Chapter XLVI: Appendix: II (7)

[1727] For the picture see Ala. Test., p. 113, or the _Independent Monitor_, Sept 1, 1868. Ryland Randolph, the editor of the _Monitor_ at that time, says that the picture was made from a rough woodcut, fashioned in the _Monitor_ office. The _Cincinnati Commercial_ published an edition of 500,000 copies of the hanging picture for distribution as a campaign document. A Columbus, Ohio, newspaper also printed for distribution a larger edition containing the famous picture. This was during the Seymour-Grant campaign, and the Democratic newspapers and leaders of the state were furious at Randolph for furnishing such excellent campaign literature to the Radicals.

[1728] Clark, p. 98; _Independent Monitor_, Jan. 5 and March 23, 1869.

[1729] _Selma Times and Messenger_, Aug. 9, 1868.

[1730] Clark, pp. 98, 99. _Monitor_, Jan. 5, March 1 and 23, 1869. "The Reconstruction University," a farce, was acted at the court-house for the benefit of the brass band. There was no hope whatever that the reconstructed faculty would have a pleasant time.

[1731] See the _Monitor_, March 1, 1869.

[1732] Richards was at the same time state senator from Wilcox, sheriff of the same county, contractor to feed prisoners, and professor in the University. His income from all the offices was about $12,000, the professorship paying about $2500.

[1733] Report of Cloud, Nov., 1869. Clark, p. 99.

[1734] See _Monitor_, April 6, 1869. The editor of the _Monitor_ finally came to grief because of his attacks on the Radical faculty. His paper had charged Professor V. H. Vaughn with drunkenness, whipping his wife, incompetence, etc. After a year of such pleasantries, Vaughn, who was a timid man, determined to secure assistance and be revenged. In the University was a student named Smith, son of a regent and nephew of the governor, who, on account of his Union record, was given the position of steward of the mess hall, after the removal of the old steward. Smith had been in trouble about abstracting stores from the University commissary, and the _Monitor_ had not spared him. So he and Vaughn with their guns went after Randolph, and Smith shot him "while Vaughn stood at a respectful distance." Randolph lost his leg from the shot. Smith and Vaughn were put in jail, but through the connivance of the officials made their escape. Vaughn went to Washington and was given an office in Utah territory. See Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 1979.

[1735] He was a competent man, well educated and possessing administrative ability. In the secession convention he had led the coöperationist forces.

[1736] Clark, pp. 99-101; _Monitor_, Jan. 10 and 25 and March 28, 1871. The Register of the University (p. 218) gives only thirteen names for the session 1870-1871. No record was kept at the University.

[1737] See Register of the University of Alabama, p. 217.

[1738] These notices were printed in the Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 418. They were fastened to the door with a dagger. The students who were notified left at once.

[1739] See Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 426 (Speed).

[1740] The following table gives the enrolment of students during Reconstruction:--

SESSION STUDENTS
1868-9
1869-70 30
1870-1 21
1871-2 107
1872-3 135
1873-4 53
1874-5 74
1875-6 111
1876-7 164

[1741] I have this account from the men who furnished the bribes.

[1742] Clark, p. 99.

[1743] Finley had been doorkeeper for the first Board (1868-1870), and in 1870 was elected to serve four years. He was a member of the convention of 1867 and of the legislature. He had no education and no ability, but he was a sensible negro and was an improvement on the white men of the preceding Board.

[1744] Journal of the Board of Education and Regents, June 20, 1871.

[1745] Act of Dec. 6, 1873, School Laws.

[1746] Clark, p. 232; Report of Cloud, Nov., 1869; _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 16, 1870. In connection with the act merging the Mobile schools into the state system, the Board of Education took occasion to enlarge or complete its constitutional powers. There was no limit, according to the Constitution, to the time for the governor to retain acts of the Board. Governor Smith had pocketed several obnoxious educational bills, and the Board now resolved "that the same rules and provisions which by law govern and define the time and manner in which the governor of the state shall approve of or object to any bill or resolution of the General Assembly shall also apply to any bill or resolution having the force of law passed by this Board of Education." The governor approved neither resolution nor the Mobile act, but they were both declared in force. _Montgomery Mail_, Nov. 3, 1870.

[1747] Senate Journal, 1869-1870, p. 419.

[1748] _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 16, 1870.

[1749] A specimen pay-roll of Emerson Institute ("Blue College") for the quarter ending March 31, 1869:--

======================================================================
|MONTHS| SALARY | TOTAL
-------------------------------------------|------|---------|---------
G. L. Putnam, Supt. of Colored Schools | 3 | $333.33 | $1000.00
H. S. Kelsey, Prin. Emerson Institute | 3 | 225.00 | 675.00
E. I. Ethridge, Prin. Grammar School | 3 | 200.00 | 600.00
Susie A. Carley, Prin. Lower School | 3 | 180.00 | 540.00
A. A. Rockfellow, Prin. Intermediate School| 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
Sarah A. Primey, Prin. Intermediate School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
M. L. Harris, Prin. Intermediate School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
M. A. Cooley, Prin. Intermediate School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
M. E. F. Smith, Prin. Intermediate School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
Ruth A. Allen, Primary School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
N. G. Lincoln, Primary School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
M. L. Theyer, Primary School | 3 | 105.00 | 315.00
Judge Rapier, legal opinion | -- | -- | 50.00
American Missionary Association, fuel | -- | -- | 40.00
| | |---------
Total | | | $5425.00
======================================================================

At this time the average salary of the teacher in the state schools was $42 a month.

[1750] _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 16, 1876. Cloud's Report, Nov., 1869, shows that $10,447.23 had been drawn out of the treasury by Putnam, and he had also drawn $2000 for his salary as county superintendent.

[1751] Report of the Auditor, 1871; Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1871, 1876.

[1752] See Act of Dec. 2, 1869; Somers, "Southern States," pp. 169, 170.

[1753] The law stated that the trustees were to receive $2 a day, but Cloud said that it was a mistake, as it should be the clerks who were paid, and thus it was done. There were 1485 clerks in the state; they were paid about $60,000 a year. The county superintendents received about $65,000, an average of $1000 each, which was paid from the school fund. Before the war the average salary of the county superintendent was $300 and was paid by the county. In few counties was the work of the county superintendent sufficient to keep him busy more than two days in the week. Many of the superintendents stayed in their offices only one day in the week. The expenses of the Board of Education were from $3000 to $5000 a year, not including the salary of the state superintendent. _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 15 and 16, 1870.

[1754] Hodgson's Report, 1871; Ala. Test., p. 233.

[1755] Cloud, the state superintendent, had power of attorney to act for certain county superintendents. This he sub-delegated to his son, W. B. Cloud, who drew warrants for $8551.31, which were allowed by the auditor. This amount was the school fund for the following counties: Sumter, $1,535.59; Pickens, $6,423.17; Winston, $215.89; Calhoun, $176.66; Marshall, $200.00.

A clerk in the office of C. A. Miller, the secretary of state, forged Miller's name as attorney and drew $3,238.39 from the Etowah County fund. Miller swore that he had notified both auditor and treasurer that he would not act as attorney to draw money for any one.

John B. Cloud bought whiskey with tax stamps. See Hodgson's Report, 1871; Ala. Test., p. 233; _Montgomery Advertiser_, Sept. 27, 1872.

[1756] Hodgson's Report, 1871; _Montgomery Advertiser_, Sept. 27, 1872; Report of the Commission to Examine State Offices, 1871.

[1757] Somers, pp. 169, 170.

[1758] _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 15, 1870.

[1759] Somers, "Southern States," p. 170; voters only counted as polls.

[1760] _Montgomery Mail_, Sept. 15, 1870.

[1761] In recent years the people have demanded and obtained a different class of school histories, such as those of Derry, Lee, Jones, Thompson, Cooper, Estill, and Lemmon. Adams and Trent is an example of one of the compromise works that resulted from the demand of the southerners for books less tinctured with northern prejudices.

[1762] Cloud's Report, Nov., 1869; Hodgson's Report, 1871; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 426; Montgomery Conference, "Race Problems," p. 107.

[1763] See Ala. Test., p. 236 (General Clanton).

[1764] Ku Klux Rept., p. 53; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 234, 235.

[1765] Ala. Test., p. 1123.

[1766] _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 30, 1866; _Selma Times_, June 30, 1866.

[1767] Ala. Test., p. 236.

[1768] _Selma Times_, Dec. 30, 1865; _Gulf States Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1902.

[1769] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 431.

[1770] _Marion Commonwealth_; meeting held May 17, 1866.

[1771] _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 24, 1867; Ala. Test., p. 236.

[1772] _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 24, 1867; Ala. Test., pp. 236, 246.

[1773] See Ch. XI, Sec. 3.

[1774] For specimen letters written to their homes, see the various reports of the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Church, and the reports of other aid societies.

[1775] The best-known instances of the killing of such negroes were in Tuscaloosa and Chambers counties. The Ku Klux Report gives only about half a dozen cases of outrages on teachers. See Ala. Test., pp. 52, 54, 67, 71, 140, 252, 755, 1047, 1140, 1853. Cloud in his report made no mention of violence to teachers, nor did the governor. Lakin said a great deal about it, but gave no instances that were not of the well-known few. There was much less violence than is generally supposed, even in the South.

[1776] Ala. Test., p. 252.

[1777] See Ala. Test., pp. 236, 1889; Somers, "Southern States," p. 169; Report of the Joint Committee on Outrages, 1868. In Crenshaw, Butler, and Chambers counties some schools existed for a year or more until teachers of bad character were elected. Then the neighborhood roughs burned the school buildings. Neither Cloud nor any other official reported cases of such burnings. The legislative committee could discover but two, and in both instances the women teachers were of bad character. In the records can be found only seventeen reports of burnings, and several of these were evidently reports of the same instance; few were specific. Lakin, who spent several years in travelling over north Alabama, and who was much addicted to fabrication and exaggeration, made a vague report of "the ruins of a dozen" schoolhouses. (Ala. Test., pp. 140, 141.) There may have been more than half a dozen burnings in north Alabama, but there is no evidence that such was the case. The majority of the reports originated outside the state through pure malice. The houses burned were principally in the white counties and were, as Lakin reports, slight affairs costing from $25 to $75. It was so evident that some of the fires were caused by the carelessness of travellers and hunters who camped in them at night, that the legislature passed a law forbidding that practice. See Acts of Ala., p. 187. About as many schoolhouses for whites were destroyed as for blacks. Some were fired by negroes for revenge, others were burned by accident.

[1778] _Weekly Mail_, Aug. 18, 1869.

[1779] _Demopolis New Era_, April 1, 1868.

[1780] Hodgson's Report, Nov. 11, 1871.

[1781] Hodgson's Report, Nov. 15, 1871.

[1782] Hodgson's Report, Nov. 15, 1871.

[1783] For opinions in regard to the value of the early education among the negroes, see Washington's "Future of the American Negro" and "Up from Slavery"; W. H. Thomas's "American Negro"; P. A. Bruce's "Plantation Negro as a Freeman"; J. L. M. Curry, in Montgomery Conference.

[1784] _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 24, 1867.

[1785] Ala. Test., p. 236.

[1786] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test. Dr. J. L. M. Curry, who, in 1865, began his work for the education of the negro, has thus expressed his opinion of the early attempts to educate the blacks: "The education was unsettling, demoralizing, pandered to a wild frenzy for schooling as the quick method of reversing social and political conditions. Nothing could have been better devised for deluding the poor negro, and making him the tool, the slave, of corrupt taskmasters.... With deliberate purpose to subject the southern states to negro domination and secure the states permanently for partisan ends, the education adopted was contrary to common sense, to human experience, to all noble purposes. The aptitude and capabilities and needs of the negro were wholly disregarded. Especial stress was laid on classics and liberal culture to bring the race _per saltum_ to the same plane with their former masters, and realize the theory of social and political equality. Colleges and universities, established and conducted by the Freedmen's Bureau and northern churches and societies, sprang up like mushrooms, and the teachers, ignorant and fanatical, without self-poise, proceeded to make all possible mischief." Montgomery Conference, "Race Problems," p. 109. See also the papers of Rev. D. Clay Lilly and Dr. P. B. Barringer in Montgomery Conference, "Race Problems," p. 130; William H. Baldwin and Dr. Curry in Second Capon Springs Conference; Barringer, "The American Negro: His Past and Future"; Barringer, W. T. Harris, and J. D. Dreher in Proceedings Southern Education Association, 1900; Haygood, "Pleas for Progress" and "Our Brother in Black"; Abbott, "Rights of Man," pp. 225-226.

[1787] The United States Commissioner of Education, in his report for that year, made before the elections, stated that in educational matters the state of Alabama was about to take a "backward step," meaning that it was about to become Democratic. Report, 1870, p. 15. Later he made similar remarks, much to the disgust of Hodgson, who was an enthusiast in educational matters.

[1788] Journal of the Board of Education and Regents, 1870. Dr. O. D. Smith, who was one of the newly elected Democratic members of the Board, says that Cloud refused to inform the Board of the contents of Hodgson's communications. Thereupon Hodgson addressed one to the Board directly and not to Cloud. When it came in through the mail, Cloud took possession of it, but Dr. Smith, who was on the lookout, called his attention to the fact that it was addressed to the Board and reminded him of the penalties for tampering with the mail of another person. The secretary read Hodgson's communication, and the Board was then free to act. The Democratic members convinced the Radicals that if Cloud continued in office they would not be able to draw their _per diem_, so Cloud was compelled to vacate at once. When he left he had his buggy brought to the door, and into it he loaded all the government coal that was in his office and carried it away.

[1789] Hodgson's Report, 1872.

[1790] See Hodgson's Report, 1871.

[1791] Hodgson's Report, 1871; Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1876, p. 7; Journal of the Board of Education and Regents, 1871; Acts of the Board of Education, pamphlet.

[1792] And this was the case notwithstanding the fact that the county superintendents were now allowed mileage at the rate of eight cents a mile in order to get them to come to Montgomery for their money and thus to decrease the chances of corrupt practices of the attorneys. Hodgson complained that many old claims which should have been settled by Cloud were presented during his administration.

[1793] Speed was a southern Radical. During the war he was a state salt agent at the salt works in Virginia. He was a member of the Board of Education from 1870 to 1872, and was far above the average Radical office-holder in both character and ability.

[1794] Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1873, 1874, 1876; Speed's Report, 1873. Speed was ill much of the time, and his bookkeeping was little better than Cloud's. Two clerks, who, a committee of investigation stated, were distinguished by a "total want of capacity and want of integrity," managed the department with "such a want of system ... as most necessarily kept it involved in inextricable confusion." Money was received and not entered on the books. A sum of money in coin was received in June, 1873, and six months later was paid into the treasury in depreciated paper. Vouchers were stolen and used again. Bradshaw, a county superintendent, died, leaving a shortage of $10,019.06 in his accounts. A large number of vouchers were abstracted from the office of Speed by some one and used again by Bradshaw's administrator, who was no other than Dr. N. B. Cloud, who made a settlement with Speed's clerks, and when the shortage was thus made good, the administrator still had many vouchers to spare. This seems to have been Cloud's last raid on the treasury. _Montgomery Advertiser_, Dec. 18, 1873; Report of the Joint Committee on Irregularities in the Department of Education, 1873.

[1795] Under the Reconstruction administrative expenses amounted to 16 per cent, and even more.

[1796] The experiences with the American Missionary Association, etc., made this provision necessary.

[1797] The United States Commissioner of Education gave a disapproving account of these changes. It was exchanging "a certainty for an uncertainty," he said. Speed had not found it a "certainty" by any means.

[1798] Plus the poll tax, which was not appropriated as required by the constitution, but diverted to other uses.

[1799] There was a shortage of $187,872.49, diverted to other uses.

[1800] Shortage unknown; teachers were paid in depreciated state obligations.

[1801] Shortage was $330,036.93.

[1802] Only $68,313.93 was paid, the rest diverted; shortage now was $1,260,511.92.

[1803] None was paid, all diverted; shortage nearly two millions.

[1804] All was paid (by Democrats, who were now in power).

[1805] McTyeire, "A History of Methodism," p. 670; Smith, "Life and Times of George F. Pierce"; _Southern Review_, April, 1872.

[1806] Buckley, "History of Methodism in the United States," pp. 516, 517.

[1807] Matlack, "Anti-Slavery Struggle and Triumph in the Methodist Episcopal Church," p. 339; Smith, "Life and Times of George F. Pierce," p. 530.

[1808] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 552; Caldwell, "Reconstruction of Church and State in Georgia" (pamphlet).

[1809] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 552.

[1810] "The schismatical plans of the Northern Methodists and the subtle proselytism of the Episcopalians" (Pierce). See Smith, "Life and Times of George F. Pierce," pp. 491, 499, 505, 530; West, "History of Methodism in Alabama," p. 717; McTyeire, "A History of Methodism," p. 673.

[1811] A Federal official in north Alabama who had known of Lakin in the North testified that he had had a bad reputation in New York and in Illinois and had been sent South as a means of discipline. See Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 619 (L. W. Day, United States Commissioner). Governor Lindsay said that Lakin was a shrewd, cunning, strong-willed man, given to exaggeration and lying,--one who had a "jaundiced eye," "a magnifying eye," and who among the blacks was a power for evil. Ala. Test., p. 180.

[1812] _N. Y. Herald_, May 10, 1868; Buckley, "History of Methodism," Vol. II, p. 191.

[1813] In 1871, Lakin stated that of his 15,000 members, three-fourths were whites of the poorer classes; that there were under his charge 6 presiding elders' districts with 70 circuits and stations, and 70 ministers and 150 local preachers; and that he had been assisted in securing the "loyal" element by several ministers who had been expelled by the Southern Methodists during the war as traitors. Ala. Test., pp. 124, 130. Governor Lindsay stated that some of the whites of Lakin's church were to be found in the counties of Walker, Winston, and Blount; that there were few such white congregations, and that some of these afterward severed their connection with the northern church, and by 1872 there were only two or three in the state. Lakin worked among the negro population almost entirely, and his statement that three-fourths of his members were whites was not correct. See Ala. Test., pp. 180, 208.

[1814] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 111, 112, 124, 180, 623, 957. Lakin secured all church property formerly used by the southern church for negro congregations.

[1815] Lakin never acknowledged the present existence of the southern church.

[1816] Ala. Test., pp. 238, 758.

[1817] One of Lakin's relations was that while he was conducting a great revival meeting among the hills of north Alabama, Governor Smith and other prominent and sinful scalawag politicians were under conviction and were about to become converted. But in came the Klan and the congregation scattered. Smith and the others were so angry and frightened that their good feelings were dissipated, and the devil reëntered them, so that he (Lakin) was never able to get a hold on them again. Consequently, the Klan was responsible for the souls lost that night. Lakin told a dozen or more marvellous stories of his hairbreadth escapes from death by assassination,--enough, if true, to ruin the reputation of north Alabama men for marksmanship.

[1818] Shackleford, "History of the Muscle Shoals Baptist Association," p. 84.

[1819] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 106. In 1905 there is a much better spirit, and the churches of the two sections are on good terms, though not united.

[1820] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 705. See p. 23 and Ch. IV, Sec. 7, above.

[1821] Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 167.

[1822] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 706.

[1823] Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 281; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," pp. 163, 171; Johnson, "History of the Southern Presbyterian Churches," pp. 333, 339.

[1824] Perry, p. 328 _et seq._

[1825] Later the northern congregations of the Methodist Protestant Church rejoined the main body, which was southern.

[1826] Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1827] Riley, "History of the Baptists in Alabama," p. 310; _Montgomery Advertiser_, Oct. 15, 1865; _N. Y. Times_, Oct. 22, 1865; George Brewer, "History of the Central Association," pp. 46, 49.

[1828] _Huntsville Advocate_, May 16, 1866.

[1829] Shackleford, "History of the Muscle Shoals Baptist Association," p. 84.

The Radical missionaries, in order to further their own plans, encouraged the negroes to assert their equality by forcing themselves into the congregations of the various denominations. Governor Lindsay related an incident of a negro woman who went alone into a white church, selected a good pew, and calmly appropriated it. No one molested her, of course. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 208.

America Trammell, a negro preacher of east Alabama, before the war and afterward as late as 1870 preached to mixed congregations of blacks and whites. A part of the church building was set apart for the whites and a part for the blacks. Later he became affected by the work of the missionaries, and in 1871 began to preach that "Christ never died for the southern people at all; that he died only for the northern people." A white woman teacher lived in his house, and he was killed by the Ku Klux Klan. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 1119.

[1830] Ball, "History of Clarke County," pp. 591, 630; Statistics of Churches, p. 171.

[1831] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 236, 1067.

[1832] "The Work of the Southern Baptists among the Negroes" (pamphlet).

[1833] See the _Southern Baptist Convention Advanced Quarterly_, p. 30, "Missionary Lesson, The Negroes," March 29, 1903, which is a most interesting, artless, southern lesson. The northern Baptists also have a mission lesson on the negroes which is distinctly of the abolitionist spirit. The average student will get about the same amount of prepared information from each. See "Home Mission Lesson No. 3, The Negroes."

[1834] Foster, "Sketch of History of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church," p. 300; Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 294; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 193.

[1835] Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 193; Scouller, "History of the United Presbyterian Church of North America," p. 246.

[1836] Montgomery Conference, "Race Problems," p. 114.

[1837] Eighth Annual Report of the Freedmen's Aid Society.

[1838] House Rept., No. 121, 41st Cong., 2d Sess.

[1839] See "Race Problems," p. 139, for a statement of the work now being done among the negroes in Alabama by the Catholic Church.

[1840] Whitaker, "The Church in Alabama," pp. 193, 205, 206-212. The work of the Episcopal Church among the negroes is more promising in later years. See "Race Problems," pp. 126-131. It is not a sectional church, with a northern section hindering the work of a southern section among the negroes, as is the Methodist Episcopal Church.

[1841] Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 263.

[1842] _Montgomery Advertiser_, Nov. 24, 1865.

[1843] _Montgomery Advertiser_, Nov. 11, 1865.

[1844] Report for 1866, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 6, 39th Cong., 2d Sess.

[1845] Lakin fomented disturbances between the races. His daughter wrote slanderous letters to northern papers, which were reprinted by the Alabama papers. Lakin told the negroes that the whites, if in power, would reëstablish slavery, and advised them, as a measure of safety, physical as well as religious, to unite with the northern church. The scalawags did not like Lakin, and one of them (Nicholas Davis) gave his opinion of him and his talks to the Ku Klux Committee as follows: "The character of his [Lakin's] speech was this: to teach the negroes that every man that was born and raised in the southern country was their enemy, that there was no use trusting them, no matter what they said,--if they said they were for the Union or anything else. 'No use talking, they are your enemies.' And he made a pretty good speech, too; awful; a hell of a one; ... inflammatory and game, too, ... it was enough to provoke the devil. Did all the mischief he could.... I tell you, that old fellow is a hell of an old rascal." Ala. Test., pp. 784, 791. One of Lakin's negro congregations complained that they paid for their church and the lot on which it stood, and that Lakin had the deed made out in his name.

[1846] In the Black Belt and in the cities the slaveholders often erected churches or chapels for the use of the negroes, and paid the salary of the white preacher who was detailed by conference, convention, association, or presbytery to look after the religious instruction of the blacks. Nearly always the negro slaves contributed in work or money towards building these houses of worship, and the Reconstruction convention in 1867 passed an ordinance which transferred such property to the negroes whenever they made any claim to it. See Ordinance No. 25, Dec. 2, 1867. See also Acts of 1868, pp. 176-177; Governor Lindsay in Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 180; _Montgomery Advertiser_, Nov. 24, 1865.

[1847] _Huntsville Advocate_, May 5, 1865; Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 263.

[1848] Reports of the Freedmen's Aid Society, 1866-1874.

[1849] The first recognition of such work, I find, is in the Report of the Freedmen's Aid Society in 1878.

[1850] Tenth and Eleventh Reports of the Freedmen's Aid Society.

[1851] These religious bodies were the African Methodist Episcopal and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion. The former was organized in Philadelphia in 1816, and the latter in New York in 1820. Both were secessions from the Methodist Episcopal Church. See Statistics of Churches, pp. 543, 559. At first there were bitter feuds between the blacks who wished to join the northern churches and those who wished to remain in the southern churches, but the latter were in the minority and they had to go. See Ala. Test., p. 180; Smith, "History of Methodism in Georgia and Florida"; "Life and Times of George F. Pierce," p. 491.

The main difference between the A. M. E. and the A. M. E. Zion Church, according to a member of the latter, is that in one the dues are 25 cents a week and in the other 20 cents.

[1852] McTyeire, "History of Methodism," pp. 670-673. A Southern Methodist negro preacher in north Alabama was trying to reorganize his church and was driven away by Lakin, who told his flock that there was a wolf in the fold. See Ala. Test, p. 430. The statements of several of the negro ministers would seem to indicate that Lakin took possession of a number of negro congregations and united them with the Cincinnati Conference without their knowledge. Few of the negroes knew of the divisions in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and most of them thought that Lakin's course was merely some authorized reorganization after the destruction of war. One witness who knew Lakin in the North said that he was an original secessionist, since, in Peru, Indiana, he broke up a church and organized a secession congregation because he was opposed to men and women sitting together. The same person testified that once in north Alabama Lakin asked for lodging one night at a white man's house. The host was treated to a lecture by Lakin on the equality of the races, and thereupon sent out and got a negro and put him in a bed to which Lakin was directed at bedtime. He hesitated, but slept with the negro. Ala. Test., pp. 791-794. Lakin was a strange character, and for several years was a powerful influence among the Radicals and negroes of north Alabama. See Ala. Test., p. 959. A Northern Methodist leader among the negroes of Coosa County was the Rev. ---- Dorman, who had formerly belonged to the southern church, but had been expelled for immorality. He lived with the negroes and led a lewd life. He advised the negroes to arm themselves and assert their rights, and required them to go armed to church. See Ala. Test., pp. 164, 230. Rev. J. B. F. Hill of Eutaw was another ex-Southern Methodist who taught a negro school and preached to the negroes. He had been expelled from the Alabama Conference (Southern) for stealing money from the church, and it was charged that he tried to sell a coffin which had been sent him and in which he was to send to Ohio the body of a Federal soldier who had died in Eutaw. See _Demopolis New Era_, April 1, 1868. During the worst days of Reconstruction a number of negro churches which were used as Radical headquarters were burned by the Ku Klux Klan. The Northern Methodist Church is the weakest of the three negro churches; mountaineers and negroes do not mix well. The church is not favored by the whites, and there is opposition to the establishment of a negro university at Anniston by the Freedmen's Aid Society of this church, on the ground that socially, commercially, and educationally the interests of the white race suffer where an institution is located by this society. See _Brundidge_ (Ala.) _News_, Aug. 22, 1903.

[1853] McTyeire, "A History of Southern Methodism," p. 670; Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 263; Alexander, "Methodist Episcopal Church South," pp. 91-133.

[1854] Carroll, "Religious Forces," p. 263; Bishop Halsey in the _N. Y. Independent_, March 5, 1891; Statistics of Churches, p. 604.

[1855] W. T. Harris, Richmond Meeting, Southern Educational Association (1900), p. 100.

[1856] See Washington, "Up from Slavery." One church with two hundred members had eighteen preachers. Exhorters or "zorters" and "pot liquor" preachers were still more numerous.

[1857] "Race Problems," pp. 114, 120, 123, 126, 130, 131, 135; Haygood, "Our Brother in Black," _passim_; Statistics of Churches, p. 171.

[1858] _The Nation_, July 12, 1866, condensed.

[1859] Caldwell, "Reconstruction of Church and State in Georgia" (pamphlet). The circulars of advice to the blacks by the Freedmen's Bureau officials repeatedly mention the advisability of the separation of the races in religious matters. But this was less the case in Alabama than in other southern states.

[1860] See Testimony of Minnis in Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test.; Brown, "Lower South," Ch. IV.

[1861] See above, Ch. VIII, Sec. 2.

[1862] Saunders, "Early Settlers"; Miller, "Alabama"; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 394 (General Pettus); Somers, "Southern States," p. 153.

[1863] Ku Klux Rept., pp. 80-81; Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 170 (Governor Lindsay).

[1864] Ala. Test., pp. 433, 459 (P. M. Dox, M. C.); p. 1749 (W. S. Mudd); p. 476 (William H. Forney); Beard, "Ku Klux Sketches."

[1865] Somers, p. 153; _Birmingham Age-Herald_, May 19, 1901 (J. W. DuBose); Ala. Test., p. 487 (Gen. William H. Forney).

[1866] Ala. Test., p. 230 (General Clanton); pp. 1751, 1758, 1765 (W. S. Mudd).

[1867] Planters who before the war were able to raise their own bacon at a cost of 5 cents a pound now had to kill all the hogs to keep the negroes from stealing them, and then pay 20 to 28 cents a pound for bacon. The farmer dared not turn out his stock. Ala. Test., pp. 230, 247 (Clanton).

[1868] _N. Y. World_, April 11, 1868 (_Montgomery Advertiser_). There was a plot to burn Selma and Tuscumbia; Talladega was almost destroyed; the court-house of Greene County was burned and that of Hale set on fire. In Perry County a young man had a difficulty with a carpet-bag official and slapped his face. That night the carpet-bagger's agents burned the young man's barn and stables with horses in them. It was generally believed that the penalty for a dispute with a carpet-bagger was the burning of a barn, gin, or stable. See also Brown, "Lower South," Ch. IV.

[1869] Ala. Test., p. 487 (Gen. William H. Forney).

[1870] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 377, 381, 382, 400, statement of General Pettus, the present junior Senator from Alabama. Pope and Grant continually reminded the old soldiers that their paroles were still in force. Also Beard, "Ku Klux Sketches"; testimony of John D. Minnis, a carpet-bag official, in Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., pp. 527-571.

[1871] Ala. Test., p. 224.

[1872] Ala. Test., p. 873 (William M. Lowe).

[1873] See Ch. XXIII.

[1874] For general accounts: Lester and Wilson, "Ku Klux Klan"; Beard, "Ku Klux Sketches"; Brown, "The Lower South in American History," Ch. IV; Nordhoff, "Cotton States in 1875"; Somers, "The Southern States." For documents, see Fleming, "Docs. relating to Reconstruction." For innumerable details, see the Ku Klux testimony and the testimony taken by the Coburn investigating committee.

[1875] _Independent Monitor_ (Tuscaloosa), April 14, 1868.

[1876] The negroes called them "paterollers."

[1877] Ala. Test., p. 490 (William H. Forney).

[1878] Ala. Test., p. 873 (William. M. Lowe); p. 443 (P. M. Dox); oral accounts. It must be remembered that, so far as numbers of whites are considered, the Black Belt has always been as a thinly populated frontier region, where every white must care for himself.

[1879] Rev. W. E. Lloyd and Mr. R. W. Burton, both of Auburn, Ala., and numerous negroes have given me accounts of the policy of the black districts soon after the war.

[1880] Ala. Test., p. 1487 (J. J. Garrett).

[1881] _Birmingham Age-Herald_, May 19, 1901 (J. W. DuBose).

[1882] Ala. Test., p. 592 (L. W. Day).

[1883] Saunders, "Early Settlers"; oral accounts.

[1884] Ala. Test., p. 445 (P. M. Dox); Miller, "Alabama." The negroes still point out and avoid the trees on which these outlaws were hanged.

[1885] J. W. DuBose and accounts of other members.

[1886] Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, Pt. III, p. 140 (Swayne).

[1887] Ala. Test., pp. 1125, 1126 (Daniel Taylor); pp. 1136, 1142 (Col. John J. Holley).

[1888] Ala. Test., p. 877 (Wm. M. Lowe); p. 664 (Daniel Coleman).

[1889] "The so-called Ku Klux organizations were formed in this state (Alabama) very soon after the return of our soldiers to their homes, following the surrender. To the best of my recollection, it was during the winter of 1866 that I first heard of the Klan in Alabama."--Ryland Randolph. The quotations from Randolph are taken from his letters, unless his paper, the _Independent Monitor_, is referred to.

[1890] "This fellow Jones up at Pulaski got up a piece of Greek and originated it, and then General Forrest took hold of it."--Nicholas Davis, in Ala. Test., p. 783.

[1891] Lester and Wilson, "Ku Klux Klan," p. 17; Ala. Test., pp. 660, 661, 1282; accounts of members.

[1892] Ala. Test., p. 660.

[1893] "It [the Klan] originated with the returned soldiers for the purpose of punishing those negroes who had become notoriously and offensively insolent to white people, and, in some cases, to chastise those white-skinned men who, at that particular time, showed a disposition to affiliate socially with negroes. The impression sought to be made was that these white-robed night prowlers were the ghosts of the Confederate dead, who had arisen from their graves in order to wreak vengeance upon an undesirable class of white and black men."--Randolph.

[1894] Lester and Wilson, Ch. I; Ala. Test., p. 1283 (Blackford); Somers, p. 152; oral accounts.

[1895] General Forrest was the first and only Grand Wizard.

[1896] There could not be more than two Dominions in a single congressional district.

[1897] There might be two Grand Giants in a province.

[1898] The office of Grand Ensign was abolished by the Revised and Amended Prescript, adopted in 1868. The banner was in the shape of an isosceles triangle, five feet by three, of yellow cloth with a three-inch red border. Painted on it in black was a _Draco volans_, or Flying Dragon, and this motto, "Quod semper, quod umbique, quod ab omnibus." This, in a note to the Prescript, was translated, "What always, what everywhere, what by all is held to be true."

[1899] Sources of revenue: (1) sale of the Prescript to Dens for $10 a copy, of which the treasuries of Province, Dominion, and Realm each received $2 and the treasury of the Empire $4; (2) a tax levied by each division on the next lower one, amounting to 10% of the revenue of the subordinate division; (3) a special tax, unlimited, might be levied in a similar manner, when absolutely necessary; (4) the Dens raised money by initiation fees ($1 each), fines, and a poll tax levied when the Grand Cyclops saw fit.

[1900] The Revised Prescript made all officers appointive except the Grand Wizard, who was elected by the Grand Dragons,--a long step toward centralization.

[1901] It was by virtue of this authority that the order was disbanded in 1869.

[1902] The judiciary was abolished by the Revised Prescript.

[1903] "We had a regular system of by-laws, one or two of which only do I distinctly remember. One was, that should any member reveal the names or acts of the Klan, he should suffer the full penalty of the identical treatment inflicted upon our white and black enemies. Another was that in case any member of the Klan should become involved in a personal difficulty with a Radical (white or black), in the presence of any other member or members, he or they were bound to take the part of the member, even to the death, if necessary."--Randolph.

[1904] "Terrible, horrible, furious, doleful, bloody, appalling, frightful, gloomy," etc. The Register was changed in the Revised Prescript. It was simply a cipher code.

[1905] The Revised Prescript says "the constitutional laws." Lester and Wilson, p. 54.

[1906] Compare with the declaration of similar illegal societies,--the "Confréries" of France in the Middle Ages,--which sprang into existence under similar conditions seven hundred years before, "pour defendre les innocents et réprimer les violences iniques." See Lavisse et Rambaud, "Histoire Générale," Vol. II, p. 466.

[1907] See also Lester and Wilson, pp. 55, 56.

[1908] I have before me the original Prescript, a small brown pamphlet about three inches by five, of sixteen pages. The title-page has a quotation from "Hamlet" and one from Burns. At the top and bottom of each page are single-line Latin quotations: "Damnant quod non intelligunt"; "Amici humani generis"; "Magna est Veritas, et prevalebit"; "Hic manent vestigia morientis libertatis"; "Cessante causa, cessat effectus"; "Dormitur aliquando jus, moritur nunquam"; "Deo adjuvante, non timendum"; "Nemo nos impune lacessit," etc. This Prescript belonged to the Grand Giant of the Province of Tuscaloosa County, the late Ryland Randolph, formerly editor of the _Independent Monitor_, and was given to me by him. It is the only copy known to be in existence. He called it the "Ku Klux Guide Book," and states that it was sent to him from headquarters at Memphis. An imperfect copy of the original Prescript was captured in 1868, and printed in Ho. Mis. Doc., No. 53, pp. 315-321, 41st Cong., 2d Sess., and again in the Ku Klux Rept., Vol. XIII, pp. 35-41.

There is a copy of the Revised and Amended Prescript in Columbia University Library, the only copy known to be in existence. No committee of Congress ever discovered this Prescript, and when the Klan disbanded, in March, 1869, it was strictly ordered that all papers be destroyed. A few Prescripts escaped destruction, and years afterward one of these was given to the Southern Society of New York by a Nashville lady. The Southern Society gave it to Columbia University Library. It was printed in the office of the _Pulaski Citizen_ in 1868. The Revised and Amended Prescript is reproduced in facsimile as No. 2 of the W. Va. Univ. "Docs, relating to Reconstruction." Lester and Wilson use it incorrectly (p. 54) as the one adopted in Nashville in 1867. At this time General Forrest is said to have assumed the leadership. See Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," p. 619; Mathes, "General Forrest," pp. 371-373; Ku Klux Rept., Vol. XIII, Forrest's testimony.

[1909] Somers, p. 153.

[1910] "Breckenridge Democrats, Douglas Democrats, Watts State Rights Whigs, Langdon Consolidation Know-Nothings," united in Ku Klux. _Birmingham Age-Herald_, May 19, 1901; Ala. Test., p. 323 (Busteed) _et passim_.

[1911] But some survivors are now inclined to remember all opposition to the Radical programme as Ku Klux, that is, to have been a Democrat then was to have been a member of Ku Klux.

[1912] General Terry, in Report of Sec. of War, 1869-1870, Vol. II, p. 88.

[1913] "The Ku Klux organizations flourished chiefly in middle and southern Alabama; notably in Montgomery, Greene, Tuscaloosa, and Pickens counties."--Randolph.

[1914] Ku Klux Rept., p. 21; Ala. Test., pp. 67, 68 (B. W. Norris); pp. 364, 395 (Swayne); p. 443 (P. M. Dox); p. 385 (General Pettus); p. 462 (William H. Forney); p. 77 (Parsons); pp. 1282, 1283 (Blackford); p. 547 (Minnis); p. 660 (Daniel Coleman); p. 323 (Busteed).

[1915] Ala. Test., p. 785 (Nicholas Davis); pp. 79, 80 (Governor Parsons).

[1916] Ala. Test., p. 1282.

[1917] "Had these organizations confined their operations to their legitimate objects, then their performances would have effected only good. Unfortunately the Klan began to degenerate into a vile means of wreaking revenge for personal dislikes or personal animosities, and in this way many outrages were perpetrated, ultimately resulting in casting so much odium on the whole concern that about the year 1870 there was an almost universal collapse, all the good and brave men abandoning it in disgust. Many outrages were committed in the name of Ku Klux that really were done by irresponsible parties who never belonged to the Klan."--Randolph.

[1918] It was evidently organized May 23, 1867, since the constitution directed that all orders and correspondence should be dated with "the year of the B.--computing from the 23d of May, 1867.... Thursday the 20th of July, 1868, shall be the 20th day of the 7th month of the 2d year of the B. of the ----." Constitution, Title VIII, Article 77.

[1919] Ala. Test., pp. 1282-1283 (Blackford); p. 9 (William Miller); accounts of former members. P. J. Glover testified in the Coburn-Buckner Report, pp. 882-883 (1875), that in 1867-1868 he was a member of the order of the White Camelia in Marengo County, and that it coöperated with a similar order in Sumter County. The Ku Klux testimony relating to Alabama (p. 1338) shows that in 1871 Glover had denied any knowledge of such secret orders.

[1920] W. Va. Univ. Docs., No. 1; Brown, "Lower South," Ch. IV.

[1921] The officers of the Supreme Council were: (1) Supreme Commander, (2) Supreme Lieutenant Commander, (3) Supreme Sentinel, (4) Supreme Corresponding Secretary, (5) Supreme Treasurer.

[1922] The officers were Grand Commander, Grand Lieutenant Commander, etc.

[1923] The officers of a Central Council were Eminent Commander, etc.; of a Subordinate Council, Commander, etc.

[1924] Dr. G. P. L. Reid, Marion, Alabama, formerly an official in the order. Mr. William Garrott Brown gives the statement of one of the leaders of the order: "The authority of the commander [this office I held] was _absolute_. All were sworn to obey his orders. There was an inner circle in each circle, to which was committed any particular work; its movements were not known to other members of the order. This was necessary because, in our neighborhood, almost every southern man was a member." "Lower South," p. 212.

[1925] It is said that the Ku Klux Klan had a number of negro members.

[1926] In making the presentation the following dialogue took place: _Q._ Who comes there? _Ans._ A son of your race. _Q._ What does he wish? _Ans._ Peace and order; the observance of the laws of God; the maintenance of the laws and Constitution as established by the Patriots of 1776. _Q._ To obtain this, what must be done? _Ans._ The cause of our race must triumph. _Q._ And to secure its triumph, what must we do? _Ans._ We must be united as are the flowers that grow on the same stem, and, under all circumstances, band ourselves together as brethren. _Q._ Will he join us? _Ans._ He is prepared to answer for himself, and under oath.

[1927] The oath: "I do solemnly swear, in the presence of these witnesses, never to reveal, without authority, the existence of this Order, its objects, its acts, and signs of recognition; never to reveal or publish, in any manner whatsoever, what I shall see or hear in this Council; never to divulge the names of the members of the Order, or their acts done in connection therewith; I swear to maintain and defend the social and political superiority of the White Race on this continent; always and in all places to observe a marked distinction between the White and African races; to vote for none but white men for any office of honor, profit, or trust; to devote my intelligence, energy, and influence to instil these principles in the minds and hearts of others; and to protect and defend persons of the White Race, in their lives, rights, and property, against the encroachments and aggressions of persons of any inferior race. I swear, moreover, to unite myself in heart, soul, and body with those who compose this Order; to aid, protect, and defend them in all places; to obey the orders of those who, by our statutes, will have the right of giving those orders; to respond at the peril of my life, to a call, sign, or cry coming from a fellow-member whose rights are violated; and to do everything in my power to assist him through life. And to the faithful performance of this Oath I pledge my life and sacred honor."

[1928] The motto is printed in large capitals in the original text.

[1929] Large capitals in the original text.

[1930] The Constitution and the Ritual of the Knights of the White Camelia are reprinted in W. Va. Univ. Docs., No. 1. They were preserved by Dr. G. P. L. Reid of Perry County, Alabama, who buried his papers when the order was disbanded, and years afterward dug them up. The secrets of the Knights of the White Camelia were more closely kept than those of the Ku Klux Klan, and the Federal officials were unable to find out anything about the order.

[1931] Constitutional Union Guards, Sons of '76, The '76 Association, Pale Faces, White Boys, White Brotherhood, Regulators, White League, White Rose, etc. Sumarez de Haviland, in an article on "Ku Klux Klan" in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, Vol. XL, 1888 (evidently based on Lester and Wilson), gives the names of a number of secret societies, which he says were connected in some way; the first group was absorbed into Ku Klux Klan; the second consisted of opposing societies; they existed before, during, and after the Civil War. 1. The Lost Clan of Cocletz, Knights of the Golden Circle, Knights of the White Camelia, Centaurs of Caucasian Civilization, Angels of Avenging Justice, etc. 2. The Underground Railroad, The Red String Band, The Union League, The Black Avengers of Justice, etc.

"The generic name of Ku Klux was applied to all secret organizations in the South composed of white natives and having for their object the execution of the 'first law of nature.' There were many organizations (principally of local origin) which had no connection one with another; others, again, were more extended in their influence and operations. The one numerically the largest and which embraced the most territory was the White Camelia."--Dr. G. P. L. Reid.

[1932] "Their robes used in these nocturnal campaigns consisted simply of sheets wrapped around their bodies and belted around the waist. The lower portion reached to the heels, whilst the upper had eyeholes through which to see, and mouth holes through which to breathe. Of course, every man so caparisoned had one or more pistols in holsters buckled to his waist."--Randolph.

[1933] Ala. Test., pp. 149-152, 275, 452, 453, 535, 574, 579, 597, 668, 707, 919, 1048, 1553; Somers, "Southern States," p. 152; Report of Joint Committee, Alabama Legislature, 1868; oral accounts. The Ku Klux costumes represented in Wilson's "History of the American People," Vol. V, Ch. I, were captured after a Ku Klux parade in Huntsville, Ala. When costumes were to be made, the materials were sometimes sent secretly to the women, who made them according to directions and returned them secretly.

[1934] Ala. Test., pp. 352, 452, 453, 490, 533, 534; Beard, "Ku Klux Sketches"; Brown, "Lower South," Ch. IV; Lester and Wilson, Ch. III; Weir, "Old Times in Georgia," p. 32; accounts of former members.

[1935] "Concerning any elaborate organization, I am unable to state from any personal experience. There were certain heads of departments or organizations, under heads or chiefs bearing titles intended to strike awe into the minds of the ignorant. In some instances organizers were sent to towns to establish the Klans. These latter were formed into companies officered somewhat in military style. In (1868) I was honored by being chosen leader of the Tuscaloosa Klan, and even at this late day I am gratified to be able to say that my company did good service to Tuscaloosa."--Randolph.

[1936] "We had regular meetings about once a week, at which the conduct of certain offensive characters would be discussed, and if the majority voted to punish such, it would be done accordingly on certain prescribed nights. Sometimes it was deemed necessary only to post notices of warning, which, in some cases, were sufficient to alarm the victims and to induce them to reform in their behavior. To the best of my recollection, our company consisted of about sixty members. As soon as our object was effected, viz., got the negroes to behave themselves, we disbanded. I well remember those notices in _The Monitor_, for they were concocted and posted by my own hand--disguised of course."--Randolph.

[1937] Printed in Report of Joint Committee, Alabama Legislature, 1868. The warning is not in the ordinary Ku Klux form. The purpose is clear, however. The illiteracy is probably assumed, though not necessarily.

[1938]

HEADQUARTERS S. V. W.,
ANCIENT COMMANDERY,
Mother Earth.
1st Quarter New Moon.
1st year of Revenge.

_Special Order_:

The worldly medium for the expression of +SOUTHERN OPINION+ is notified to publish for the eyes of humanity the orders of the offended Ghosts. Failing to do so, let him prepare his soul for travelling beyond the limits of his corporosity.

Cyclops warns it--print it well,
Or glide instanter down to h--l!

By order of the Great
BLUFUSTIN
The Mighty Chief. +HOBGOBLIN.+

True Copy, +PETERLOO.+
S. K. K. K.

--_Independent Monitor_, April 1, 1868.

[1939] "They [Ku Klux orders] had this meaning: the very night of the day on which said notices made their appearance, three notably offensive negro men were dragged out of their beds, escorted to the old boneyard (3/4 mile from Tuscaloosa) and thrashed in the regular ante-bellum style, until their unnatural nigger pride had a tumble, and humbleness to the white man reigned supreme."--Randolph.

[1940] Report of Meade, 1868.

[1941] Report of Joint Committee, 1868; Ala. Test., p. 876 (William M. Lowe).

[1942] In 1869-1870 there was an epidemic of resignations in the Black Belt. It was in the rich Black Belt that the carpet-bagger flourished. The departing Radical could always sell his property at a high price, the whites often uniting to purchase it. In Perry, Pickens, Choctaw, Marengo, Hale, and other Black Belt counties the carpet-baggers resigned and left. Ala. Test., pp. 103, 104.

[1943] The case of W. B. Jones of Marengo County was well known. See Ala. Test., p. 1455 _et passim_.

[1944] Ala. Test., p. 935 (a Bureau agent). It is more likely that this was when the Klan was dying out and the class of men composing it had no time to go on night rides while the crops were needing their attention. During the leisure seasons time would hang heavy on their hands, and they would begin their deviltry again.