 1 to March 28, A.D. 193).

=Tent= (_Prince Ahmed’s_), a tent given to him by the fairy, Pari-Banou. It would cover a whole army, yet would fold up into so small a compass that it might be carried in one’s pocket.--_Arabian Nights._

Solomon’s carpet of green silk was large enough to afford standing room for a whole army, but might be carried about like a pocket-handkerchief.

The ship, _Skidbladnir_, would hold all the deities of Valhalla, but might be folded up like a roll of parchment.

Bayard, the horse of the four sons of Aymon, grew larger or smaller, as one or more of the four sons mounted on its back.--Villeneuve, _Les Quatre Filz Aymon_.

=Tents= (_The father of such as dwell in_), Jabal.--_Gen._ iv. 20.

=Terebin´thus=, Ephes-dammim, or Pasdammim.--_1 Sam._ xvii. 1.

O, thou that ’gainst Goliath’s impious head
The youthful arms in Terebinthus sped,
When the proud foe, who scoffed at Israel’s band,
Fell by the weapon of a stripling hand.
Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, viii. (1575).

=Terence of England= (_The_), Richard Cumberland (1732-1811).

Here Cumberland lies, having acted his parts;
The Terence of England, the mender of hearts;
A flattering painter, who made it his care
To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are ...
Say ... wherefore his characters, thus without fault, ...
Quite sick of pursuing each troublesome elf,
He grew lazy at last, and drew men from himself.
Goldsmith, _Retaliation_ (1774).

=Tere´sa=, the female associate of Ferdinand, Count Fathom.--Smollett, _Count Fathom_ (1754).

=Teresa d´Acunha=, lady’s-maid of Joceline, countess of Glenallan.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Teresa Panza=, wife of Sancho Panza. In pt. I. i. 7 she is called Dame Juana [Gutierez]. In pt. II. iv. 7 she is called Maria [Gutierez]. In pt. I. iv. she is called Joan.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15).

=Tereus= [_Te´.ruse_], king of Daulis, and the husband of Procnê. Wishing afterwards to marry Philomēla, her sister, he told her that Procnê was dead. He lived with his new wife for a time, and then cut out her tongue, lest she should expose his falsehood to Procnê; but it was of no use, for Philomela made known her story in the embroidery of a peplus. Tereus rushed after Procnê with an axe, but the whole party were metamorphosed into birds. Tereus was changed into a hoopoo (some say a lapwing, and others an owl), Procnê into a swallow, and Philomela into a nightingale.

And the mute Silence hist along,
’Less Philomel will deign a song
In her sweetest saddest plight,
Smoothing the rugged brow of night.
* * * * * * * *
Sweet bird that shunn’st the noise of folly
Most musical, most melancholy.

Milton, _Il Penseroso_.

In _Titus Andronĭcus_ the sons of Tamŏra, after defiling Lavinia, cut off her tongue and hands, but she wrote her tale in the sand with a staff held in her mouth and guided by her arms.

Fair Philomela, she but lost her tongue,
And in a tedious sampler sewed her mind.
But, lovely niece, that mean is cut from thee;
A craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met,
And he hath cut those pretty fingers off,
That could have better sewed than Philomel.
Act ii. sc. 4 (1593).

=Ter´il= (_Sir Walter_). The king exacts an oath from Sir Walter to send his bride, Cælestina, to court on her wedding night. Her father, to save her honor, gives her a mixture supposed to be poison, but in reality only a sleeping draught, from which she awakes in due time, to the amusement of the king and delight of her husband.--Thomas Dekker, _Satiromastix_ (1602).

=Termagant=, an imaginary being, supposed by the crusaders to be a Mohammedan deity. In the _Old Moralities_ the degree of rant was the measure of the wickedness of the character portrayed; so Pontius Pilate, Herod, Judas Iscariot, Termagant, the tyrant, Sin, and so on, were all ranting parts.

I would have such a fellow whipped for o’er-doing Termagant; it
out-Herods Herod, pray you, avoid it.--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, act iii.
sc. 2 (1596).

_Termagant_, the maid of Harriet Quidnunc. She uses most wonderful words, as _paradropsical_ for “rhapsodical,” _perjured_ for “assured,” _phisology_ for “philology,” _curacy_ for “accuracy,” _fignification_ for “signification,” importation for “import,” _anecdote_ for “antidote,” _infirmaries_ for “infirmities,” _intimidate_ for “intimate.”--Murphy, _The Upholsterer_ (1758).

=Ter´meros=, a robber of Peloponnesos, who killed his victims by cracking their skulls against his own.

=Termosi´ris=, a priest of Apollo, in Egypt; wise, prudent, cheerful, and courteous.--Fénelon, _Télémaque_, ii. (1700).

=Ternotte=, one of the domestics of Lady Eveline Berenger, “the betrothed.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Terpin= (_Sir_), a king who fell into the power of Radigund, queen of the Amăzons. Refusing to dress in female attire, as she commanded, and to sew, card wool, spin, and do house work, he was doomed to be gibbeted by her women. Sir Artegal undertook his cause, and a fight ensued, which lasted all day. When daylight closed, Radigund proposed to defer the contest till the following day, to which Sir Artegal acceeded. Next day the knight was victorious; but when he saw the brave queen bleeding to death, he took pity on her, and, throwing his sword aside, ran to succor her. Up started Radigund as he approached, attacked him like a fury, and, as he had no sword, he was, of course, obliged to yield. So the contest was decided against him, and Sir Terpin was hung by women, as Radigund had commanded.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 5 (1596).

=Terpischore= [_Terp.sic´o.re._], the Muse of dancing.--_Greek Fable._

=Terrible= (_The_), Ivan IV. or II. of Russia (1529, 1533-1584).

=Terror of France= (_The_), John Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453).

Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad,
That with his name the mothers still their babes?
Shakespeare, _1 Henry VI._ act ii. sc. 3 (1589).

=Terror of the World= (_The_), Attĭla, king of the Huns (*-453).

=Terry Alts=, a lawless body of rebels, who sprang up in Clare (Ireland) after the union.

The “Thrashers” of Connaught, the “Carders,” the followers of “Captain Right,” in the eighteenth century, those of “Captain Rock,” who appeared in 1822, and the “Fenians,” in 1865, were similar disturbers of the peace.

=Tesoretto= (“The Little Treasure,”) an Italian poem by Brunetto Latini, preceptor of Dantê (1285). The poem is one of the landmarks in the development of the Italian language. The poet says he was returning from an embassy to the king of Spain, and met a scholar who told him of the overthrow of the Guelfi. Struck with grief, he lost his road, and wandered into a wood, where Dame Nature accosted him, and disclosed to him the secrets of her works. On he wandered till he came to a vast plain, inhabited by Virtue and her four daughters, together with Courtesy, Bounty, Loyalty, and Prowess. Leaving this, he came to a fertile valley, which was for ever shifting its appearance, from round to square, from light to darkness. This was the valley of Queen Pleasure, who was attended by Love, Hope, Fear, and Desire. Ovid comes to the poet at length and tells him how to effect his escape. Dantê meets Brunetto Latini in Hell, and praises his poem.

=Tes´sira=, one of the leaders of the Moorish host.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Tests of Chastity.= Alasnam’s mirror; the brawn or boar’s head; drinking-horns (see ARTHUR’S DRINKING-HORN; SIR CRADOCK AND THE DRINKING-HORN); Florimel’s girdle; grotto of Ephesus; the test mantle; oath on St. Antony’s arm was held in supreme reverence because it was believed that whoever took the oath falsely would be consumed by “St. Antony’s fire” within the current year; the trial of the sieve.

=Tests of Fidelity.= Canacê’s mirror; Gondibert’s emerald ring. The corsned or “cursed mouthful,” a piece of bread consecrated by exorcism, and given to the “suspect” to swallow as a test. “May this morsel choke me if I am guilty,” said the defendant, “but turn to wholesome nourishment if I am innocent.” Ordeals, combats between plaintiff and defendant, or their representatives.

=Tête Bottée=, Philippe de Commines [_Cum.min_], politician and historian (1445-1509).

You, Sir Philippe des Comines [_sic_] were at a
hunting-match with the duke, your master; and
when he alighted, after the chase, he required
your services in drawing off his boots. Reading
in your looks some natural resentment, ...
he ordered you to sit down in turn, and rendered
you the same office ... but ... no
sooner had he plucked one of your boots off
than he brutally beat it about your head ...
and his privileged fool, Le Gloirieux, ... gave
you the name of _Tête Bottée_.--Sir W. Scott,
_Quentin Durward_, xxx. (time, Edward IV.).

=Te´thys=, daughter of Heaven and Earth, the wife of Ocean and mother of the river-gods. In poetry it means the sea generally.

The golden sun above the watery bed
Of hoary Têthys raised his beamy head.
Hoole’s _Ariosto_, viii.

By the earth-shaking Neptune’s mace [_trident_],
And Têthy’s grave majestic pace.
Milton, _Comus_, 870 (1634).

=Tetrachor´don=, the title of one of Milton’s books about marriage and divorce. The word means “the four strings;” and refers to the four chief places in Scripture which bear on the subject of marriage.

A book was writ of late called _Tetrachordon_.
Milton, _Sonnet_, x.

=Teucer=, son of Telămon of Salămis, and brother of Telamon Ajax. He was the best archer of all the Greeks at the siege of Troy.

I may, like a second Teucer, discharge my shafts from behind the
shield of my ally.--Sir W. Scott.

=Teufelsdroeckh= (_Herr_), pronounce _Toi.felz.drurk_; an eccentric German professor and philosopher. The object of this satire is to expose all sorts of shams, social as well as intellectual.--Carlyle, _Sartor Resartus_ (1849).

=Teutonic Knights= (_The_), an order organized by Frederick, duke of Suabia, in Palestine (1190). St. Louis gave them permission to quarter on their arms the _fleur de lis_ (1250). The order was abolished, in 1809, by Napoleon I.

=Tewksburys= (_The_), “Society” couple, always bickering, and always making up, inveighing against the boredom of society duties, yet bent upon complying with every by-law, and sacrificing time and happiness to their idol.--Philip Henry Welch, _The Tailor-Made Girl_ (1888).

=Texartis=, a Scythian soldier, killed by the Countess Brenhilda.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Tezoz´omoc=, chief of the priests of the Az´tecas. He fasted ten months to know how to appease the national gods, and then declared that the only way was to offer “the White Strangers” on their altars. Tezozomoc was killed by burning lava from a volcanic mountain.

Tezozomoc
Beholds the judgment ... and sees
The lava floods beneath him. His hour
Is come. The fiery shower, descending, heaps
Red ashes round. They fall like drifted snows,
And bury and consume the accursed priest.
Southey, _Madoc_, ii. 26 (1805).

=Thaddeus of Warsaw=, the hero and title of a novel by Jane Porter (1803.)

=Thaddu=, the father of Morna, who became the wife of Comhal and the mother of Fingal.--Ossian.

=Tha´is= (2 _syl._), an Athenian courtezan, who induced Alexander, in his cups, to set fire to the palace of the Persian kings at Persepŏlis.

The king seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy;
Thaïs led the way to light him to his prey,
And, like another Helen, fired another Troy.
Dryden, _Alexanders Feast_ (1697).

=Thaïs´a=, daughter of Simon´idês, king of Pentap´olis. She married Periclês, prince of Tyre. In her voyage to Tyre Thaïsa gave birth to a daughter, and dying, as it was supposed, in childbirth, was cast into the sea. The chest in which she was placed drifted to Ephesus, and fell into the hands of Cer´imon, a physician, who soon discovered that she was not dead. Under proper care, she entirely recovered, and became a priestess in the temple of Diana. Periclês, with his daughter and her betrothed husband, visiting the shrine of Diana, became known to each other, and the whole mystery was cleared up.--Shakespeare, _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

=Thal´aba ebn Hateb=, a poor man, who came to Mahomet, requesting him to beg God to bestow on him wealth, and promising to employ it in works of godliness. The “prophet” made the petition, and Thalaba rapidly grew rich. One day Mahomet sent to the rich man for alms, but Thalaba told the messengers their demand savored more of tribute than of charity, and refused to give anything; but afterwards repenting, he took to the “prophet” a good round sum. Mahomet now refused to accept it, and, throwing dust on the ungrateful churl, exclaimed, “Thus shall thy wealth be scattered!” and the man became poor again as fast as he had grown rich.--_Al Korân_, ix. (Sale’s notes).

=Thal´aba, the Destroyer=--that is, the destroyer of the evil spirits of Dom-Daniel. He was the only surviving child of Hodei´rah (3 _syl._), and his wife, Zeinab (2 _syl._); their other eight children had been cut off by the Dom-Danielists, because it had been decreed by fate that “one of the race would be their destruction.” When a mere stripling, Thalăba was left motherless and fatherless (bk. i.); he then found a home in the tent of a Bedouin named Mo´ath, who had a daughter, Onei´za (3 _syl._). Here he was found by Abdaldar, an evil spirit, sent from Dom-Daniel to kill him; but the spirit was killed by a simoom, just as he was about to stab the boy, and Thalaba was saved (bk. ii.). He now drew from the finger of Abdaldar, the magic ring, which gave him power over all spirits; and, thus armed, he set out to avenge the death of his father (bk. iii.). On his way to Babylon he was encountered by a merchant, who was in reality the sorcerer, Loba´ba, in disguise. This sorcerer led Thalaba astray into the wilderness, and then raised up a whirlwind to destroy him; but the whirlwind was the death of Lobaba himself, and again Thalaba escaped (bk. iv.). He reached Babylon at length, and met there Mohāreb, another evil spirit, disguised as a warrior, who conducted him to the “mouth of hell.” Thalaba detected the villainy, and hurled the false one into the abyss (bk. v.). The young “Destroyer” was next conveyed to “the paradise of pleasure,” but he resisted every temptation, and took to flight just in time to save Oneiza, who had been brought there by violence (bk. vi.). He then killed Aloa´din, the presiding spirit of the garden, with a club, was made vizier, and married Oneiza, but she died on the bridal night (bk. vii.). Distracted at this calamity, he wandered towards Kâf, and entered the house of an old woman, who was spinning thread. Thalaba expressed surprise at its extreme fineness, but Maimu´na (the old woman) told him, fine as it was, he could not break it. Thalaba felt incredulous, and wound it round his wrists, when, lo! he became utterly powerless; and Maimuna, calling up her sister, Khwala, conveyed him helpless to the island of Moha´reb (bk. viii.). Here he remained for a time, and was at length liberated by Maimuna, who repented of her sins, and turned to Allah (bk. ix.). Being liberated from the island of Mohāreb, our hero wandered, cold and hungry, into a dwelling, where he saw Laila, the daughter of Okba, the sorcerer. Okba rushed forward with intent to kill him, but Laila interposed, and fell dead by the hand of her own father (bk. x.). Her spirit, in the form of a green bird, now became the guardian angel of “The Destroyer,” and conducted him to the simorg, who directed him the road to Dom-Daniel (bk. xi.), which he reached in time, slew the surviving sorcerers, and was received into heaven (bk. xii.).--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_ (1797).

=Thales´tris=, queen of the Amazons. Any bold, heroic woman.

As stout Armi´da [_q.v._], bold Thalestris,
And she [_Rhodalind q.v._] that would have been the mistress
Of Gondibert.
S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 2 (1663).

=Tha´lia=, the Muse of pastoral song. She is often represented with a crook in her hand.

Turn to the gentler melodies which suit
Thalia’s harp, or Pan’s Arcadian lute.
Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1790).

=Thaliard=, a lord of Antioch.--Shakespeare, _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

=Tham´muz=, God of the Syrians, and fifth in order of the hierarchy of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beëlzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz (the same as Ado´nis). Thammuz was slain by a wild boar in Mount Lebanon, from whence the river Adonis descends, the water of which, at a certain season of the year, becomes reddened. Addison saw it, and ascribes the redness to a minium washed into the river by the violence of the rain.

Thammuz came next behind,
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate
In amorous ditties all a summer’s day;
While smooth Adonis from his native rock
Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood
Of Thammuz yearly wounded.
Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 446, etc. (1665).

=Thamu´dites= (3 _syl._), people of the tribe of Thamûd. They refused to believe in Mahomet without seeing a miracle. On a grand festival, Jonda, prince of the Thamûdites, told Sâleh, the prophet, that the god which answered by miracle should be acknowledged God by both. Jonda and the Thamûdites first called upon their idols, but received no answer. “Now,” said the prince to Sâleh, “if God will bring a camel big with young from that rock, we will believe.” Scarcely had he spoken, when the rock groaned and shook and opened; and forthwith there came a camel, which there and then cast its young one. Jonda became at once a convert, but the Thamûdites held back. To add to the miracle, the camel went up and down among the people crying, “Ho! every one that thirsteth, let him come, and I will give him milk!” (compare _Isaiah_ lv. 1.).

Unto the tribe of Thamûd we sent their brother, Sâleh. He said, “O, my
people, worship God; ye have no god besides him. Now hath a manifest
proof come unto you from the Lord. This she-camel of God is a sign
unto you; therefore dismiss her freely ... and do her no hurt, lest a
painful punishment seize upon you.”--_Al Korân_, vii.

⁂ There is a slight resemblance between this story and that of the contest between Elijah and the priests of Baal, so graphically described in _1 Kings_ xviii.

=Tham´yris= (_Blind_), a Thracian poet, who challenged the Muses to a contest of song, and was deprived of sight, voice, and musical skill for his presumption (Pliny, _Natural History_, iii. 33, and vii. 57). Plutarch says he had the finest voice of any one, and that he wrote a poem on the _War of the Titans with the Gods_. Suidas tells us that he composed a poem on creation. And Plato, in his _Republic_ (last book), feigns that the spirit of the blind old bard passed into a nightingale at death. Milton speaks of:

Blind Thamyris and blind Mæon´idês [_Homer_].
_Paradise Lost_, iii. 35 (1665).

=Thanatopsis.= “View of, or meditation upon death.”

W. C. Bryant’s poem bearing this name was written when he was but nineteen years old (1818). It is the best of his poems.

=Thancmar=, châtelain of Bourbourg, the great enemy of Bertulphe, the provost of Bruges. Charles “the Good,” earl of Flanders, made a law in 1127, that a serf was always a serf till manumitted, and whoever married a serf became a serf. By these absurd laws, the provost of Bruges became a serf, because his father was Thancmar’s serf. By the same laws, Bouchard, though a knight of long descent became Thancmar’s serf, because he married Constance, the provost’s daughter. The result of these laws was that Bertulphe slew the earl and then himself, Constance went mad and died, Bouchard and Thancmar slew each other in fight, and all Bruges was thrown into confusion.--S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836).

=Thaumast=, an English pundit, who went to Paris, attracted by the rumor of the great wisdom of Pantag´ruel. He arranged a disputation with that prince, to be carried on solely by pantomime, without the utterance of a single word. Panurge undertook the disputation for the prince, and Pantagruel was appointed arbiter. Many a knotty point in magic, alchemy, the cabala, geomancy, astrology, and philosophy were argued out by signs alone, and the Englishman freely confessed himself fully satisfied, for “Panurge had told him even more than he had asked.”--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 19, 20 (1533).

=Thaumaturga.= Filumēna is called _La Thaumaturge du Dixneuvième Siecle_. In 1802, a grave was discovered with this inscription: LUMENA PAXTE CVMFI, which has no meaning, but being re-arranged makes PAX TE-CUM, FI-LUMENA. So Filumena was at once accepted as a proper name and canonized. And because as many miracles were performed at her tomb as at that of the famous Abbé de Paris, mentioned in Paley’s _Evidences_, she was called “The Nineteenth-Century Miracle-Worker.” But who Filumena was, or if indeed she ever existed, is one of those secrets which no one, perhaps, will ever know. (See ST. FILOMENA.)

=Thaumatur´gus.= Gregory, bishop of Neo-Cæsarēa, in Cappadocia, was so called on account of his numerous miracles (212-270).

ALEXANDER OF HOHENLOHE, was a worker of miracles.

APOLLONIUS OF TYA´NA, “raised the dead, healed the sick, cast out devils, freed a young man from a lamia or vampire of which he was enamored, uttered prophecies, saw at Ephesus the assassination of Domitian at Rome, and filled the world with the fame of his sanctity” (A.D. 3-98).--Philostrătos, _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_, in eight books.

FRANCIS D’ASSISI (_St._), founder of the Franciscan order (1182-1226).

J. J. GASSNER, of Bratz, in the Tyrol, exorcised the sick and cured their diseases “miraculously” (1727-1779).

ISIDORE (_St._) of Alexandria (370-440).--Damascius, _Life of St. Isidore_ (sixth century).

JAMBLICHUS, when he prayed, was raised ten cubits from the ground, and his body and dress assumed the appearance of gold. At Gadăra he drew from two fountains the guardian spirits, and showed them to his disciples.--Eunapius, _Jamblichus_ (fourth century).

MAHOMET, “the prophet.” (1) When he ascended to heaven on Al Borak, the stone on which he stepped to mount rose in the air as the prophet rose, but Mahomet forbade it to follow any further, and it remained suspended in mid-air. (2) He took a scroll of the _Korân_ out of a bull’s horn. (3) He brought the moon from heaven, made it pass through one sleeve and out of the other, and then allowed it to return to its place in heaven.

PASCAL (_Blaise_) was a miracle-worker (1623-1662).

PLOTI´NUS, the Neo-platonic philosopher (205-270).--Porphyrius, _Vita Plotini_ (A.D. 301).

PROCLUS, a Neo-platonic philosopher (410-485).--Marinus, _Vita Procli_ (fifth century).

SOSPITRA possessed the power of seeing all that was done in every part of the whole world.--Eunapius, _Œdeseus_ (fourth century).

VESPASIAN, the Roman emperor, cured a blind man and a cripple by his touch during his stay at Alexandria.

VINCENT DE PAUL, founder of the “Sisters of Charity” (1576-1660).

=Thaumaturgus Physicus,= a treatise on natural magic, by Gaspar Schott (1657-9).

=Thaumaturgus of the West,= St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153).

=Theag´enes and Chariclei´a= (_The Loves of_), a love story, in Greek, by Heliodorus, bishop of Trikka (fourth century). A charming fiction, largely borrowed from by subsequent novelists, and especially by Mdlle. de Scudéri, Tasso, Guarini and D’Urfé. The tale is this: Some Egyptian brigands met one morning on a hill near the mouth of the Nile, and saw a vessel, laden with stores, lying at anchor. They also observed that the banks of the Nile were strewn with dead bodies and the fragments of food. On further examination they beheld Charicleia sitting on a rock, tending Theagĕnês, who lay beside her severely wounded. Some pirates had done it, and to them the vessel belonged. We are then carried to the house of Nausĭclês, and there Calasīris tells the early history of Charicleia, her love for Theagenês, and their capture by the pirates.

=Thea´na= (_3 syl._) is Anne, countess of Warwick.

No less praiseworthy I Theana read ...
She is the well of bounty and brave mind,
Excelling most in glory and great light,
The ornament is she of womankind,
And court’s chief garland with all virtues dight.
Spenser, _Colin Clout’s Come Home Again_ (1595).

=Thebaid= (_The_), a Latin epic poem in twelve books, by Statius (about a century after Virgil). Laïos, king of Thebes, was told by an oracle that he would have a son, but that his son would be his murderer. To prevent this, when the son was born he was hung on a tree by his feet, to be devoured by wild beasts. The child, however, was rescued by some of the royal servants, who brought him up, and called his name Œdĭpos or Club-foot, because his feet and ankles were swollen by the thongs. One day, going to Thebes, the chariot of Laïos nearly drove over the young Œdipos; a quarrel ensued, and Laïos was killed. Œdipos, not knowing whom he had slain, went on to Thebes, and ere long married the widowed queen, Jocasta, not knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons and two daughters. The names of the sons were Et´eoclês and Polynīcês. These sons in time dethroned their father, and agreed to reign alternate years. Etĕŏclês reigned first, but at the close of the year refused to resign the crown to his brother, and Polynicês made war upon him. This war, which occurred some forty-two years before the siege of Troy, and about the time that Debŏrah was fighting with Sisĕra (_Judges_ iv.), is the subject of the _Thebaid_.

The first book recapitulates the history given above, and then goes on to say that Polynicês went straight to Argos, and laid his grievance before King Adrastos (bk. i.). While at Argos he married one of the king’s daughters, and Tydeus the other. The festivities being over, Tydeus was sent to Thebes to claim the throne for his brother-in-law, and, being insolently dismissed, denounced war against Eteoclês. The villainous usurper sent fifty ruffians to fall on the ambassador on his way to Argos, but they were all slain, except one, who was left to carry back the news (bk. ii). When Tydeus reached Argos he wanted his father-in-law to march at once against Thebes, but Adrastos, less impetuous, made answer that a great war required time for its organization. How ever, Kapăneus (3 _syl._), siding with Tydeus [_Ti´.duce_], roused the mob (bk. iii.), and Adrastos at once set about preparations for war. He placed his army under six chieftains, viz., Polynicês, Tydeus, Amphiarāos, Kapaneus, Parthenopæos and Hippomĕdon, he himself acting as commander-in-chief (bk. iv.). Bks. v., vi. describe the march from Argos to Thebes. On the arrival of the allied army before Thebes, Jocasta tried to reconcile her two sons, but, not succeeding in this, hostilities commenced, and one of the chiefs, named Amphiaraos, was swallowed up by an earthquake (bk. vii.). Next day Tydeus greatly distinguished himself, but fell (bk. viii.). Hippomedon and Parthenopæos were both slain the day following (bk. ix.). Then came the turn of Kapaneus, bold as a tiger, strong as a giant, and a regular dare-devil in war. He actually scaled the wall, he thought himself sure of victory, he defied even Jove to stop him, and was instantly killed by a flash of lightning (bk. x.). Polynicês was now the only one of the six remaining, and he sent to Eteoclês to meet him in single combat. The two brothers met, they fought like lions, they gave no quarter, they took no rest. At length Eteoclês fell, and Polynicês, running up to strip him of his arms, was thrust through the bowels, and fell dead on the dead body of his brother. Adrastos now decamped, and returned to Argos (bk. xi.). Creon, having usurped the Theban crown, forbade any one, on pain of death, to bury the dead; but when Theseus, king of Athens, heard of this profanity, he marched at once to Thebes, Creon died, and the crown was given to Theseus (bk. xii.).

=Theban Bard= (_The_), THEBAN EAGLE or THEBAN LYRE, Pindar, born at Thebes (B.C. 522-442).

Ye that in fancied vision can admire
The sword of Brutus and the Theban lyre.
Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, i. (1799).

=Thecla= (_St._) said to be of noble family, in Ico´nium, and to have been converted by the Apostle Paul. She is styled in Greek martyrologies the _protomartyress_, but the book called _The Acts of Paul and Thecla_ is considered to be apocryphal.

On the selfsame shelf
With the writings of St. Thecla herself.
Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851).

=Thekla=, daughter of Wallenstein.--Schiller, _Wallenstein_ (1799).

=Thélème= (_Abbey of_) the abbey given by Grangousier to Friar John for the aid he rendered in the battle against Picrochole, king of Lerné. The abbey was stored with everything that could contribute to sensual indulgence and enjoyment. It was the very reverse of a convent or monastery. No religious hypocrites, no pettifogging attorneys, no usurers were admitted within it, but it was filled with gallant ladies and gentlemen, faithful expounders of the Scriptures, and every one who could contribute to its elegant recreations and general festivity. The motto over the door was: “FAY CE QUE VOULDRAS.”--Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 52-7 (1533).

_Thélème_, the Will personified. Voltaire, _Thélème and Macare_.

=The´lu=, the female or woman.

And divers colored trees and fresh array [_hair_]
Much grace the town [_head_], but most the Thelu gay;
But all in winter [_old age_] turn to snow and soon decay.
Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, v. (1633).

=Thenot=, an old shepherd bent with age, who tells Cuddy, the herdsman’s boy, the fable of the oak and the briar. An aged oak, once a most royal tree, was wasted by age of its foliage, and stood with bare head and sear branches. A pert bramble grew hard by, and snubbed the oak, calling it a cumberer of the ground. It even complained to the lord of the field, and prayed him to cut it down. The request was obeyed, and the oak was felled; but now the bramble suffered from the storm and cold, for it had no shelter, and the snow bent it to the ground, where it was draggled and defiled. The application is very personal. Cuddy is the pert, flippant bramble, and Thenot the hoary oak; but Cuddy told the old man his tale was long and trashy, and bad him hie home, for the sun was set.--Spenser, _Shepheardes Calendar_, ii. (1579).

(Thenot is introduced also in ecl. iv., and again in ecl. xi., where he begs Colin to sing something, but Colin declines because his mind is sorrowing for the death of the shepherdess Dido.)

_Thenot_, a shepherd who loved Clorin chiefly for her “fidelity” to her deceased lover. When the “faithful shepherdess” knew this, in order to cure him of his passion, she pretended to return his love. Thenot was so shocked to see his charm broken that he lost even his respect for Clorin, and forsook her.--John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_ (1610).

=Theocritus,= of Syracuse, in Sicily (fl. B.C. 280), celebrated for his idylls in Doric Greek. Meli is the person referred to below.

Behold once more,
The pitying gods to earth restore
Theocritus of Syracuse.
Longfellow, The _Wayside Inn_ (prelude 1863).

_Theocritus_ (_The Scotch_), Allan Ramsay, author of _The Gentle Shepherd_ (1685-1758).

_Theocritus_ (_The Sicilian_), Giovanni Meli, of Palermo, immortalized by his eclogues and idylls (1740-1815).

=Theod´ofred=, heir to the Spanish throne, but incapacitated from reigning, because he had been blinded by Witiza. Theodofred was the son of Chindasuintho, and father of King Roderick. As Witiza, the usurper, had blinded Theodofred, so Roderick dethroned and blinded Witiza.--Southey, _Roderick, etc._ (1814).

⁂ In mediæval times no one with any personal defect was allowed to reign and one of the most ordinary means of disqualifying a prince for succeeding to a throne was to put out his eyes. Of course, the reader will call to mind the case of Prince Arthur, the nephew of King John; and scores of other instances in Italian, French, Spanish, German, Russian, and Scandinavian history.

=Theod´omas=, a famous trumpeter at the siege of Thebes.

At every court ther cam loud menstralcye
That never trompêd Joab for to heere,
Ne he Theodomas yit half so cleere
At Thebês, when the citê was in doute.
Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_, 9592, etc. (1338).

=Theodo´ra=, sister of Constantine, the Greek emperor. She entertained most bitter hatred against Rogēro for slaying her son, and vowed vengeance. Rogero, being entrapped in sleep, was confined by her in a dungeon, and fed on the bread and water of affliction, but was ultimately released by Prince Leon.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=The´odore= (3 _syl._), son of General Archas, “the loyal subject” of the great-duke of Muscovia. A colonel, valorous, but impatient.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

_Theodore_ (3 _syl._), of Ravenna, brave, rich, honored, and chivalrous. He loved Honōria “to madness,” but “found small favor in the lady’s eyes.” At length, however, the lady relented and married him. (See HONORIA.)--Dryden, _Theodore and Honoria_ (from Boccaccio).

_Theodore_, son of the lord of Clarinsal, and grandson of Alphonso. His father thought him dead, renounced the world, and became a monk of St. Nicholas, assuming the name of Austin. By chance Theodore was sent home in a Spanish bark, and found his way into some secret passage of the count’s castle, where he was seized and taken before the count. Here he met the monk, Austin, and was made known to him. He informed his father of his love for Adelaide, the count’s daughter, and was then told that if he married her, he must renounce his estates and title. The case stood thus: If he claimed his estates, he must challenge the count to mortal combat, and renounce the daughter; but if he married Adelaide, he must forego his rights, for he could not marry the daughter and slay his father-in-law. The perplexity is solved by the death of Adelaide, killed by her father by mistake, and the death of the count by his own hand.--Robert Jephson, _Count of Narbonne_ (1782).

_Theod´orick_, king of the Goths, called by the German minnesingers, Diderick of Bern (Verōna).

_Theodorick_, or “Alberick of Mortemar,” an exiled nobleman, hermit of Engaddi, and an enthusiast.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Theodorus= (_Master_), a learned physician, employed by Ponocratês to cure Gargantua of his vicious habits. The doctor accordingly “purged him canonically with Anticyrian hellebore, cleansed from his brain all perverse habits, and made him forget everything he had learned of his other preceptors.”--Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 23.

Hellebore was made use of to purge the brain, in order to fit it the
better for serious study.--Pliny, _Natural History_, xxv. 25; Aulus
Gellius, _Attic Nights_, xvii. 15.

=Theodo´sius=, the hermit of Cappadocia. He wrote the four gospels in letters of gold (423-529).

Theodosius, who of old.
Wrote the gospels in letters of gold.
Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851).

=Theophilus= (_St._), of Adana, in Cilicia (sixth century). He was driven by slander to sell his soul to the devil, on condition that his character was cleared. The slander was removed, and no tongue wagged against the thin-skinned saint. Theophilus now repented of his bargain, and after a fast of forty days and forty nights, was visited by the Virgin, who bade him confess to the bishop. This he did, received absolution, and died within three days of brain fever.--Jacques de Voragine, _The Golden Legends_ (thirteenth century).

This is a very stale trick, told of many a saint. Southey has poetized one of them in his ballad of _St. Basil_, or _The Sinner Saved_ (1829). Elĕēmon sold his soul to the devil on condition of his procuring him Cyra for wife. The devil performed his part of the bargain, but Eleemon called off, and St. Basil gave him absolution. (See SINNER SAVED.)

=Theophras´tus of France= (_The_), Jean de la Bruyère, author of _Caractères_ (1646-1696).

=Theresa=, the miller’s wife, who adopted and brought up Amīna, the orphan, called “the somnambulist.”--Bellini, _La Sonnambula_ (libretto by Scribe, 1831).

_Therēsa_, wife of the count palatine of Padōlia, beloved by Mazeppa. Her father, indignant that a mere page should presume to his daughter’s hand, had Mazeppa bound to a wild horse, and set adrift. The future history of Theresa is not related.--Byron, _Mazeppa_ (1819).

Medora [_wife of the Corsair_], Neuha [in _The Island_], Leila [in
_The Giaour_], Francesca [in _The Siege of Corinth_], and Theresa, it
has been alleged, are but children of one family, with differences
resulting only from climate and circumstances.--Finden, _Byron
Beauties_.

_Theresa_ (_Sister_), with Flora M’Ivor at Carlisle.--Sir W. Scott,
_Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Theringe= (_Mde. de_), the mother of Louise de Lascours, and
grandmother of Diana de Lascours and Martha, _alias_ Orgari´ta, “the
orphan of the Frozen Sea.”--E. Stirling, _The Orphan of the Frozen
Sea_ (1856).

=Thermopylæ.= When Xerxes invaded Greece, Leonĭdas was sent with 300
Spartans, as a forlorn hope, to defend the pass leading from Thessaly
into Locris, by which it was thought the Persian host would penetrate
into Southern Greece. The Persians, however, having discovered a path
over the mountains, fell on Leonidas in the rear, and the “brave
defenders of the hot-gates” were cut to pieces.

=Theron=, the favorite dog of Roderick, the last Gothic king of Spain.
When the discrowned king, dressed as a monk, assumed the name of
“Father Maccabee,” although his tutor, mother, and even Florinda
failed to recognize him, Theron knew him at once, fawned on him with
fondest love, and would never again leave him till the faithful
creature died. When Roderick saw his favorite,

He threw his arms around the dog, and cried,
While tears streamed down, “Thou, Theron, thou hast known
Thy poor lost master; Theron, none but thou!”
Southey, _Roderick, etc._, xv. (1814).

=Thersi´tes= (3 _syl._), a scurrilous Grecian chief, “loquacious,
loud, and coarse.” His chief delight was to inveigh against the kings
of Greece. He squinted, halted, was gibbous behind and pinched before,
and on his tapering head grew a few white patches of starveling down
(_Iliad_, ii.).

His brag, as Thersītês, with elbows abroad.
T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, liv. (1557).

=The´seus= (2 _syl._), the Attic hero. He induced the several towns of
Attica to give up their separate governments and submit to a common
jurisdiction, whereby the several petty chiefdoms were consolidated
into one state, of which Athens was the capital.

⁂ Similarly, the several kingdoms of the Saxon heptarchy were
consolidated into one kingdom by Egbert; but in this latter case, the
might of arms, and not the power of conviction, was the instrument
employed.

_Theseus_ (_Duke_) of Athens. On his return home, after marrying
Hypolĭta, a crowd of female suppliants complained to him of Creon,
king of Thebes. The duke therefore set out for Thebes, slew Creon, and
took the city by assault. Among the captives taken in this siege were
two knights, named Palămon and Arcite, who saw the duke’s sister from
their dungeon window, and fell in love with her. When set at liberty,
they told their loves to the duke, and Theseus (2 _syl._) promised to
give the lady to the best man in a single combat. Arcite overthrew
Palamon, but as he was about to claim the lady his horse threw him,
and he died; so Palamon lost the contest, but won the bride.--Chaucer,
_Canterbury Tales_ (“The Knight’s Tale,” 1388).

⁂ In classic story, Theseus is called “king;” but Chaucer styles him
“duke,” that is, dux, “leader or emperor” (_imperātor_).

=Thespian Maids= (_The_), the nine Muses. So called from Thespia, in
Bœotia, near Mount Helĭcon, often called _Thespia Rupes_.

Those modest Thespian maids thus to their Isis sung.
Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xv. (1613).

=Thespi´o=, a Muse. The Muses were called Thespi´adês, from Thespīa,
in Bœo´tia, at the foot of mount Helĭcon.

Tell me, oh, tell me then, thou holy Muse,
Sacred Thespīo.
Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vii. (1633).

=Thespis=, the father of the Greek drama.

Thespis, the first professor of our art,
At country wakes sang ballads from a cart.
Dryden, Prologue to _Sophonisba_ (1729).

=Thes´tylis=, a female slave; any rustic maiden.--Theocritos,
_Idylls_.

With Thestylis to bind the sheaves.
Milton, _L’Allegro_ (1638).

=Thet´is=, mother of Achillês. She was a sea-nymph, daughter of
Nereus, the sea-god.--_Grecian Story._

=Theuerdank=, a sobriquet of Kaiser Maximilian I. of Germany (1459,
1493-1519).

=Thiebalt=, a Provençal, one of Arthur’s escorts to Aix.--Sir W.
Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Thieves= (_The Two_). The penitent thief crucified with Jesus, has
been called by sundry names, as Demas, Dismas, Titus, Matha, and
Vicimus.

The impenitent thief, has been called Gestas, Dumachas, Joca, and
Justīnus.

In the Aprocryphal _Gospel of Nicodemus_, the former is called Dysmas
and the latter Gestas. In the _Story of Joseph of Arimathea_, the
former is called Demas and the latter Gestas. Longfellow’s _Golden
Legend_, calls them Titus and Dumachus. A legend says that they
attacked Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus said, “Let the good
people go;” but Dumachus refused to do so till he “paid a ransom for
himself and family.” Upon this, Titus gave his fellow forty groats;
and the infant Jesus said, “In thirty years I shall die, and you two
with Me. We shall be crucified together; but in that day, Titus, this
deed shall be remembered.”

_Thieves_ (_His ancestors proved_). It is Sir Walter Scott who wrote
and proved his “ancestors were thieves,” in the _Lay of the Last
Minstrel_, iv. 9.

A modern author spends a hundred leaves
To prove his ancestors notorious thieves.
_The Town Ecolgue._

=Thieves Screened.= It is said of Edward the Confessor, that one day,
while lying on his bed for his afternoon’s nap, a courtier stole into
his chamber and seeing the king’s casket, helped himself freely from
it. He returned a second time, and on his third entrance, Edward said,
“Be quick, or Hugoline (the chamberlain) will see you.” The courtier
was scarcely gone, when the chamberlain entered and instantly detected
the theft. The king said, “Never mind, Hugoline; the fellow who has
taken it no doubt has greater need of it than either you or I.”
(Reigned 1042-1066).

Several similar anecdotes are told of Robert the Pious, of France. One
time he saw a man steal a silver candle-stick off the altar, and said,
“Friend Ogger, run for your life, or you will be found out.” At
another time, one of the twelve poor men in his train cut off a rich
gold pendant from the royal robe, and Robert, turning to the man, said
to him, “Hide it quickly, friend, before any one sees it.” (Reigned
996-1031.)

The following is told of two or three kings, amongst others of Ludwig
the Pious, who had a very overbearing wife. A beggar under the table,
picking up the crumbs which the king let down, cut off the gold fringe
of the royal robe, and the king whispered to him, “Take care the queen
doesn’t see you.”

=Thieves of Historic Note.=

AUTOL´YCOS, son of Hermês; a very prince of thieves. He had the power
of changing the color and shape of stolen goods so as to prevent their
being recognized.--_Greek Fable._

BARLOW (_Jimmy_), immortalized by the ballad-song:

My name it is Jimmy Barlow;
I was born in the town of Carlow;
And here I lie in Maryboro’ jail,
All for the robbing of the Dublin mail.

CARTOUCHE, the Dick Turpin of France (eighteenth century).

COTTINGTON (_John_), in the time of the Commonwealth, who emptied the
pockets of Oliver Cromwell, when lord protector, stripped Charles II.
of £1500, and stole a watch and chain from Lady Fairfax.

DUVAL (_Claude_), a French highwayman, noted for his gallantry and
daring (*-1670). (See “James Whitney,” who was a very similar
character.)

⁂ Alexander Dumas has a novel entitled _Claude Duval_, and Miss
Robinson introduces him in _White Friars_.

FRITH (_Mary_), usually called “Moll Cutpurse.” She had the honor of
robbing General Fairfax, on Hounslow Heath. Mary Frith lived in the
reign of Charles I., and died at the age of 75 years.

⁂ Nathaniel Field has introduced Mary Frith, and made merry with some
of her pranks, in his comedy, _Amends for Ladies_ (1618).

GALLOPING DICK, executed in Aylesbury, in 1800.

GRANT (_Captain_), the Irish highwayman, executed at Maryborough in
1816.

GREENWOOD (_Samuel_), executed at Old Bailey in 1822.

HASSAN, the “Old Man of the Mountain,” once the terror of Europe. He
was chief of the Assassins (1056-1124).

HOOD (_Robin_) and his “merry men all,” of Sherwood Forest. Famed in
song, drama and romance. Probably he lived in the reign of Richard
Cœur de Lion.

⁂ Sir W. Scott has introduced him both in _The Talisman_ and in
_Ivanhoe_. Stow has recorded the chief incidents of his life (see
under the year 1213). Ritson has compiled a volume of ballads
respecting him. Drayton has given a sketch of him in the _Polyolbion_,
xxvi. The following are dramas on the same outlaw, viz.:--_The Playe
of Robyn Hode, very proper to be played in Maye games_ (fifteenth
century); Skelton, at the command of Henry VIII., wrote a drama called
_The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington_ (about 1520); _The
Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington_, by Munday (1597); _The Death
of Robert, Earle of Huntington, otherwise called Robin Hood of Merrie
Sherwodde_, by H. Chettle (1598). Chettle’s drama is in reality a
continuation of Munday’s, like the two parts of Shakespeare’s plays,
_Henry IV._ and _Henry V._ _Robin Hood’s Penn´orths_, a play by
William Haughton (1600); _Robin Hood and His Pastoral May Games_
(1624), _Robin Hood and His Crew of Soldiers_ (1627), both anonymous;
_The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin Hood_ (unfinished), B. Jonson
(1637); _Robin Hood_, an opera (1730); _Robin Hood_, an opera by Dr.
Arne and Burney (1741); _Robin Hood_, a musical farce (1751); _Robin
Hood_, a comic opera (1784); Robin Hood, an opera by O’Keefe, music by
Shield (1787); _Robin Hood_, by Macnally (before 1820). Sheridan began
a drama on the same subject, which he called _The Foresters_; _The
Foresters_, Tennyson (1892).

PERIPHE´TES (4 _syl._) of Argŏlis, surnamed “The Club-Bearer,” because
he used to kill his victims with an iron club.--_Grecian Story._

PROCRUSTES (3 _syl._), a famous robber of Attica. His real name was
Polypēmon or Damastês, but he received the sobriquet of _Procrustês_,
or “The Stretcher,” from his practice of placing all victims that fell
into his hands on a certain bedstead. If the victim was too short to
fit it he stretched the limbs to the right length; if too long he
lopped off the redundant part.--_Grecian Story._

REA (_William_), executed at Old Bailey in 1828.

SHEPPARD (_Jack_), an ardent, reckless, generous youth, wholly
unrivalled as a thief and burglar. His father was a carpenter in
Spitalfields. Sentence of death was passed on him in August, 1724; but
when the warders came to take him to execution, they found he had
escaped. He was apprehended in the following October, and again made
his escape. A third time he was caught, and in November suffered
death. Certainly the most popular burglar that ever lived (1701-1724).

⁂ Daniel Defoe made _Jack Sheppard_ the hero of a romance in 1724, and
H. Ainsworth in 1839.

SINIS, a Corinthian highwayman, surnamed “The Pine-Bender,” from his
custom of attaching the limbs of his victims to two opposite pines
forcibly bent down. Immediately the trees were released they bounded
back, tearing the victim limb from limb.--_Grecian Story._

TER´MEROS, a robber of Peloponnesos, who killed his victims by
cracking their skulls against his own.

TURPIN (_Dick_), a noted highwayman (1711-1739). His ride to York is
described by H. Ainsworth in his _Rookwood_ (1834).

WHITNEY (_James_), the last of the “gentlemanly” highwaymen. He prided
himself on being “the glass of fashion and the mould of form.”
Executed at Porter’s Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694).