Chapter IV: Economic and Social Conditions

Industrial Development during the War 149
Military Industries 149
Manufacture of Arms 150
Nitre Making 153
Private Manufacturing Enterprises 156
Salt Making 157
Confederate Finance in Alabama 162
Banks and Banking 162
Issues of Bonds and Notes by the State 164
Special Appropriations and Salaries 168
Taxation 169
Impressment 174
Debts, Stay Laws, Sequestration 176
Trade, Barter, Prices 178
Blockade-running and Trade through the Lines 183
Scarcity and Destitution, 1861-1865 196
The Negro during the War 205
Military Uses of Negroes 205
Negroes on the Farms 209
Fidelity to Masters 210
Schools and Colleges 212
Confederate Text-books 217
Newspapers 218
Publishing Houses 221
The Churches during the War 223
Attitude on Public Questions 223
The Churches and the Negroes 225
Federal Army and the Southern Churches 227
Domestic Life 230
Society in 1861 230
Life on the Farm 232
Home Industries; Makeshifts and Substitutes 234
Clothes and Fashions 236
Drugs and Medicines 239
Social Life during the War 241
Negro Life 243
Woman's Work for the Soldiers 244

PART III
_THE AFTERMATH OF WAR_

CHAPTER V
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISORDER

Loss of Life in War 251
Destruction of Property 253
The Wreck of the Railways 259
The Interregnum: Lawlessness and Disorder 262
The Negro testing his Freedom 269
How to prove Freedom 270
Suffering among the Negroes 273
Relations between Whites and Blacks 275
Destitution and Want, 1865-1866 277

CHAPTER VI
CONFISCATION AND THE COTTON TAX

Confiscation Frauds 284
Restrictions on Trade in 1865 284
Federal Claims to Confederate Property 285
Cotton Frauds and Stealing 290
Cotton Agents Prosecuted 297
Statistics of the Frauds 299
The Cotton Tax 303

CHAPTER VII
THE TEMPER OF THE PEOPLE

After the Surrender 308
"Condition of Affairs in the South" 311
General Grant's Report 311
Carl Schurz's Report 312
Truman's Report 312
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction 313
The "Loyalists" 316
Treatment of Northern Men 318
Immigration to Alabama 321
Troubles of the Episcopal Church 324

PART IV
_PRESIDENTIAL RESTORATION_

CHAPTER VIII
FIRST PROVISIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Theories of Reconstruction 333
Presidential Plan in Operation 341
Early Attempts at "Restoration" 341
Amnesty Proclamation 349
"Proscribing Proscription" 356
The "Restoration" Convention 358
Personnel and Parties 358
Debates on Secession and Slavery 360
"A White Man's Government" 364
Legislation by the Convention 366
"Restoration" Completed 367

CHAPTER IX
SECOND PROVISIONAL ADMINISTRATION

Status of the Provisional Government 376
Legislation about Freedmen 378
The Negro under the Provisional Government 383
Movement toward Negro Suffrage 386
New Conditions of Congress and Increasing Irritation 391
Fourteenth Amendment Rejected 394
Political Conditions, 1866-1867; Formation of Parties 398

CHAPTER X
MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1865-1866

The Military Occupation 408
The Army and the Colored Population 410
Administration of Justice by the Army 413
The Army and the White People 417

CHAPTER XI
THE WARDS OF THE NATION

The Freedmen's Bureau 421
Department of Negro Affairs 421
Organization of the Bureau 423
The Bureau and the Civil Authorities 427
The Bureau supported by Confiscations 431
The Labor Problem 433
Freedmen's Bureau Courts 437
Care of the Sick 441
Issue of Rations 442
Demoralization caused by Bureau 444
The Freedmen's Savings-bank 451
The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Education 456
The Failure of the Bureau System 469

PART V
_CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION_

CHAPTER XII
MILITARY GOVERNMENT UNDER THE RECONSTRUCTION ACTS

Administration of General John Pope 473
Military Reconstruction Acts 473
Pope's Control of the Civil Government 477
Pope and the Newspapers 485
Trials by Military Commissions 487
Registration and Disfranchisement 488
Elections and the Convention 491
Removal of Pope and Swayne 492
Administration of General George G. Meade 493
Registration and Elections 493
Administration of Civil Affairs 495
Trials by Military Commissions 498
The Soldiers and the Citizens 500
From Martial Law to Carpet-bag Rule 501

CHAPTER XIII
THE CAMPAIGN OF 1867

Attitude of the Whites 503
Organization of the Radical Party in Alabama 505
Conservative Opposition Aroused 512
The Negro's First Vote 514

CHAPTER XIV
THE "RECONSTRUCTION" CONVENTION

Character of the Convention 517
The Race Question 521
Debates on Disfranchisement of Whites 524
Legislation by the Convention 528

CHAPTER XV
THE "RECONSTRUCTION" COMPLETED

"Convention" Candidates 531
Campaign on the Constitution 534
Vote on the Constitution 538
The Constitution fails of Adoption 541
The Alabama Question in Congress 547
Alabama readmitted to the Union 550

CHAPTER XVI
THE UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA

Origin of the Union League 553
Its Extension to the South 556
Ceremonies of the League 559
Organization and Methods 561

PART VI
_CARPET-BAG AND NEGRO RULE_

CHAPTER XVII
TAXATION AND THE PUBLIC DEBT

Taxation during Reconstruction 571
Administrative Expenses 574
Effect on Property Values 578
The Public Bonded Debt 580
The Financial Settlement 583

CHAPTER XVIII
RAILROAD LEGISLATION AND FRAUDS

Federal and State Aid to Railroads before the War 587
General Legislation in Aid of Railroads 589
The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad 591
Other Indorsed Railroads 600
County and Town Aid to Railroads 604

CHAPTER XIX
RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SCHOOLS

School System before Reconstruction 607
School System of Reconstruction 609
Reconstruction of the State University 612
Trouble in the Mobile Schools 618
Irregularities in School Administration 621
Objections to the Reconstruction Education 624
Negro Education 625
Failure of the Educational System 632

CHAPTER XX
RECONSTRUCTION IN THE CHURCHES

"Disintegration and Absorption" Policy 637
The Methodists 637
The Baptists 640
The Presbyterians 641
The Churches and the Negro during Reconstruction 642
The Baptists and the Negroes 643
The Presbyterians and the Negroes 646
The Roman Catholics 647
The Episcopalians 647
The Methodists and the Negroes 648

CHAPTER XXI
THE KU KLUX REVOLUTION

Causes of the Ku Klux Movement 654
Secret Societies of Regulators before Ku Klux Klan 659
Origin and Growth of Ku Klux Klan 661
The Knights of the White Camelia 671
The Work of the Secret Orders 675
Ku Klux Orders and Warnings 680
Ku Klux "Outrages" 686
Success of the Ku Klux Movement 690
Spurious Ku Klux Organizations 691
Attempts to suppress the Ku Klux Movement 694
State Legislation 695
Enforcement Acts 697
Ku Klux Investigation 703
Later Ku Klux Organizations 709

CHAPTER XXII
REORGANIZATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

Break-up of the Ante-bellum System 710
The Freedmen's Bureau System 717
Northern and Foreign Immigration 718
Attempts to organize a New System 721
Development of the Share and Credit Systems 723
Superiority of White Farmers 727
Decadence of the Black Belt 731

CHAPTER XXIII
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS DURING RECONSTRUCTION

Politics and Political Methods 733
The First Reconstruction Administration 733
Reconstruction Judiciary 744
Campaign of 1868 747
The Administration of Governor Lindsay 750
The Administration of Governor Lewis 754
Election of Spencer to the United States Senate 755
Social Conditions during Reconstruction 761
Statistics of Crime 762
Social Relations of Negroes 763
Carpet-baggers and Scalawags 765
Social Effects of Reconstruction on the Whites 766
Economic Conditions 769