Chapter XL: Appendix: II (1)

REGISTRATION OF VOTERS UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION

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| MALES OF VOTING |REGISTERED VOTERS
| AGE IN 1900 | IN 1905
|-----------------------------------
COUNTY | White | Black | White | Black
----------|--------|--------|--------|--------
Autauga | 1,524 | 2,311 | 1,554 | 35
Baldwin | 2,096 | 991 | 1,390 | 206
Barbour | 2,889 | 4,201 | 2,846 | 46
Bibb | 2,701 | 1,598 | 2,725 | 59
Blount | 4,401 | 417 | 3,182 | --
Bullock | 1,415 | 5,168 | 1,291 | 14
Butler | 2,766 | 2,617 | 2,739 | 2
Calhoun | 5,390 | 2,380 | 4,892 | 130
Chambers | 3,441 | 3,380 | 3,098 | 28
Cherokee | 3,896 | 702 | 3,004 | 27
Chilton | 2,852 | 707 | 2,970 | 1
Choctaw | 1,697 | 1,929 | 1,496 | 29
Clarke | 2,652 | 3,103 | 2,485 | 158
Clay | 3,220 | 393 | 3,501 | --
Cleburne | 2,565 | 181 | 2,280 | --
Coffee | 3,508 | 996 | 3,334 | --
Colbert | 2,927 | 2,030 | 2,233 | 22
Conecuh | 2,110 | 1,608 | 2,079 | 7
Coosa | 2,338 | 942 | 2,134 | --
Covington | 2,803 | 786 | 2,857 | 3
Crenshaw | 3,062 | 1,156 | 2,982 | --
Cullman | 3,359 | 5 | 4,641 | 4
Dale | 3,492 | 1,002 | 3,021 | 11
Dallas | 2,360 | 9,871 | 2,419 | 52
De Kalb | 4,819 | 226 | 4,388 | --
Elmore | 3,202 | 2,758 | 3,030 | 54
Escambia | 1,628 | 821 | 1,676 | 46
Etowah | 5,140 | 1,031 | 4,186 | 39
Fayette | 2,698 | 338 | 2,563 | 7
Franklin | 2,989 | 634 | 2,600 | 12
Geneva | 3,355 | 981 | 2,873 | 30
Greene | 852 | 4,344 | 739 | 104
Hale | 1,358 | 5,370 | 1,362 | 92
Henry } | 4,904 | 2,933 | 2,072 | --
Houston } | (new county) | 2,757 | --
Jackson | 5,939 | 731 | 4,704 | 73
Jefferson | 21,036 | 18,472 | 18,315 | 352
Lamar | 2,715 | 592 | 2,356 | 7
Lauderdale| 4,235 | 1,586 | 3,305 | 76
Lawrence | 2,761 | 1,426 | 2,367 | 49
Lee | 2,988 | 3,472 | 2,652 | 12
Limestone | 2,832 | 2,050 | 2,722 | 28
Lowndes | 1,121 | 6,455 | 1,085 | 57
Macon | 1,042 | 3,782 | 917 | 65
Madison | 5,788 | 4,397 | 4,479 | 112
Marengo | 2,095 | 6,143 | 2,043 | 302
Marion | 2,735 | 144 | 2,698 | 25
Marshall | 4,595 | 333 | 4,251 | --
Mobile | 7,934 | 7,371 | 7,295 | 193
Monroe | 2,307 | 2,570 | 2,178 | 40
Montgomery| 5,087 | 11,429 | 4,995 | 53
Morgan | 4,987 | 1,713 | 4,506 | 60
Perry | 1,574 | 5,028 | 1,659 | 90
Pickens | 2,408 | 2,846 | 2,217 | 111
Pike | 3,598 | 2,611 | 3,126 | 26
Randolph | 3,457 | 978 | 3,363 | 13
Russell | 1,433 | 3,961 | 1,170 | 191
Shelby | 3,611 | 1,672 | 3,712 | 19
St. Clair | 3,777 | 712 | 3,340 | 50
Sumter | 1,391 | 5,304 | 1,244 | 57
Talladega | 3,934 | 3,814 | 3,303 | 81
Tallapoosa| 4,185 | 2,056 | 4,166 | 33
Tuscaloosa| 5,100 | 3,413 | 4,153 | 165
Walker | 4,582 | 1,351 | 4,894 | 1
Washington| 1,386 | 1,179 | 1,339 | 53
Wilcox | 1,686 | 5,967 | 1,522 | 41
Winston | 1,884 | 3 | 1,833 | 1
|--------|--------|--------|--------
Totals |224,212 |181,471 |205,278 | 3,654
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Number of whites of voting age not registered, estimated at 45,000.

Number of blacks of voting age not registered, estimated at 190,000.

Foreign whites of voting age, 8082.

Number of whites registered but unable to comply with other requirements for voting, estimated at 60,000.

INDEX

Abolition sentiment in Alabama, 10.

Agriculture, during the war, 232;
since the war, 710-734.

Alabama, admitted to Union, 7;
secedes, 36;
readmitted, 547.

Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, 591-600.

American Missionary Association and negro education, 459, 462, 463, 617,
620.

Amnesty proclamation of President Johnson, 349;
published by military commanders in Alabama, 409.

Amusements during the war, 241.

Andrew, Bishop, and the separation of the Methodist church, 22.

Anti Ku Klux, 690.

Anti-slavery sentiment in Alabama, 10.

Applegate, A. J., lieutenant-governor, 736.

Army, U. S., and the civic authorities, 410;
in conflict with Federal court, 414;
relations with the people, 417-420;
used in elections, 694-701, 746, 756, 789, 794.

Athens sacked by Colonel Turchin, 63.

Bacon used to influence elections, 785.

Banks and banking during the war, 162.

Baptist church, separation of, 22;
declaration in regard to the state of the country, 222;
during Reconstruction, 639;
relations with negroes, 642.

"Barbour County Fever," 709.

Bingham, D. H., mentioned, 346, 350, 402;
in convention of 1867, 526;
in Union League, 557.

Birney, James G., mentioned, 10.

Black Belt, during slavery, 710;
at the end of the war, 713;
share system in, 722;
decadence of, during Reconstruction, 726.

"Black Code," or "Black Laws," 378.

"Black Republican" party arraigned, 20.

Blockade-running, 183.

Bonded debt of Alabama, 580-586.

Bonds, of state, 580;
of counties and towns, 580, 581;
fraudulent issues, 581, 582;
of railroads, 587-607;
fraudulent indorsements, 596-606.

Boyd, Alexander, killed by Ku Klux, 686.

Bragg, W. L., Democratic campaign manager, 793.

Brooks, William M., president of convention of 1861, 28;
letter to President Davis, 112;
advocates limited negro suffrage, 388.

Brown, John, plans negro uprising in Alabama, 18.

Buchanan, Admiral Franklin, at battle of Mobile Bay, 69.

Buck, A. E., carpet-bagger, in convention of 1867, 518;
elected to Congress, 750.

Buckley, C. W., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen's Bureau, 426, 437,
440, 448, 458;
in convention of 1867, 518;
elected to Congress, 737;
on Ku Klux Committee, 702;
sides with the Robinson faction, 774.

Bulger, M. J., in secession convention, 29, 31, 33, 38;
candidate for governor, 372;
in politics, 513.

Busteed, Richard, Federal judge, on Fourteenth Amendment, 394;
in Radical politics, 511, 744, 774.

Byrd, William M., "Union" leader, 15.

Calhoun Democrats, 11.

Callis, John B., carpet-bagger, agent of Freedmen's Bureau, 426;
in Union League, 557;
elected to Congress, 738.

Campaign, of 1867, 503-516;
of 1868, 493, 747;
of 1870, 751;
of 1872, 754;
of 1874, 782-797.

Carpet-bag and negro rule, 571 _et seq._

Carpet-baggers, in convention of 1867, 517, 518, 530;
in Congress, 738, 749, 754, 761.
_See also_ Republicans.

Chain gang abolished, 393.

Charleston convention of 1860, 18.

Churches, separation of, 21-24;
during the war, 222;
seized by the Federal army and the northern churches, 227;
condition after the war, 325, 326;
attitude toward negro education and religion, 225, 457, 641;
during Reconstruction, 636-652.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866, 393.

Civil War in Alabama, 61-78;
seizure of the forts, 61;
operations in north Alabama, 62;
Streight's Raid, 67;
Rousseau's Raid, 68;
operations in south Alabama, 69;
Wilson's Raid, 71;
destruction by the armies, 74.

Clanton, Gen. James H., organizes opposition to Radicals, 508, 512;
on negro education, 625, 630;
on the religious situation, 638.

Clay, Senator C. C., speech on withdrawal from U. S. Senate, 25;
arrested by Federals, 262.

Clayton, Judge Henry D., charge to the Pike County grand jury on the
negro question, 385.

Clemens, Jere (or Jeremiah), in secession convention, 29, 34, 47;
mentioned, 64, 111;
deserter, 125, 127, 143;
advocates Reconstruction, 125, 144, 145.

Clews & Company, financial agents, 592, 596, 597.

Cloud, N. B., superintendent of public instruction, 610-632.

Cobb, W. R. W., "Union" leader, 16;
disloyal to Confederacy, 139.

Colleges during the war, 212.

Colonies of negroes, 421, 444.

Color line in politics, 779.

Commercial conventions, 25.

Commissioners sent to southern states, 46, 48.

Composition of population of Alabama, 3, 4.

Concentration camps of negroes, 421, 422, 444.

"Condition of Affairs in the South," 311.

Confederate property confiscated, 285.

Confederate States, established, 39-42;
Congress of, 130;
enrolment laws, 92, 98;
finance in Alabama, 162-183.

Confederate text-books, 217.

Confiscation, proposed in secession convention, 48;
by United States, 284 _et seq._;
frauds, 284, 290;
of cotton, 290;
of lands, 425;
supports Freedmen's Bureau, 431;
belief of negroes in, 446, 447;
for taxes, 578.

Congress, C. S., Alabama delegation to, 130.

Congress, U. S., rejects Johnson's plan, 377, 405;
imposes new conditions, 391;
forces carpet-bag government on Alabama, 547-552;
members of, from Alabama, 737, 749, 754, 761.

"Conquered province" theory of Reconstruction, 339.

Conscription, 92-108;
enrolment laws, 92-98;
trouble between state and Confederate authorities, 96-98.

Conservative party, 398, 401, 512.
_See also_ Democratic party.

Constitution, of 1865, 366, 367;
of 1868, 535,
vote on, 538,
rejected, 541;
imposed by Congress, 547-552, 797;
of 1875, 797;
of 1902, 800.

Contraband trade, 189.

"Convention" candidates in 1868, 493, 530.

Convention, of 1861, 27;
of 1865, 359;
of 1867, 491, 517;
of 1875, 797.

Coöperationists, 28;
policy of, in secession convention, 30;
speeches of, 32 _et seq._

"Cotton is King," 184.

Cotton, exported through the lines, 187, 191-193;
confiscated, 290 _et seq._;
agents prosecuted for stealing, 297, 413;
cotton tax, 303;
production of, in Alabama, 710-734, 804.

County and local officials during Reconstruction, 742, 743, 753, 761,
796.

County and town debts, 580, 581, 604, 605.

Crowe, J. R., one of the founders of Ku Klux Klan, 661.

Curry, J. L., M., in Confederate Congress, 131;
defeated, 134;
on negro education, 457, 467, 468, 625, 631.

Dargan, E. S., in secession convention, 29, 40, 41;
on impressment, 175.

Davis, Nicholas, in Nashville convention, 14;
in secession convention, 29, 33, 38, 54;
in Radical politics, 403, 511;
opposed by Union League, 564;
opinion of Rev. A. S. Lakin, 612.

"Deadfalls," 769.

Debt commission, work of, 583-586.

Debt of Alabama, 580-586.

Democratic party, ante-bellum, 7 _et seq._;
reorganized, 398, 401;
during Reconstruction, 748, 750, 755, 778;
Populist influence, 799.

Department of Negro Affairs, 421.

Deserters, 112-130;
outrages by, 119;
prominent men, 124;
numbers, 127.

Destitution, during the war, 196-205;
after the war, 277.

Destruction of property, 74, 253.

Disaffection toward the Confederacy, 108-130, 136, 137.

Disfranchisement of whites, 489, 524, 806;
of negroes, 801, 806.

"Disintegration and absorption" policy of the northern churches, 636.

Domestic life during the war, 230-247.

Drugs and medicines, 239.

Economic and social conditions, 1861-1865, 149-247;
in 1865, 251;
during Reconstruction, 710-734, 761-770.

Education, during the war, 212;
during Reconstruction, 579, 606-632, 684;
discussion of, in convention of 1867, 522;
of the negro, 456-468, 624.

Election, of Lincoln, 19, 20;
of 1861, 131;
of 1863, 134;
of 1865, 373-375;
of 1867, 491;
of 1868, 493, 747;
of 1870, 750;
of 1872, 754;
of 1874, 793;
of 1876, 796;
of 1880, 798;
of 1890, 799;
of 1902, 800.

Election methods, 748, 751, 754, 755.
_See also_ Union League.

Emancipation, economic effects of, 710-734.

Emigration of whites from Alabama, 769.

Enforcement laws, state, 695;
Federal, 697.

Enrolment of soldiers from Alabama, 78-87;
laws relating to, 92, 95.

Episcopal church, divided, 24;
closed by the Federal army, 325;
loses its negro members, 646.

Eufaula riot, 794.

Eutaw riot, 686.

Exemption from military service, 101-108;
numbers exempted, 107.

Expenditures of the Reconstruction régime, 574, 575, 577.

Factories during the war, 149-162.

Farms and plantations during the war, 232.

Federal army closes churches, 226.

Federal courts and the army, 413.

Finances during the war, 162-183;
banks and banking, 162;
bonds and notes, 164;
salaries, 168;
taxation, 169;
impressment, 174;
debts, stay laws, sequestration, 176;
trade, barter, prices, 178;
during Reconstruction, 571-606.

Financial settlement, 1874-1876, 583-586.

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, in Nashville convention, 14;
arrested, 262;
president of convention of 1865, 360.

Florida, negotiations for purchase of West Florida, 577.

Force laws, state and Federal, 695, 697.

"Forfeited rights" theory of Reconstruction, 341.

Forsyth, John, on Fourteenth Amendment, 394;
mayor of Mobile, 430.

"Forty acres and a mule," 447, 515.

Fourteenth Amendment, proposed, 394;
rejected, 396, 397;
adopted by reconstructed legislature, 552.

Fowler, W. H., estimates of number of soldiers from Alabama, 78, 81.

Freedmen, _see_ Negroes.

Freedmen's aid societies, 459.

Freedmen's Bureau, 392, 421-470;
organization of, in Alabama, 423-427;
supported by confiscations, 431;
character of agents of, 448;
native officials of, 428, 429;
relations with the civil authorities, 427;
administration of justice, 438-441;
the labor problem, 433-438;
care of the sick, 441;
issue of rations, 442;
demoralization caused, 444;
effect on negro education, 456-468;
connection with the Union League, 557, 567, 568.

Freedmen's codes, 378.

"Freedmen's Home Colonies," 422, 439, 444.

Freedmen's Savings-bank, 451-455;
bank book, 452;
good effect of, 453;
failure, 455.

General officers from Alabama in the Confederate service, 85.

Giers, J. J., tory, 119, 147.

Gordon, Gen. John B., speech on negro education, 625.

Grant, Gen. U. S., letter on condition of the South, 311;
elected President, 747;
orders troops to Alabama, 789.

Haughey, Thomas, scalawag, deserter, elected to Congress, 488.

Hayden, Gen. Julius, in charge of Freedmen's Bureau, 426.

Hays, Charles, scalawag, in Eutaw riot, 686;
member of Congress, 749, 754;
letter to Senator Joseph Hawley on outrages in Alabama, 786-788.

Herndon, Thomas H., candidate for governor, 754.

Hilliard, Henry W., "Union" leader, 15.

Hodgson, Joseph, mentioned, 512;
superintendent of public instruction, 631.

Home life during the war, 230-247.

Houston, George S., "Union" leader, 16;
elected to U. S. Senate, 374;
on Debt Commission, 582;
elected governor, 782, 795.

Humphreys, D. C., deserter, 126, 143, 350.

Huntsville parade of Ku Klux Klan, 686.

Immigration to Alabama, 321, 717, 734;
not desired by Radicals, 769.

Impressment by Confederate authorities, 174.

"Independents" in 1874, 781.

Indian question and nullification, 8, 9.

Indorsement of railroad bonds, 596-606.

Industrial development during the war, 149-162, 234;
military industries, 149;
private enterprises, 156.

Industrial reconstruction, 710-734, 804.

Intimidation, by Federal authorities, 789;
by Democrats, 791.

"Iron-clad" test oath, 369.

Jemison, Robert, in secession convention, 28, 29, 40, 49, 54;
elected to Confederate Senate, 134.

Johnson, President Andrew, plan of restoration, 337;
amnesty proclamation, 349;
grants pardons, 356, 410;
interferes with provisional governments, 375, 419;
his work rejected by Congress, 377, 405, 406.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction, report on affairs in the South, 313.

Jones, Capt. C. ap R., at the Selma arsenal, 152.

Juries, of both races ordered by Pope, 480;
during Reconstruction, 745.

Keffer, John C., mentioned, 506, 518, 524, 554, 737, 751.

Kelly, Judge, in Mobile riot, 481, 509.

"King Cotton," confidence in, 184.

Knights of the White Camelia, 669, 684.
_See also_ Ku Klux Klan.

Ku Klux Klan, causes, 653;
origin and growth, 660;
disguises, 675;
warnings, 678;
parade at Huntsville, 685;
Cross Plains or Patona affair, 685;
drives carpet-baggers from the State University, 612-615;
burns negro schoolhouses, 628;
table of alleged outrages, 705;
Ku Klux investigation, 701;
results of the Ku Klux revolution, 674.

Labor laws, 380, 381.

Labor of negroes and whites compared, 710-734.

Labor regulations of Freedmen's Bureau, 433-438.

Lakin, Rev. A. S., Northern Methodist missionary, 637, 639, 648, 650;
in Union League, 557;
elected president of State University, 612;
Davis's opinion of, 612.

Lands confiscated for taxes, 578.

Lane, George W., Unionist, Federal judge, 125, 127.

Lawlessness in 1865, 262.

Legislation, by convention of 1861, 49;
of 1865, 366;
of 1867, 528;
about freedmen, 379.

Legislature during Reconstruction, 738-741, 752, 755-795.

Lewis, D. P., in secession convention, 29;
deserter, 126;
repudiates Union League, 563;
elected governor in 1872, 754.

Life, loss of, in war, 251.

Lincoln, effect of election of, 20;
his plan of Reconstruction, 336.

Lindsay, R. B., taxation under, 573-576;
action on railroad bonds, 594-600;
elected governor, 1870, 751.

Literary activity during the war, 211.

Loss of life and property, 251.

"Loyalists," during the war, 112, 113;
after the war, 316.

McKinstry, Alexander, lieutenant-governor, assists to elect Spencer,
756-760.

McTyeire, Bishop H. N., on negro education, 457, 467.

Meade, Gen. George G., in command of Third Military District, 493;
his administration, 493-502;
installs the reconstructed government, 552.

Medicines and drugs in war time, 239.

Methodist church, separation, 22;
during Reconstruction, 637;
favors negro education, 648.

Military commissions, _see_ Military government.

Military government, 1865-1866, 407-420;
trials by military commissions, 413-415;
objections to, 416-417.

Military government under the Reconstruction Acts, 473-502;
Pope's administration, 473-493;
Meade's administration, 493-502;
control over the civil government, 477, 495;
Pope's trouble with the newspapers, 485;
trials by military commissions, 487, 498.

Militia system during the Civil War, 88-92;
during Reconstruction, 746.

Miller, C. A., carpet-bagger, agent of the Freedmen's Bureau, 425, 426;
in convention of 1867, 518;
elected secretary of state, 737.

Mitchell, Gen. O. M., 62-65.

Mobile Bay, battle of, 69.

Mobile riot, 481, 509.

Mobile schools during Reconstruction, 617.

Moore, A. B., governor, calls secession convention, 27;
orders forts seized, 61;
objects to blockade-running, 184;
arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Morgan, John T., in secession convention, 29, 40, 42, 49.

Morse, Joshua, scalawag, attorney-general, 737.

Mossbacks, tories, and unionists, 112, 113;
numbers, 127.

Nashville convention of 1850, 14.

"National Guards," a negro organization, 774.

National Union movement, 400, 401.

Negro Affairs, Department of, 421.
_See also_ Freedmen's Bureau.

Negro criminality, 762, 763;
negro labor, 710-734;
family relations, 763;
church in politics, 777;
women in politics, 776.

Negro education, favored by southern whites, 457, 626, 627;
native white teachers, 463;
Freedmen's Bureau teaching, 456-468;
opposition to, 628;
character of, 464, 465, 625-630.

Negroes during the war, 205-212;
in the army, 86, 87, 205;
on the farms, 209;
fidelity of, 210;
in the churches, 225;
home life, 243.

Negroes under the provisional government, test their freedom, 269;
suffering among them, 273;
colonies of, 421, 444;
civil status of, 383, 384;
insurrection feared, 368, 412;
not to be arrested by civil authorities, 411;
attitude of army to, 410-413;
negro suffrage in 1866, 386.

Negroes during Reconstruction, controlled by the Union League, 553-568;
first vote, 514;
in the convention of 1867, 518, 521, 530;
in the campaign of 1874, 775, 776;
negro Democrats, 777, 778;
punished by Ku Klux Klan, 682;
negro juries, 480, 745;
disfranchised, 801, 806.

Negroes, social rights of, allowed in street cars, 393;
not allowed at hotel table, 417;
demand social privileges, 522, 764, 780, 783.

Negroes and the churches, 642, 777.

Newspapers, during the war, 218;
under Pope's administration, 485.

Nick-a-Jack, a proposed new state, 111.

Nitre making, 152.

Non-slaveholders uphold slavery, 10, 11.

Norris, B. W., carpet-bagger, agent Freedmen's Bureau, 426;
elected to Congress, 738.

North Alabama, anti-slavery sentiment in, 10;
in secession convention, 53;
during the Civil War, 109;
during Reconstruction, 403, 404, 748, 770, 779.

Northern men, treatment of, 318, 400.

Nullification, on Indian question, 8, 9;
divides the Democratic party, 11.

Oath, "iron-clad," 369;
prescribed for voters, 475, 527.

Ordinance of Secession, 36, 37;
declared null and void, 360.

Painted stakes sold to negroes, 448.

Pardons by President Johnson, 356, 410.

Parsons, L. E., obstructionist and "Peace Society" man, 143, 147, 343;
provisional governor, 350, 353;
elected to U. S. Senate, 374;
speaks in the North, 392, 401;
advises rejection of Fourteenth Amendment, 396;
originates "White Man's Movement," 536;
Radical politician, 735, 751, 755-760.

Parties in the Convention of 1861, 28;
of 1865, 359.

Patona, or Cross Plains, affair, 686.

Patton, R. M., mentioned, 281;
elected governor, 373;
vetoes legislation for blacks, 378, 379;
on the Fourteenth Amendment, 395-397;
advises Congressional Reconstruction, 502.

Peace Society, 137-143.

Pike County grand jury, Judge Clayton's charge to, 384.

"Pike County Platform," 781.

"Political bacon," 783-785.

Political beliefs of early settlers, 7.

Politics, during the war, 130-148;
1865-1867, 398;
1868-1874, 735 _et seq._

Pope, General John, in command of Third Military District, 473-475;
his administration, 473-493;
quarrel with the newspapers, 485;
removed, 492.

Population, composition of, 3, 4.

Populist movement, 799.

Presbyterian church, separation, 22, 23, 24;
during Reconstruction, 640;
attitude toward negroes, 645.

Prescript of Ku Klux Klan, 664, 665.

President's plan of reconstruction, 333 _et seq._;
rejected by Congress, 377;
fails, 405, 406.

Prices during the war, 178.

Property, lost in war, 251;
decreases in value during Reconstruction, 578.

Provisional government, 351, 376.

Pryor, Roger A., debate with Yancey, 17.

Public bonded debt, 580-586.

Publishing-houses during the war, 221.

Race question, in convention of 1867, 521;
in the campaign of 1874, 679-782.

Races, segregation of, _see maps in text_.

Radical party organized, 505.
_See also_ Republican party.

Railroad legislation and frauds, 587-606.

Railroads aided by state, counties, and towns during Reconstruction,
591-606.

Railroads, built during the war, 155;
destroyed, 259.

Randolph, Ryland, a member of Ku Klux Klan, 612, 667, 668;
expelled from legislature, 741.

Rapier, J. T., negro member of Congress, mentioned, 488, 521, 523, 524;
supports Robinson-Buckley faction, 774.

Rations issued by Freedmen's Bureau, 442, 445.

Reconstruction, sentiment during the war, 143-148;
theories of, 333-339;
early attempts at, 341;
Reconstruction Acts, 473-475, 490;
Reconstruction Convention, 491, 517-530;
constitution rejected, 494;
completed by Congress, 531, 550-552;
its successes and failures, 801.

Reconstruction, and education, 606-632;
and the churches, 637-653.

Registration of voters, 488, 491, 493.

Regulators, _see_ Ku Klux Klan.

Reid, Dr. G. P. L., on Knights of the White Camelia, 684.

Religious conditions, during the war, 222-230;
in 1865, 324;
during Reconstruction, 637-653.

Republican party in Alabama, organized, 402-405;
numbers, 735, 765;
in the legislature, 738, 752, 755;
divisions in, 771, 775;
"Lily Whites" and "Black and Tans," 799.

"Restoration," by the President, 349 _et seq._;
convention, 358;
completed, 367;
rejected, 377.

Restrictions on trade in 1865, 284.

Riot, at Eufaula, 794;
at Eutaw, 686;
at Mobile, 481, 509.

Roddy, Gen. P. D., mentioned, 62, 68.

Roman Catholic church and the negroes, 646.

Rousseau's Raid, 68.

Salt making, 158.

Sansom, Miss Emma, guides General Forrest, 67.

Savings-bank, Freedmen's, 451-455.

Scalawags, in convention of 1867, 518, 529, 530.
_See also_ Republicans.

Schools, _see_ Education.

Schurz's report on the condition of the South, 312.

Secession, 14, 15, 19, 27-57;
convention called, 27, 28;
ordinance passed, 36, 37;
debate on, in 1865, 360.

Secession convention, parties in, 23, 29;
political theories of members, 34;
slave trade prohibited, 42;
sends commission to Washington, 48;
legislation, 49-53.

Secessionists, 28;
policy in secession convention, 30.

Secret societies, _see_ Union League _and_ Ku Klux Klan.

Segregation of races, 710-734.
_See also the maps in the text._

Seibels, J. J., favors coöperation, 15;
obstructionist, 143, 147, 343.

Sequestration of enemies' property, 176.

Share system of farming, 723.

Sheets, C. C., tory, 115, 126;
in convention of 1865, 365;
visited by Ku Klux Klan, 681.

Shorter, John G., elected governor, 131;
defeated, 134;
arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Slaveholders and non-slaveholders, location of, 6.

Slavery, and politics, 10-14;
upheld by non-slaveholders, 10-11;
abolished, 362.

Slaves, _see_ Negroes.

Slave trade prohibited by secession convention, 42.

Smith, William H., deserter, 350, 510, 534;
a registration official, 488;
first Reconstruction governor, 735;
indorses railroad bonds, 591, 595, 601;
opinion of Senator Spencer, 692.

Smith, William R., "Union" leader, 16;
coöperationist leader in secession convention, 29, 33, 43, 49;
candidate for governor, 372;
president of State University, 612.

Social and economic conditions, during the war, 149-247;
in 1865, 251 _et seq._;
during Reconstruction, 710-734, 761 _et passim_.

Social effects of Reconstruction, on whites, 767;
on blacks, 761 _et seq._;
on carpet-baggers, 766.

Social rights for negroes, 523, 772, 775.

Soldiers from Alabama, numbers, character, organization, 78-87.

Southern Aid Society, 23.

"Southern outrages," 399, 555, 786.

"Southern theory" of Reconstruction, 334.

"Southern Unionists'" convention, 1866, 402.

Speed, Joseph H., superintendent of public instruction, 633.

Spencer, G. E., carpet-bagger, election to U. S. Senate, 737, 755, 760;
Governor Smith's opinion of, 691.

State Rights Democrats, 11, 12;
led by Yancey, 12, 13.

"State Suicide" theory of Reconstruction, 338.

Statistics of cotton frauds, 279.

Status, of freedmen, 384;
of the provisional government, 376.

Steedman and Fullerton's report on the Freedmen's Bureau, 449.

Stevens's plan of Reconstruction, 339.

Streight, Col. A. D., raids into Alabama, 67.

Strobach-Robinson division in the Radical party, 774.

Suffrage for negroes in 1866, 387.

Sumner's plan of Reconstruction, 338.

Swayne, Gen. Wager, assistant commissioner of Freedmen's Bureau, 424,
425;
on the temper of the people, 315;
opinion of the laws relating to freedmen, 379, 380, 384;
fears negro insurrection, 369;
in command of Alabama, 407, 476;
attitude toward civil authorities, 428, 439;
forces negro education, 459;
enters politics, 404, 511;
removed, 492.

Sykes, F. W., in Radical politics, 510;
elected to U. S. Senate, 757, 760.

Taxation during the war, 169;
during Reconstruction, 571-579;
amounts to confiscation, 578.

Temper of the people after the war, 308.

Test oath, iron-clad, 369, 370, 527.

Text-books, Confederate, 217;
Radical, 624.

Theories of Reconstruction, 333 _et seq._

Third Military District, under the Reconstruction Acts, 473-502.

Thomas, Gen. G. H., mentioned, 325, 407, 408, 474.

Tories and deserters, 108-430;
in north Alabama, 109;
definition, 112, 113;
outrages by, 119;
numbers, 127.

Trade through the lines, 189.

Treasury agents prosecuted, 297.

Trials by military commission, 413, 414, 487, 498.

_Tribune_, of New York, investigates the "Hays-Hawley letter," 788.

Truman, Benjamin, report on the South, 312.

Turchin, Col. J. B., allows Athens to be sacked, 63.

Underground railway in Alabama, 18.

Union League of America, 553-568;
white members, 556;
negroes admitted, 557;
ceremonies, 559;
organization and method, 561;
influence over negroes, 568;
control over elections, 514, 515;
resolutions of Alabama Council, 307.

Union troops from Alabama, 87.

Unionists, tories, mossbacks, 112, 113.

University of Alabama under the Reconstruction régime, 612.

Wages of freedmen, 422, 433, 720, 731.

Walker, L. P., in Nashville convention, 14;
at Charleston convention, 18;
on negro suffrage, 389.

Wards of the nation, 421-470.

Warner, Willard, carpet-bagger, elected to U. S. Senate, 737.

Watts, Thomas H., "Union" leader, 15;
in secession convention, 29, 35, 45, 48;
defeated for governor, 131;
elected, 134;
supports the Confederacy, 135;
troubles over militia with conscript officials, 91, 97, 104;
favors blockade-running, 185;
speech in 1865, 341;
arrested by Federal authorities, 262.

Whig party, appears, 11;
its progress on the slavery question, 12;
breaks up, 16, 17.

White Brotherhood, 708.

White Camelia, 670.

White counties, agriculture in, 727;
destitution in, 196-205;
politics in, _see maps_.

White labor superior to negro labor, 726.

White League, 709.

"White Man's Government," 364.

"White man's party," 536, 778, 779.

Wilmer, Bishop R. H., 24;
trouble with military authorities, 325-329;
suspended, 325.

Wilson's Raid, 71.

Women, interest in public questions, 230.

_Women's Gunboat_, 245.

Yancey, William Lowndes, leader of State Rights Democrats, 12, 13;
author of Alabama Platform of 1848, 13;
advocates secession, 14, 15;
debate with Roger A. Pryor, 17;
offered nomination for vice-presidency, 19;
in secession convention, 29, 31, 36, 39, 44, 46, 57.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] NATIVITIES OF THE FREE POPULATION

STATE OR COUNTRY 1850 1860

Alabama 237,542 320,026
Connecticut 91 343
Florida 1,060 1,644
Georgia 58,997 83,517
Kentucky 2,694 1,966
Louisiana 628 1,149
Maine 215 272
Maryland 757 683
Massachusetts 654 753
Mississippi 2,852 4,848
New York 1,443 1,848
North Carolina 28,521 23,504
Ohio 276 265
Pennsylvania 876 989
South Carolina 48,663 45,185
Tennessee 22,541 19,139
Virginia 10,387 7,598
England 941 1,174
France 503 359
Germany 1,068 2,601
Ireland 2,639 5,664
Scotland 584 696
Spain 163 157
Switzerland 113 138

TOTALS 1850 1860

Native 420,032 526,769
Foreign 7,638 12,352

The total population from 1820 to 1860 was as follows:--

WHITE BLACK

1820 85,451 41,879
1830 190,406 117,549
1840 335,185 253,532
1850 426,514 342,844
1860 526,271 435,080

[2] Hundly, "Social Relations"; Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," Ch. 1; Garrett, "Reminiscences," Ch. 1; Miller's and Brown's "Histories of Alabama," _passim_; Saunders, "Early Settlers," _passim_. From 1840 to 1860 there was a slight sectional and political division between the counties of north Alabama and those of central and south Alabama, owing to the conflicting interests of the two sections and to the lack of communication. By 1860 this was tending to become a social division between the white counties and the black counties. The division to some extent still exists.

[3] In all studies of the sectional spirit it should be remembered that the Southwest was settled somewhat in spite of the Washington government and without the protection of the United States army; the reverse is true of the Northwest.

[4] Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," Chs. 2, 4, 6, 8; DuBose, "Life of William L. Yancey"; Phillips, "Georgia and State Rights," Chs. 2, 3; Pickett, "Alabama," Owen's edition.

[5] In 1832 there were eight emancipation societies in north Alabama: The State Society, Courtland, Lagrange, Tuscumbia, Florence, Madison County, Athens, and Lincoln. Publications, Southern History Association, Vol. II, pp. 92, 93.

[6] See Hodgson, p. 7. In 1842 representation in the legislature was changed from the "federal" basis and based on white population alone. This change was made by the Democrats and was opposed by the Whigs. The latter predominated in the Black Belt.

[7] Hodgson, Ch. 1; Debates of Convention of 1861, _passim_.

[8] Miller, "Alabama," p. 123.

[9] Known as the "Alabama Platform" of 1848.

[10] Benjamin Fitzpatrick led the conservative element of the Democratic party and opposed Yancey.

[11] This division in the State Rights ranks existed until secession was actually achieved and even after.

[12] Each extreme southern state--Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina--showed a desire to have some more moderate state act first. Some prominent men in this convention were Yancey, Seibels, Thomas Williams, John A. Elmore, B. F. Saffold, Abram Martin, A. P. Bagley, Adam C. Felder, David Clopton, and George Goldthwaite, nearly all South Carolinians by birth.

[13] A dodging of the question.

[14] For an account of one of these, see the _American Historical Review_, Oct., 1900.

[15] General Pryor informs me that at the convention of 1858 no one understood that there was any desire on the part of Yancey and others to reopen the slave trade. They recognized that the rest of the world was against them on that question and were demanding simply a repeal of what they considered discriminating laws. Yancey compared the question to that of the tea tax in the American colonies. See also Hodgson, p. 371, and Yancey's speeches in Smith's "Debates of 1861."

[16] A branch of the Underground Railway reached from Ohio as far into Alabama as Tallapoosa County. Kagi, one of Brown's confederates, had marked out a chain of black counties where he had travelled and where the negroes were expected to rise. He had travelled through South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Russell County, Alabama, was one of those marked on his map. The people were greatly alarmed when the map was discovered. See Seibert's "Underground Railroad," pp. 119, 160, 167, 195; Hinton, "John Brown"; Hague, "Blockaded Family." As early as 1835 incendiary literature had been scattered among the Alabama slaves, and in that year the grand jury of Tuscaloosa County indicted Robert G. Williams of New York for sending such printed matter among the slaves. General Gayle demanded that he be sent to Alabama for trial, but Governor Marcy refused to give him up. See Brown's "Alabama," p. 167, and _Gulf States Hist. Mag._, July, 1903.

[17] Afterwards Confederate Secretary of War.

[18] Yancey was willing to disregard instructions and not withdraw; the rest of the delegation overruled him. See paper by Petrie in Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV.

[19] Hodgson, Ch. 15.

[20] Acts of Alabama (1859-1860), pp. 689-690; Smith's "Debates," pp. 10, 11.

[21] Acts of Alabama (1859-1860), pp. 681-682; Senate Journal (1859-1860), pp. 147, 176, 293, 302.

[22] During this session Judge Sam. Rice, in reply to John Forsyth and others who feared that secession would lead to war, said: "There will be no war. But if there should be, we can whip the Yankees with popguns." After the war, when he had turned "scalawag," he was taken to task for the speech. "You said we could whip the Yankees with popguns." "Yes,--but the damned rascals wouldn't fight that way."

[23] The popular vote in Alabama was: for Breckenridge, 48,831; for Douglas, 13,621; for Bell, 27,875.

[24] Many people believed that Hamlin was a mulatto.

[25] Horace Greeley, "The American Conflict," Vol. I, p. 355. For a similar meeting in Montgomery, see Hodgson, p. 459 _et seq._

[26] See Townsend Collection, Columbia University Library, Vol. I, p. 187. One poor white man in Tallapoosa County welcomed the election of Lincoln, for "now the negroes would be freed and white men could get more work and better pay." Authorities for the political history of Alabama before 1860: Hodgson's "Cradle of the Confederacy"; Garrett's "Reminiscences of Public Men of Alabama"; Brewer's "Alabama"; Brown's "History of Alabama"; Miller's "History of Alabama"; Pickett's "History of Alabama" (Owen's edition); "Northern Alabama Illustrated"; "Memorial Record of Alabama"; DuBose's "Life and Times of William L. Yancey"; Hilliard's "Politics and Pen Pictures and Speeches"; Transactions of Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, papers by Yonge, Cozart, Culver, Scott, and Petrie.

[27] O'Gorman, "History of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States," p. 425.

[28] Carroll, "Religious Forces of the United States," p. 306; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States," pp. 41, 135.

[29] Statistics of Churches, Census of 1890, p. 146; Riley, "History of the Baptists in the Southern States East of the Mississippi," p. 205 _et seq._; Newman, "History of the Baptists of the United States," pp. 443-454.

[30] See Smith, "Life of James Osgood Andrew"; Buckley, "History of Methodism"; McTyeire, "History of Methodism"; Alexander, "History of the Methodist Episcopal Church South"; Statistics of Churches, p. 581.

[31] Statistics of Churches, p. 566.

[32] Southern Aid Society Reports, 1854-1861.

[33] Statistics of Churches, p. 684; Carroll, "Religious Forces," pp. 281, 306; Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 135.

[34] Thompson, "History of the Presbyterian Churches," p. 155; Johnson, "History of the Southern Presbyterian Church," pp. 333, 339; McPherson, "History of the Rebellion," p. 508; "Annual Cyclopædia" (1862), p. 707; Statistics of Churches, p. 683.

[35] Carroll, "Religious Forces," pp. 93, 178.

[36] Annual Cyclopædia (1864), p. 683.

[37] Wilmer, "Recent Past," p. 248.

[38] Perry, "History of the American Episcopal Church," Vol. II, p. 328 _et seq._; McPherson, "History of the Rebellion," p. 515; Whitaker, "Church in Alabama."

[39] President of Columbia College (N.Y.) during and after the war.

[40] Smith, pp. 448-450, condensed.

[41] Smith, "History and Debates of the Convention of Alabama," 1861, p. 12. My account of the convention is condensed almost entirely from Smith's "Debates." Smith was a coöperationist member from Tuscaloosa County. He kept full notes of the proceedings and is impartial in his reports of speeches. Almost the entire edition of the "Debates" was destroyed by fire in 1861. Hodgson, "Cradle of the Confederacy," and DuBose, "Life and Times of William L. Yancey," both give short accounts of the convention.

[42] Except Yancey, who declared that the disease preying on the vitals of the Federal Union was not due to any defect in the Constitution, but to the heads, hearts, and consciences of the northern people; that no guarantees, no amendments, could reëducate the northern people on the slavery question, so as to induce a northern majority to withhold the exercise of its power in aid of abolition. Governor Moore, in the commissions given to the ambassadors to the other states, declared that the peace, honor, and security of the southern states were endangered by the election of Lincoln, the candidate of a purely sectional party, whose avowed principles demanded the destruction of slavery.

[43] It would seem that after this vote no one would say that nearly half of the members were "Unionists," yet nearly all accounts make this statement.

[44] There were many indications that the opposition was more sectional and personal than political. It is safe to state for north Alabama that had the Black Belt declared for the Union, that section would have voted for secession.

[45] This minority report was signed by Clemens of Madison, Lewis of Lawrence, Winston of De Kalb, Kimball of Tallapoosa, Watkins of Franklin, and Jemison of Tuscaloosa, all from north Alabama.

[46] c.=coöperationist; s.=secessionist; cs.=coöperationist who voted for secession.

[47] It was he who compiled the debates of the convention.

[48] He was the oldest general officer in the Confederate service.

[49] Constitution, Article I, Section X: "No state shall without the consent of Congress enter into any agreement or compact with another state," etc.

[50] He was here referring indirectly to the action of the state authorities in seizing the forts at Pensacola and Mobile before secession.

[51] Clemens was accused of voting for secession in order to obtain the command of the militia. He had formerly been an army officer, and was now made major-general of militia. It was not long before he deserted and went North.

[52] Who succeeded Yancey in the convention after the latter was sent to Europe.

[53] The present (1905) senior U. S. senator from Alabama.

[54] Bulger of Tallapoosa, Jones and Wilson of Fayette, and Sheets of Winston voted in the negative.

[55] See below, Ch. III, sec. 5.

[56] Coffee was a white county and had very few slaves.

[57] The commissioners sent to the various states were as follows: _Virginia_, A. F. Hopkins and F. M. Gilmer; _South Carolina_, John A. Elmore; _North Carolina_, I. W. Garrott and Robert H. Smith; _Maryland_, J. L. M. Curry; _Delaware_, David Clopton; _Kentucky_, S. F. Hale; _Missouri_, William Cooper; _Tennessee_, L. Pope Walker; _Arkansas_, David Hubbard; _Louisiana_, John A. Winston; _Texas_, J. M. Calhoun; _Florida_, E. C. Bullock; _Georgia_, John G. Shorter; _Mississippi_, E. W. Pettus. Only one state, South Carolina, sent a delegate to Alabama.

[58] It was not until the end of June, 1861, that the United States postal service was withdrawn and final reports made to the United States. The Confederate postal service succeeded. At first, the Confederate Postmaster-General directed the postmasters to continue to report to the United States.

[59] This account of the work of the convention is compiled from the pamphlet ordinances in the Supreme Court Library in Montgomery.

[60] So Smith, the coöperationist historian, reported.

[61] See Smith's "Debates"; Hodgson's "Cradle of the Confederacy"; DuBose's "Yancey"; Wilmer's "Recent Past."

[62] Gov. A. B. Moore to President Buchanan, Jan. 4, 1861, in O. R. Ser. I, Vol. I, pp. 327, 328.

[63] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. I, p. 89.

[64] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 158.

[65] See D. C. Buell, "Operations in North Alabama," in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. II, pp. 701-708.

[66] Miller, p. 160; Brewer, "Alabama," p. 65; Mrs. Clay-Clopton, "A Belle of the Fifties," Chs. 18-22; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 204, 294, 295, _et passim_. Buell stated that "habitual lawlessness prevailed in a portion of General Mitchell's command," and that though authority was granted to punish with death there were no punishments. Discipline was lost. The officers were engaged in cotton speculation, and Mitchell's wagon trains were used to haul the cotton for the speculators. Flagrant crimes, Buell stated, were "condoned or neglected" by Mitchell. "Battles and Leaders," Vol. II, pp. 705, 706. North Alabama was not important to the Federals from a strategic point of view, and only the worst disciplined troops were stationed in that section.

[67] His real name was Ivan Vasilivitch Turchinoff. Several other officers were court-martialled at the same time for similar conduct. Keifer, "Slavery and Four Years of War," Vol. I, p. 277; Miller, p. 160; "Battles and Leaders," II, p. 706. A former "Union" man declared after the war that the barbarities of Turchin crushed out the remaining "Union" sentiment in north Alabama. Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Testimony, p. 850 (Richardson); O. R., Ser. I, Vols. X and XVI, _passim_; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 319, 348. Accounts of eye-witnesses.

[68] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 204, 294, 295.

[69] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, p. 212.

[70] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 167, 168, 174 (May, 1862); for Clemens and Lane, see Ch. III, sec. 4.

[71] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. X, Pt. II, pp. 290-293.

[72] Brewer, p. 485, _et passim_; Miller, p. 125; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, pp. 750-751.

[73] Gen. D. S. Stanley to Gen. William D. Whipple, Feb., 1865; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XLIX, Pt. I, p. 718.

[74] Clanton's report, March, 1864; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIII, Pt. III, p. 718.

[75] Miller, "Alabama."

[76] Miller, p. 165.

[77] Miller, "Alabama"; Brewer, pp. 318, 348.

[78] Brewer, pp. 284, 383.

[79] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XVI, Pt. I, pp. 841, 839; Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 111-113.

[80] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXII, Pt. I, p. 394.

[81] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XX, Pt. II, p. 442.

[82] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XX, Pt. II, p. 443.

[83] The Andrews raiders in Georgia were hanged as spies for being dressed "in the promiscuous southern style."

[84] Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 185-222; Mathes, "General Forrest," pp. 109-127; Miller, Ch. 32.

[85] Brewer, p. 339.

[86] Miller, p. 213.

[87] After completion at Selma the _Tennessee_ was taken down the river to defend Mobile. It was found, even after removing her armament, that the vessel could not pass the Dog River bar, and timber was cut from the forests up the river and "camels" made with which to buoy up the heavy vessel. By accident these camels were burned and more had to be made. At last the heavy ram was floated over the bar. Of course the newspapers harshly criticised those in charge of the _Tennessee_. Maclay, "History of the United States Navy," Vol. II, p. 448.

[88] Brewer, p. 389; Scharf, "Confederate Navy," Ch. 18; Miller, pp. 205-206.

[89] Brewer, p. 120; Miller, p. 207.

[90] Some of the Confederate gunboats were sunk (_Huntsville_ and _Tuscaloosa_), and Commander Farrand surrendered twelve gunboats in the Tombigbee. All of these had been built at Mobile, Selma, and in the Tombigbee.

[91] Miller, pp. 208, 217-221.

[92] It was intended that Wilson should raid to and fro all through central Alabama. His men were armed with repeating carbines; his train of 250 wagons was escorted by 1500 unmounted men who secured mounts as they went farther into the interior. Greeley, Vol. II, p. 716.

[93] _N. Y. Herald_, April 6, 1865.

[94] April 5 Cahaba was captured by a part of Wilson's force and twenty Federal prisoners released from the military prison at that place. They reported that they had been well treated.--_N. Y. Herald_, April 29, 1865.

[95] Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 606, 607.

[96] Parsons's Cooper Institute Speech in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1865; Trowbridge, "The South," pp. 435, 440. Accounts of eye-witnesses.

[97] Trowbridge, "The South," p. 435.

[98] Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 51; Miller, "Alabama," pp. 221-226; Parsons, speeches in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1865, Apr. 20, 1866; _N. Y Herald_, May 4, and Apr. 6, 1865; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; Wilson's Report, June 29, 1865; _Selma Times_, Feb. 13, 1866; "Our Women in War Times," p. 277; Greeley, Vol. II, p. 719; Wyeth, "Life of Forrest," pp. 604-607; "Northern Alabama," p. 655.

[99] Hardy, "History of Selma," p. 52, says four regiments were organized, and the others were driven away.

[100] 125,000 bales, according to Greeley, Vol. II, p. 719.

[101] The _Advertiser_ of April 18, 1865.

[102] _N. Y. World_, May 1 and July 18, 1865; _N. Y. Herald_, May 4 and 15, and June 17, 1865; Brewer, p. 512; Greeley, Vol. II, p. 720.

[103] _N. Y. Daily News_, May 29, 1865; _Century Magazine_, Nov., 1889; Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 449.

[104] Report, June 29, 1865.

[105] Somers, "The South Since the War," pp. 134, 135.

[106] Truman in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 2, 1865.

[107] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, pp. 230-233.

[108] See Brewer, "County Notes."

[109] Brewer, p. 188 _et passim_; Miller, p. 179; O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXIII, Pt. I, pp. 245-249.

[110] Miller, p. 183; Garrett, "Public Men."

[111] Miller, p. 301.

[112] Speech at Cooper Institute, Nov. 13, 1865, in _N. Y. Times_, Nov. 27, 1895.

[113] _N. Y. Herald_, May 4 and 15, 1865; the _World_, May 1, 1865; the _Times_, April 20, and Nov. 2, 1865; _Montgomery Advertiser_, July 14, 1867; _Selma Times_, Feb. 13, 1866; Wilson's Report, June 29, 1865: Hardy, "History of Selma," pp. 46, 51.

[114] "The South," p. 440.

[115] Hague, "Blockaded Family," _passim_; Riley, "Baptists in Alabama," pp. 304, 305; "Our Women in the War," p. 275 _et seq._; Riley, "History of Conecuh County," p. 173.

[116] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 359; Brewer, "History of Alabama," pp. 68, 69; Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. II, p. 188.

[117] Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 360; Colonel Moore's article in the _Louisville Post_, May 30, 1900.

[118] Miller, p. 359.

[119] For other estimates, see Livermore, "Numbers and Losses," and Curry, "Civil History of the Confederate States," pp. 152, 153.

[120] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 102, 103.

[121] Livermore, "Numbers and Losses," pp. 20, 21.

[122] Alabama did not succeed in organizing the militia.

[123] Miller, "Alabama," Appendix; Report of Col. E. D. Blake, Supt. of Special Registration, in O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 102, 103; Brewer, "Alabama," see "Regimental Histories."

[124] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. III, pp. 440, 445; Brewer, "Alabama." Several commands were equipped at the expense of the commanders; others were equipped by the communities in which they were raised; one old gentleman, Joel E. Matthews of Selma, gave his check for $15,000 to the state, besides paying for the outfitting of several companies of soldiers. "Northern Alabama Illustrated," p. 661.

[125] These regiments were the 57th and 61st Infantry, and 7th Cavalry.

[126] General Lee protested against this practice as preventing the proper recruitment of the armies. Livermore, "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War," p. 12.

[127] The infantry regiments in Lee's army had 12 companies.

[128] See summary of Confederate legislation on the subject. Livermore, p. 30. The purpose of these laws was to discourage the formation of new commands. It was not effective in Alabama.

[129] These were the infantry regiments numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 41, 44, 48.

[130] The infantry regiments numbered 9, 11, 44, 48.

[131] The infantry regiments numbered 43, 47, 49, 61. Brewer, "Regimental Histories."

[132] These were the infantry regiments numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 41, 44, 48.

[133] When the regiments enlisted for a short time were retained in the service, the men were allowed to change to other regiments if they desired, and many did so. These transfers and reënlistments swelled the total enrolment of popular regiments.

[134] This has since been the method of estimating the number of soldiers furnished by Alabama,--each enlistment counting as one man.

[135] The infantry regiments numbered 20, 23, 28, 31, 34, 37, 42, 55.

[136] The 23d Infantry.

[137] The regiments that were united were: 24, 34, and 28; 33 and 38; 32 and 58; 23 and 46; 7, 39, 22, and 26-50. All were in Johnston's army except the 32d and 58th, which were in Taylor's command. Some of these regiments were consolidated after only one year's service; the others after less than two years. This indicates a low enrolment. Many companies were never recruited to the minimum. Three infantry regiments were disbanded after short service,--1, 2 and 7,--and the men reënlisted in other organizations.

[138] The 62d, 63d, 65th. A thousand to the regiment is a very liberal estimate; 500 is probably more nearly correct, I am told by old soldiers.

[139] Jeff Davis Artillery, Hadaway's Battery, Jeff Davis Legion, 4th Battalion Infantry, 23d Battalion Infantry.

[140] The 1st, 3d, 8th, 10th, and 15th Confederate regiments of cavalry had some companies from Alabama.

[141] The 6th Infantry.

[142] Miller, p. 374.

[143] Brewer evidently follows Fowler, as to the Army of Northern Virginia.

[144] Not that this deceived the Confederate administration, but the large estimates sounded well in the governor's messages, and when there was a dispute with Richmond about the quota of the state.

[145] In 1861 and 1862 some regiments enlisted for short terms, some for three years, some for the war. I have been unable, in more than two or three cases, to find out the exact term, but there could hardly have been more than one reënlistment of an organization.

[146] The 1st, 2d, 7th, 11th, 21st, 25th, 26th-50th, 27th, 29th, 42d, 46th, 54th, 55th, 56th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 62d, 65th.

[147] The 3d, Russell's 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th.

[148] (_a_) There had been to the end of 1863, 90,857 enlistments in Alabama. Included in these figures were all reënlistments and transfers.

(_b_) In the summer of 1863 the state took a census of all males from sixteen to sixty years of age, a total of 40,500 names. These included 8835, and later 10,000, exempts, and all the cripples and deadheads in the state. Since this was six months previous to the report of the 90,857 enlistments, there must have been in the latter number many that were on the former list. See O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 101-103, 1101.

[149] West Point graduates, nine.

[150] Killed in battle, ten.

[151] Derry, "Story of the Confederate States"; Southern Hist. Soc. Papers, Vol. VI; Brewer, "Alabama," "Regimental Histories"; Miller, "History of Alabama," p. 375; Brown, "History of Alabama," pp. 238-254.

[152] Annual Cyclopædia (1864), p. 7.

[153] Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 10.

[154] Riley, "Baptists of Alabama," p. 305; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 1193.

[155] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol I, p. 1088; Vol. II, pp. 94, 197.

[156] _N. Y. World_, March 12, 1864; "The Land We Love," Vol. II, p. 296.

[157] Southern Hist. Soc. Papers, Vol. II, p. 61; Shaver, "History of the Sixtieth Alabama," p. 106; Miller, "History of Alabama," pp. 359, 374; Brewer, "Alabama," pp. 586-705; "Confederate Military History"--Alabama; Longstreet, "Manassas to Appomattox"; "Memorial Record of Alabama" (Wheeler's "Military History"); McMorries, "History of the First Alabama Regiment."

[158] Transactions Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. II, p. 188; also John S. Wise, "End of an Era"; Longstreet, "Manassas to Appomattox."

[159] _Montgomery Advertiser_ Almanac (1901), p. 220.

[160] Report of 1866, Appendix, Pt. I, p. 166.

[161] Report of the Secretary of War, 1866, Appendix, Pt. I, p. 69; Report of the Secretary of War (1864-1865), p. 28; Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VII, p. 45; Miller, p. 360; O. R., Ser. III, Vol. III, pp. 1115, 1190, and Vol. IV, pp. 16, 921, 925, 269, 1270; O. R., Ser. II, Vol. V, pp. 589, 570, 626, 627, 716, 946, 947; "Confederate Military History"--Alabama.

[162] Ku Klux Rept., Ala. Test., p. 592.

[163] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Supplement.

[164] The 89th, 94th, 95th, etc. See Moore, "Rebellion Record," Supplement. The highest number of a militia regiment to be found on the records was the 102d, in Sumter County.

[165] See O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II (Shorter to Johnston).

[166] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VI; O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. II, pp. 253-256.

[167] O. R., Ser. I, Vol. XXXIX, Pts. II and III, pp. 780, 855; Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 175, 323.

[168] Act of General Assembly, Aug. 29, 1863, which seems to have followed an act of Congress of similar nature.

[169] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, p. 1133.

[170] O. R., Ser. IV, Vol. III, pp. 172-174, 256, 376. The state supreme court held the same view.

[171] Moore, "Rebellion Record," Vol. VIII, p. 378.

[172] Acts of General Assembly, Dec. 12, 1864.

[173] _N. Y. Times_, April 16, 1865; Annual Cyclopædia (1865), p. 10.

[174] See O. R., General Index.

[175] The 61st, 62nd, and 65th regiments were thus formed, the men becoming subject to duty under the conscript act, or by volunteering.

[176] Act, April 16, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[177] Act, April 21, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 1st Sess.

[178] Act, Sept. 27, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess.

[179] Act, Oct. 9, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess. These details were still carried on the rolls of the company.

[180] Act, Oct. 11, 1862, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 2d Sess. The exemption of one white for twenty negroes was called the "twenty-nigger law." One peaceable Black Belt citizen wished to stay at home, but he possessed only nineteen negroes. His neighbors thought that he ought to go to war, and no one would give, lend, or sell him a slave. Unable to purchase even the smallest negro, he was sadly making preparations to depart, when one morning he was rejoiced by the welcome news that one of the negro women had presented her husband with a fine boy. The tale of twenty negroes was complete, and the master remained at home.

[181] Act of April 14, 1863, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 3d Sess.

[182] Acts, Dec. 28, 1863, and Jan. 5, 1864, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[183] Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[184] Act, Feb. 17, 1864, Pub. Laws, C.S.A., 1st Cong., 4th Sess.

[185] Acts, Jan. 31, 1861, 1st Called Session.

[186] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[187] Nov. 25, 1862.

[188] Dec. 6, 1862.

[189] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[190] Dec. 13, 1864. This was a measure of obstruction, since the Confederate laws did not exempt millers. The legislature elected in 1863 contained many obstructionists.

[191] Act, Aug. 29, 1863.

[192] Resolution, Dec. 4, 1863.