Chapter I: Part 1

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| Transcriber's note |
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| Minor typographical corrections silently |
| made where the original was clearly |
| inconsistent. Where necessary, index |
| entries were corrected to the main text. |
| The text has the note regarding the use |
| of iron at the base of each of pages |
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| Unicode apothecary symbols in preface |
| tables removed in text version (not used |
| elsewhere in the text). |
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| Subscripts have been represented using |
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| formula for nitric acid, HNO{3}. |
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EPITOME OF THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE UNITED
STATES AND THE NATIONAL FORMULARY,
WITH COMMENTS

* * * * *

Prepared for the Use of Physicians Under Authorization of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association by a Committee Consisting of the Following:

A.W. Hewlett, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Leland Stanford Junior
University.

Torald Sollmann, M.D., Professor of Pharmacology and Materia Medica,
Medical Department, Western Reserve University.

M.I. Wilbert, Ph.M., Phar.D., Assistant in the Division of
Pharmacology, Hygienic Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service.

W.A. Puckner, Phar.D., Secretary of the Council on Pharmacy
and Chemistry.

* * * * *

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
535 North Dearborn Street Chicago
1924

[Authority to use for comment the Pharmacopeia of the United States of America, ninth decennial revision, in this volume, has been granted by the Board of Trustees of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, which Board of Trustees is in no way responsible for the accuracy of any translations of the official weights and measures, or for any statement as to the strength of official preparations.

Permission to use for comment parts of the National Formulary has been granted by the Council of the American Pharmaceutical Association.]

Copyright, 1921
American Medical Association

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

The Pharmacopeia of the United States and the National Formulary are now recognized by federal and state laws as standards for drugs and their preparations. Physicians who prescribe Pharmacopeial or National Formulary drugs or preparations, therefore, are more likely to obtain a good and constant quality than if they prescribe unofficial articles, i.e., articles that have no legalized standard. Hence medical men are interested in knowing what drugs and preparations are included in these two books of standards. Both the Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary, however, contain a vast amount of technical information, of value to pharmacists but of little interest to physicians. The Journal of the American Medical Association in 1907 issued the "Physicians' Manual of the U.S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary," a book designed to meet the needs of physicians in this respect. The fact that this book did meet a real need is evidenced by the continued demand for it.

The present "Epitome of the U.S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary" takes the place of that book, but is based on the new (the ninth) revision of the Pharmacopeia and the new (the fourth) edition of the National Formulary. It has been prepared under the direction of a committee appointed by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. The aim has been to include all the matter in the Pharmacopeia and National Formulary which is likely to be of interest to physicians. This, it is believed, consists of the official titles and their abbreviations; synonyms; brief definitions; when necessary, concise descriptions of the physical properties; and dosage. Since both the Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary include many drugs and preparations which are irrational, superfluous or worthless, in many cases the medical members of the committee have added brief comments to aid a discriminating selection of therapeutic agents.

In this epitome drugs are arranged alphabetically by Pharmacopeial or National Formulary titles; preparations of drugs are placed under the drugs themselves. Thus Tinctura Digitalis is placed not among the Ts, but among the Ds under Digitalis. Names of drugs are in black-face type; names of preparations are in light-face italics. An index is added to assist in ready reference.

Statements of composition refer in some cases to percentage by volume, in others to percentage by weight, and in still others to percentage by weight-volume--that is, the weight of a given chemical contained (or the weight of a given vegetable drug represented by extractives) in 100 Cc. of the preparation. It has not been thought worth while to indicate whether the statement in each case is by volume, weight or weight-volume, since the differences are too small to have any therapeutic importance. Statements of alcoholic content refer to percentage by volume and are approximate only. In a few instances in which the quantity of alcohol in a dose is small, or in which the preparation is intended for external use, the alcohol content is not stated.

DOSAGE statements, when followed by the letters "U.S.P." or "N.F.," are taken from these books, respectively, and are understood to be the average adult doses. In some cases in which this statement was felt to be inadequate or unsatisfactory, further suggestions as to dosage have been added.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

The text of this edition is the same as that of the first, except that a few typographical errors which were in the first edition have been corrected.

The new edition differs from the first in the following particulars:

In the first edition, a star indicates that the drug is included in the second (1916) edition of Useful Drugs. To bring the present edition up to date, the star (*) here indicates that the drug is included in the fifth (1921) edition of Useful Drugs.

In compliance with the opinion expressed by some that a more complete index would be helpful, the index to the second edition has been materially extended. It is hoped that this will help to familiarize those who purchase the book with its contents.

TABLES OF METRIC AND APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT

1 Milligram (1 mg.) = 0.001 gram.
1 Centigram = 0.01 gram.
1 Decigram = 0.1 gram.
1 Gram (1 Gm.) = 1.[A]
1 Decagram = 10 grams.
1 Hektogram = 100 grams.
1 Kilogram (1 kg.) = 1000 grams.[B]

A: The weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 C.

B: The weight of 1 cubic decimeter of water at 4 C.

METRIC FLUID MEASURE

1 Milliliter (1 cubic centimeter, 1 Cc.) = 0.001 cubic decimeter.
1 Centiliter (10 Cc.) = 0.01 cubic decimeter.
1 Deciliter (100 Cc.) = 0.1 cubic decimeter.
1 Liter (1000 Cc.) = 1 cubic decimeter.

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT

20 Grains = 1 scruple.
3 Scruples = 1 drachm.
8 Drachms = 1 ounce.
12 Ounces = 1 pound.

APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE

60 Minims = 1 fluidrachm.
8 Fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce.
16 Fluidounces = 1 pint.

EQUIVALENTS OF APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT IN METRIC

1 Grain = 0.06479895 Gm.
1 Drachm = 3.8879369 Gm.
1 Ounce = 31.1034956 Gm.
1 Pound = 373.241948 Gm.

EQUIVALENTS OF APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE IN METRIC

1 Minim = 0.06161 Cc.
1 Fluidrachm = 3.6966 Cc.
1 Fluidounce = 29.573 Cc.
1 Pint = 473.17 Cc.

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC WEIGHT IN APOTHECARIES'

0.001 Gm. (1 milligram, 1 mg.) = 0.01543 grain.
0.01 Gm. (1 centigram) = 0.15432 grain.
0.1 Gm. (1 decigram) = 1.54324 grains.
1 Gm. (1 gram) = 15.4324 grains.
10 Gm. (1 decagram) = 2 drachms, 34.324 grains.
100 Gm. (1 hectogram) = 3 ounces, 1 drachm, 43.24 grains.
1000 Gm. (1 kilogram, 1 kg.) = 2 pounds, 8 ounces, 52.4 grains.

EQUIVALENTS OF METRIC FLUID MEASURE IN APOTHECARIES'

1 Cc. = 16.231 minims.
10 Cc. = 2 fluidrachms, 42.311 minims.
100 Cc. = 3 fluidounces, 3 fluidrachms, 3.11 minims.
1000 Cc. (1 Liter) = 2 pints, 1 fluidounce, 6 fluidrachms, 31.1 minims.

METRIC AND APOTHECARIES' EQUIVALENTS (WEIGHTS)

Gm. Grains Grains Gm.
1 = 15.4324 1 = 0.06480
2 = 30.8647 2 = 0.12960
3 = 46.2971 3 = 0.19440
4 = 61.7294 4 = 0.25920
5 = 77.1618 5 = 0.32399
6 = 92.5941 6 = 0.38879
7 = 108.0265 7 = 0.45359
8 = 123.4589 8 = 0.51839
9 = 138.8912 9 = 0.58319

METRIC AND APOTHECARIES' EQUIVALENTS (VOLUME)

Cc. Minims Minims Cc.
1 = 16.231 1 = 0.061610
2 = 32.462 2 = 0.123220
3 = 48.693 3 = 0.184831
4 = 64.924 4 = 0.246441
5 = 81.156 5 = 0.308051
6 = 97.387 6 = 0.369661
7 = 113.618 7 = 0.431271
8 = 129.849 8 = 0.492882
9 = 146.080 9 = 0.554492

CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS

C.° F.°
-40 -40
-30 -22
-20 -4
-10 14
0 32
5 41
10 50
15 59
20 68
25 77
30 86
35 95
40 104
45 113
50 122
55 131
60 140
65 149
70 158
75 167
80 176
85 185
90 194
95 203
100 212
110 230
120 248
130 266
140 284
150 302
200 392
250 482
300 572
350 662

CLINICAL TABLE OF CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS

C.° F.°
36.0 96.80
36.2 97.16
36.3 97.34
36.4 97.52
36.5 97.70
36.6 97.88
36.7 98.06
36.8 98.24
36.9 98.42
37.0 98.60
37.1 98.78
37.2 98.96
37.3 99.14
37.4 99.32
37.5 99.50
37.6 99.68
37.7 99.86
37.8 100.04
37.9 100.22
38.0 100.40
38.1 100.58
38.2 100.76
38.3 100.94
38.4 101.12
38.5 101.30
38.6 101.48
38.7 101.66
38.8 101.84
38.9 102.02
39.0 102.20
39.1 102.38
39.2 102.56
39.3 102.74
39.4 102.92
39.5 103.10
39.6 103.28
39.7 103.46
39.8 103.64
39.9 103.82
40.0 104.00
40.1 104.18
40.2 104.36
40.3 104.54
40.4 104.72
40.5 104.90
40.6 105.08
40.8 105.44
41.0 105.80
41.2 106.16
41.4 106.52
41.6 106.88
41.8 107.24
42.0 107.60
42.2 107.96
42.4 108.32
42.6 108.68
42.8 109.04
43.0 109.40

Epitome of the U.S. Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary

* * * * *

[STARS (*) DESIGNATE PREPARATIONS DESCRIBED IN "USEFUL DRUGS," A BOOK PREPARED TO FURTHER A MORE RATIONAL MATERIA MEDICA AND PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, PRICE 50 CENTS]

* * * * *

=Absinthium (Absinth.), Absinthium, N.F.= (Wormwood, Madderwort, Vermuth).

Leaves and flowering tops.

ACTION AND USES: Obsolete aromatic bitter; without
advantage over gentian or other bitter drugs.

=*Acacia (Acac.), Acacia, U.S.P.= (Gum Arabic, Gum Senegal).

A gum occurring in tears, fragments or powder. Slowly and almost
completely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible
with sodium borate, lead acetate and ferric salts.

ACTION AND USES: Demulcent; chiefly as a vehicle to
suspend insoluble substances in aqueous mixtures.

_*Mucilago Acaciae (Mucil. Acac.), Mucilage of Acacia, U.S.P._--Acacia (35%) in water.

DOSAGE: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrachms (U.S.P.).

_Syrupus Acaciae (Syr. Acac.), Syrup of Acacia, U.S.P._--Acacia (10%) in sugar and water.

=ACETA, VINEGARS.=--A vinegar is a solution of vegetable principles either in diluted acetic acid or in a mixture of diluted acetic acid and alcohol. For Acetum Aromaticum, see under =Oleum Lavandulae=; for Acetum Opii and Acetum Scillae, see under =Opium= and =Scilla=, respectively.

=*Acetanilidum (Acetanil.), Acetanilid, U.S.P.= (Acetanilide, Antifebrin).--C{6}H{5}NH.CH{3}CO.

A white, odorless, crystalline powder, with a slightly burning
taste. Slightly soluble in water (1:190), very soluble in alcohol
(1:3.4) and in chloroform (1:3.7). Incompatible with spirit of
nitrous ether and forms pasty masses when triturated with chloral
or antipyrin.

ACTION AND USES: Analgesic, antipyretic and, in excessive
doses, a cardiac depressant. Used particularly to
relieve headache and neuralgic pains. A habit-forming
drug. If used over a long period of time, it may produce
a severe anemia.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains (U.S.P.) in powders
which may be placed in capsules, or tablets which should
be crushed before swallowing. It is well to begin with 0.1
Gm. or about 1-1/2 grains, and to repeat cautiously.

_Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus (Pulv. Acetanil. Co.), Compound Acetanilid Powder, N.F._--Acetanilid (70%), caffeine (10%) and sodium bicarbonate (20%).

USES: Irrational acetanilid preparation. The caffeine
does not diminish the toxicity, nor does the bicarbonate
increase the solubility of acetanilid, as was at one time
supposed.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (N.F.).

=Acetonum (Aceton.), Acetone, U.S.P.= (Dimethyl-Ketone).

A colorless liquid, with an ethereal odor and a pungent sweetish
taste. Miscible with water, alcohol, ether and chloroform.

ACTION AND USES: Pharmaceutic solvent.

=*Acetphenetidinum (Acetphen.), Acetphenetidin, U.S.P. (Phenacetin).=--C{6}H{4}(OC{2}H{5}).NH.CH{3}CO.

White, odorless, slightly bitter, crystalline scales or powder.
Very slightly soluble in water (1:1310), soluble in alcohol (1:15)
and in chloroform (1:14).

ACTION AND USES: Analgesic, antipyretic and, in excessive
doses, a cardiac depressant. Used particularly for
the relief of headache and neuralgic pains and in the treatment
of mild fevers. A habit-forming drug. If used for a
long period of time, it may produce a severe anemia.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in powders or
capsules. If small doses fail to relieve headache, larger
doses are also usually ineffective.

=*Acidum Aceticum (Acid. Acet.), Acetic Acid, U.S.P.=--Acetic acid CH{3}.COOH (about 36.5%).

ACTION AND USES: Caustic and rubefacient. In the form
of vinegar, is antidote to alkalies.

_Acidum Aceticum Dilutum (Acid. Acet. Dil.), Diluted Acetic Acid, U.S.P._--CH{3}COOH (about 6%).

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims.

_Acidum Aceticum Glaciale (Acid. Acet. Glac.), Glacial Acetic Acid, U.S.P._--CH{3}COOH.

A colorless liquid, with a vinegar-like odor and a pungent, sour
taste. Miscible with water or alcohol.

*=Acidum Benzoicum (Acid. Benz.), Benzoic Acid, U.S.P.=--C{6}H{5}.COOH. Obtained from benzoin or prepared synthetically.

Lustrous, almost colorless scales or needles, with a pungent, acid
taste. Slightly soluble in water (1:275) and freely soluble in
alcohol (1:2.3); also readily soluble in solutions of alkali
hydroxides or carbonates with the production of alkali benzoates.

ACTION AND USES: Mild antiseptic and diuretic.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), best given in the
form of soluble benzoates (see under =Sodii Benzoas=).

*=Acidum Boricum (Acid. Bor.) Boric Acid, U.S.P.= (Boracic Acid).--H{3}BO{3}.

Colorless, odorless scales or powder with a faintly bitter taste.
Soluble in water and in alcohol (1:18); freely soluble in glycerin
(1:4).

ACTION AND USES: Mild antiseptic and astringent.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), in solution. A
watery solution, ranging from 2 per cent. to =saturated=, is
used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, cystitis, etc.
Externally used as dusting powder.

_*Glyceritum Boroglycerini (Glycer. Boroglyc.), Glycerite of Boroglycerin, U.S.P._--Boroglycerin in glycerin representing 31% boric acid.

_Liquor Antisepticus (Liq. Antisept.), Antiseptic Solution, N.F._--Boric acid (2.5%), thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, oil of thyme, menthol, sodium salicylate and sodium benzoate in alcohol and water.

USES: Needlessly complex aromatic mouthwash.

_*Unguentum Acidi Borici (Ung. Acid. Bor.), Ointment of Boric Acid, U.S.P._--Boric acid (10%) in paraffin and white petrolatum.

=Acidum Bromauricum (Acid. Bromaur.), Bromauric Acid, N. F.=--Corresponds to not less than 32 per cent. of metallic gold.

A dark-brown, odorless solid, with a metallic acid taste. Very
soluble in water and in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: "Alterative" apparently of no value.

DOSAGE: 0.006 Gm. or 1/10 grain (N.F.).

_Liquor Auri et Arseni Bromidi (Liq. Aur. et Arsen. Brom.), Solution of Gold and Arsenic Bromide, N.F._--Contains hydrogen bromaurate (HAuBr{4}) and arsenic acid (H{3}AsO{4}) obtained by oxidizing a solution of arsenous oxide with bromine and adding bromauric acid.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims (N.F.)

=Acidum Citricum (Acid. Cit), Citric Acid, U.S.P.=

Colorless, odorless crystals. Very soluble in water (1:0.5) and in
alcohol (1:1.8).

ACTION AND USES: Substitute for lemon juice; also substitute
for dilute hydrochloric acid in the treatment of
gastric hypoacidity.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), in solution.

_Syrupus Acidi Citrici (Syr. Acid. Cit.), Syrup of Citric Acid, U.S.P._--Citric acid (1%), flavored with tincture of lemon peel, in syrup.

USES: Vehicle for salty substances such as bromides.

=Acidum Formicum (Acid. Formic), Formic Acid, N.F.=--HCOOH (about 25%).

A clear, colorless liquid, with a characteristic pungent odor, and
an acid reaction.

ACTION AND USES: Externally as caustic irritant, but
without advantage over mustard. Internally as slightly
irritant diuretic, but without advantage over nitrates. The
elixirs containing various formates are intended as tonics,
but there is no good evidence that they have such action.
They are needlessly complex and irrational.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Cc. or 5 minims (N.F.).

_Elixir Formatum (Elix. Format.), Elixir of Formates, N.F._--Potassium formate (5%), sodium formate (5%) and aromatic elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 15 per cent.

DOSAGE: 8 Cc. or 2 fluidrachms (N.F.).

_Elixir Formatum Compositum (Elix. Format. Co.), Compound Elixir of Formates, N.F._--Sodium formate (3%), magnesium formate (2.5%), strontium formate (2.5%), lithium formate (1%), quinine formate (0.8%), compound spirit of cardamom, acetic ether, alcohol, glycerin and distilled water. Absolute alcohol content about 9.9 per cent.

DOSAGE: 8 Cc. or 2 fluidrachms (N.F.).

_Spiritus Acidi Formici (Sp. Ac. Formic.), Spirit of Formic Acid, N.F._ (Spiritus Formicarum, Spirit of Ants).--Formic acid (4%) in distilled water and alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent.

USES: Rubefacient.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.)

=Acidum Gallicum (Acid. Gallic.), Gallic Acid, U.S.P.=

An odorless, almost white powder, with an astringent taste. Soluble
in water (1:87) and freely soluble in alcohol (1:4.6) and in
glycerin (1:10).

ACTION AND USES: Mild astringent; not very effective.

DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.).

=Acidum Hydriodicum Dilutum (Acid. Hydriod. Dil.), Diluted Hydriodic Acid, U.S.P.=--HI (about 10%).

A colorless, odorless liquid, with a strong acid taste.
Incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates, also with metallic
oxides and salts of silver and of lead.

ACTION AND USES: Has the general properties of iodides.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims (U.S.P.), diluted. Administered
chiefly in the form of syrup as a substitute for the
alkali iodides, over which it has no material advantage.

_Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici (Syr. Acid. Hydriod.), Syrup of Hydriodic Acid, U.S.P._--Hydriodic acid (about 1.25%).

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (U.S.P.).

=Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum (Acid. Hydrobrom. Dil.), Diluted Hydrobromic Acid, U.S.P.=--HBr (about 10%).

A colorless, odorless liquid, with a strong acid taste.
Incompatible with alkalies and their carbonates, metallic oxides
and the salts of silver and of lead.

ACTION AND USES: In general, those of bromides; but
the preparation is objectionable because of its acidity.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.), diluted.

=*Acidum Hydrochloricum (Acid. Hydrochl.), Hydrochloric Acid, U.S.P.= (Muriatic Acid).--HCl (about 32%).

A fuming, corrosive liquid. Incompatible with alkalies and their
carbonates, metallic oxides and salts of silver and of lead.

ACTION AND USES: Used in gastric hypoacidity; also as
caustic; antiseptic.

_*Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum (Acid. Hydrochl. Dil.), Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, U.S.P._--HCl (about 10%).

A colorless, odorless, strongly acid solution.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.), after meals,
diluted in one-half to one glass water and taken through
a glass tube to protect the teeth.

=Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum (Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil.), Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, U.S.P.= (Diluted Prussic Acid, Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, P.I.).--HCN (about 2%).

A colorless liquid, with an odor like that of bitter almonds.

ACTION AND USES: Said to be sedative. Was formerly
used as an addition to cough mixtures and as an antiemetic
but, because of its poisonous properties and instability, is
no longer used to the same extent.

DOSAGE: 0.1 Cc. or 1-1/2 minims (U.S.P.)--not drops.

=Acidum Hypophosphorosum (Acid. Hypophos.), Hypophosphorous Acid, U.S.P.=--H{3}PO{2} (about 31%).

A colorless, odorless liquid.

ACTION AND USES: Ingredient of compound hypophosphite
preparations.

_Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum (Acid. Hypophos. Dil.), Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid, U.S.P._--H{3}PO{2} (about 10%).

A colorless, odorless liquid with a strong acid taste.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Cc. or 8 minims (U.S.P.), diluted.

=Acidum Lacticum (Acid. Lact.), Lactic Acid, U.S.P.=--Equivalent to about 87 per cent. lactic acid.

A colorless or nearly colorless, nearly odorless, syrupy liquid,
with an acid taste. Miscible with water.

ACTION AND USES: Caustic; seldom used internally.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.), diluted.

=*Acidum Nitricum (Acid. Nitric.), Nitric Acid, U.S.P.=--HNO{3} (about 68%).

A colorless, fuming, very corrosive liquid with a suffocating odor.
Miscible with water.

ACTION AND USES: Caustic.

=Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum (Acid. Nitrohydrochl.), Nitrohydrochloric Acid, U.S.P.= (Aqua Regia, Nitromuriatic Acid).--A mixture of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine.

A golden-yellow, fuming, very corrosive liquid. Miscible with
water.

ACTION AND USES: Caustic. Formerly thought to be a
"hepatic stimulant," but acts much like other mineral acids.

_Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum (Acid. Nitrohydrochl. Dil.), Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid, U.S.P._ (Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid).--An aqueous solution of about one-fifth the strength of nitrohydrochloric acid; should be freshly prepared.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.), well diluted.

=Acidum Oleicum (Acid. Oleic.), Oleic Acid, U.S.P.=--Obtained from fats.

A yellowish or brownish-yellow, oily liquid, having a lard-like
odor and taste. Practically insoluble in water, partially soluble
in 60 per cent. alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Solvent for making oleates.

=*Acidum Phenylcinchoninicum (Acid. Phenylcinch.), Phenylcinchoninic Acid, U.S.P.= (Phenyl-Quinoline-Carboxylic Acid, Atophan).

A white or nearly white, odorless or nearly odorless powder with a
bitter taste. Insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in cold
alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Increases the excretion of uric acid
and diminishes its concentration in the blood. Analgesic.
Has been used in acute and chronic gout.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), in tablets or
powder.

=Acidum Phosphoricum (Acid. Phos.), Phosphoric Acid, U.S.P.=--H{3}PO{4} (about 86.5%).

A colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid having a strongly acid taste.
Miscible with water. Incompatible with alkalies, alkali carbonates,
ferric chloride, lead acetate and solutions of lime.

ACTION AND USES: Similar to those of hydrochloric acid.
Has none of the therapeutic properties of free phosphorus.

_Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum (Acid. Phos. Dil.), Diluted Phosphoric Acid, U.S.P._--H{3}PO{4} (about 10%).

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.), diluted.

_Liquor Phosphatum Acidus (Liq. Phos. Acid.), Acid Solution of Phosphates, N.F._ (Solution of Acid Phosphates).--Made by dissolving precipitated calcium carbonate (5%) in phosphoric acid and water.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

_Liquor Phosphatum Compositus (Liq. Phos. Co.), Compound Solution of Phosphates, N.F._--Phosphates of calcium, iron, ammonium, potassium and sodium in citric acid, glycerin, orange flower water and water.

_Syrupus Phosphatum Compositum (Syr. Phos. Co.), Compound Syrup of the Phosphates, N.F._ (Chemical Food).--Compound solution of phosphates (50%), colored with tincture of cudbear, in glycerin and syrup.

USES: Antiquated and irrational "tonic."

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

_Syrupus Phosphatum cum Quinina et Strychnina._--See under =Quininae Hydrochloridum=.

=Acidum Picricum, Picric Acid.=--See =Trinitrophenol=.

=*Acidum Salicylicum (Acid. Salicyl.), Salicylic Acid, U.S.P.=--C{6}H{4}(OH)COOH.

A white, odorless powder, tasting first sweetish, subsequently
acrid. Slightly soluble in water (1:460), freely soluble in alcohol
(1:2.7) and in ether. Incompatible with solutions of iron and with
spirit of nitrous ether.

ACTION AND USES: Antirheumatic, antiseptic, germicide
and keratolytic.

DOSAGE: Internally 0.75 Gm. or 12 grains (U.S.P.)
best given in the form of soluble salicylates (see =Sodii
Salicylas=). Externally in 10 per cent. ointment as a
keratolytic.

_Collodium Salicylici Compositum (Collod. Salicyl. Co.), Compound Salicylic Collodion, N.F._--Salicylic acid (1.1%) and flexible collodion colored with fluidextract of cannabis.

USES: A popular application for softening corns. The
cannabis can play no rôle beyond that of coloring agent.

_Glycerogelatinum Acidi Salicylici (Glycerogel. Acid. Salicyl.), Salicylic Acid Glycerogelatin, N.F._--Salicylic acid (10%), in water, glycerin and glycerinated gelatin.

_Mulla Acidi Salicylici (Mull. Ac. Salicyl.), Salicylic Acid Mull, N.F._ (Unguentum Salicylatum Extensum, N.F. III).--Salicylic acid (10%), in benzoinated suet and benzoinated lard.

_Mulla Creosoti Salicylata (Mull. Creosot. Salicyl.), Salicylated Creosote Mull, N.F._ (Unguentum Creosoti Salicylatum Extensum, N.F. III).--Salicylic acid (10%), and creosote (20%) in yellow wax and benzoinated suet.

_Pulvis Talci Compositus (Pulv. Talc. Co.), Compound Powder of Talc, N.F._ (Boro-Salicylated Powder of Talc).--Salicylic acid (3%), boric acid (10%) and talc.

USES: Toilet powder, used for local sweating.

_Stili Acidi Salicylici Dilubiles (Stil. Acid. Salicyl. Dilub.), Salicylic Acid Pencil, N.F._--Salicylic acid (10%) with tragacanth, starch, white dextrin and sugar.

USES: For the application of salicylic acid to limited
areas

=Acidum Stearicum (Acid. Stear.), Stearic Acid, U.S.P.=--Obtained from fats.

A white, hard, unctuous, odorless and tasteless substance. Soluble
in alcohol (1:21) and in chloroform (1:2), but insoluble in water.

USES: Used in making glycerin suppositories.

=Acidum Sulphuricum (Acid. Sulph.), Sulphuric Acid, U.S.P.=--H{2}SO{4} (about 94%).

A colorless, odorless, corrosive liquid. Miscible with water or
alcohol with evolution of much heat.

ACTION AND USES: Similar to those of hydrochloric acid.
Externally, the dilute acid is used as astringent.

_Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum (Acid. Sulph. Arom.), Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, U.S.P._--A mixture, containing free sulphuric acid and ethylsulphuric acid equivalent to about 20 per cent. of H{2}SO{4} in alcohol, flavored with ginger and cinnamon. Absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent.

A clear, reddish-brown liquid with an aromatic odor.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims, well diluted.

_Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum (Acid. Sulph. Dil.), Diluted Sulphuric Acid, U.S.P._--H{2}SO{4} (about 10%).

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.), well diluted.

=*Acidum Tannicum (Acid. Tann.), Tannic Acid, U.S.P.= (Gallotannic Acid, Tannin).--Usually obtained from nutgalls.

A yellowish-white to light brown powder, odorless or having a
faint, characteristic odor and a strongly astringent taste. Freely
soluble in glycerin (1:1) and very soluble in water and in alcohol.
Incompatible with soluble preparations of iron.

ACTION AND USES: Astringent; local hemostatic; antidote
for certain alkaloidal and metallic poisons.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.).

_Collodium Stypticum (Collod. Stypt.), Styptic Collodion, N.F._--Tannic acid (20%) and flexible collodion. There is no advantage in applying tannin as collodion.

_*Glyceritum Acidi Tannici (Glycer. Acid. Tann.), Glycerite of Tannic Acid, U.S.P._ (Glycerite of Tannin).--Tannic acid (20%) in glycerin.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).

_Trochisci Acidi Tannici (Troch. Acid. Tann.), Troches of Tannic Acid, U.S.P._--Each troche contains tannic acid (0.06 Gm. or 1 grain), with sugar and tragacanth, flavored with orange flower.

_Unguentum Acidi Tannici (Ung. Acid. Tann.), Ointment of Tannic Acid, U.S.P._--Tannic acid (20%), in glycerin and ointment.

=Acidum Tartaricum (Acid. Tart.), Tartaric Acid, U.S.P.=--Obtained from wine lees or argol.

A white, odorless powder, with an acid taste. Very soluble in water
(1:0.75) and in alcohol (1:3.3).

ACTION AND USES: Mild acid; used in the manufacture
of effervescent salts.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains, diluted.

=Acidum Trichloraceticum (Acid. Trichloracet.), Trichloracetic Acid, U.S.P.=--CCl{3}.COOH.

Colorless, deliquescent crystals with a slight characteristic odor.
Miscible with water and with alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Caustic, for the removal of warts and
other skin blemishes. Used also as local hemostatic.

=Aconitina (Aconitin.), Aconitine, U.S.P.=--An alkaloid obtained from aconite.

A white, odorless powder. Very slightly soluble in water, soluble
in alcohol (1:28) and in ether (1:65).

ACTION AND USES: Similar to those described under
aconite. As several alkaloidal preparations of aconite, of
varying activity, are sold under the name of aconitine, its
use is not advisable.

DOSAGE: 0.15 mg. or 1/400 grain (U.S.P.).

_Oleatum Aconitinae (Oleat. Aconitin.), Oleate of Aconitine, N.F._--Aconitine (2%) in oleic acid and olive oil.

USES: Without advantage over aconite preparations for
external application.

=*Aconitum (Aconit.), Aconite, U.S.P.= (Monkshood, Aconite Root, Aconiti Tuber, P.I.).--A tuberous root, yielding about 0.5 per cent. of ether-soluble alkaloids; also assayed biologically. Physicians should specify preparations that have been assayed biologically, since the alkaloidal assay is not a reliable index of activity.

ACTION AND USES: Slows the pulse and lowers the blood
pressure, but this action in therapeutic doses is uncertain.
Used in the treatment of febrile colds; also for counter-irritation,
in the form of the tincture. Used also as a local
anesthetic, and by some still believed to be useful in the
treatment of the symptoms arising from excessive cardiac
hypertrophy. Toxic symptoms may occur from local
absorption.

DOSAGE: 0.03 Gm. or 1/2 grain (U.S.P.); not used as
such.

_Extractum Aconiti (Ext. Aconit.), Extract of Aconite, U.S.P._ (Powdered Extract of Aconite).--Yields about 2 per cent. of ether-soluble alkaloids. Biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig.

DOSAGE: 0.01 Gm. or 1/6 grain (U.S.P.). Physicians
who prescribe extract of aconite should specify the biologically
assayed product.

_Fluidextractum Aconiti (Fldext. Aconit.), Fluidextract of Aconite, U.S.P._--Aconite (100%), yielding about 0.5 per cent. of alkaloids. Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent. Biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig.

DOSAGE: 0.03 Cc. or 1/2 minim (U.S.P.). Physicians
who prescribe fluidextract of aconite should specify the
biologically assayed product. Best to use the tincture.

_Linimentum Aconiti et Chloroformi (Lin. Aconit. et Chlorof.), Liniment of Aconite and Chloroform, N.F._--Fluidextract of aconite (4.5%), in alcohol, chloroform and soap liniment.

*_Tinctura Aconiti (Tr. Aconit.), Tincture of Aconite, U.S.P._ (Aconiti Tinctura, P.I.).--Aconite (10%) yielding about 0.05 per cent. of alkaloids, in alcohol and water. Alkaloidal assay unreliable. Biologically assayed by producing death in the guinea-pig. Absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Cc. or 5 minims (U.S.P.). Physicians
should specify the biologically assayed product.

=*Adeps (Adeps), Lard, U.S.P.=

Insoluble in water, and only slightly soluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Basis for ointments. Used particularly
when absorption is desired.

_*Adeps Benzoinatus (Adeps Benz.), Benzoinated Lard, U.S.P._--Somewhat antiseptic and less liable to rancidity than ordinary lard.

_Unguentum (Ung.), Ointment, U.S.P._ (Simple Ointment).--White wax (20%) and benzoinated lard.

=Adeps Lanae (Adeps Lan.), Wool Fat, U.S.P.= (Anhydrous Lanolin).--Purified wool fat, freed from water.

Insoluble in but miscible with about twice its weight of water;
sparingly soluble in cold alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Basis for ointments; because of its
tenacious consistency, should be mixed with some other
base.

_*Adeps Lanae Hydrosus (Adeps Lan. Hyd.), Hydrous Wool Fat, U.S.P._ (Lanolin).--Wool fat with about 27 per cent. of water.

USES: Ointment used particularly when absorption
through the skin is desired; mixed with white petrolatum
or lard.

=Adonis (Adonis), Adonis, N.F.= (Pheasant's Eye).--The plant deprived of its root.

ACTION AND USES: Cardiac tonic of digitalis group, but
of unreliable activity.

DOSAGE: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains (N.F.).

_Fluidextractum Adonidis (Fldext. Adonid.), Fluidextract of Adonis, N.F._--Adonis (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent.

DOSAGE: 0.125 Cc. or 2 minims (N.F.).

=*Aether (Aether), Ether, U.S.P.=--Contains about 96.5 per cent. of ethyl oxide.

A clear, colorless, very inflammable liquid with a characteristic
odor and a burning, sweetish taste. Soluble in water (1:12), and
miscible with alcohol, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzene, and
fixed or volatile oils.

ACTION AND USES: General anesthetic, administered by
inhalation; when administered by mouth, carminative.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims.

_*Spiritus Aetheris (Sp. Aeth.), Spirit of Ether, U.S.P._ (Hoffmann's Drops).--Ether (32.5%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 65 per cent.

USES: Carminative and fugacious indirect circulatory
stimulant.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (U.S.P.).

_Spiritus Aetheris Compositus (Sp. Aether. Co.), Compound Spirit of Ether, N.F._ (Hoffmann's Anodyne).--Ether (32.5%), ethereal oil (2.5%) and alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent.

USES: A superfluous modification of spirit of ether.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.)

=Aether Aceticus (Aeth. Acet.), Acetic Ether, N.F.= (Ethyl Acetate).

A colorless, fragrant liquid, with a burning taste.

ACTION AND USES: Carminative, similar to and without
special advantage over ether. Also used pharmaceutically,
as flavoring ingredient.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).

=*Aether Nitrosus, Nitrous Ether.=--Ethyl nitrite.

_*Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi (Sp. Aeth. Nitros.), Spirit of Nitrous Ether, U.S.P._ (Sweet Spirit of Nitre).--Ethyl nitrite (about 4%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 92 per cent.

ACTION AND USES: Popularly used as a weak diuretic
and diaphoretic. Unstable and therefore unreliable. Has
the physiologic action of a weak nitrite.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).

=Aethylis Carbamas (Aethyl. Carbam.), Ethyl Carbamate, U.S.P.= (Carbamic Acid Ethyl Ester, Urethane, Ethyl Urethane).

Colorless, odorless crystals or scales, with a cooling, saline
taste. Freely soluble in water (1:0.45) and in alcohol (1:0.8).
Incompatible with alkalies, acids and most other chemicals.

ACTION AND USES: Very mild and relatively harmless
hypnotic.

DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.) in powder,
cachets or solution.

=*Aethylis Chloridum (Aethyl. Chlor.), Ethyl Chloride, U.S.P.=--Monochlorethane, CH{3}CH{2}Cl.

A colorless, very volatile liquid, with an agreeable odor and a
sweetish, burning taste. The vapor is very inflammable. Slightly
soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol and in ether.

ACTION AND USES: Local anesthetic for minor operations.
Used in the form of a spray to produce intense cold.
Has also been used by inhalation as general anesthetic in
short operations.

=*Aethylmorphinae Hydrochloridum (Aethylmorph. Hydrochl.), Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride, U.S.P.= (Ethylmorphine Chloride, Dionin).

A white, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. Very
soluble in water (1:8) and soluble in alcohol (1:22).

ACTION AND USES: Systemically, intermediate between
those of morphine and codeine. Probably possesses no
advantage over codeine. When applied to the eye it
causes local hyperemia terminating in acute conjunctival
edema.

DOSAGE: 0.015 Gm. or 1/4 grain (U.S.P.). Used as 10
per cent. ointment or solution in corneal opacity and
similar conditions.

=Agar (Agar), Agar, U.S.P.= (Agar-Agar).--A mucilaginous substance extracted from certain seaweeds.

Nearly white, almost odorless and tasteless strips, shreds or
powder, tough when damp, brittle when dry. Insoluble in cold water,
but slowly soluble in hot water.

ACTION AND USES: Passes through the intestinal canal
almost unchanged. Absorbs and retains moisture. Used
in chronic constipation with intestinal atony; renders the
feces soft and bulky and thus promotes peristalsis.

DOSAGE: 10 Gm. or 2-1/2 drachms (U.S.P.).

=Agaricus (Agaric), Agaric, N.F.= (White Agaric, Larch Agaric).--The fruit body of a fungus.

ACTION AND USES: Empirical and unreliable remedy for
night sweats of phthisis.

DOSAGE: 0.6 Gm. or 10 grains (N.F.).

=*Alcohol (Alcohol), Alcohol, U.S.P.=--Not less than 92.3 per cent. by weight or 94.9 per cent. by volume of C{2}H{5}OH.

A colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, with a characteristic
odor and burning taste. Freely miscible with water, ether or
chloroform.

ACTION AND USES: Rubefacient, astringent, antiseptic
and by its evaporation a refrigerant. Internally it is a
narcotic widely used as a "stimulant" but may do more
harm than good.

_Alcohol Dehydratum (Alcohol Dehyd.), Dehydrated Alcohol, U.S.P._ (Alcohol Absolutum, U.S.P. VIII).--Not less than 99 per cent. by weight of C{2}H{5}OH.

A liquid with the same color, odor and taste as alcohol.

_Alcohol Dilutum (Alcohol Dil.), Diluted Alcohol, U.S.P._--About 41.5 per cent. by weight or 49 per cent. by volume of C{2}H{5}OH.

_*Elixir Aromaticum (Elix. Arom.), Aromatic Elixir, U.S.P._ (Simple Elixir).--Compound spirit of orange in syrup, alcohol and distilled water. Absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent.

USES: Diluent and vehicle. The alcohol content of this
preparation should not be overlooked.

_Elixir Aromaticum Rubrum (Elix. Arom. Rub.), Red Aromatic Elixir, N.F._ (Red Elixir).--Aromatic elixir colored with cudbear.

USES: Diluent and vehicle.

_Elixir Glycyrrhizae (Elix. Glycyrrh.), Elixir of Glycyrrhiza, U.S.P._ (Elixir Adjuvans, U.S.P. VIII, Elixir of Licorice).--Fluidextract of glycyrrhiza (12.5%) and aromatic elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent.

USES: Diluent and vehicle. The alcohol content should
not be overlooked.

_Elixir Glycyrrhizae Aromaticum (Elix. Glycyrrh. Arom.), Aromatic Elixir of Glycyrrhiza, N.F._ (Aromatic Elixir of Licorice).--Fluidextract of glycyrrhiza (12.5%), oil of clove, oil of cassia, oil of myristica, oil of fennel and aromatic elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 22 per cent.

USES: Flavoring vehicle.

DOSAGE: 8 Cc. or 2 fluidrachms.

=Aletris (Aletr.), Aletris, N.F.= (Unicorn Root, Colic Root, Star Grass).--Rhizome and root.

ACTION AND USES: Simple bitter, without advantage over
gentian. Also used in proprietary "female remedies," without
good evidence of value.

DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).

_Fluidextractum Aletridis (Fldext. Aletrid.), Fluidextract of Aletris, N.F._--Aletris (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).

=Allium (Allium), Garlic, N.F.=

ACTION AND USES: Irritant expectorant; without advantage
over senega, terpin hydrate or asafetida.

DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).

_Syrupus Allii (Syr. Allii), Syrup of Garlic, N.F._--Garlic (20%) in sugar and diluted acetic acid.

USES: Irritant expectorant.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

=*Aloe (Aloe), Aloes, U.S.P.=--The inspissated juice of different species of aloes, yielding Socotrine, Curaçao and Cape aloes, respectively.

ACTION AND USES: Moderately active cathartic used in
the treatment of chronic constipation. Acts mostly on the
large intestine.

DOSAGE: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains (U.S.P.), as pills.

_*Extractum Aloes (Ext. Aloes), Extract of Aloes, N.F._ (Powdered Extract of Aloes).--An aqueous extract, 1 Gm. representing 2 Gm. of aloes; diluted with starch. No material advantage over aloes.

DOSAGE: 0.125 Gm. or 2 grains (N.F.).

_Pilulae ad Prandium (Pil. ad Prand.), Dinner Pills, N.F._

1. For dinner pills without additional specifications Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches (which see), also called Lady Webster's Pills, should be dispensed.

2. CHAPMAN'S DINNER PILLS, N.F.--Each pill contains aloes and mastic (each 0.097 Gm. or 1-1/2 grains), and ipecac (0.065 Gm. or 1 grain), with oil of fennel.

3. COLE'S DINNER PILLS, N.F.--Each pill contains aloes, mass of mercury and jalap (each 0.078 Gm. or 1-1/4 grains), antimony and potassium tartrate (0.0013 Gm. or 1/50 grain) and syrup.

4. HALL'S DINNER PILLS, N.F.--Each pill contains aloes (0.065 Gm. or 1 grain) with extract of glycyrrhiza and soap.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes (Pil. Aloes), Pills of Aloes, U.S.P._--Each pill contains aloes (0.13 Gm. or 2 grains) with soap.

DOSAGE: 2 pills (U.S.P.).

_Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae (Pil. Aloe. et Asafoet.), Pills of Aloes and Asafetida, N.F._--Each pill contains aloes and asafetida (each 0.09 Gm. or 1-1/2 grains) with soap.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (U.S.P.).

_Pilulae Aloes et Ferri (Pil. Aloe. et Ferr.), Pills of Aloes and Iron, N.F._--Each pill contains aloes and exsiccated ferrous sulphate (each 0.07 Gm. or 1-1/6 grains), with aromatic powder and confection of rose.

DOSAGE: 2 pills (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches (Pil. Aloe. et Mastich.), Pills of Aloes and Mastic, N.F._ (Lady Webster's Dinner Pill).--Each pill contains aloes (0.13 Gm. or 2 grains) and mastic (0.04 Gm. or 2/3 grain) with red rose.

DOSAGE: 2 pills (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae (Pil. Aloe. et Myrrh.), Pills of Aloes and Myrrh, N.F._--Each pill contains aloes (0.13 Gm. or 2 grains) and myrrh (0.06 Gm. or 1 grain), with aromatic powder and syrup.

DOSAGE: 2 pills (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes et Podophylli Compositae (Pil. Aloe. et Podoph. Co.), Compound Pills of Aloes and Podophyllum, N.F._ (Janeway's Pills).--Each pill contains aloes (0.065 Gm. or 1 grain), resin of podophyllum (0.0325 Gm. or 1/2 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves and extract of nux vomica (each 0.016 Gm. or 1/4 grain).

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Podophylli (Pil. Aloe. Hydrarg. et Podoph.), Pills of Aloes, Mercury and Podophyllum, N.F._ (Pilulae Triplices, N.F. III, Triplex Pills, Pilula Triplex).--Each pill contains aloes (0.13 Gm. or 2 grains), mass of mercury (0.065 Gm. or 1 grain) and resin of podophyllum (0.016 Gm. or 1/4 grain). These pills should not be taken habitually.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloes, Hydrargyri et Scammonii Compositae (Pil. Aloe. Hydrarg. et Scammon Co.), Compound Pills of Aloes, Mercury and Scammony, N.F._ (Francis' Triplex Pills).--Each pill contains aloes, resin of scammony and mass of mercury (each 0.055 Gm. or 7/8 grain), croton oil (0.0032 Cc. or 1/20 minim), oil of caraway (0.016 Cc. or 1/4 minim) and tincture of aloes and myrrh. Should not be taken habitually.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pulvis Aloes et Canellae (Pulv. Aloe. et Canell.), Powder of Aloes and Canella, N.F._ (Hiera Picra).--Aloes (80%) and canella.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (N.F.).

_Tinctura Aloes (Tr. Aloes), Tincture of Aloes, U.S.P._--Aloes (10%) and glycyrrhiza in diluted alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).

_Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae (Tr. Aloe. et Myrrh.), Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, N.F._--Represents aloes and myrrh (each 10%) and glycyrrhiza in alcohol and water. Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent.

USES: Disagreeable cathartic.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).

=*Aloinum (Aloin.), Aloin, U.S.P.=--Obtained from aloes.

A yellow, odorless, intensely bitter powder. Slightly soluble in
water and soluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Similar to those of aloes; is more
easily absorbed, and has sometimes produced renal irritation.

DOSAGE: 0.015 Gm. or 1/4 grain (U.S.P.), as pills. In
chronic constipation, frequently given in doses of from
0.006 Gm. to 0.02 Gm., or 1/12 to 1/3 grain in combination
with extract of belladonna and strychnine.

_Pilulae Aloini Compositae (Pil. Aloin. Co.), Compound Pills of Aloin, N.F._--Each pill contains aloin (0.0325 Gm. or 1/2 grain), resin of podophyllum (0.008 Gm. or 1/8 grain), and pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.016 Gm. or 1/4 grain).

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloini, Strychninae et Belladonnae (Pil. A.S. et B.), Pills of Aloin, Strychnine and Belladonna, N.F._--Each pill contains aloin (0.013 Gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain) and pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 Gm. or 1/8 grain).

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Aloini, Strychninae et Belladonnae Compositae (Pil. A.S. et B. Co.), Compound Pills of Aloin, Strychnine and Belladonna, N.F._--Each pill contains aloin (0.013 Gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 Gm. or 1/8 grain) and extract of cascara sagrada (0.0325 Gm. or 1/2 grain).

USES: Needlessly complex mixture.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

_Pilulae Laxativae Compositae (Pil. Lax. Co.), Compound Laxative Pills, N.F._--Each pill contains aloin (0.013 Gm. or 1/5 grain), strychnine (0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain), pilular extract of belladonna leaves (0.008 Gm. or 1/8 grain) and ipecac (0.004 Gm. or 1/15 grain) with glycyrrhiza and syrup.

USES: Complex and superfluous preparation of aloin.

DOSAGE: 2 pills (N.F.).

=Althaea (Althaea), Althaea, U.S.P.= (Marsh Mallow Root).

ACTION AND USES: Demulcent and emollient; without
advantages over other drugs of the same kind, such as
chondrus, tragacanth, slippery elm and flaxseed.

_Species Pectorales (Spec. Pect.), Pectoral Species, N.F._ (Species ad Infusum Pectorale, Breast Tea).--Althaea, coltsfoot, glycyrrhiza, anise, mullein flowers and orris root.

DOSAGE: 4 Gm. or 1 drachm (N.F.).

_Syrupus Althaeae (Syr. Althae.), Syrup of Althaea, N.F._--Althaea (5%) with alcohol, glycerin and sugar in water. Absolute alcohol content about 2.5 per cent.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

=Althaeae Folia (Althae. Fol.), Althaea Leaves, N.F.= (Marsh Mallow Leaves).

ACTION AND USES: Domestic demulcent and emollient;
inferior for internal use to gums and for poultices to flaxseed.

DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).

_Species Emollientes (Spec. Emoll.), Emollient Species, N.F._ (Emollient Cataplasm).--Althaea leaves, mallow leaves, melilot, matricaria and flaxseed. Emollient poultice is made by adding a suitable quantity of hot water to this powder.

=*Alumen (Alum.), Alum, U.S.P.=--AlNH{4}(SO{4}){2} + 12H{2}O or AlK(SO{4}){2} + 12H{2}O. (The physician may indicate whether ammonium alum or potassium alum is desired.)

Colorless crystals or white powder, odorless and possessing a
strongly astringent taste. Ammonium alum is somewhat less soluble
in water than is potassium alum, which is freely soluble in water
(1:7.2); both are insoluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Astringent, styptic and hemostatic.
Seldom administered internally.

DOSAGE: As a gargle, in from 1 to 5 per cent. solution
(somewhat injurious to the teeth); as an injection in gonorrhea,
in from 0.5 to 1 per cent. solution; as a lotion in
skin diseases, in 1 per cent. solution.

_*Alumen Exsiccatum (Alum. Exsic.), Exsiccated Alum, U.S.P._ (Alumen Ustum, Dried Alum, Burnt Alum).--Anhydrous AlNH{4}(SO{4}){2} or anhydrous AlK(SO{4}){2}. (The composition of the desired salt may be indicated.)

White, odorless powder, with an astringent taste. Very slowly
soluble in water (1:14); insoluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Used externally like alum, being more
escharotic.

=*Alumini Acetas, Aluminum Acetate.=--Normal aluminum acetate, Al(C{2}H{3}O{2}){3}.

_Liquor Alumini Acetatis (Liq. Alumin. Acet.), Solution of Aluminum Acetate, N.F._ (Liquor Burowii, Burow's Solution).--Contains normal aluminum acetate, Al(C{2}H{3}O{2}){3} (about 5%).

USES: Popular astringent wash.

DOSAGE: Usually diluted with 15 parts of water

=Alumini Acetico-Tartras, Aluminum Acetico-Tartrate.=

_Liquor Alumini Acetico-Tartratis (Liq. Alumin. Acet.-Tart.), Solution of Aluminum Acetico-Tartrate, N.F._--A solution of aluminum acetate and tartrate obtained by dissolving aluminum hydroxide in a mixture of acetic and tartaric acids.

=Alumini Chloridum (Alum. Chlor.), Aluminum Chloride, N.F.=--AlCl{3} + 6H{2}O.

A nearly white deliquescent powder, with a sweetish, astringent
taste. Freely soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:3).

ACTION AND USES: Antiseptic and astringent, without
advantage over alum.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (N.F.).

=Alumini Hydroxidum (Alum. Hydrox.), Aluminum Hydroxide, U.S.P.=--Al(OH){3}.

A white, bulky, odorless and tasteless powder. Insoluble in water
and in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Mild astringent and desiccant, sometimes
used as a dusting powder.

=Alumini Subacetas, Aluminum Subacetate.=--Basic aluminum acetate, Al(C{2}H{3}O{2}){2}OH.

_*Liquor Alumini Subacetatis (Liq. Alumin. Subacet.), Solution of Aluminum Subacetate, N.F._ (Liquor Alumini Acetatis, N.F. III).--Contains basic aluminum acetate, Al(C{2}H{3}O{2}){2}OH (about 8%).

USES: Astringent wash.

DOSAGE: Usually diluted with ten parts of water.

=Alumini Sulphas (Alum. Sulph.), Aluminum Sulphate, N.F.=--Al{2}(SO{4}){3} + 16H{2}O.

A white, odorless powder, with an astringent taste. Freely soluble
in water (1:1), but insoluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Similar to and without advantage
over alum.

=*Ammonia (NH{3}).=

_*Aqua Ammoniae (Aq. Ammon.), Ammonia Water, U.S.P._--NH{3} (about 10%) in water.

A liquid with a strong odor and a caustic, soapy taste. Loses NH{3}
readily. Miscible with water or alcohol.

USES: Local irritant and antacid, preferably as a liniment.
Fugacious indirect circulatory and respiratory
stimulant.

_Aqua Ammoniae Fortior (Aq. Ammon. Fort.), Stronger Ammonia Water, U.S.P._--NH{3} (about 28%) in water.

Loses NH{3} very readily. Miscible with water or alcohol.

_*Linimentum Ammoniae (Lin. Ammon.), Ammonia Liniment, U.S.P._ (Volatile Liniment, Hartshorn Liniment).--Ammonia water (25%) in sesame oil.

USES: Popularly used as counterirritant.

_Lotio Ammoniacalis Camphorata (Lot. Ammon. Camph.), Ammoniated Camphor Wash, N.F._ (Aqua Sedativa, N.F. III, Sedative Water, Eau Sédative de Raspail).--Ammonia water (6%) and spirit of camphor (1%), in sodium chloride and water.

USES: Counterirritant.

_Spiritus Ammoniae Anisatus (Sp. Ammon. Anis.), Anisated Spirit of Ammonia, N.F._ (Liquor Ammoniae Anisatus, Anisated Solution of Ammonia).--Ammonia water (20%) with anethol, in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent.

USES: Aromatic carminative preparation.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).

=Ammonii Acetas, Ammonium Acetate.=--NH{4}C{2}H{3}O{2}.

_Liquor Ammonii Acetatis (Liq. Ammon. Acet.), Solution of Ammonium Acetate, U.S.P._ (Spirit of Mindererus).--Contains NH{4}C{2}H{3}O{2} (not less than 7%).

USES: Diaphoretic and diuretic in fevers; of doubtful
value.

DOSAGE: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrachms (U.S.P.).

_Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis (Liq. Ferr. et Ammon. Acet.), Solution of Iron and Ammonium Acetate, U.S.P._ (Basham's Mixture).

USES: An antiquated preparation, without the special
advantages generally ascribed to it. Iron and acetates are
better prescribed separately.

DOSAGE: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrachms (U.S.P.).

=Ammonii Benzoas (Ammon. Benz.), Ammonium Benzoate, U.S.P.=

A white, odorless or nearly odorless powder, with a bitterish
taste. Very soluble in water (1:10) and soluble in alcohol (1:35).
Incompatible with acids, fixed alkalies and ferric salts.

ACTION AND USES: Resembles sodium benzoate in its
action but is more irritant and has no advantage over it.

DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.), in solution

=Ammonii Bromidum (Ammon. Brom.), Ammonium Bromide, U.S.P.=--NH{4}Br.

A white, odorless powder with a pungent saline taste. Incompatible
with nitrous ether.

ACTION AND USES: Those of the bromides; more irritant
than potassium bromide, over which it has no advantage.

DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.) in solution.

_Elixir Ammonii Bromidi (Elix. Ammon. Brom.), Elixir of Ammonium Bromide, N.F._--Ammonium bromide (8.5%), syrup, distilled water and aromatic elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 5 per cent.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm.

_Elixir Trium Bromidorum (Elix. Tri. Brom.), Elixir of Three Bromides, N.F._--Ammonium bromide, potassium bromide and sodium bromide (each 8%), with cudbear and compound elixir of almond. Absolute alcohol content about 4 per cent.

USES: An irrational bromide mixture, as there is no good
evidence that the bases influence the bromide action
materially.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

=*Ammonii Carbonas (Ammon. Carb.), Ammonium Carbonate, U.S.P.=--A mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate, yielding about 31 per cent. of NH{3}.

White, hard, translucent masses, with a strong ammoniacal odor and
a sharp, ammoniacal taste. Very soluble in water; alcohol dissolves
the carbamate and leaves the bicarbonate.

ACTION AND USES: Alkaline and nauseant liquefying
expectorant used in cough mixtures; also as reflex "diffusible"
stimulant in smelling salts.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.) in solution.

_Mistura Pectoralis Stokes (Mist. Pect. Stokes), Stokes' Expectorant, N.F._--Ammonium carbonate (1.75%), fluidextracts of senega and squill (each 3.5%), camphorated tincture of opium (17.5%), water and syrup of tolu. Absolute alcohol content about 10 per cent.

USES: Irrational expectorant mixture.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

_*Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus (Sp. Ammon. Arom.), Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, U.S.P._--Ammonium carbonate (3.4%), ammonia water (9%) and oils of lemon, lavender and myristica in alcohol and distilled water. Absolute alcohol content about 68 per cent.

USES: Useful aromatic alkali and carminative in flatulence,
colic, etc.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).

=*Ammonii Chloridum (Ammon. Chlor.), Ammonium Chloride, U.S.P.=--NH{4}Cl.

A white, odorless powder, with a saline taste. Freely soluble in
water (1:2.6) and soluble in alcohol (1:100).

ACTION AND USES: Liquefying expectorant; used in cough
mixtures, and in the treatment of inflammation of the air-passages.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in solution or
lozenges.

_Mistura Ammonii Chloridi (Mist. Ammon. Chlor.), Mixture of Ammonium Chloride, N.F._ (Mistura Solvens Simplex).--Ammonium chloride (2.5%) and pure extract of glycyrrhiza in water.

DOSAGE: 8 Cc. or 2 fluidrachms (N.F.).

_Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi (Troch. Ammon. Chlor.), Troches of Ammonium Chloride, U.S.P._--Each troche contains ammonium chloride (0.1 Gm.) with extract of glycyrrhiza, tragacanth and sugar, flavored with syrup of tolu.

=Ammonii Citras, Ammonium Citrate.=

_Liquor Ammonii Citratis (Liq. Ammon. Cit.), Solution of Ammonium Citrate, N.F._--Ammonium citrate (14.47%) in water.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).

_Ammonii Hypophosphis (Ammon. Hypophos.), Ammonium Hypophosphite, N.F._--NH{4}H{2}PO{2}.

Colorless plates or white powder, odorless, with a saline, bitter
taste. Very soluble in water (1:1) and soluble in alcohol (1:20).

ACTION AND USES: Similar to but without material
advantage over ammonium chloride.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains (N.F.).

_Syrupus Ammonii Hypophosphitis (Syr. Ammon. Hypophos.), Syrup of Ammonium Hypophosphite, N.F._--Ammonium hypophosphite (3.5%) and diluted hypophosphorous acid, flavored with compound spirit of vanillin, in water, glycerin and syrup.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.)

=Ammonii Iodidum (Ammon. Iod.), Ammonium Iodide, U.S.P.=--NH{4}I.

White, odorless powder, with a saline taste. Freely soluble in
water (1:0.6), in alcohol (1:3.7) and in glycerin (1:1.5).

ACTION AND USES: Those of the iodides. More irritant
and less stable than sodium or potassium iodide, over
which it has no advantage.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in solution.

_Linimentum Ammonii Iodidi (Lin. Ammon. Iod.), Liniment of Ammonium Iodide, N.F._--Ammonium iodide (about 0.5%) with oil of rosemary, oil of lavender, camphor, ammonia water and alcohol.

USES: Irrational preparation.

=Ammonii Phosphas (Ammon. Phos.), Ammonium Phosphate, N.F.=--A mixture of (NH{4}){2}HPO{4} and NH{4}H{2}PO{4}.

Colorless crystals or white powder. Freely soluble in water (1:4),
but insoluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Similar to but without advantage over
sodium phosphate.

DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (N.F.).

=Ammonii Salicylas (Ammon. Salicyl.), Ammonium Salicylate, U.S.P.=

White, odorless crystals or powder with a bitterish taste. Very
soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:3). Incompatible with
acids and fixed alkalies.

ACTION AND USES: Those of salicylates; without advantage
over sodium salicylate.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), in solution.

=Ammonii Valeras (Ammon. Valer.), Ammonium Valerate, U.S.P.= (Ammonium Valerianate).--Of variable composition.

White plates, with a valerian odor and a sharp, sweetish taste.
Very soluble in water (1:0.3) and in alcohol (1:0.6).

ACTION AND USES: Sedative in hysteria, depending on the
valeric odor. Not very effective.

DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.).

_Elixir Ammonii Valeratis (Elix. Ammon. Valer.), Elixir of Ammonium Valerate, N.F._ (Elixir Ammonii Valerianatis, N.F. III).--Ammonium valerate (3.5%) in red elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent.

DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm. The alcohol content
should be borne in mind.

=Amygdala Dulcis (Amygd. Dulc.), Sweet Almond, U.S.P.=

ACTION AND USES: Demulcent, especially as cosmetic.

_Emulsum Amygdalae (Emuls. Amygd.), Emulsion of Almond, U.S.P._ (Milk of Almond).--Sweet almond, acacia, sugar and water.

=*Amylis Nitris (Amyl. Nitris), Amyl Nitrite, U.S.P.=--Not less than 80 per cent. C{5}H{11}NO{2} (chiefly iso-amyl nitrite).

A yellowish liquid, with a fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic
taste. Very volatile; almost insoluble in water, but miscible with
alcohol or ether.

ACTION AND USES: Prompt vasodilator, used especially
in spasms of angina pectoris, asthma and general convulsions.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims (U.S.P.), by inhalation.

=*Amylum (Amyl.), Starch, U.S.P.= (Corn Starch).

ACTION AND USES: Dusting powder and diluent.

_Glyceritum Amyli (Glycer. Amyl.), Glycerite of Starch, U.S.P._--Starch (10%) and water (10%) in glycerin.

USES: Emollient and excipient.

=Anethol (Anethol), Anethol, N.F.=--The chief constituent of oil of anise and oil of fennel.

A colorless or yellowish liquid, with a sweet taste and an odor of
anise; solid below 20 C. Almost insoluble in water, but freely
soluble in alcohol or ether.

ACTION AND USES: Carminative, etc. Similar to but
without advantage over oil of anise.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims (N.F.).

_Elixir Anisi (Elix. Anis.), Elixir of Anise, N.F._--Anethol, oil of fennel, spirit of bitter almond, alcohol, syrup and water. Absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent.

USES: Carminative and flavor.

DOSAGE: For infants, 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).

=Angelicae Fructus (Angel. Fruct.), Angelica Fruit, N.F.= (Angelica Seed).

ACTION AND USES: Aromatic stomachic and carminative;
without advantage over gentian.

DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (N.F.).

=Angelicae Radix (Angel. Rad.), Angelica Root, N.F.=

ACTION AND USES: Stimulating expectorant; without
advantage over tolu.

DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).

_Fluidextractum Angelicae Radicis (Fldext. Angel. Rad.), Fluidextract of Angelica Root, N.F._--Angelica root (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent.

DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).

=Anisum (Anis.), Anise, U.S.P.= (Aniseed).

ACTION AND USES: Carminative. (See =Oleum Anisi=).

=*Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (Antim. et Pot. Tart.), Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, U.S.P.= (Antimonyl Potassium Tartrate, Tartrated Antimony, Tartar Emetic).

A white, odorless powder with a sweet, metallic taste. Soluble in
water (1:12) and in glycerin (1:15); insoluble in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Nauseant expectorant and emetic.
Emetic doses and the prolonged use of expectorant doses
are somewhat dangerous. Externally, a pustulant.

DOSAGE: Expectorant, 0.005 Gm. or 1/12 grain (U.S.P.),
in solution. It is best to begin with small doses (0.001 Gm.
or 1/60 grain) which may be repeated hourly, care being
taken to avoid too great depression.

_Vinum Antimonii (Vin. Antimon.), Wine of Antimony, N.F._--Antimony and potassium tartrate (0.4%), in water and sherry wine. Absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent.

DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).

=Antimonii Oxidum (Antim. Oxid.), Antimony Oxide, N.F.=--Antimonous oxide, Sb{2}O{3}.

A white or grayish-white, odorless, tasteless powder. Insoluble in
water and in alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Obsolete nauseant, emetic and
cathartic. Action uncertain and possibly toxic.

DOSAGE: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain (N.F.).

_Pulvis Antimonialis (Pulv. Antimon.), Antimonial Powder, N.F._ (James' Powder).--Antimonous oxide (33%) and precipitated calcium phosphate.

DOSAGE: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains (N.F.).

=Antimonium Sulphuratum (Antim. Sulphurat.), Sulphurated Antimony, N.F.= (Antimonium Oxysulphuratum, Kermes Mineral).--Chiefly antimony trisulphide, Sb{2}S{3}.

A red-brown, odorless, tasteless powder. Insoluble in water and in
alcohol.

ACTION AND USES: Mineral cathartic, without advantage
over calomel. Has no special action on the bile, as was
formerly supposed.

_Pilulae Antimonii Compositae (Pil. Antimon. Co.), Compound Pills of Antimony, N.F._ (Plummer's Pills).--Each pill contains sulphurated antimony and mild mercurous chloride (each 0.04 Gm. or 2/3 grain), guaiac (0.08 Gm. or 1-1/3 grains), and castor oil.

DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).

=*Antipyrina (Antipyr.), Antipyrine, U.S.P.= (Phenazone, Phenyldimethylpyrazolon).

White, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. Freely
soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:1.3).