Chapter XXXI: Appendix: 4 (6)

Salary State commissioners .................... $3,000.00
Total amount expended ......................... 31,725.06
Unexpended balance ............................ 274.94
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Total ..................................... 35,000.00
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Received from sale of State properties:
State building .............................. 365.00
Furniture ................................... 387.50
Booths and fixtures ......................... 225.50
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Total ..................................... 978.00
Returned to the State treasurer unexpended
balance, salvage ............................ 978.00

The following properties have been turned over to the State Historical Society, for the use of the same, or such purposes as the State may deem advisable:

Educational exhibit (cases and bases, glass and
cards), value ............................... $400.00
Exhibit glass jars, globes, and bottles ....... 115.00
Exhibit ores and specimens .................... 200.00
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Total ..................................... 715.00

TENNESSEE.

_Members of commission._--Governor James B. Frazier, chairman; J.H. Caldwell, Chas. A. Keffer, E. Watkins, John F. McNutt, J.M. Shoffner, E.C. Lewis, John W. Fry, Hu. C. Anderson, Thomas W. Neal, I.F. Peters, Mrs. J.P. Smartt, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mrs. A.S. Buchanan; B.A. Enloe, secretary and director of exhibits; D.F. Wallace, jr., assistant secretary.

The State of Tennessee made nine different exhibits at the World's Fair, designated and located as follows:

(1) Tennessee State Building, a reproduction of "The Hermitage," the home of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. (2) Collective agricultural exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (3) Special tobacco exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (4) Palace of Horticulture. (5) Palace of Forestry. (6) Palace of Education. (7) Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. (8) Mining Gulch on Intramural Railway. (9) Administration Building, section of anthropology.

The idea of raising a fund for the reproduction of "The Hermitage" as the Tennessee State building originated with the commission appointed by the governor of Tennessee to take charge of the participation of that State. The secretary of the commission was directed by the commission to inaugurate the movement. He began the agitation through the newspaper press, and delivered addresses on the subject to the commercial bodies of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson and to the representatives of the commercial organizations of Nashville. Intelligent zeal and persistent energy carried the enterprise to a successful conclusion. The entire expense of constructing the building and maintaining it was defrayed by voluntary contributions. It was Tennessee's greatest single advertisement at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. "The Hermitage" was appropriately furnished with furniture of the period in which Andrew Jackson lived, and a great many articles of the original furniture owned by Jackson were exhibited in the building.

In the Educational Building exhibit were displays from the city schools of Bristol, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and Jackson, and the public schools of Knox, Hamilton, and Shelby counties were represented also. The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville; Buford College, at Nashville; Burritt College, at Spencer; Columbia Institute, at Columbia; Memphis, at Memphis; Mrs. Forest Nixon, Centreville; Roger Williams University, at Nashville; Southern School of Photography, at McMinnville, and Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville, were all represented by highly creditable exhibits.

The entire forestry interests of the State were represented in the forestry exhibit, which was collected from every portion of the State.

There were 94 different producers represented in the horticultural exhibit. The display of horticultural products was collected from every part of the State, and Tennessee was surpassed by few in the character and quality of her products.

There were 266 contributors to the agricultural exhibit, representing every strictly agricultural product, except tobacco, which was represented in a special exhibit. There were 187 exhibitors represented in the special tobacco exhibit, and these exhibits covered the tobacco production and industry of every county in the State. The collective exhibit in agriculture and the special tobacco exhibit were located in and adjoining the central nave of the Palace of Agriculture.

In the mineral display in Mines and Metallurgy Building there were 168 different exhibits, representing every mineral in the State, and the specimens were from the different localities where developments have been made. This exhibit was one of the most beautiful in its installation and general effect of the many splendid exhibits in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. On account of the quantity of material collected and the inadequacy of space inside the building it became necessary to make a separate exhibit in the Mining Gulch, which was confined to coal, iron, phosphate, copper, and marble.

There were 12 different exhibitors in the Live Stock and Poultry Department, who made their exhibits under the auspices of the commission.

The exhibit in the division of anthropology, Administration Building, was one of the finest of its kind, and one which attracted the attention of archaeologists from every part of the world. Gen. Gates P. Thurston, of Nashville, collected and installed the exhibit, which was made up from the private collection of General Thurston, the Hicks collection, and the collection of the Tennessee Historical Society.

During the life of the exposition large quantities of advertising matter were distributed from the State building and from the State spaces in the exhibit palaces. This advertising matter was furnished in part by the State, in part by the different cities and counties of the State, and in part by the railroad companies of the State.

TEXAS.

On January 9, 1902, a corporation known as "The Texas World's Fair Commission" was chartered under the provisions of the laws of the State of Texas on application of citizens of Texas, and appointed Texas World's Fair Commissioners by Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, then the governor of the State. It was believed by the commission that with State aid to the extent of $200,000 added to sums that had already been guaranteed by subscribers, the State could make a creditable showing at the World's Fair in competition with other States and Territories. Accordingly the commission memorialized the twenty-eighth legislature for an appropriation of $200,000. The bill which sought to authorize the appropriation was reported to the house and was opposed by the governor of the State on two contentions: First, that the constitution did not authorize such an appropriation, and, second, that the limited revenues of the State would not justify it. When the commission failed in this direction, a meeting was held to determine whether the commission should attempt to go ahead with the work or abandon the enterprise. The commission decided by an overwhelming vote that Texas could not afford to deny herself participation in a universal exposition where all the States and Territories of the United States would enter in friendly competition, and the executive committee and the general manager were instructed to proceed with the organization. The task of reorganizing the work by counties was resumed, but with limited success. The plan was to call upon the counties for a sum equal to 2 cents on the $100 property valuation, with which to create the Texas World's Fair Commission fund. Out of 243 organized counties in the State the following subscribed and paid the amounts set against them:

El Paso, Tom Green, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jefferson, Galveston, Smith, Nueces, and Comal.

Navarro, McLennan, Grayson, Travis, Harrison, Collin, Palo Pinto, Fannin, Lamar, and Bexar counties endeavored to raise the assessments set against them, but did not succeed in doing so, although their subscriptions in the aggregate were generous. The subscriptions from the counties mentioned amounted to $49,096.34.

The railroads of Texas subscribed approximately $25,000. Early in the organization of the commission the Texas Bankers' Association passed a resolution calling on its members to assess themselves for the Texas World's Fair Commission fund at the rate of one-tenth of 1 per cent on their capital stock. About one-half of the banks of the State subscribed and paid on that basis an amount in the aggregate of $11,672.65. The State Lumbermen's Association gave $3,133. The Texas Cattle Raisers' Association subscribed $2,150.

The above sums, augmented by scattering amounts from different sources, constituted a total fund to the commission of $126,780.14.

The Texas commission was composed of the following-named persons:

John H. Kirby, president; L.J. Polk, W.W. Seley, and Walter Tips, vice-presidents; Royal A. Ferris, treasurer; Louis J. Wortham, secretary and general manager; Paul Waples, chairman executive committee; A.W. Houston, Barnett Gibbs, B.F. Hammett, Jesse Shain, E.P. Perkins, L.L. Jester, Monta J. Moore; P.P. Paddock, executive commissioner; R.H. Sexton, resident commissioner.

The members of the board of lady commissioners were: Mrs. L.S. Thorne; Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B.F. Hammett, El Paso; Mrs. O.T. Holt, Houston; Mrs. W.R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. Fannie Foote Emerson, McKinney; Mrs. J.B. Wells, Brownsville; Mrs. W.F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs. C.L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William Christian, Houston; Mrs. W.F. Gill, Paris; Mrs. W.E. Green, Tyler; Mrs. J.F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Hufsmith, Palestine; Mrs. I.H. Evans, Austin; Mrs. J.C. Lea, Dallas; Mrs. W.F. Robertson, Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T.V. Sessions, Nacogdoches.

The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained exhibits in the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines and Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost of the installation was as follows:

Fine Arts ................. $1,225.50 Education ................. 948.00 Transportation ............ 459.30 Mines and Metallurgy ...... 10,577.85 Forestry .................. 4,477.05 Agriculture ............... 6,899.87 Horticulture .............. 6,099.14

The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of the most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562. Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were $12,000.

The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds of schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in which they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the conception and work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs.

The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of beef cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was noticeable. The original ruling of the Live-Stock Department of the exposition was to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal quarantine line should not be allowed to participate in the live-stock show at the exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should be exhibited in any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission claimed, was, first, to shut out from participation the breeders of pure cattle from below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a demonstration that should show what the immense cattle ranges of the Northwest and Southwest are capable of producing.

When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general manager, Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative of the Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a provision added to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle from below the quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secretary of Agriculture might deem advisable, and, further, permitting the exhibition of range cattle in carload lots.

As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among exhibitors.

UTAH.

By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of March, 1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation of Utah at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about $10,000 additional was received from the legislature for the expenses of the State at the exposition. The act making the appropriation appointed Governor Heber M. Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chairman of the State commission. The governor appointed as his assistants Hon. H.L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon. Willis Johnson, Salt Lake City; and the board elected S.T. Whitaker, of Salt Lake City, as director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary.

The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director-General Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of Utah. Mrs. Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building.

The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, Educational Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 grand prizes, 140 gold medals, as well as several minor awards.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INDIAN EXHIBIT.

The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, and was visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pronounced it one of the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the World's Fair.

Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the exposition was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the Interior to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco Indian School in Oklahoma:

Sir: In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last,
detailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed
to erect the required building, perfect the details of the
transfer of Indian families and pupils from their homes and
schools to St. Louis, install and conduct the exhibit and supply
the Indians with necessary food, shelter, and medical
attendance.

You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by
act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so
far as expenditures are required by your duties in connection
with the exhibit.

You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary
traveling expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit,
including transportation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of
$40,000 appropriation.

The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the northwest corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end of the anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primitive people toward civilization. Around the border of the reservation were arranged in a semicircle the native dwellings of the "blanket" or uncivilized Indians, as follows: Beginning at the western end of the semicircle, a Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa-Pima group in two kees, one tent and summer houses; Arapaho group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great Apache medicine man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial earth lodge or residence temple; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer house, and one tepee; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds; Pomo group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were erected by the Indians themselves.

The Indians were grouped as follows: Six Pima, Arizona; 5 Maricopa, Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 Comanche, 9 San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 Pueblo and 23 Navaho, New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 2 Pomos, California; 8 Jicarilla Apache; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota; a total of 310.

The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission style of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and extending the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building on either side of which were the booths containing the exhibits. The idea was to show the contrast between the civilized and uncivilized Indians, and to this end the booths on the west side of the hall were occupied by the old Indians working at their crude, primitive trades, and those of the east side by the new Indians (pupils of the various Indian schools) pursuing the up-to-date methods taught them by the white man.

The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the south end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work in agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and results; Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with needle loom, primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Pomo, California, makers of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical instruments; Pima, Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; Maricopa, Arizona, makers of fancy pottery and basket workers; Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket weavers, workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota, decorative artists with porcupine quills, beads of buckskin, manufacturers of bows and arrows, and the calinite pipes, axes, and hammers; Apache, Arizona, expert weavers of blankets and makers of pottery; Apache, New Mexico, makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar type; Navaho, Sante Fe, N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers; Navaho, reservation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Pueblo, New Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths.

On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; Chilocco class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings made by the pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This class gave daily demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss Peters in charge. Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under the charge of Miss Peters. Class in printing the Indian School Journal, printed daily by a class of students from the Chilocco School, E.K. Miller in charge. Painting, blacksmithing, and wheelwrighting classes from Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans., K.C. Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell Institute, C.F. Fitzgerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from Haskell Institute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from Genoa, Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge.

The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, bead work, and basketry. Every school in the service was represented in this display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The exhibit was remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model dining room the tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, and general furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the Chilocco School.

In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Crawford. There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 150 boys and girls.

The following daily programme was observed:

Reveille ................................................ 6.00 Flag salute ............................................. 6.45 Breakfast ............................................... 7.00 Band concert ................................... 9.30 to 11.30 Industrial work ................................ 9.00 to 11.30 Literary class work ............................ 9.00 to 11.00 Literary musical programme .................... 11.00 to 11.30 Dinner ................................................. 12.00 Band concert .................................... 1.00 to 3.30 Industrial work ................................. 1.00 to 4.00 Literary class work ............................. 1.00 to 3.00 Literary musical programme ...................... 4.00 to 5.00 Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in front of school building) ..................... 5.00 to 6.00 Flag salute and dress parade ........................... 6.00 Supper ................................................. 6.20 Taps ................................................... 10.00

The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were always well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that attracted more attention, probably, than any other was the musical-literary programme. At these entertainments the hall was always crowded, and the audience never failed to be interested. The following programme, chosen at random, will give an idea of the character of the exhibitions:

1. Prelude --------------------------------------- Orchestra.

2. Vocal solo --------------------------------- Dolly, Dolly.
Mary Leeds, Pueblo.

3. Scarf drill ------------------------------ Kindergartners.

4. Recitation -------------------------------- My Tambourine.
Ida Prophet, Seneca.

5. Vocal Solo --------------------------- Hearts and Flowers.
Oscar Norton, Houp.

6. Oration -------------------------- The Old and New Indian.
Richard Lewis, Pima.

7. Vocal solo ------------------------------------ My Desire.
Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi.

8. Recitation -------------------------- Flag of the Rainbow.
Esther Parker, Comanche.

9. Recitation ----------------------------- The Pawned Bible.
Stella Hall, Cherokee.

10. Vocal solo --------------- When the Birds go North Again.
James Arquette, Puyallup.

11. Recitation ------------- Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep.
Iva Miller, Shawnee.

12. Pole drill ------------------------------- Sixteen Girls.

13. Instrumental solo ----------------------------- Selected.
Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup.

The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew large crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators.

The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days it ran as high as 50,000.

Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of nearly every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the highest terms. It is believed that the Government, by bringing this exhibit to St. Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the Indian Service. The people of the country have seen the progress made by the Indian in the Government schools, and will no longer refuse to give the work their substantial support. It has been said that the true value of the Government Indian exhibit can not be estimated until the years have revealed its fruits.

VERMONT.

The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what is claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the United States--the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 1777 the constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of intense interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to prohibit slavery.

As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, it was peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, and here between one and two thousand people were daily entertained.

The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately reproduced in facsimile by Senator Proctor.

Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at the exposition.

The State commission was composed of the following:

Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb, president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J.C. Enright, secretary and counsel; F.W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary Evarts.

The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jackson, a native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required for the construction and maintenance of the State building.

Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in the Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the granite exhibit in the same building.

VIRGINIA.

During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enactment provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum should be used for a State building. The act provided for three commissioners and five assistant commissioners, one of whom was named principal assistant, with duties of superintendent and treasurer. The State commissioner of agriculture was named as one of the commissioners, and the appointment of two was left to the governor, with power vested in the commission to appoint the assistant commissioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A. M. Bowman, of Salem, Va., and J.L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as commissioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G.W. Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fontella, Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W.W. Baker, alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O.W. Stone, Martinsville, Va., B.C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, of Bay Shore, Va., and J.C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete the executive force. Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the work and assisted by J.C. Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, with the aid of Mr. Baker, planned the scope and took steps toward the collection of exhibits. Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. Stone was given charge of tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of minerals and timber, and Mr. Babcock of fish and game.

Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows:

In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled, to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles, vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes, cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish architecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions, connected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being harmonious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four grand prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was also used as a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden standing on a pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched hand a bundle of tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special brand of tobacco. The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, three-towered elliptical pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently pouring apples on a pyramid of natural fruit below. This was made primarily an apple exhibit, more than 800 barrels being used for the purpose. Peaches, melons, pears, cranberries, and other fruits were shown in season.

The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and by specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating the leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a very complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds were displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of oyster models ever made, illustrating by means of composition replicas in the natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster.

Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while in manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit booth consisted of a rear façade with brown color scheme, relieved by ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors.

The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval in architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, gypsum, and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted by onyx balls. In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing King Coal seated on a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. The windows in the rear were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, illustrating scenery of the State, while the floor space was occupied by pyramids of various ores. The panels of the wall space were framed in coke, in which were displayed, in colors, pictures of the upper works of the mines. Between these panels were arranged upright cases containing ores of gold, silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kaolin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese, talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, rough and sculptured, together with cubes of building stones and mineral waters were displayed. The general color scheme was that of copper and iron pyrites. In these four exhibits Virginia occupied a little less than 10,000 square feet of floor, and her exhibits, both by award and public opinion, were adjudged to be among the best. An award was won by every entry made. During the spring of 1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended by the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and an exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In this building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education and Social Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institute of Stanton, all of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed It consisted of an exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the University of Virginia. A comprehensive exhibit was made by the Randolph Macon system, and exhibits were made by Roanoke College Hollins Institute, and a number of other schools. The building, in addition to its social offerings, provided an interesting historical study through its furnishings of articles owned by Jefferson, and was classed among the most satisfactory State buildings of the fair.

WASHINGTON.

In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of the Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

A.L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas Harrington, Buckley; M.E. Hay, Wilbur; G.L. Lindsley, Ridgefield; G.W.R. Peaslee, Clarkston; R.P. Thomas, Anacortes; W.W. Tolman, Spokane.

At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 1903, A.L. Black was elected president of the commission; G.W.R. Peaslee, secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive commissioner.

The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building at the St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, designed primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight pieces of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end at the points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories in height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying a flag pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the construction of the State Building was shipped from the State of Washington, and was donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The market value of said material in Washington would be, in round numbers, $8,000. The freight on the material from Washington to St. Louis and the construction of the building amounted to $18,823.10. The unique design and unusual construction features of this building constituted it at the start one of the features of the exposition construction.

It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in railroad guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and magazines everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer by a greater number of people than any other building on the exposition grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products it was a tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, representing a composite collection of the State's natural products and resources, was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the State's natural wealth.

In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and the donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties in the State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of individual exhibits.

The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the period, in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive exhibits of its mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, education, climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental thereto, maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its State building:

Horticulture: One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the
State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On
May 1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous
fruits preserved for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the
showing of fresh fruits, which showing was continued with all
varieties and ample quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and
in our State building) throughout the season, consuming four
carloads of this material received by freight, and 150 boxes
miscellaneous fruits in season expressed. Awards--Grand prize,
for "collective exhibit of fruits." Gold medals, Yakima County,
Chelan County, W.L. Wright, Geo. H. Farwell; silver medals,
Chelan County Horticulture Association, Chelan County Fair
Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association, Orondo Fruit
Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Washington Irrigation
Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 individual
exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors.

Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large
dimensions, rough, and a good variety of finish shown in our
various booths, counters, tables, etc.; also, a sample
collection of all our native woods, rough and finished,
exceeding in quantity (exclusive of the exhibit features of our
State building) the exhibit shown by any State.

This exhibit was entered as "collection of commercial woods of
best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest
educational exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, in that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult
more of the characteristics and extent of the wonderful forests
of the Northwest, and conveys to the residents of the treeless
areas of the North-Central States a better knowledge of the
quality and duration of their future lumber supply than does any
other forestry exhibit shown on the occasion."

Awarded grand prize on "commercial woods." Collaborators--H.
McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, Grays
Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, St. Paul
and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber Company, the
Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern Woodenware
Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Hoquiam), E.K. Lambert
(Elma), and the American Portable House Company.

Agriculture: In this department our space in Agriculture Hall
and the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an
exhibit of all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses,
vegetables, hops, wool, dairy products, etc.

Awarded grand prize on "collection of cereals, forage grasses,
and miscellaneous vegetables;" grand prize on "best one-farm
exhibit;" gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in
number; gold medals on various mill products, five in number;
gold medal on dairy exhibit, by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on
hops, wool, and flax; gold medal on beet sugar.

Fisheries: Washington's exhibit in this department included
every native leading variety of food fish and game fish,
exceeding in numbers and quantity the showing of any other
State. The installation was also the most practical undertaken
here, considering the water and temperature, as all live
exhibits were failures, and the collective exhibit was awarded
first prize.

Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen
collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals
of prey, game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section;
one carload. Awarded silver medal.

Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collection
of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as "a
collection of ores, gold, silver, copper; minerals, fossil
collection, coal and coke; building materials, iron, lead,
antimony arsenic; roadmaking and cement materials, clay and clay
products, limestone and lime, soils, mineral waters,
illustrations." Awarded gold medal on "collective exhibit of
ores and minerals;" silver medals to various counties and
individual exhibits.

Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were
shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit.

Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal
schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the
State building.

Literature: The "State Book" issued by the commission has been
distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in
addition to which individual literature has been furnished by
Seattle, Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Railway
and Navigation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma,
Bellingham, Wenatchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern
Pacific Railway Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of
800,000 pieces.

The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition were $69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245.

WISCONSIN.

The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed under an act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of $104,000 was also made for exploiting the State's resources, its educational advantages, and for providing a State building. Of this amount $100,000 was for general exploitation and the State building, and the $4,000 was for use exclusively in showing the work of the State University, which ranks among the leading educational institutions of the United States.

The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as follows:

Agriculture ............................ $5,000 Dairying ............................... 6,000 Horticulture ........................... 5,000 Agricultural College ................... 1,500 Mines .................................. 5,000 Education .............................. 6,000 State building ......................... 15,000 Furnishings and maintaining ............ 10,000 Forestry ............................... 5,000 Live stock ............................. 10,000 Special university appropriation ....... 4,000

The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large number of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the State. The State building received a gold medal. The Wisconsin building was erected at a cost of only $14,750.

The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth avenue on the brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. The building was original in conception. The design of the building was what is known as the "English cottage." It was a departure from the ordinary semiclassic style of architecture prevalent in the exposition buildings. It gave the impression that it was designed for the spot on which it was located, and it fitted in the slope of the hillside and between the giant forest trees as if it were a part of nature's plan. The structure with its plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a welcome relief from the general massive architecture of the surrounding buildings.

The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt was flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and a veranda extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt was a profusion of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the building was rest and comfort. The decorative and color schemes were restful and quiet and harmonious. The wainscoting and the grand staircase were finished in Flemish oak, and the furniture was the "mission style," which harmonized with the woodwork. Indian blankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from the railing of the wall, which emphasized the "mission" effect.

The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the hostess and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The furnishings were of mahogany. In the basement were the dining room, kitchen, and storerooms.

The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin was as follows:

W.D. Hoard, president; A.J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant Thomas, secretary; S.A. Cook, treasurer; W.H. Flett, William A. Scott, Mrs. Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans; Mrs. Emma I. Walsh, hostess.

In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive display of the highly organized school system of the State of Wisconsin was arranged; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of the agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of the Agricultural College; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb display of the fruit; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interesting exhibit of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game a display of the commercial woods, and throughout the fall prize-winning herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock were on show at the live stock display grounds. The educational exhibit in the Palace of Education was illustrative of the progress of Wisconsin's schools. The exhibit embraced the kindergarten, graded schools, high schools, manual training schools, optional study of the German language, public library, the public museum in its connection with the schools, school for the deaf, agricultural school, and barracks or portable schoolhouses for use in the crowded districts of the city. The three free schools of agriculture and domestic economy, located at Madison in connection with the State University, and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially noteworthy. The two latter are distinctly training schools in agriculture and domestic economy, and are the only schools of their kind in the United States.

The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The furnishings of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by the pupils of the high school manual training department.

A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the application of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the deaf.

The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school system, from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to the graduation by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the financial statement of the school board.

One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions and the United States School for Indians.

The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social Economy. It was mainly composed of photographs of the university buildings, grounds, equipment, and of classes at work.

Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State and of butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to Wisconsin was utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain grown in the Badger State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and in the threshed state. There were also, from time to time, fresh exhibits of seasonable vegetables.

The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough to include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty-nine varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 18 kinds of Wisconsin grown strawberries; 5 varieties of crab apples; 47 kinds of plums; 4 kinds of pears; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 kinds of cranberries.

Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to the attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wisconsin cranberry bog.

Under the head of "mining interest," there were included all of the various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other stone productions of the State, and its clay development. All of this was included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy Building. A clever representation of a cross section of a lead and zinc mine was interesting.

In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron ore from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts.

In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, and graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great results.

The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired.

The display included samples of various clays for which the State is famous, together with examples of the wares made from them.

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a comprehensive display of its commercially important woods. There were 14 kinds of timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with the furnishings of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. Of the woods the more important were white and red and curly birch.

There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other cases contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes.

The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although handicapped by a small appropriation.

The entries consisted of horses--Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, and English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Shorthorns, and Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cotswolds. In swine, Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poultry, of all breeds, and pigeons were also displayed.

WYOMING.

By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903, provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a commission of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and products of this State and to properly display and care for the same at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from the Government of France.

The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the said State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid.

In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor DeForest Richards appointed the following commission:

Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief; Robert H. Homer, Bryant B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles A. Badgette, William C. Deming.

Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at the State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. The following were elected:

Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; William C. Deming, secretary.

In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commissioner in chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the middle of March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines and Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of April, 1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States to have its exhibit practically complete upon the opening day.

Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly large number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the expressions of approval of the showing made by this State were highly encouraging to the commission. It was shown by registration at the Wyoming headquarters and at the various hotels that one person in every fifty in Wyoming saw the World's Fair.

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were very favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the building and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition to this, a wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display of Wyoming pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this building was quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it being the purpose of the commission to show all native products in commercial quantities.

The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to prepare, consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating and illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis.

Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only to show the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured from it. In carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 pounds of the crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, bolts, steel rails, barbed wire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore.

To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000 pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufactured from this material.

The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral--a larger number than was shown by any other State--and over 3,000 classified exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and variety shown in the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal on the general collective exhibit.

Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. One of the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages and processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished product.

Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 pounds, taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany County, while the exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that exhibited from any other State. In bituminous and lignite coals, both in quality and quantity, Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most prominent found at the fair. Cubes of coal weighing as much as 10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids were formed, towered high above their surroundings and immediately caught the eye of every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from the great mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were taken from veins 30 feet in thickness.

Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large quantities. A pyramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all who saw them.

Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were on exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time rival her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State.

Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in their native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, asbestos, bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added to Wyoming's collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit in the Mines Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of minerals, aggregating more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit was reenforced by beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes and resources, which occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 2,100 square feet.

The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H.C. Beeler for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this work.

As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided to show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry and game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building Wyoming occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space of 1,400 square feet.

The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the direction of Prof. B.C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and consisted of over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was particularly remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was demonstrated that Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest wheat from elsewhere was that of the Argentine Republic, which weighed 64 1/2 pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest oats from elsewhere were those from New Zealand, which weighed 46 1/2, and those from Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley weighed 56 pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel.

On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming was awarded grand prizes.

The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared under the direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees from 5 to 7 feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in the State. Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which such a collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach every section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, but this was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort was made to secure samples of all the woods of the State.

A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 varieties of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more attention and favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit.

The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as well as the fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praiseworthy.

The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under the direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T.T.T. Tynan, consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of the State and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only a small sum was available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite complete and made a very creditable showing.

The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets giving information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was supplemented by a large amount of literature which was received for distribution from other sources.

Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of Mines and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and the grand prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results of actual tests by weight for the excellent quantity and size of the grain. Credit must be given Prof. B.C. Buffum, of the State University, for his thorough work in the preparation of these exhibits.

The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, showing that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, or about four-fifths of the appropriation.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION HOSTESS' ASSOCIATION.

In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Maryland Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the Maryland Building on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose of forming an organization, the object being mutual improvement and the bringing into closer social relationship the members thereof.

Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assemble on June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organization was perfected and the following officers were elected:

President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther Wehrung, Oregon; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; assistant recording secretary, Mrs. G.L. Hall, New Jersey; corresponding secretary, Mrs. W.N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corresponding secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska.

Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of this popular organization, and its business and social meetings were characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a permanent one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its officers are to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg.

The full list of membership is as follows:

Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss Jessie Drais, Arizona; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; Mrs. Frank Wiggins, California; Mrs. J.A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah Hughes, Colorado; Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. Hughes, Georgia; Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho; Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell, Montana; Mrs. H.E. Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G.L. Wall, New Jersey; Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E.B. Marchant, Oklahoma; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon.