Chapter D: SOUTH CAPPADOCIA.--Karaburna; long, incised rock-inscription (4)

HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797), French general, was born of poor parents near Versailles on the 24th of June 1768. At sixteen years of age he enlisted as a private soldier in the _Gardes francaises_. He spent his entire leisure in earning extra pay by civil work, his object being to provide himself with books, and this love of study, which was combined with a strong sense of duty and personal courage, soon led to his promotion. When the _Gardes francaises_ were broken up in 1789 he was a corporal, and thereafter he served in various line regiments up to the time of his receiving a commission in 1792. In the defence of Thionville in that year Hoche earned further promotion, and he served with credit in the operations of 1792-1793 on the northern frontier of France. At the battle of Neerwinden he was aide-de-camp to General le Veneur, and when Dumouriez deserted to the Austrians, Hoche, along with le Veneur and others, fell under suspicion of treason; but after being kept under arrest and unemployed for some months he took part in the defence of Dunkirk, and in the same year (1793) he was promoted successively _chef de brigade_, general of brigade, and general of division. In October 1793 he was provisionally appointed to command the Army of the Moselle, and within a few weeks he was in the field at the head of his army in Lorraine. His first battle was that of Kaiserslautern (28th-30th of November) against Prussians. The French were defeated, but even in the midst of the Terror the Committee of Public Safety continued Hoche in his command. Pertinacity and fiery energy in their eyes outweighed everything else, and Hoche soon showed that he possessed these qualities. On the 22nd of December he stormed the lines of Froschweiler, and the representatives of the Convention with his army at once added the Army of the Rhine to his sphere of command. On the 26th of December the French carried by assault the famous lines of Weissenburg, and Hoche pursued his success, sweeping the enemy before him to the middle Rhine in four days. He then put his troops into winter quarters. Before the following campaign opened, he married Anne Adelaide Dechaux at Thionville (March 11th, 1794). But ten days later he was suddenly arrested, charges of treason having been preferred by Pichegru, the displaced commander of the Army of the Rhine, and by his friends. Hoche escaped execution, however, though imprisoned in Paris until the fall of Robespierre. Shortly after his release he was appointed to command against the Vendeans (21st of August 1794). He completed the work of his predecessors in a few months by the peace of Jaunaye (15th of February 1795), but soon afterwards the war was renewed by the Royalists. Hoche showed himself equal to the crisis and inflicted a crushing blow on the Royalist cause by defeating and capturing de Sombreuil's expedition at Quiberon and Penthievre (16th-21st of July 1795). Thereafter, by means of mobile columns (which he kept under good discipline) he succeeded before the summer of 1796 in pacifying the whole of the west, which had for more than three years been the scene of a pitiless civil war. After this he was appointed to organize and command the troops destined for the invasion of Ireland, and he started on this enterprise in December 1796. A tempest, however, separated Hoche from the expedition, and after various adventures the whole fleet returned to Brest without having effected its purpose. Hoche was at once transferred to the Rhine frontier, where he defeated the Austrians at Neuwied (April), though operations were soon afterwards brought to an end by the Preliminaries of Leoben. Later in 1797 he was minister of war for a short period, but in this position he was surrounded by obscure political intrigues, and, finding himself the dupe of Barras and technically guilty of violating the constitution, he quickly laid down his office, returning to his command on the Rhine frontier. But his health grew rapidly worse, and he died at Wetzlar on the 19th of September 1797 of consumption. The belief was widely spread that he had been poisoned, but the suspicion seems to have been without foundation. He was buried by the side of his friend Marceau in a fort on the Rhine, amidst the mourning not only of his army but of all France.

See Privat, _Notions historiques sur la vie morale, politique et
militaire du general Hoche_ (Strassburg, 1798); Daunou, _Eloge du
general Hoche_ (1798), delivered on behalf of the Institut at Hoche's
funeral; Rousselin, _Vie de Lazare Hoche, general des armees de la
republique francaise_ (Paris, 1798; this work was printed at the
public expense and distributed to the schools); Dubroca, _Eloge
funebre du general Hoche_ (Paris, 1800); _Vie et pensees du general
Hoche_ (Bern); Champrobert, _Notice historique sur Lazare Hoche, le
pacificateur de la Vendee_ (Paris, 1840); Dourille, _Histoire de
Lazare Hoche_ (Paris, 1844); Desprez, _Lazare Hoche d'apres sa
correspondance_ (Paris, 1858; new ed., 1880); Bergounioux, _Essai sur
la vie de Lazare Hoche_ (1852); E. de Bonnechose, _Lazare Hoche_
(1867); H. Martin, _Hoche et Bonaparte_ (1875); Dutemple, _Vie
politique et militaire du general Hoche_ (1879); Escaude, _Hoche en
Irlande_ (1888); Cuneo d'Ornano, _Hoche_ (1892); A. Chuquet, _Hoche et
la lutte pour l'Alsace_ (a volume of this author's series on the
campaigns of the Revolution, 1893); E. Charavaray, _Le General Hoche_
(1893); A. Duruy, _Hoche et Marceau_ (1885).

HOCHHEIM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, situated on an elevation not far from the right bank of the Main, 3 m. above its influx into the Rhine and 3 m. E. of Mainz by the railway from Cassel to Frankfort-on-Main. Pop. (1905) 3779. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, and carries on an extensive trade in wine, the English word "Hock," the generic term for Rhine wine, being derived from its name. Hochheim is mentioned in the chronicles as early as the 7th century. It is also memorable as the scene of a victory gained here, on the 7th of November 1813 by the Austrians over the French.

See Schuler, _Geschichte der Stadt Hochheim am Main_ (Hochheim, 1888).

HOCHST, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau on the Main, 6 m. by rail W. of Frankfort-on-Main. Pop. (1905) 14,121. It is a busy industrial town with large dye-works and manufactures of machinery, snuff, tobacco, waxcloth, gelatine, furniture and biscuits. Brewing is carried on and there is a considerable river trade. The Roman Catholic church of St Justinus is a fine basilica originally built in the 9th century; it has been restored several times, and a Gothic choir was added in the 15th century. The town has also an Evangelical church and a synagogue, and a statue of Bismarck by Alois Mayer. Hochst belonged formerly to the electors of Mainz who had a palace here; this was destroyed in 1634 with the exception of one fine tower which still remains. In 1622 Christian, duke of Brunswick, was defeated here by Count Tilly, and in 1795 the Austrians gained a victory here over the French.

Hochst is also the name of a small town in Hesse. This has some manufactures, and was formerly the seat of a Benedictine monastery.

HOCHSTADT, a town of Bavaria, Germany, in the district of Swabia, on the left bank of the Danube, 34 m. N.E. of Ulm by rail. Pop. (1905) 2305. It has three Roman Catholic churches, a castle flanked by walls and towers and some small industries, including malting and brewing. Hochstadt, which came into the possession of Bavaria in 1266, has been a place of battles. Here Frederick of Hohenstaufen, vicegerent of the Empire for Henry IV., was defeated by Henry's rival, Hermann of Luxemburg, in 1081; in 1703 the Imperialists were routed here by Marshal Villars in command of the French; in August 1704 Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeated the French and Bavarians commanded by Max Emanuel, the elector of Bavaria and Marshal Tallard, this battle being usually known as that of Blenheim; and in June 1800 an engagement took place here between the Austrians and the French.

There is another small town in Bavaria named Hochstadt. Pop. 2000. This is on the river Aisch, not far from Bamberg, to which bishopric it belonged from 1157 to 1802, when it was ceded to Bavaria.

HOCHSTETTER, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN VON, BARON (1829-1884), Austrian geologist, was born at Esslingen, Wurtemberg, on the 30th of April 1829. He was the son of Christian Ferdinand Hochstetter (1787-1860), a clergyman and professor at Brunn, who was also a botanist and mineralogist. Having received his early education at the evangelical seminary at Maulbronn, he proceeded to the university of Tubingen; there under F. A. Quenstedt the interest he already felt in geology became permanently fixed, and there he obtained his doctor's degree and a travelling scholarship. In 1852 he joined the staff of the Imperial Geological Survey of Austria and was engaged until 1856 in parts of Bohemia, especially in the Bohmerwald, and in the Fichtel and Karlsbad mountains. His excellent reports established his reputation. Thus he came to be chosen as geologist to the Novara expedition (1857-1859), and made numerous valuable observations in the voyage round the world. In 1859 he was engaged by the government of New Zealand to make a rapid geological survey of the islands. On his return he was appointed in 1860 professor of mineralogy and geology at the Imperial Polytechnic Institute in Vienna, and in 1876 he was made superintendent of the Imperial Natural History Museum. In these later years he explored portions of Turkey and eastern Russia, and he published papers on a variety of geological, palaeontological and mineralogical subjects. He died at Vienna on the 18th of July 1884.

PUBLICATIONS.--_Karlsbad, seine geognostischen Verhaltnisse und seine
Quellen_ (1858); _Neu-Seeland_ (1863); _Geological and Topographical
Atlas of New Zealand_ (1864); _Leitfaden der Mineralogie und Geologie_
(with A. Bisching) (1876, ed. 8, 1890).

HOCKEY (possibly derived from the "hooked" stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. _hoquet_, shepherd's crook), a game played with a ball or some similar object by two opposing sides, using hooked or bent sticks, with which each side attempts to drive it into the other's goal. In one or more of its variations Hockey was known to most northern peoples in both Europe and Asia, and the Romans possessed a game of similar nature. It was played indiscriminately on the frozen ground or the ice in winter. In Scotland it was called "shinty," and in Ireland "hurley," and was usually played on the hard, sandy sea-shore with numerous players on each side. The rules were simple and the play very rough.

Modern Hockey, properly so called, is played during the cold season on the hard turf, and owes its recent vogue to the formation of "The Men's Hockey Association" in England in 1875. The rules drawn up by the Wimbledon Club in 1883 still obtain in all essentials. Since 1895 "international" matches at hockey have been played annually between England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; and in 1907 a match was played between England and France, won by England by 14 goals to nil. In 1890 Divisional Association matches (North, South, West, Midlands) and inter-university matches (Oxford and Cambridge) were inaugurated, and have since been played annually. County matches are also now regularly played in England, twenty-six counties competing in 1907. Of other hockey clubs playing regular matches in 1907, there were eighty-one in the London district, and fifty-nine in the provinces.

G, Goal. RW, Right Wing.
RB, Right Back. RI, Inside Right.
LB, Left Back. CF, Centre Forward.
RH, Right Half. LI, Inside Left.
CH, Centre Half. LW, Left Wing.]
LH, Left Half.

The game is played by teams of eleven players on a ground 100 yds.
long and 50 to 60 yds. wide. The goals are in the centre of each
end-line, and consist of two uprights 7 ft. high surmounted by a
horizontal bar, enclosing a space 12 ft. wide. In front of each goal
is a space enclosed by a curved line, its greatest diameter from the
goal-line being 15 ft., called the _striking-circle_. The positions of
the players on each side may be seen on the accompanying diagram. Two
umpires, one on each side of the centre-line, officiate.

The ball is an ordinary cricket-ball painted white. The stick has a
hard-wood curved head, and a handle of cork or wrapped cane. It must
not exceed 2 in. in diameter nor 28 oz. in weight. At the start of the
game, which consists of two thirty or thirty-five minute periods, the
two centre-forwards "bully off" the ball in the middle of the field.
In "bullying off" each centre must strike the ground on his own side
of the ball three times with his stick and strike his opponent's stick
three times alternately; after which either may strike the ball. Each
side then endeavours, by means of striking, passing and dribbling, to
drive the ball into its opponents' goal. A player is "off side" if he
is nearer the enemy's goal than one of his own side who strikes the
ball, and he may not strike the ball himself until it has been touched
by one of the opposing side. The ball may be caught (but not held) or
stopped by any part of the body, but may not be picked up, carried,
kicked, thrown or knocked except with the stick. An opponent's stick
may be hooked, but not an opponent's person, which may not be
obstructed in any way. No left-handed play is allowed. Penalties for
infringing rules are of two classes; "free hits" and "penalty
bullies," to be taken where the foul occurred. For flagrant fouls
penalty goals may also be awarded. A "corner" occurs when the ball
goes behind the goal-line, but not into goal. If it is hit by the
attacking side, or unintentionally by the defenders, it must be
brought out 25 yds., in a direction at right angles to the goal-line
from the point where it crossed the line, and there "bullied." But if
the ball is driven from within the 25-yd. line unintentionally behind
the goal-line by the defenders, a member of the attacking side is
given a free hit from a point within 3 yds. of a corner flag, the
members of the defending side remaining behind their goal-line. If the
ball is hit intentionally behind the goal-line by the attacking side,
the free hit is taken from the point where the ball went over. No goal
can be scored from a free hit directly.

_Ice Hockey_ (or _Bandy_, to give it its original name) is far more popular than ordinary Hockey in countries where there is much ice; in fact in America "Hockey" means Ice Hockey, while the land game is called Field Hockey. Ice Hockey in its simplest form of driving a ball across a given limit with a stick or club has been played for centuries in northern Europe, attaining its greatest popularity in the Low Countries, and there are many 16th- and 17th-century paintings extant which represent games of Bandy, the players using an implement formed much like a golf club.

In England Bandy is controlled by the "National Bandy Association." A
team consists of eleven players, wearing skates, and the proper space
for play is 200 yds. by 100 yds. in extent. The ball is of solid
india-rubber, between 2(1/4) and 2(3/4) in. in diameter. The bandies
are 2 in. in diameter and about 4 ft. long. The goals, placed in the
centre of each goal-line, consist of two upright posts 7 ft. high and
12 ft. apart, connected by a lath. A match is begun by the referee
throwing up the ball in the centre of the field, after which it must
not be touched other than with the bandy until a goal is scored or the
ball passes the boundaries of the course, in which case it is hit into
the field in any direction excepting forward from the point where it
went out by the player who touched it last. If the ball is hit across
the goal-line but not into a goal, it is hit out by one of the
defenders from the point where it went over, the opponents not being
allowed to approach nearer than 25 yds. from the goal-line while the
hit is made.

In America the development of the modern game is due to the Victoria
Hockey Club and McGill University (Montreal). About 1881 the secretary
of the former club made the first efforts towards drawing up a
recognized code of laws, and for some time afterwards playing rules
were agreed upon from time to time whenever an important match was
played, the chief teams being, besides those already mentioned, the
Ottawa, Quebec, Crystal and Montreal Hockey Clubs, the first general
tournament taking place in 1884. Three years later the "Amateur Hockey
Association of Canada" was formed, and a definite code of rules drawn
up. Soon afterwards, in consequence of exhibitions given by the best
Canadian teams in some of the larger cities of the United States, the
new game was taken up by American schools, colleges and athletic
clubs, and became nearly as popular in the northern states as in the
Dominion. The rules differ widely from those of English Bandy. The
rink must be at least 112 ft. long by 58 ft. wide, and seven players
form a side. The goals are 6 ft. wide and 4 ft. high and are provided
with goal-nets. Instead of the English painted cricket-ball a puck is
used, made of vulcanized rubber in the form of a draught-stone, 1 in.
thick, and 3 in. in diameter. The sticks are made of one piece of hard
wood, and may not be more than 3 in. wide at any part. The game is
played for two half-hour or twenty-minute periods with an intermission
of ten minutes. At the beginning of a match, and also when a goal has
been made, the puck is _faced_, i.e. it is placed in the middle of the
rink between the sticks of the two left-centres, and the referee calls
"play." Whichever side then secures the ball endeavours by means of
passing and dribbling to get the puck into a position from which a
goal may be _shot_. The puck may be stopped by any part of the person
but not carried or knocked except with the stick. No stick may be
raised above the shoulder except when actually striking the puck. When
the puck is driven off the rink or behind the goal, or a foul has been
made behind the goal, it is faced 5 yds. inside the rink. The
goal-keeper must maintain a standing position.

There are a number of Hockey organizations in America, all under the
jurisdiction of the "American Amateur Hockey League" in the United
States and the "Canadian Amateur Athletic League" in Canada.

_Ice Polo_, a winter sport similar to Ice Hockey, is almost
exclusively played in the New England states. A rubber-covered ball is
used and the stick is heavier than that used in Ice Hockey. The
radical difference between the two games is that, in Ice Polo, there
is no strict off-side rule, so that passes and shots at goal may come
from any and often the most unexpected direction. Five men constitute
a team: a goal-tend, a half-back, a centre and two rushers. The
rushers must be rapid skaters, adepts in dribbling and passing and
good goal shots. The centre supports the rushers, passing the ball to
them or trying for goal himself. The half-back is the first defence
and the goal-tend the last. The rink is 150 ft. long.

_Ring Hockey_ may be played on the floor of any gymnasium or large
room by teams of six, comprising a goal-keeper, a quarter, three
forwards and a centre. The goals consist of two uprights 3 ft. high
and 4 ft. apart. The ring, which takes the place of the ball or puck,
is made of flexible rubber, and is 5 in. in diameter with a 3-in.
opening through the centre. It weighs between 12 and 16 oz. The stick
is a wand of light but tough wood, between 36 and 40 in. long, about
3/4 in. in diameter, provided with a 5-in. guard 20 in. from the lower
end. The method of shooting is to insert the end of the stick in the
hole of the ring and drive it towards the goal. A goal shot from the
field counts one point, a goal from a foul 1/2 point. When a foul is
called by the referee a player of the opposing side is allowed a free
shot for goal from any point on the quarter line.

_Roller Polo_, played extensively during the winter months in the
United States, is practically Ice Polo adapted to the floors of
gymnasiums and halls, the players, five on a side, wearing
roller-skates. The first professional league was organized in 1883.

HOCK-TIDE, an ancient general holiday in England, celebrated on the second Monday and Tuesday after Easter Sunday. Hock-Tuesday was an important term day, rents being then payable, for with Michaelmas it divided the rural year into its winter and summer halves. The derivation of the word is disputed: any analogy with Ger. _hoch_, "high," being generally denied. No trace of the word is found in Old English, and "hock-day," its earliest use in composition, appears first in the 12th century. The characteristic pastime of hock-tide was called binding. On Monday the women, on Tuesday the men, stopped all passers of the opposite sex and bound them with ropes till they bought their release with a small payment, or a rope was stretched across the highroads, and the passers were obliged to pay toll. The money thus collected seems to have gone towards parish expenses. Many entries are found in parish registers under "Hocktyde money." The hock-tide celebration became obsolete in the beginning of the 18th century. At Coventry there was a play called "The Old Coventry Play of Hock Tuesday." This, suppressed at the Reformation owing to the incidental disorder, and revived as part of the festivities on Queen Elizabeth's visit to Kenilworth in July 1575, depicted the struggle between Saxons and Danes, and has given colour to the suggestion that hock-tide was originally a commemoration of the massacre of the Danes on St Brice's Day, the 13th of November A.D. 1002, or of the rejoicings at the death of Hardicanute on the 8th of June 1042 and the expulsion of the Danes. But the dates of these anniversaries do not bear this out.

HOCUS, a shortened form of "hocus pocus," used in the 17th century in the sense of "to play a trick on any one," to "hoax," which is generally taken to be a derivative. "Hocus pocus" appears to have been a mock Latin expression first used as the name of a juggler or conjurer. Thus in Ady's _Candle in the Dark_ (1655), quoted in the _New English Dictionary_, "I will speak of one man ... that went about in King James his time ... who called himself, The Kings Majesties most excellent Hocus Pocus, and so was called, because that at the playing of every Trick, he used to say, _Hocus pocus, tontus talontus, vade celeriter jubeo_, a dark composure of words, to blinde the eyes of the beholders, to make his Trick pass the more currantly without discovery." Tillotson's guess (_Sermons_, xxvi.) that the phrase was a corruption of _hoc est corpus_ and alluded to the words of the Eucharist, "in ridiculous imitation of the priests of the Church of Rome in their trick of Transubstantiation," has frequently been accepted as a serious derivation, but has no foundation. A connexion with a supposed demon of Scandinavian mythology, called "Ochus Bochus," is equally unwarranted. "Hocus" is used as a verb, meaning to drug, stupefy with opium, &c., for a criminal purpose. This use dates from the beginning of the 19th century.

HODDEN (a word of unknown origin), a coarse kind of cloth made of undyed wool, formerly much worn by the peasantry of Scotland. It was usually made on small hand-looms by the peasants themselves. Grey hodden was made by mixing black and white fleeces together in the proportion of one to twelve when weaving.

HODDESDON, an urban district in the Hertford parliamentary division of Hertfordshire, England, near the river Lea, 17 m. N. from London by the Great Eastern railway (Broxbourne and Hoddesdon station on the Cambridge line). Pop. (1901), 4711. This is the northernmost of a series of populous townships extending from the suburbs of London along the Lea valley as far as its junction with the Stort, which is close to Hoddesdon. They are in the main residential. Hoddesdon was a famous coaching station on the Old North Road; and the Bull posting-house is mentioned in Matthew Prior's "Down Hall." The Lea has been a favourite resort of anglers (mainly for coarse fish in this part) from the time of Izaak Walton, in whose book Hoddesdon is specifically named. The church of St Augustine, Broxbourne, is a fine example of Perpendicular work, and contains interesting monuments, including an altar tomb with enamelled brasses of 1473. Hoddesdon probably covers the site of a Romano-British village.

HODEDA (_Hodeida_, _Hadeda_), a town in Arabia situated on the Red Sea coast 14 deg. 48' N. and 42 deg. 57' E. It lies on a beach of muddy sand exposed to the southerly and westerly winds. Steamers anchor more than a mile from shore, and merchandize has to be transhipped by means of _sambuks_ or native boats. But Hodeda has become the chief centre of the maritime trade of Turkish Yemen, and has superseded Mokha as the great port of export of South Arabian coffee. The town is composed of stone-built houses of several storeys, and is surrounded, except on the sea face, by a fortified enceinte. The population is estimated at 33,000, and contains, besides the Arab inhabitants and the Turkish officials and garrison, a considerable foreign element, Greeks, Indians and African traders from the opposite coast. There are consulates of Great Britain, United States, France, Germany, Italy and Greece. The steam tonnage entering and clearing the port in 1904 amounted to 78,700 tons, the highest hitherto recorded. Regular services are maintained with Aden, and with Suez, Massowa and the other Red Sea ports. Large dhows bring dates from the Persian Gulf, and occasional steamers from Bombay call on their way to Jidda with cargoes of grain. The imports for 1904 amounted in value to L467,000, the chief items being piece goods, food grains and sugar; the exports amounted to L451,000, including coffee valued at L229,000.

HODENING, an ancient Christmas custom still surviving in Wales, Kent, Lancashire and elsewhere. A horse's skull or a wooden imitation on a pole is carried round by a party of youths, one of whom conceals himself under a white cloth to simulate the horse's body, holding a lighted candle in the skull. They make a house-to-house visitation, begging gratuities. The "Penitential" of Archbishop Theodore (d. 690) speaks of "any who, on the kalands of January, clothe themselves with the skins of cattle and carry heads of animals." This, coupled with the fact that among the primitive Scandinavians the horse was often the sacrifice made at the winter solstice to Odin for success in battle, has been thought to justify the theory that hodening is a corruption of Odining.

HODGE, CHARLES (1797-1878), American theologian, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the 28th of December 1797. He graduated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1815, and in 1819 at the Princeton Theological seminary, where he became an instructor in 1820, and the first professor of Oriental and Biblical literature in 1822. Meanwhile, in 1821, he had been ordained as a Presbyterian minister. From 1826 to 1828 he studied under de Sacy in Paris, under Gesenius and Tholuck in Halle, and under Hengstenberg, Neander and Humboldt in Berlin. In 1840 he was transferred to the chair of exegetical and didactic theology, to which subjects that of polemic theology was added in 1854, and this office he held until his death. In 1825 he established the quarterly _Biblical Repertory_, the title of which was changed to _Biblical Repertory and Theological Review_ in 1830 and to _Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review_ in 1837. With it, in 1840, was merged the _Literary and Theological Review_ of New York, and in 1872 the American Presbyterian Review of New York, the title becoming _Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review_ in 1872 and _Princeton Review_ in 1877. He secured for it the position of theological organ of the Old School division of the Presbyterian church, and continued its principal editor and contributor until 1868, when the Rev. Lyman H. Atwater became his colleague. His more important essays were republished under the titles _Essays and Reviews_ (1857), _Princeton Theological Essays, and Discussions in Church Polity_ (1878). He was moderator of the General Assembly (O.S.) in 1846, a member of the committee to revise the _Book of Discipline_ of the Presbyterian church in 1858, and president of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in 1868-1870. The 24th of April 1872, the fiftieth anniversary of his election to his professorship, was observed in Princeton as his jubilee by between 400 and 500 representatives of his 2700 pupils, and $50,000 was raised for the endowment of his chair. He died at Princeton on the 19th of June 1878. Hodge was one of the greatest of American theologians.

Besides his articles in the _Princeton Review_, he published a
_Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans_ (1835, abridged 1836,
rewritten and enlarged 1864, new ed. 1886), _Constitutional History of
the Presbyterian Church in the United States_ (2 vols., 1839-1840);
_The Way of Life_ (1841); _Commentaries on Ephesians_ (1856); 1
_Corinthians_ (1857); 2 _Corinthians_ (1859); _Systematic Theology_ (3
vols., 2200 pp., 1871-1873), probably the best of all modern
expositions of Calvinistic dogmatic; and _What is Darwinism?_ (1874),
in which he opposed "Atheistic Evolutionism." After his death a volume
of _Conference Papers_ (1879) was published. His life, by his son, was
published in 1880.

His son, ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HODGE (1823-1886), also famous as a Presbyterian theologian, was born at Princeton on the 18th of July 1823. He graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1841, and at the Princeton Theological seminary in 1846, and was ordained in 1847. From 1847 to 1850 he was a missionary at Allahabad, India, and was then pastor of churches successively at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland (1851-1855); at Fredericksburg, Virginia (1855-1861), and at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1861-1864). From 1864 to 1877 he was professor of didactic and polemical theology in the Allegheny Theological seminary at Allegheny, Pennsylvania, where he was also from 1866 to 1877 pastor of the North Church (Presbyterian). In 1878 he succeeded his father as professor of didactic theology at the Princeton seminary. He died on the 11th of November 1886. Besides writing the biography of his father, he was the author of _Outlines of Theology_ (1860, new ed. 1875; enlarged, 1879); _The Atonement_ (1867); _Exposition of the Confession of Faith_ (1869); and _Popular Lectures on Theological Themes_ (1887).

See C. A. Salmond's _Charles and A. A. Hodge_ (New York, 1888).

HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831- ), British historian, son of John Hodgkin (1800-1875), barrister, was born in London on the 29th of July 1831. Having been educated as a member of the Society of Friends and taken the degree of B.A. at London University, he became a partner in the banking house of Hodgkin, Barnett & Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, a firm afterwards amalgamated with Lloyds' Bank. While continuing in business as a banker, Hodgkin devoted a good deal of time to historical study, and soon became a leading authority on the history of the early middle ages, his books being indispensable to all students of this period. His chief works are, _Italy and her Invaders_ (8 vols., Oxford, 1880-1899); _The Dynasty of Theodosius_ (Oxford, 1889); _Theodoric the Goth_ (London, 1891); and an introduction to the _Letters_ of Cassiodorus (London, 1886). He also wrote a _Life of Charles the Great_ (London, 1897); _Life of George Fox_ (Boston, 1896); and the opening volume of Longman's _Political History of England_ (London, 1906).

HODGKINSON, EATON (1789-1861), English engineer, the son of a farmer, was born at Anderton near Northwich, Cheshire, on the 26th of February 1789. After attending school at Northwich, he began to help his widowed mother on the farm, but to escape from that uncongenial occupation he persuaded her in 1811 to remove to Manchester and start a pawnbroking business. There he made the acquaintance of John Dalton, and began those inquiries into the strength of materials which formed the work of his life. He was associated with Sir William Fairbairn in an important series of experiments on cast iron, and his help was sought by Robert Stephenson in regard to the forms and dimensions of the tubes for the Britannia bridge. A paper which he communicated to the Royal Society on "Experimental Researches on the Strength of Pillars of Cast Iron and other Materials," in 1840 gained him a Royal medal in 1841, and he was also elected a fellow. In 1847 he was appointed professor of the mechanical principles of engineering in University College, London, and at the same time he was employed as a member of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures. In 1848 he was chosen president of the Manchester Philosophical Society, of which he had been a member since 1826, and to which, both previously and subsequently, he contributed many of the more important results of his discoveries. For several years he took an active part in the discussions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he was elected an honorary member in 1851. He died at Eaglesfield House, near Manchester, on the 18th of June 1861.

HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800-1894), English administrator, ethnologist and naturalist, was born at Lower Beech, Prestbury, Cheshire, on the 1st of February 1800. His father, Brian Hodgson, came of a family of country gentlemen, and his mother was a daughter of William Houghton of Manchester. In 1816 he obtained an East Indian writership. After passing through the usual course at Haileybury, he went out to India in 1818, and after a brief service at Kumaon as assistant-commissioner was in 1820 appointed assistant to the Resident at Katmandu, the capital of Nepal. In 1823 he obtained an under-secretaryship in the foreign department at Calcutta, but his health failed, and in 1824 he returned to Nepal, to which the whole of his life, whether in or out of India, may be said to have been thenceforth given. He devoted himself particularly to the collection of Sanskrit MSS. relating to Buddhism, and hardly less so to the natural history and antiquities of the country, and by 1839 had contributed eighty-nine papers to the _Transactions_ of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. His investigations of the ethnology of the aboriginal tribes were especially important. In 1833 he became Resident in Nepal, and passed many stormy years in conflict with the cruel and faithless court to which he was accredited. He succeeded, nevertheless, in concluding a satisfactory treaty in 1839; but in 1842 his policy, which involved an imperious attitude towards the native government, was upset by the interference of Lord Ellenborough, but just arrived in India and not unnaturally anxious to avoid trouble in Nepal during the conflict in Afghanistan. Hodgson took upon himself to disobey his instructions, a breach of discipline justified to his own mind by his superior knowledge of the situation, but which the governor-general could hardly be expected to overlook. He was, nevertheless, continued in office for a time, but was recalled in 1843, and resigned the service. In 1845 he returned to India and settled at Darjeeling, where he devoted himself entirely to his favourite pursuits, becoming the greatest authority on the Buddhist religion and on the flora of the Himalayas. It was he who early suggested the recruiting of Gurkhas for the Indian army, and who influenced Sir Jung Bahadur to lend his assistance to the British during the mutiny in 1857. In 1858 he returned to England, and lived successively in Cheshire and Gloucestershire, occupied with his studies to the last. He died at his seat at Alderley Grange in the Cotswold Hills on the 23rd of May 1894. No man has done so much to throw light on Buddhism as it exists in Nepal, and his collections of Sanskrit manuscripts, presented to the East India Office, and of natural history, presented to the British Museum, are unique as gatherings from a single country. He wrote altogether 184 philological and ethnological and 127 scientific papers, as well as some valuable pamphlets on native education, in which he took great interest. His principal work, _Illustrations of the Literature and Religion of Buddhists_ (1841), was republished with the most important of his other writings in 1872-1880.

His life was written by Sir W. W. Hunter in 1896.

HODMEZO-VASARHELY, a town of Hungary, in the county of Csongrad, 135 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900) 60,824 of which about two-thirds are Protestants. The town, situated on Lake Hod, not far from the right bank of the Tisza, has a modern aspect. The soil of the surrounding country, of which 383 sq. m. belong to the municipality, is exceedingly fertile, the chief products being wheat, mangcorn, barley, oats, millet, maize and various descriptions of fruit, especially melons. Extensive vineyards, yielding large quantities of both white and red grapes, skirt the town, and the horned cattle and horses of Hodmezo-Vasarhely have a good reputation; sheep and pigs are also extensively reared. The commune is protected from inundations of the Tisza by an enormous dike, but the town, nevertheless, sometimes suffers considerable damage during the spring floods.

HODOGRAPH (Gr. [Greek: hodos], a way, and [Greek: graphein], to write), a curve of which the radius vector is proportional to the velocity of a moving particle. It appears to have been used by James Bradley, but for its practical development we are mainly indebted to Sir William Rowan Hamilton, who published an account of it in the _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1846. If a point be in motion in any orbit and with any velocity, and if, at each instant, a line be drawn from a fixed point parallel and equal to the velocity of the moving point at that instant, the extremities of these lines will lie on a curve called the hodograph. Let PP1P2 be the path of the moving point, and let OT, OT1, OT2, be drawn from the fixed point O parallel and equal to the velocities at P, P1, P2 respectively, then the locus of T is the hodograph of the orbits described by P (see figure). From this definition we have the following important fundamental property which belongs to all hodographs, viz. that at any point the tangent to the hodograph is parallel to the direction, and the velocity in the hodograph equal to the magnitude of the resultant acceleration at the corresponding point of the orbit. This will be evident if we consider that, since radii vectores of the hodograph represent velocities in the orbit, the elementary arc between two consecutive radii vectores of the hodograph represents the velocity which must be compounded with the velocity of the moving point at the beginning of any short interval of time to get the velocity at the end of that interval, that is to say, represents the change of velocity for that interval. Hence the elementary arc divided by the element of time is the rate of change of velocity of the moving-point, or in other words, the velocity in the hodograph is the acceleration in the orbit.

Analytically thus (Thomson and Tait, _Nat. Phil._):--Let x, y, z be
the coordinates of P in the orbit, [xi], [eta], [zeta] those of the
corresponding point T in the hodograph, then

[xi] = dx/dt, [eta] = dy/dt, [zeta] = dz/dt;

therefore

d[xi] d[eta] d[zeta]
---------- = ----------- = ----------- (1).
(d^2x/dt^2) (d^2y/dt^2) (d^2z/dt^2)

Also, if s be the arc of the hodograph,

ds / /d[xi]\^2 /d[eta]\^2 /d[zeta]\^2
-- = v = / ( ----- ) + ( ------ ) + ( ------- )
dt \/ \ dt / \ dt / \ dt /

/ /d^2x\^2 /d^2y\^2 /d^2z\^2
= / ( --- ) + ( --- ) + ( --- ) (2).
\/ \dt^2/ \dt^2/ \dt^2/

Equation (1) shows that the tangent to the hodograph is parallel to
the line of resultant acceleration, and (2) that the velocity in the
hodograph is equal to the acceleration.

Every orbit must clearly have a hodograph, and, conversely, every
hodograph a corresponding orbit; and, theoretically speaking, it is
possible to deduce the one from the other, having given the other
circumstances of the motion.

For applications of the hodograph to the solution of kinematical
problems see MECHANICS.

HODSON, WILLIAM STEPHEN RAIKES (1821-1858), known as "Hodson of Hodson's Horse," British leader of light cavalry during the Indian Mutiny, third son of the Rev. George Hodson, afterwards archdeacon of Stafford and canon of Lichfield, was born on the 19th of March 1821 at Maisemore Court, near Gloucester. He was educated at Rugby and Cambridge, and accepted a cadetship in the Indian army at the advanced age for those days of twenty-three. Joining the 2nd Bengal Grenadiers he went through the first Sikh War, and was present at the battles of Moodkee, Ferozeshah and Sobraon. In one of his letters home at this period he calls the campaign a "tissue of mismanagement, blunders, errors, ignorance and arrogance", and outspoken criticism such as this brought him many bitter enemies throughout his career, who made the most of undeniable faults of character. In 1847, through the influence of Sir Henry Lawrence, he was appointed adjutant of the corps of Guides, and in 1852 was promoted to the command of the Guides with the civil charge of Yusafzai. But his brusque and haughty demeanour to his equals made him many enemies. In 1855 two separate charges were brought against him. The first was that he had arbitrarily imprisoned a Pathan chief named Khadar Khan, on suspicion of being concerned in the murder of Colonel Mackeson. The man was acquitted, and Lord Dalhousie removed Hodson from his civil functions and remanded him to his regiment on account of his lack of judgment. The second charge was more serious, amounting to an accusation of malversation in the funds of his regiment. He was tried by a court of inquiry, who found that his conduct to natives had been "unjustifiable and oppressive," that he had used abusive language to his native officers and personal violence to his men, and that his system of accounts was "calculated to screen peculation and fraud." Subsequently another inquiry was carried out by Major Reynell Taylor, which dealt simply with Hodson's accounts and found them to be "an honest and correct record ... irregularly kept." At this time the Guides were split up into numerous detachments, and there was a system of advances which made the accounts very complicated. The verdicts of the two inquiries may be set against each other, and this particular charge declared "not proven." It is possible that Hodson was careless and extravagant in money matters rather than actually dishonest; but there were several similar charges against him. During a tour through Kashmir with Sir Henry Lawrence he kept the purse and Sir Henry could never obtain an account from him; subsequently Sir George Lawrence accused him of embezzling the funds of the Lawrence Asylum at Kasauli; while Sir Neville Chamberlain in a published letter says of the third brother, Lord Lawrence, "I am bound to say that Lord Lawrence had no opinion of Hodson's integrity in money matters. He has often discussed Hodson's character in talking to me, and it was to him a regret that a man possessing so many fine gifts should have been wanting in a moral quality which made him untrustworthy." Finally, on one occasion Hodson spent L500 of the pay due to Lieutenant Godby, and under threat of exposure was obliged to borrow the money from a native banker through one of his officers named Bisharat Ali.

It was just at the time when Hodson's career seemed ruined that the Indian Mutiny broke out, and he obtained the opportunity of rehabilitating himself. At the very outset of the campaign he made his name by riding with despatches from General Anson at Karnal to Meerut and back again, a distance of 152 m. in all, in seventy-two hours, through a country swarming with the rebel cavalry. This feat so pleased the commander-in-chief that he empowered him to raise a regiment of 2000 irregular horse, which became known to fame as Hodson's Horse, and placed him at the head of the Intelligence Department. In his double role of cavalry leader and intelligence officer, Hodson played a large part in the reduction of Delhi and consequently in saving India for the British empire. He was the finest swordsman in the army, and possessed that daring recklessness which is the most useful quality of leadership against Asiatics. In explanation of the fact that he never received the Victoria Cross it was said of him that it was because he earned it every day of his life. But he also had the defects of his qualities, and could display on occasion a certain cruelty and callousness of disposition. Reference has already been made to Bisharat Ali, who had lent Hodson money. During the siege of Delhi another native, said to be an enemy of Bisharat Ali's, informed Hodson that he had turned rebel and had just reached Khurkhouda, a village near Delhi. Hodson thereupon took out a body of his sowars, attacked the village, and shot Bisharat Ali and several of his relatives. General Crawford Chamberlain states that this was Hodson's way of wiping out the debt. Again, after the fall of Delhi, Hodson obtained from General Wilson permission to ride out with fifty horsemen to Humayun's tomb, 6 m. out of Delhi, and bring in Bahadur Shah, the last of the Moguls. This he did with safety in the face of a large and threatening crowd, and thus dealt the mutineers a heavy blow. On the following day with 100 horsemen he went out to the same tomb and obtained the unconditional surrender of the three princes, who had been left behind on the previous occasion. A crowd of 6000 persons gathered, and Hodson with marvellous coolness ordered them to disarm, which they proceeded to do. He sent the princes on with an escort of ten men, while with the remaining ninety he collected the arms of the crowd. On galloping after the princes he found the crowd once more pressing on the escort and threatening an attack; and fearing that he would be unable to bring his prisoners into Delhi he shot them with his own hand. This is the most bitterly criticized action in his career, but no one but the man on the spot can judge how it is necessary to handle a crowd; and in addition one of the princes, Abu Bukt, heir-apparent to the throne, had made himself notorious for cutting off the arms and legs of English children and pouring the blood into their mothers' mouths. Considering the circumstances of the moment, Hodson's act at the worst was one of irregular justice. A more unpleasant side to the question is that he gave the king a safe conduct, which was afterwards seen by Sir Donald Stewart, before he left the palace, and presumably for a bribe; and he took an armlet and rings from the bodies of the princes. He was freely accused of looting at the time, and though this charge, like that of peculation, is matter for controversy, it is very strongly supported. General Pelham Burn said that he saw loot in Hodson's boxes when he accompanied him from Fatehgarh to take part in the siege of Lucknow, and Sir Henry Daly said that he found "loads of loot" in Hodson's boxes after his death, and also a file of documents relating to the Guides case, which had been stolen from him and of which Hodson denied all knowledge. On the other hand the Rev. G. Hodson states in his book that he obtained the inventory of his brother's possessions made by the Committee of Adjustment and it contained no articles of loot, and Sir Charles Gough, president of the committee, confirmed this evidence. This statement is totally incompatible with Sir Henry Daly's and is only one of many contradictions in the case. Sir Henry Norman stated that to his personal knowledge Hodson remitted several thousand pounds to Calcutta which could only have been obtained by looting. On the other hand, again, Hodson died a poor man, his effects were sold for L170, his widow was dependent on charity for her passage home, was given apartments by the queen at Hampton Court, and left only L400 at her death.

Hodson was killed on the 11th of March 1858 in the attack on the Begum Kotee at Lucknow. He had just arrived on the spot and met a man going to fetch powder to blow in a door; instead Hodson, with his usual recklessness, rushed into the doorway and was shot. On the whole, it can hardly be doubted that he was somewhat unscrupulous in his private character, but he was a splendid soldier, and rendered inestimable services to the empire.

The controversy relating to Hodson's moral character is very
complicated and unpleasant. Upon Hodson's side see Rev. G. Hodson,
_Hodson of Hodson's Horse_ (1883), and L. J. Trotter, _A Leader of
Light Horse_ (1901); against him, R. Bosworth Smith, _Life of Lord
Lawrence_, appendix to the 6th edition of 1885; T. R. E. Holmes,
_History of the Indian Mutiny_, appendix N to the 5th edition of 1898,
and _Four Famous Soldiers_ by the same author, 1889; and General Sir
Crawford Chamberlain, _Remarks on Captain Trotter's Biography of Major
W. S. R. Hodson_ (1901).

HODY, HUMPHREY (1659-1707), English divine, was born at Odcombe in Somersetshire in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1685. In 1684 he published _Contra historiam Aristeae de LXX. interpretibus dissertatio_, in which he showed that the so-called letter of Aristeas, containing an account of the production of the Septuagint, was the late forgery of a Hellenist Jew originally circulated to lend authority to that version. The dissertation was generally regarded as conclusive, although Isaac Vossius published an angry and scurrilous reply to it in the appendix to his edition of Pomponius Mela. In 1689 Hody wrote the _Prolegomena_ to the Greek chronicle of John Malalas, published at Oxford in 1691. The following year he became chaplain to Edward Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, and for his support of the ruling party in a controversy with Henry Dodwell regarding the non-juring bishops he was appointed chaplain to Archbishop Tillotson, an office which he continued to hold under Tenison. In 1698 he was appointed regius professor of Greek at Oxford, and in 1704 was made archdeacon of Oxford. In 1701 he published _A History of English Councils and Convocations_, and in 1703 in four volumes _De Bibliorum textis originalibus_, in which he included a revision of his work on the Septuagint, and published a reply to Vossius. He died on the 20th of January 1707.

A work, _De Graecis Illustribus_, which he left in manuscript, was
published in 1742 by Samuel Jebb, who prefixed to it a Latin life of
the author.

HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886), American inventor, was born in New York City on the 12th of September 1812. He was the son of Robert Hoe (1784-1833), an English-born American mechanic, who with his brothers-in-law, Peter and Matthew Smith, established in New York City a manufactory of printing presses, and used steam to run his machinery. Richard entered his father's manufactory at the age of fifteen and became head of the firm (Robert Hoe & Company) on his father's death. He had considerable inventive genius and set himself to secure greater speed for printing presses. He discarded the old flat-bed model and placed the type on a revolving cylinder, a model later developed into the well-known Hoe rotary or "lightning" press, patented in 1846, and further improved under the name of the Hoe web perfecting press (see PRINTING). He died in Florence, Italy, on the 7th of June 1886.

See _A Short History of the Printing Press_ (New York, 1902) by his
nephew Robert Hoe (1839-1909), who was responsible for further
improvements in printing, and was an indefatigable worker in support
of the New York Metropolitan Museum.