Chapter XXX: Appendix: 4 (5)

By a joint resolution of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on February 4, 1903, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker appointed Lieutenant-Governor William M. Brown, president of the senate; John M. Scott, speaker of the house; Henry F. Walton, State treasurer; Frank G. Harris, auditor; Gen. Edmund B. Hardenbergh, secretary of internal affairs, and Isaac B. Brown as members of the Pennsylvania commission. Subsequently the governor appointed the following additional members: William S. Harvey, Morris L. Clothier, Joseph M. Gazzam, George H. Earle, Jr., Charles B. Penrose, George T. Oliver, H.H. Gilkyson, Hiram Young, James Pollock, and James McBrier. The president of the senate appointed John G. Brady, William C. Sproul, William P. Snyder, J. Henry Cochran, Cyrus E. Woods, and the speaker of the house appointed Theodore B. Stulb, John Hamilton, William B. Kirker, William Wayne, John A.F. Hoy, Fred T. Ikeler, William H. Ulrich, A.F. Cooper, Frank B. McClain, George J. Hartman.

The commission organized on April 24, 1903, and nominated James H. Lambert, of Philadelphia, executive officer; Bromley Wharton, secretary of the commission and created an executive committee of nine members, with H. George J. Brennan as secretary; Thos. H. Garvin, superintendent State Building; Philip H. Johnson, architect.

The State appropriation was $300,000. The only amount raised by private subscription, which was used in the installation of State exhibits, was $15,000, contributed by the anthracite coal corporations to make a display of the process of mining and marketing anthracite coal. There were no exhibits in the Pennsylvania State Building outside of the portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, past and present, 42 of which were displayed, and a collection of pictures loaned by the American Art Society. Several mural paintings from the Women's School of Design, in Philadelphia, and a series of nearly 100 photographs of the monuments erected to Pennsylvania regiments on the field of Gettysburg.

The State mining exhibit represented an expenditure of $60,000.

The cost of the educational exhibit was $14,000; of the agricultural exhibit $12,000; of the fish exhibit, $10,000.

In the Department of Social Economy Pennsylvania's charitable and penal system was fully demonstrated in an exhibit which received a grand prize and which was installed at an expenditure of $2,500. In addition to this, Pennsylvania's interests were represented in every department of the exposition--in Manufactures, Liberal Arts, Varied Industries, Electricity, Transportation, and Machinery.

It was Pennsylvania-made machinery which furnished the power for the electric light of the exposition, as well as for driving the machinery and pumping the water for the Cascades.

The Pennsylvania State Building occupied a conspicuous position on elevated ground and was one of the finest and most costly in the State group. The most imposing figure was the magnificently proportioned rotunda, the roof of which was supported by a colonnade of Ionic capitaled columns, which supported an entablature of great dignity, this in turn being surmounted by a series of 12 semicircular arches or lunettes, in each of which was placed an allegorical painting, suggestive and typically illustrative of the very important industries of the State.

The principal color scheme of the architectural features was ivory white, with the capitals and plinths of columns gilt, as also the vaulted soffits above the paintings and the large Guilloche moldings on ribs of the ceiling, and the other important details.

The walls above the low wainscoting were painted in a rich shade of turquoise blue, with paneled ornamental stenciled work of a very rich ecru tone.

The ceiling was finished in a rich yellow tint of a tone to harmonize with the general surroundings. The general effect produced, aside from the artistic result obtained, was Pennsylvania's State colors. The ladies' room contained some beautiful furniture, consisting of some large settees, tables, writing desks, and comfortably upholstered easy chairs. The windows were draped with red silk curtains on which were embroidered the coat of arms and other State emblems.

The men's room, across the large stair hall, was similarly treated as regards furniture and draperies, but in more masculine, taste, the furniture being covered in leather, the draperies of heavier material, and the color scheme and design throughout being more suggestive of the sex.

The second floor had three large, beautifully lighted and proportioned rooms, known as "art rooms."

The various rooms throughout the building were decorated murally and otherwise in such color tones, draperies, etc., as to make one harmonious with the other. Each department, in addition to its other features, had specially designed Smyrna rugs in color and design to match.

Pennsylvania, in the allotment of space for her education exhibit, received one of the most desirable plots in the Educational Building. The booth was one of the most attractive in the building, and was in harmony with its purpose. The exhibit was almost entirely from the public schools, including work from the kindergarten, the grades, and the high school. The normal schools and the soldiers' orphans schools, which are a part of the public school system in Pennsylvania, were also well represented. The work of all the kindergartens appeared together, likewise the first grade, and so on through the grades. The high school and normal school products were arranged by subjects, the papers from one branch appearing in a cabinet. The display was made on the inside walls of the booth in leaf cabinets, base stands, and special show cases.

In portfolios and on the walls were about 3,000 photographs of school buildings, grounds, interiors with children at work and at play, manual classes at sewing, basketry, weaving, in the shops and the gardens, plans and drawings in full of model rural school buildings; evolution of the schoolhouses, showing the first log building, its successors until the modern school structure is reached, and noted places and buildings in Pennsylvania history. The State soldiers' orphans schools had an interesting and attractive exhibit of photographs of their buildings, grounds, pupils, and shops with work going on. The industrial Indian school at Carlisle had a number of most interesting photographs showing the marvelous development in the pupils after they enter that school. The normal schools of the State had about 300 photographs of buildings, interiors, and students.

Haverford College and Lehigh University had exhibits of photographs of the college buildings, interiors, course of study, and students. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art, and the Spring Garden Institute had most interesting exhibits showing the best handiwork in the lines for which these schools were severally noted.

In the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy it was designed to make an exposition of the mineral wealth of the State in the crude condition of its occurrences, and of her industrial advancement in the arts and sciences as shown by the finished product. There were aggregated in the exhibit statistical data, photographic views, transparencies and prints, relief maps, specimens of crude, partly worked, and finished material.

The central feature of the exhibit, an octagonal shaft about 30 feet in height, surmounted by an ornamental frieze, dome, and golden eagle, bore statistics relating to the most important mineral productions of the State during the year 1903. Among the relief maps reproducing mining regions one, 12 by 8 feet, covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and showed coal measures, including the Pottsville conglomerate, oil-producing areas, and gas territory.

Among the crude materials exhibited, coal, the greatest mineral product of the State, was given preeminence. A piece of anthracite coal weighing 11 tons, said to be the largest unbroken piece of this coal ever taken from the ground, was surrounded by pyramidal glass cases in which were displayed anthracite coals of various kinds, quantities, and qualities in all the marketable sizes, from lump to culm. Adjoining this display was a working breaker illustrating modern methods of breaking, cleaning, and assorting anthracite coal. Next to this display was probably the most perfect and comprehensive coal-mine model ever constructed. It was about 16 feet by 9 feet, and was accurately proportioned to the scale of 5 feet to 1 inch. The background of the model showed the surface plan of a large mine, including a miniature breaker near the head of the mine shaft to the breaker, small cars bearing slate and culm away from the breakers, and coal cars upon a track which ran under the breaker for convenience in loading the marketable product for shipment; also upon the left hand, the fan supplying ventilation to the mine, the carpenter shop, and the boiler room, and on the right hand, the men at work on strippings (coal lying on or near the surface) with steam shovels.

Mounted prints and transparencies showed interior and surface views of mines, and a valuable collection of coal fossils completed the State exhibit of anthracite coal.

The bituminous coal of the State of Pennsylvania was represented by twelve cross-sectional cuttings from well-known veins occurring in different parts of the State and by models and views. Pennsylvania's interest in iron mining and manufactures was represented by the crude product only.

In crude specimens, ores of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, etc., were displayed, as well as feldspar, corundum talc, asbestos, gypsum, and mica. A pavilion built of old Bangor slate showed slabs of different grades and varieties of finish.

A handsomely mounted exhibit of crude and refined oils in 200 flasks conveyed a conception of the variety and extent of the oil industry of the State. The whole exhibit, so far as space would permit, was designed upon a scale significant of the size, importance, and value of the mineral wealth it represented.

The general scheme of installation of Pennsylvania's agricultural exhibit embraced an inclosing structure of show cases with plate-glass tops. On either side of the four corners was a massive paneled port surmounted by a glass sphere 6 inches in diameter and filled with some farm products similar to that which was shown in the cases adjoining them.

Upon two of the keystones grains and seeds were displayed in glass jars, while corn was shown in rows of ears. Upon another keystone were shown fine specimens of fine tobacco, as also in the show cases adjoining the pagoda. All the tobacco shown was grown in Lancaster County. Wool was shown in the grease, or "unwashed," in small samples taken directly from the sheep. These samples were arranged upon black velvet, which lined the bottom of the cases in a large variety of beautiful forms, and constituted one of the most attractive features of the exhibits.

In the remaining show cases was found an unusually large collection of the manufactured products of the farmers' crops, including meals, flours, "breakfast foods," oils, liquors, pipes, etc.

Pennsylvania's fish exhibit was divided into five groups, namely: Live fish, mounted fish, birds and mammals, water colors and photographs of fishery subjects, legally confiscated devices for catching fish and angling materials.

Naturally, it was designed that the live-fish exhibit should be the prominent feature. Thirty-five aquaria were placed on two sides of the main aisle. Only prominent examples of various groups were displayed, consisting of game fishes, food fishes, the principal interior fishes commercially valuable as food, representatives of types which have no value either for game or food purposes and which were distinctively destructive, and also minnows.

The still exhibit was one of great beauty. The mounted groups were separated into two divisions, mounted fishes of the larger size and the mounted specimens of the birds and animals which prey upon fishes.

The greatest interest was probably shown in the exhibit of legally confiscated nets, draped in artistic fashion against a high board wall stained to represent a natural fence. Among them were placed fish on panels, which added materially to the effect. It was the only exhibit of its kind in the World's Fair, and it apparently proved to be one of the most attractive.

Pennsylvania responded enthusiastically to the invitation to participate in the general educational display in the Art Palace. Fully conscious of the ethical influence of art as a factor in the progress of the Commonwealth, the commissioners set aside funds to assist the Pennsylvania artists in displaying the best of their works produced since the Columbian Exposition--eleven years ago--and in a manner worthy of the State, which possesses the oldest art institute in the country and which gave birth to Benjamin West, Sully, Nagel, Rothemmel, and Abbey.

The State had important representation in all of the six groups in which the department had classified its exhibits.

The following table will show the extent of the participation:

Paintings and drawings ...... 145 Etchings and engravings ..... 7 Sculpture ................... 36 Architecture ................ 104 Loan ........................ 14 Applied arts ................ 107 ---- Total ....................... 313

Pennsylvania sculpture was a striking feature of the impressive collection in the United States sculpture court of the Art Palace. The late Edmund C. Stewartson's work, "The Bather," one of the best productions of American sculpture, was installed here, and, among others, important works were shown of Charles Grafly, to whom was intrusted the designing of the official medal of awards for the exposition; of Alexander Sterling Calder, and of Samuel Murray, who exhibited many portrait busts of well-known Pennsylvanians. Architecture had as its Pennsylvania representation many well-known individuals and firms.

To the splendid collection of foreign masterpieces forming the loan collection of the United States section, borrowed from individual collectors and art institutions, Pennsylvania made sumptuous contributions.

The Pennsylvania display in the Department of Art was of the highest importance, and a comparison with the contributions of other States disclosed the fact that Pennsylvania stood second to only one other State in point of numbers.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The Philippine exposition board was created by Act 514 of the Philippine Commission, passed for the purpose of collecting and installing a distinctively Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 at St. Louis, Mo.

The original act carried an appropriation of $125,000, which was made immediately available, and authorized the board to incur additional obligations to the amount of $250,000 apart from such sum as might be set aside by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in aid of the Philippine exhibit. The amount of such aid was $200,000 from the appropriation made by Congress.

Several amendments to Act 514 were made, notably Acts 765, 827, 1055, and other acts carrying additional appropriations.

The exposition board, as originally appointed, consisted of Dr. W.P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the Philadelphia museums, and Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, of Manila, as members, and Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, also of Manila, secretary. Mr. Carson Taylor was appointed disbursing officer.

Several changes in the authorized official organization have occurred. Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member, whose work had been confined to the Philippine Islands, resigned in August, 1904, and was succeeded by Mr. A.L. Lawshe, auditor for the Philippine Islands, who was appointed to serve during a leave of absence from the Philippines. Dr. W.P. Wilson resigned the chairmanship in October, 1904, the resignation to take effect November 1 following. Mr. Lawshe was appointed to the chairmanship to succeed Doctor Wilson, and Mr. Herbert S. Stone, previously connected with the board as chief of publicity, was appointed to the vacant membership on the board.

The task of collecting the material for the exhibit devolved on Doctor Niederlein, who, as director of exhibits, was given sole charge of this work. He arrived in the islands for the purpose in October, 1902.

Chairman Wilson made a brief visit to the islands in May, 1903, to arrange plans for the work, and upon his return undertook the construction of the buildings and the beautifying of the grounds. Forty-seven acres of rolling country, lying for the most part on an elevation of the southwestern section of the World's Fair grounds, were assigned to the Philippine exhibit. The work of construction consisted of building a miniature city, with streets and parks and complete sewerage, water, and electric light, and fire-alarm systems. The ground plan included a central park or plaza, the sides of the quadrangle being occupied, respectively, by the cathedral or educational building, the typical Manila house, the commerce building, and the government or administration building, each of these beautiful structures being filled with appropriate exhibits. In addition there were separate exhibit buildings devoted to forestry, mines, and metallurgy, to agriculture and horticulture, to fish and game, and to ethnology, all artistically placed. A reproduction of the ancient walls of Manila commanded the main approach to the Philippine grounds. After crossing a miniature reproduction of the Bridge of Spain, which spans the Pasig River at Manila, the visitors entered the Philippine reservation through the Real gate. Villages typical of the Philippine life, from the lowest grade to the better class, surrounded the main buildings, while on the south side were the quarters, camps, and parade grounds of the Philippine Constabulary and the Philippine Scouts. The Manila Observatory, with a large outdoor relief map on the east and a hospital and office building in a convenient space on the west part of the grounds, completed the scheme.

Each and every building constructed under Philippine auspices was typical of the islands. Vast quantities of bamboo and nipa, brought from the archipelago, were used in the construction of the native villages as well as in the Forestry, Mines, Agriculture, and Fish and Game buildings.

While the expenditure for the exhibit far exceeded the amount originally contemplated by the Philippine Commission, due to many causes and conditions, it gave to the people of the United States a more intimate knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the Philippine Islands than they could acquire except by an actual and extended visit.

The exhibit was an honest one. There were the least civilized people in the Negritos and the Igorrotes; the semicivilized in the Bagobos and the Moros, and the civilized and cultured in the Visavans, as well as in the constabulary and scout organizations. In all other respects the exhibit was a faithful portrayal.

The official staff of the board was as follows:

Dr. William P. Wilson, chairman; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, member and director of exhibits; Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member; Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, secretary; Mr. Edmund A. Felder, executive officer; Mr. Carson Taylor, disbursing officer; Mr. H.C. Lewis, cashier; Rev. Jose Algue, S.J., director of the Philippine Weather Bureau and director of the Philippine Exposition Observatory; Capt. M.C. Butler, U.S. Army, director of supplies; Capt. Llewellyn P. Williamson, Medical Department, U.S. Army, medical director; Mr. Charles L. Hall, chief department of agriculture; Mr. Charles P. Fenner, chief department of commerce and manufactures and representative of the American Chamber of Commerce of Manila; Mr. A.R. Hager, chief department of education; Dr. Albert E. Jenks, chief ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands and chief of the department of ethnology, Philippine exposition; Mr. Roy Hopping, chief department mines and metallurgy; Mr. Herbert S. Stone, chief department of publicity; Mr. Alfred C. Newell, chief department of exploitation; Mr. William N. Swarthout, editor of the Manila Times, on special duty; Mr. George P. Linden, curator of exhibits, in charge of forestry; Capt. F.E. Cofren, P.C., chief of war exhibit; Mr. Antonio G. Escammilla, assistant secretary; Capt. George S. Clark, purchasing agent; Mr. A.E. Anderson, architect; Mr. James D. Lalor, chief engineer; Miss Pilar Zamora, superintendent of model school; Mr. Jose Quadras, chief department of fish and game.

The forestry exhibit was installed in a handsome and characteristic bamboo and nipa structure of the bungalow type. The interior of the building was divided into four parts, of which two were utilized to show the woods in the rough, planed, and polished states, a third being used to display forestry by-products, while the last contained the finished products made into furniture.

The total number of exhibitors in this department was 1,294. The superior jury approved the following awards:

Grand prizes, 3; gold medals, 24; silver medals, 39; bronze medals, 32; honorable mentions, 207; total number awards granted, 305.

In the commerce and manufactures was a commercial exhibit showing the articles of importation, their cost, method of packing, etc. Exhibitors of samples of imports in this department were awarded suitable medals and diplomas for their collaboration and the wisdom of the scheme has been fully demonstrated.

The commercial library, consisting of the Philippine tariff and customs administrative act, public laws and resolutions passed by the civil commission, and other books of interest, served excellently as works of reference.

The department of liberal arts and fine arts was installed in the two wings on the ground floor of the Government Building, while the fine-art exhibit was placed in the art gallery formed by the rear wing of the building. Taking advantage of the available facilities, they were arranged so as to give unity to the whole, notwithstanding their variety, thus making the general effect pleasing to the eye.

A collection of mollusks of great scientific value and a collection of insects were placed, respectively, in the right and left wings of the building.

A large collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, photographs, etc., relating to the Philippines, the maps and public and private house models, and the different exhibits of the insular government bureaus were exhibited in the palaces above mentioned. The needlework in silk cloth, pina, and cotton, together with work in leather, silver, and gold, and musical instruments, noteworthy on account of perfect workmanship, were equally well displayed for public inspection.

The prizes awarded to this department were as follows:

Grand prizes, 14; gold medals, 55; silver medals, 64; bronze medals, 45; honorable mentions, 123.

The main installation of fine arts was made in the reception hall of the Government Building, both for paintings and sculpture. Of the first mentioned there were 61, selected for special merit, and of the second, 28, notable for their artistic conception and execution. The remainder were divided between the educational building and the Manila House, there being 85 oil paintings aside from water colors and some drawings in crayon; 35 pieces of sculpture, and 8 wood carvings. Among the pieces of sculpture were included certain ancient pieces which, in some respects, illustrate the history of this branch of fine arts cultivated by the Filipinos, with special application to religious iconography.

In July the paintings and sculptures were examined, and the following awards were unanimously made:

Grand prizes, 4; gold medals, 15; silver medals, 31; bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 42.

The Manila observatory took a special interest in the St. Louis Exposition and exhibited a model of a first-class meteorological seismic station equipped with the very latest instruments. This model, unlike others that were on exhibition at the World's Fair, was in working order, and all the recording instruments were continually kept in motion by the head mechanic of the Manila central observatory.

The work in the meteorological station consisted principally in taking two daily observations of Green's mercurial barometer, of the maximum and minimum temperature of the psychrometer, of the direction of the winds and of the clouds and also the amount of rainfall.

The educational exhibit was installed in a large, well-lighted building which was a diminished model of the Manila Cathedral. Central walls and alcoves, covered with green burlap, were erected to give wall space, and 220 square meters of space were thus provided. In preparing the exhibit, the first step was to enlist the cooperation of the American and Filipino teachers in the Government schools, about 2,000 in number, and as many as possible of the teachers of private schools. To this end, circulars were sent to every American teacher, and visits were made to the school divisions near Manila. Supplies of school materials, uniform paper for written work, etc., were sent by the bureau of education, which gave every assistance possible to schools that requested such material. Letters were written to a number of educators in America requesting personal expressions as to what they would find most interesting in a Philippine educational exhibit. In response many helpful suggestions were received.

The educational exhibit known as "Department A," of the Philippine exposition board, contained collections sent by 438 exhibitors and consisted of 8,542 exhibits.

Labels of various sizes were freely used to give visitors information regarding collections and conditions of school work in the Philippines, particularly where these conditions differed from those of the United States.

Written work was displayed in flat-top wall cases arranged according to school divisions, some of the typical work being shown open under glass. These cases were arranged so that they might have been opened without disturbing the displayed work to give access to other written work of the division.

The industrial exhibits and photographs filled 30 glazed show cases and the wall space around these cases and were arranged by school divisions. These show cases varied in size from one-half to 7 cubic meters. The list of awards contained eight grand prizes, as follows:

The secretary of public instruction and the general superintendent of education, on the exhibit as a whole; the Philippine Model School; Laguna High School; Liceo de Manila Secondary School; the Philippine Nautical School; the Philippine Normal School, and the University of Santo Tomas.

Thirty gold medals, 71 silver medals, 110 bronze medals, and 323 honorable mentions were also awarded.

The Model School was in a typical nipa and bamboo schoolhouse especially arranged for exhibition purposes. It was in charge of Miss Pilar Zamora, a Tagalog, who is a teacher, in the Philippine Normal School. Two sessions were held daily, to which visitors were admitted.

The exhibits in the agricultural building represented agriculture, horticulture, and land transportation. The material on exhibition consisted of all raw and manufactured products of the soil, together with crude native instruments and implements employed in the cultivation of the land, as well as native machinery for the preparation of such products for the market, illustrating in as complete a manner as possible the old process of raising the various crops of the island.

Among the cereals were large and interesting collections of rice, both hulled and in the hull, representing hundreds of varieties and subvarieties grown in the different islands of the archipelago. These varieties were divided into two groups, namely, "palay de secano" or mountain rice, which is cultivated without irrigation, and "palay de regadio" or valley rice, which is cultivated in rice paddies and by irrigation. There were also samples of wheat grown at some of the experimental stations established by the insular bureau of agriculture. Samples of corn or maize, millet, sorghum, pease, beans, and lentils were also exhibited.

There was also a large collection of tropical and European vegetable seeds, together with seeds of various kinds of pumpkins, squash, calabash, and cucumbers grown in the islands. The collection of oil and oil-producing seeds consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor, pili, palo, maria, tangan-tangan, tuba-tuba, copra, or dried cocoanut, etc.

The collection of wild and cultivated fruits, vegetables, and tubers preserved in formaldehyde was a very interesting one, and undoubtedly the first collection of its kind seen in America. Samples of unrefined sugar of different grades, together with the preserved cane, were also displayed, with the crude native machinery used in the extraction of the sugar.

Samples of alcohol, wines, and vinegar produced from the various palm saps or grain and sugar were well represented. The collection of fibers and textiles was very complete. It consisted of several varieties of shrub cotton in white, yellow, and brown, together with the cloth made of this cotton by the natives on crude hand looms, and the tree cotton variety, which is principally used by the natives for filling pillows. In the fiber exhibit were samples of hemp, maguey pina, and textile barks of all kinds, together with samples of cloth and rope manufactured from them.

A conservatory built in the center of the building on the south side contained a very interesting collection of orchids, cycas, and some tree ferns from the Philippines.

Exhibits were cared for in 93 show cases, 40 inches wide, 7 feet high, and 1 foot deep; 4 show cases 6 feet wide, 7 feet high, and 6 feet deep. Other exhibits too large to be placed in show cases were cared for on 420 feet of double shelving and on tables 80 feet long and 12 feet wide.

The exhibits in this building numbered over 20,000 individual pieces, the duplicates being exhibited under the same number. The following number of awards was granted in the department of agriculture:

Nine grand prizes, 4 gold medals, 179 silver medals, 145 bronze medals, and 463 honorable mentions.

The Fish and Game Building was situated in the extreme northern part of the exposition grounds and overlooked Arrowhead Lake. The structure was in the shape of the letter "T," and had a floor space of 4,400 square feet and represented a "camarian," or Philippine warehouse.

The building was divided into two sections; the first, containing a floor space of 1,700 square feet, was devoted to the game exhibit, while the second, containing a floor space of 3,200 square feet, was devoted to fish, fishing apparatus, shells, etc.

At the entrance was a fine specimen of the Tamarao, a species of wild buffalo (_Bubalus mindorensis_ Heude); to the left a complete collection of birds, well mounted and scientifically labeled, and to the right a fine collection of the enormous fruit bats and some of the skins of these bats, which are of great commercial value. Large collections of birds' eggs, attractively displayed; numerous specimens of stuffed wild boars and deer were displayed. Fine specimens of python, 21 feet long and 1 foot in diameter, and a collection of crocodiles, large iguanas, and lizards were prominent features in the collection of reptiles.

A numerous collection of nets for fishing and hunting of deer and wild boar, with some of the snares, game traps, bows, and arrows completely covered and festooned the ceiling and walls.

There was also a collection of corals, gorgonias or sponge corals, having a spread of about 5 feet.

The awards in this department, as approved by the superior jury, were as follows:

Fish and game: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 5; silver medals, 10; bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 201. Water transportation: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 3; silver medals, 3; bronze medals, 2; honorable mentions, 33.

A most interesting exhibit of the numerous mineral resources of the archipelago was displayed for the inspection of the public in the mines and mining exhibit.

The most important exhibits were, first, the cases of iron ores, those from Bulacan, Luzon, receiving a grand prize, 3 silver medals, and 2 bronze medals. Second, a complete coal exhibit, that from Cebu and Bataan Island each receiving a gold medal. Third, an exhibit of gold and gold quartz, which filled five wall cases and two small table cases, and which received three gold medals, six silver medals, and four bronze medals. Gold medals were also given the exhibit of basalt for heavy foundations and heavy construction, marble from Romblon Island, a geological and mineralogical collection exhibited by the mining bureau and Isuan mineral water from Los Banos, Laguna, Luzon.

The ethnological collection was displayed in the ethnology building, constructed around three sides of a square open court; the building was 119 feet long and 88 feet wide. It consisted of two long halls, one 88 by 37, and one 88 by 39 feet long. Over one of these long halls were two chambers about 30 feet square each. The building contained about 4,500 square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum specimens, or a total of about 14,000 square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed.

Some of the specimens exhibited were: Bontoc Igorrote head-axes, Bontoc Igorotte basket work utensils used in the domestic and field activities; Benguet and Banawi Igorrote carved wooden food bowls and spoons; Benguet Igorrote baskets; wooden clay and metal pipes from northern Luzon; and a collection of Benguet Igorrote copper pots and copper mining outfit. Also Bontoc Igorotte spears, shields, and carved wooden human figures, men's basket hats, women's headdress beads, men's boar tusk armlets, and the earrings and ear plugs worn by both men and women.

The ceilings and walls of the hall in which the exhibits were located were covered with bark and cotton clothing made by the various Igorrote people, such clothing as women's skirts and jackets, men's breechcloths and shirts, and the various burial garments used by both men and women. There was also a very large collection of shields and spears of the various Igorrote people, a very exhaustive collection of Negrito materials, and some excellent Kalinga, Ibilao, Tinguian, and Mangiyan materials.

One case contained a collection of Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya materials and a collection of materials from the Tagakola, the Bilan, the Tiruray, and the Subano.

A good collection of materials from the little-known Tagabanua people of the island of Paragua was displayed.

The third hall contained, almost exclusively, materials from the various Mohammedan people of the archipelago, commonly called "Moros," such as Moro mats, saddles, and bridles made and used by the "Moros," crude string and wind instruments gathered from many places in the archipelago, and curious gongs used by the Moros as musical instruments and for beating sound messages from place to place.

A typical manial house attracted much attention. The building represented a house of the wealthy class, with shell windows. The exhibit contained therein consisted in the main of handsome handwoven fabrics and embroideries, prominent among which are the famed jusi and pina cloths and sinamy fabrics. There were, besides, many pieces of hand-carved furniture and works of art.

There were artificial flowers, cotton goods, fancy goods, embroidery, jusi cloth, sinamay cloth, pina cloth, and silks.

Besides the above, the walls, ceilings, and show cases were decorated with hats, baskets, mattings, and pottery. In the rooms were 50 pieces of carved furniture. A number of paintings was also on exhibition here.

Following is the list of awards as approved by the superior jury:

Grand prizes, 1; gold medals, 16; silver medals, 62; bronze medals, 213; honorable mention, 1,200; total number of awards 1,492.

PORTO RICO.

In the Agricultural Building, not far from the main entrance, was found the Porto Rico section. It was in the nature of a pagoda of two floors. The lower one was dedicated to agriculture, mines, forestry, and a few of the manufactures exhibits. On the second floor were the liberal arts and manufactures exhibits and the offices of the commission; also the needlework display, which was collected and exhibited by the Women's Aid Society, San Juan, and the Benevolent Society, Ponce.

The commission that represented Porto Rico at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was composed of the following:

Mr. Jaime Annexy, president; Mr. Gutsavo Preston, commissioner; Mr. Antonio Mariani, commissioner; Mr. L.A. Castro, assistant secretary; Mrs. R.A. Miller, honorary commissioner; Mrs. Hortensia Y. de Annexy, honorary commissioner; Miss Maria Stahl, representative Women's Aid Society of San Juan; Mrs. David A. Skinner, representative of Benevolent Society of Ponce; Miss Pearl Magehan, superintendent of education; Mr. Nicolas Hernandez, attaché.

The president of the commission was for some months in personal charge of everything concerning the exhibit. To his efforts the credit for the Porto Rico exhibit is due. Mr. Annexy is an industrial engineer and occupies a prominent position in his native country. Porto Rican coffee was considered the most extensive exhibit and was awarded the highest honors. The coffee produced in Porto Rico is almost all exported to Europe. In the year 1902 to 1903 coffee was exported to European countries to the value of $3,252,043, and the export to the United States was only $718,531. The total exports of the same year to foreign countries was $3,956,893 and to the United States $10,909,147. The exhibition of coffee was the most important aim of the Porto Rico commission, and it was distributed free in the Porto Rico Pagoda. It was also given away green, roasted, and powdered, in bags of different sizes.

Sugar was the next most extensive display and was awarded a gold medal. The export of sugar to the United States in the year 1902 to 1903 was $376,757 and to foreign countries $2,543. Many millions of dollars have been spent to import the latest machinery for the manufacture of sugar and all modern improvements in transportation are rapidly being adopted.

Tobacco leaf and manufactured tobacco comprised an excellent display. Different American concerns have undertaken in the last seven years the introduction of Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes into the United States, and there are few places in America where they can not be found. Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes are said to rank with those of Cuba.

Porto Rican cotton was said to be of superior quality and attracted attention. Cotton growers in Porto Rico are adopting the best machinery that is made in the United States. The liquor exhibit also was noticeable. Porto Rico received highest awards in straw hats, needlework, rice, beans, pharmaceutical products, etc.

In the Educational Building was the Porto Rican public school exhibit. The development of this branch of the Porto Rico administration in the last seven years was remarkable. The total number of schools is more than twice the number maintained under the Spanish Government, although it is said that the public schools are able to accommodate less than one-fourth of the pupils, in spite of the fact that more than 25 per cent of the revenues of the island, both insular and municipal, are expended for educational purposes. In addition to the elementary schools there are now established four high schools. Teachers are both natives and Americans.

An appropriation of $30,000 was made by the Porto Rican legislature for the purpose of representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The Porto Rican Pagodo was designed by a native architect, Mr. Armando Morales, and cost $5,000.

RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS.

_Members of commission_.--Robert B. Treat, president; William F. Gleason, vice-president; Edwin F. Penniman, treasurer; George E. Ball, secretary; George N. Kingsbury, executive commissioner; Col. Patrick E. Hayes, Frank L. Budlong, and George L. Shepley.

The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Building was beautifully situated on an eminence on Colonial avenue, facing north, and adjoining Indiana and Nevada. The design for the building was selected in open competition by Rhode Island architects. The building in its general form was a reproduction of the Stephen H. Smith mansion in the town of Lincoln--a model distinguished among types of colonial architecture in old New England.

A distinctive feature of the design was the ogee gable, of which but one other example is believed to exist in Rhode Island colonial architecture. The Rhode Island Building imitated in cement the material of which the old Smith mansion is constructed--seam-faced granite--taken from the quarry on the estate. This material is curiously finished by nature's handiwork in many colorings. The irregularity of the pieces and the variety of the colorings in peculiar combinations gave a quaint appearance to the building, and added much to its attractiveness.

From the broad front piazza through an entrance the visitor was introduced to State hall. The hall was set with lofty columns in colonial style. A writing room was on the east and a reading room on the west; between, a broad stairway led to the upper stories. The suite was in Doric detail. Opening from the southerly section of the hallway were the ladies' parlor, the smoking room, and information bureau. The stairway was a reproduction of a notably beautiful construction in old Providence Bank Building and the Brown-Gammell house. A curious feature of its design were the balusters, which were fashioned in nine different patterns.

The finish of the second floor was from excellent models of the Ionic order found in old colonial mansions in Newport and Bristol. On either side of the hall were the executive and commissioners' rooms. Prominent among the features of the building was the stained-glass window at the second-story landing of the stairway. The design for this window was the result of a competition by the students of the Rhode Island School of Design. On either side, suitably reproduced as to design and coloring, were the seals of the State of Rhode Island and the city of Providence.

By an ingenious arrangement of the gable construction a roof garden was provided, a broad stairway leading thereto from the second floor. A part of the roof garden was set aside for a suite for servants' quarters, breakfast room, kitchen, pantry, and storage. Apart from the sleeping quarters the entire building was devoted to public use. The furnishings, decoration, and equipment of the Rhode Island Building represented many public-spirited contributions. The building cost $26,000, and the furnishing and equipment, which were contributed, were estimated to have cost $6,000. On July 4, 1904, the Rhode Island Building was purchased by Mr. John Ringen, of St. Louis. It was the first building on the grounds to be disposed of. Mr. Ringen transferred the building intact to his country estate for a residence.

In April, 1903, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations enacted a measure providing for a State exhibit, and appropriated $35,000 for the purpose of the same. It was subsequently found that the sum appropriated would not be sufficient for the purpose, and in April, 1904, the legislature passed another bill appropriating the sum of $30,000.

Besides the State appropriation of $65,000, the school committee of the city of Providence subscribed $2,000 for an educational exhibit, making the total amount available $67,000. There was absolutely no private subscription or contribution.

The cost of installation, including cost of transportation, was as follows:

Rhode Island State Building ......................... $26,000 Furnishing and equipment, contributed (valued at).... 6,000 Exhibit of inland fisheries ......................... 2,500 Exhibit Department of Education ..................... 3,000 Exhibit Department of Social Economy ................ 3,000 Exhibit Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game ...... 1,000 Exhibit Department of Agriculture and Horticulture .. 2,500

The State of Rhode Island was represented by exhibits in five of the exhibition palaces as follows:

United States Fisheries Building: By the commission of inland fisheries. Palace of Education: State board of education, Rhode Island State Normal School, Providence High School, and demonstration by exhibit of various schools of all grades in public school system of the city of Providence, Rhode Island School of Design, public schools of the town of Warwick, public schools of the town of Cranston, public schools of the town of Bristol, Miss Mary C. Wheeler's Private School for Young Ladies, Providence, R.I. Social Economy: Board of State charities and corrections, Sockanosset School for Boys, Oaklawn School for Girls, department of factory inspection, bureau of industrial statistics, State Sanatorium for Consumptives, State board of health, State board of soldiers' relief. Forestry, Fish, and Game: James W. Stainton, of Providence, R.I., exhibit of game birds and fish of Rhode Island. Palace of Agriculture: State board of agriculture, Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Under an act of the legislature approved March 11, 1903, South Dakota appropriated the sum of $35,000 for the purpose of exhibiting the resources, the products, and the industrial, commercial, and social progress and general development of the State of South Dakota at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A commission was also constituted, which consisted of three persons appointed by the governor, selected entirely with regard to their familiarity with the resources, arts, and products of the State, their business experience and executive skill, and all of whom were residents of the State.

Shortly after the 1st day of July, 1903, when the law creating the commission became operative, Gov. Charles N. Herreid, then acting governor, appointed as commissioners, S.W. Russell, of Deadwood; L.T. Boucher, of Eureka, and W.B. Saunders, of Milbank, who constituted the commission throughout the entire period. S.W. Russell was elected president; L.T. Boucher, vice-president; W.B. Saunders, treasurer, and George R. Farmer, secretary.

The commission at its first session determined that the State should be represented not only by a building or home for its citizens, but likewise in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy, Mining, and Education. To that end application was at once made to the chiefs of the various departments of the exposition for space in the respective exhibit buildings. Tentative locations were at once assigned to our State commission in all these departments, with the exception of that in the Palace of Education.

Although one of the last of the States to procure ground for the erection of our State building, the South Dakota Building was one of the three State buildings ready to open its doors on the opening day of the exposition.

The State building was located at the top of Art Hill, a little to the east of the colonnade of States and about 500 feet east of the Art Palace.

The South Dakota Building in its exterior and style of architecture was unpretentious. The building was two stories in height, having two commodious porches on the north and west sides; the outside walls were covered with cement, finished in natural color. The building being situated at the top of a small hill and entirely surrounded by large oak trees presented a most inviting spot to the overheated, weary sightseer.

It was to the interior construction of the building that time, care, and expense were chiefly devoted. Upon entering the front door the visitor stood in a hall 12 feet wide by 21 feet in length; to the right was the writing room and general business office, to the left the parlor, and at the rear of the building were the ladies' retiring room, reading room, lavatories, and storage room. The walls and ceilings of all the rooms described were covered with metallic sheeting with embossed designs, beautifully tinted in colorings, each room different from the others. The furnishings of these rooms were simple, yet serviceable and neat, and in harmony with the colorings of the walls.

It was "The Great Corn Room" that impressed the visitor with wonder at its beautiful and fascinating designs, the interior walls being covered with native grasses, straw, and grains, wrought in a hundred beautiful and artistic designs. The word "Welcome," directly over the rostrum in the center of the south wall, attracted the attention of the visitor upon his first entrance to the building on account of the peculiar shading, the letters, running from a pure white at the top to a dark blue at the bottom, the shading being so gradual that it seemed incredible that it was actual corn in its native coloring.

The arch in the ceiling presented a beautiful appearance, with large stars in crosscuts of red, white, yellow, and blue corn, a fantastic background with festoons of grains in the natural colors, wheat, oats, rye, barley, and flax straw being mostly used. There were two panels, lettered with oat straw, that glistened like burnished gold under the electric lights of the arch, describing the various products of the State, viz, cattle, swine, horses, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, gold, and silver. On the east wall wrought in corn upon a green background was the State's motto, "Under God the People Rule." This motto contained every conceivable color that corn is known to take on.

The walls of the other rooms were adorned by a number of paintings in oil and water colors. A number of enlarged colored photographs of artesian wells, public buildings, and other scenes, were also displayed, as well as pictures of prominent men of the State.

During the exposition forty-three South Dakota people received attention and care on account of illness or indisposition or accidents, and thousands came there to rest, meet friends, and attend to business matters. A post-office was maintained in the building, where thousands of letters were received and delivered.

The agricultural booth was similar in its construction to the "Corn Hall" of the State building, although different in design. The place assigned this exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture covered a space 35 by 45 feet 6 inches, with aisles on three sides. The façade fronted on the three aisles and in its architectural lines presented a solidity characteristic of the State's exhibits. Cane stalk and corn in red colors were used to form the base of the façade, being put on in transverse sections, which gave at a distance as well as by close inspection a very pleasing effect. It was, however, to the interior decoration and exhibit that great labor and skill were devoted in making it especially attractive. Grains in the native straw, grasses, and clover were worked out in many fantastic shapes and beautiful designs. In the center of the booth, rising to a height of 15 feet, was a large octagonal pyramid, used almost exclusively for the display of grain in the straw; the bright yellow being in strong contrast with a red burlap background, made it naturally attractive. On the south wall or side a like exhibit of grains and grasses was shown; four large display tables, also in pyramid shape, occupied the space surrounding the centerpiece above described. On this table were several hundred glass jars, globes, and bottles for the display of grains and seeds of every description grown in South Dakota. It was, however, to the corn exhibits that special care and attention were given. Twelve large show cases were used for the display of this exhibit, besides a large quantity displayed in bulk, both in the ear and shelled. Over 100 bushels of corn was used in this exhibit alone.

The exhibit attracted much attention from the corn growers of other States, and was conceded to be one of great merit considering the newness of the State, and, as one Illinois farmer said, "It is better corn by long odds than I raised when I first went to Illinois."

The display of horticultural products was in the Palace of Agriculture instead of the Palace of Horticulture. Twenty-five barrels of apples of some 15 different varieties were collected early in the fall of 1903 and placed in cold storage at St. Louis, thus supplying a continual display until the fruit season of 1904. The fact that 10 medals were awarded to the horticultural display demonstrates the merit of this exhibit.

The State's representation in the dairy department was both unique and so different from that of other States that it attracted much attention. The space assigned for this exhibit in the refrigerator section of the Agricultural Building was 8 by 8 feet. The artistic feature, aside from the display of butter in bulk, was a profusion of flowers, buds, leaves in the form of bouquets, wreaths, garlands, and festoons made out of butter. They were artistically displayed on plates, baskets, and various sized vases, some of which were made of butter and others of painted chinaware. At the back of the exhibit the name of South Dakota appeared in leaf-work letters, as well as statistics of the annual production of butter, milk, and cream, all worked out in butter also.

About the 1st of June the educational exhibit was put in place. The walls were covered with art work, maps, and industrial work. The cabinets were filled with mounted specimens of written lessons, drawing, music, maps, and industrial work. The bases of the cabinets contained the remainder of the written work, neatly bound in volumes and labeled; specimens of basketry and woodwork, and a collection of zoological and botanical specimens. A number of the schools were represented by photographs alone, others by written work, photographs, and industrial work, and a few by written work alone. In subject-matter and original thought, South Dakota's work compared favorably with that of other schools of like age and conditions, especially in simplicity and originality.

The arrangement of the mineral exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy Building was along practical commercial lines rather than on specimen, spectacular, or on purely scientific lines, though rich specimens and beautiful pictures were displayed, and the State School of Mines had a most excellent scientific collection of ores, rocks, and fossils that was awarded a gold medal.

The location obtained for the exhibit was most favorable, and by many was considered one of the choicest in the building, having three full fronts on main aisles, two 44 feet and one 52 feet long, and was surrounded by the most attractive State exhibits in the building.

The installation was with stone walls 2 feet high, built of rough ashlar and surmounted by a dressed coping. On the two 44-foot sides this was of the celebrated Sioux Falls red jasper. The 52-foot wall was of Hot Springs sandstone.

On the face of each lintel the name of the State had been cut and gilded. In the center of the exhibit on tables were two relief maps of the Black Hills, one of these showing the whole geological uplift 120 miles long north and south and 100 miles east and west, the other showing the mineralized portion of the hills as now known, 55 miles northwest and southeast and 25 miles wide. The larger was about 12 feet long and 6 feet wide.

Across the exhibit from east to west and above the heads were displayed a series of panoramic views and pictures, transparencies on glass, being reproductions in color of the finest photographs obtainable, showing the scenic beauty and material conditions of our Black Hills country. The varied ores were exhibited in large piles.

_Financial statement._--Following is a brief review of the expenditures made by this commission and a report of the disposition of its properties: