Chapter C: NORTH CAPPADOCIA.--Boghaz Keui (see PTERIA); large city with

remains of palace, citadel, walls, &c. Long rock-cut inscription of
ten lines in relief, two short relief inscriptions cut on blocks, and
also cuneiform tablets in Babylonian and also in a native language,
first found in situ in 1893, and showing the site to be the capital of
Arzawa, whence came two of the Tell el-Amarna letters. Near the site
are the rock reliefs of _Yasili Kaya_ in two hypaethral galleries,
showing, in the one, two processions composed of over sixty figures
meeting at the head of the gallery; in the other, isolated groups of
figures, fifteen in number (see for detailed description _Murray's
Guide to Asia Minor_, 1895, pp. 23 ff.). Pictographs accompany many of
the figures. The whole makes the most extensive group of Hittite
remains yet known. Boghaz Keui was never thoroughly explored until
1907, the survey of Perrot and Guillaume having been superficial only
and the excavations of E. Chantre (1894) very slight. In 1906 a German
expedition under Professor H. Winckler undertook the work, and great
numbers of cuneiform tablets were found. These refer to the reigns of
at least four kings from Subbiluliuma (= Saplel, see above) to
Hattusil II. or Khartusil (= Khetasar, see above). The latter was an
ally of Katashmanturgu of Babylon, and powerful enough to write to
the Babylonian court as a sovereign of equal standing. His letter
shows that he considered the rise of Assyria a menace to himself.
Winckler claims to read _Hatti_ as the name of the possessors of
Boghaz Keui, and to find in this name the proof of the Hittite
character of Syro-Cappadocian power and of the imperial predominance
of the city. But it remains to be proved whether these tablets were
written there, and not rather, being in a foreign script, abroad, like
most of the Tell el-Amarna archives. O. Puchstein has cleared and
studied important architectural remains. _Euyuk_; large mound with
remains of palace entered between sphinxes. Sculptured wall-dados, but
no Hittite inscriptions. Cuneiform tablets; some Babylonian, others in
a native language. Also inscriptions in early Phrygian character and
language, found in 1894. The most famous of Hittite reliefs is here--a
double-headed eagle "displayed" on the flank of one of the gateway
sphinxes. This is supposed to have suggested to the Seljuks of Konia
their heraldic device adopted in the 13th century, which, brought to
Europe by the Crusaders, became the emblem of Teutonic empire in 1345.
This derivation must be taken, however, _cum grano_, proof of its
successive steps being wanting. Kara-Euyuk; a mound near Dedik,
partially excavated by E. Chantre in 1894. Cuneiform tablets and small
objects possibly, but not certainly, Hittite. A colossal eagle was
found on a deserted site near _Yamuli_ on the middle Halys, in 1907 by
W. Attmore Robinson.