Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission

Chapter XL: Introduction (8)

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This exhibit as a whole showed that women have taken possession
of several lines of work such as teaching and nursing, and that
men have been practically forced out of these occupations. It
also showed that they are entering many new fields, such as the
medical profession and even becoming detectives, which
demonstrates the fact that they are not inferior to men, but are
more specially adapted to certain lines of work.

Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex., Juror.

Owing to illness, Mrs. Turner served but two days on this jury, and was succeeded by Mrs. Condé Hamlin, who had been named by the board of lady managers as Mrs. Turner's alternate.

Under the group heading "Municipal government," the five classes
into which it was divided represented: City organization.
Protection of life and property. Public-service industries.
Streets and sewers. Parks, baths, recreation, city
beautification, etc.

Mrs. Hamlin became secretary of this jury, and reports as follows:

In the department in which I was a juror, namely, municipal
government, a good deal of the work was inspired by women, and
some of it prepared by women. Women's work in civic improvement
is well to the front. The work in the vacation schools, which
was shown, in playgrounds, for clean streets, for smoke
abatement, for better disposition of garbage, has in many cities
been largely inspired by women. In fact, I know of no department
where the women of the leisure class are more actively
interested and more efficient than in civic improvement work,
and the results reached through the activities of the municipal
leagues, through officials, have been most marked. The Twin City
municipal exhibit I myself designed and largely prepared and
administered, and was the resident member of the municipal
commission.

The nature of the exhibits in this department were charts and
photographs, literature on civic improvement work for and by
children in playgrounds, school gardens, etc. Civic work of
women's clubs. The civic improvement movement may be said to
have had its inception and development since the Chicago Fair;
hence the display at St. Louis showed a decided and marked
advance over the work of a similar nature shown at Chicago, but,
naturally, there were no exhibits from foreign women, municipal
betterment work being new for both men and women, in the present
understanding of the term. The work shown, of course, relating
as it does to the social life of cities, would prove helpful to
those interested in the advancement and success of women's work,
but I saw no difference in appreciation shown in comparing the
work of men and women, and the very nature of the work would not
permit of its being separately exhibited, and it was not in all
cases shown which had been performed or accomplished by women,
which by men, although much of the work had been stimulated by
women, but just how much they actually performed I can not say,
and only two or three awards were given to women.

The board of lady managers was given recognition on each of the department juries, fifteen in number, namely, Education, Art, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, Anthropology, Social Economy, Physical Culture.

The department jurors report as follows:

Department A, Education, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Mrs. W.E. Fischel, St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 26 classes, the group
headings being Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher
education, Special education in fine arts, Special education in
agriculture, Special education in commerce and industry,
Education of defectives, and Special forms of
education--text-books--School furniture, and School appliances.

Mrs. Fischel writes:

The queries relative to woman's work at the exposition were duly
received. I have given very careful consideration to the request
of the accompanying letter and have deferred my answer so as to
deliberate most intelligently. Reading the questions over, I
found myself unable to form any opinion of woman's work as
woman's work. Indeed, I have held very strongly to the opinion
that the one great thing accomplished for women in this
Louisiana Purchase Exposition was the exhibition of work as work
without distinction as to sex. In the jury room, when I served,
no consideration of award was given to any sex characteristic,
and not having viewed the exhibits with any idea of specializing
this feature I find myself now at a loss to particularize and
say there was such a per cent of woman's work.

Department B, Art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, Chief.

This department comprised 6 groups and 18 classes, the group
headings being Paintings and drawings, Engravings and
lithographs, Sculpture, Architecture, Loan collection, and
Original objects of art workmanship.

The board was most unfortunate in not being able to obtain the services of the prominent artists named for this position, all being abroad at the time notice of their appointment was sent, and having engagements upon their return that rendered it impossible for them to reach St. Louis in time to serve.

Department C, Liberal Arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, Chief.

This department comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the group
headings being Typography--Various printing processes;
Photography; Books and publications--Bookbinding; Maps and
apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography; Instruments of
precision; Philosophical apparatus, etc.--Coins and medals;
Medicine and surgery; Musical instruments; Theatrical appliances
and equipment; Chemical and pharmaceutical arts; Manufacture of
paper; Civil and military engineering; Models, plans, and
designs for public works; Architectural engineering.

Mrs. H.A. Langford, of Chicago, Ill., was appointed as juror in this department, but unfortunately did not receive notice in time to serve.

Department D, Manufactures, Milan H. Hulbert, Chief; Miss Thekla M. Bernays, of St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the group
headings being Stationery; Cutlery; Silversmiths' and
goldsmiths' ware; Jewelry; Clock and watch making; Productions
in marble, bronze, cast iron and wrought iron; Brushes, fine
leather articles, fancy articles, and basket work; Articles for
traveling and for camping; India-rubber and gutta-percha
industries; Toys; Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings
and dwellings; Office and household furniture; Stained glass;
Mortuary monuments and undertakers' furnishings; Hardware; Paper
hanging; Carpets, tapestries, and fabrics for upholstery;
Upholsterers' decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing and sanitary
materials; Glass and crystal; Apparatus and processes for
heating and ventilation; Apparatus and methods, not electrical,
for lighting; Textiles; Equipment and processes used in the
manufacture of textile fabrics; Equipment and processes used in
bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their
various stages; Equipment and processes used in sewing and
making wearing apparel; Threads and fabrics of cotton; Threads
and fabrics of flax, hemp, etc.; Cordage; Yarns and fabrics of
wool; Silk and fabrics of silk; Laces, embroidery, and
trimmings; Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women,
and children; Leather, boots and shoes, furs and skins, fur
clothing; Various industries connected with clothing.

Miss Bernays reports as follows:

In order to arrive at an accurate idea of the value of women's
work as compared with men's, it would have been necessary to
study the St. Louis Exposition from the time of its opening to
the close, with a view to collecting data and statistics on this
question. Furthermore, to get definite results regarding the
progress of women since the Columbian Exposition one would have
had to have access to the researches and statistics of former
expositions on this subject, if such there exist. I visited both
the Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of
1900, but I have only impressions of the work by women as
exhibited there. Nor can I furnish figures, percentages, or even
accurate estimates of women's work at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition. The observations subjoined have value only in so far
as the interest in women's work lies always in the under-current
of my thought. Even under the terrific stress of the enormous
amount of work pressed into the few short days of jury duty I
was vividly impressed with the dignity of the work accomplished
in arts and crafts by the women of Germany, where it was
exhibited together with that of men. In the one instance where
women secluded themselves it was shown with appalling force that
the result was tawdry and inharmonious.

I was appointed by the board of lady managers to serve upon the
department jury in the same classification of which I had served
as group juror, for "Kunstgewerbe" (Arts and Crafts). Finding my
group divided into four classes--Fixed inner decoration,
Furniture, Stained glass, and Mortuary monuments--with
numberless exhibits m various buildings all over the grounds, I
elected to serve in the class for "Fixed inner decoration." I
was aware that I had been appointed for Germany because of the
great interest I had taken in the movement for harmony in
household art inaugurated in Germany about ten years ago. This
movement admits of no division into "fixed inner decoration" and
"furniture," etc., but regards the arrangement and decoration of
spaces with a view to the effect of the "ensemble." Following
the lead of our distinguished chairman, Doctor Wuthesius, we
adhered to this idea in spite of the barbarous separation
ordered by the official instructions. Thus I was enabled to gain
an insight into what women were accomplishing in industrial art,
which would have been impossible had I permitted myself to look
only upon "fixed inner decoration."

The exhibits made by our own country in household art were
meager compared to those of several foreign countries, notably
Germany and Austria. Nor was it possible to gain information
from our exhibitors as full and as accurate as from some of the
foreigners. Here again the Germans were to the front with a
complete, reliable, and artistically finished catalogue, which
they freely distributed among the jurors. Only the Japanese were
as perfectly equipped in the matter of literature on their
exhibits and as lavish of information to the jurors as the
Germans.

I have no doubt that American women are as extensively employed
in industrial art as the women of Europe, but, excepting in
pottery, their forward stride was not made to appear pronounced
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Woman's work as a maker of
laces was not so exhibited as to make it readily distinguishable
from men's, although it must have entered largely into the
exhibits made, which, however, as I have just said, did not
adequately represent the United States, many of the best and
most renowned eastern firms having chosen to absent themselves.

Nor were foreign women, always the Germans and Austrians
excepted, frequent or prominent in the showing made. In the two
countries mentioned women have been undoubtedly taken up as
factors which hereafter are to count in the arts and crafts. We
found German women in a perceptible number exhibiting side by
side with men, holding their own fairly well in decorative
painting, as designers of rooms, of carpets and wall coverings,
workers in iron and other metals, while in tapestry, weaving
embroidery, and lace work their advance is nothing short of
astonishing.

Wherever in the Varied Industries Building, in the German House,
in the Austrian Pavilion, and elsewhere the work of German women
was incorporated into the general scheme of the decorations and
furnishings, wherever women, together with men, designed and
planned, or wherever they carried out the designs of men,
harmony was the result. Women's work was found to blend
perfectly with men's when both worked on a common plan to a
common end. Of course women in German art, as elsewhere, are
numerically immensely in the minority, nor do they as yet often
attempt the grand, the monumental, the complex. But many of them
are honest and efficient helpers, whose eyes and hands show
excellent training. They are, besides, enthusiastic supporters
and intelligent abettors of the new movement which aims to
achieve homogeneousness in the arts of living.

Again and again in the German exhibits one was constrained to
note that the female members of an artist's family were
frequently represented by work of their own. One encountered
Bruno and Fra Wille, joint designers of rooms, carpets, wall
coverings; Professor Behrens's wife plans a variety of things
from costumes to book covering. There are feminine Hubers,
Spindlers, Laengers in the catalogue, showing that the Germans
who have been so long reckoned as addicted to the cult of the
"Hausfrau" only, are beginning to accord the woman artist due
recognition.

It was all the more amazing to find that Germany, the very
Germany who, by general verdict, had given the most complete
exhibit of household art ever shown at any exposition, who, as I
have just pointed out had brought forward its craftswomen in no
contemptible role, should all unconsciously furnish the
striking, the classical example of the folly of separating the
sexes at an exposition. The "Verein Berliner Kunstlevinnen" made
an exhibit of exclusively feminine work, which was as pointedly
painful, as conspicuously lacking in force and originality, as
confused as to arrangement as have been all the previous
displays, where the accentuated feminine was relegated to
separate little buildings or separate little corners in
buildings. I saw more than one German artist hustle his American
friends past that part of the Varied Industries Building, where
abominations of his misguided countrywomen were on view. And
more than one told me that it was a slander on what German women
could do. This only goes to prove that the action of the
authorities in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
believed to be the fact: That the exhibition of woman's work,
apart from men's, runs to the tawdry, the insignificant, and the
unnecessary. Therefore, separation of the sexes in the display
at expositions should not be tolerated.

Department E, Machinery, Mr. Thomas M. Moore, Chief; Miss Edith J. Griswold, New York City, Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 35 classes, the group
headings being: Steam engines; Various motors; General
machinery; Machine tools; Arsenal tools.

Miss Griswold says:

After considerable consideration I almost feel that the least
said about women exhibitors in the Machinery Department at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition the better. The fact is, there
were no women exhibitors. However, in this department the
exhibitors were mostly old firms or very large manufacturers,
and while women are undoubtedly making their way into mechanics
they have not been in the field long enough to have reached a
point where their work of a nature to form exposition exhibits
can compete with man's work. The chief of the Machinery
Department and one other member of the jury mentioned a Miss
Gleason, who is connected with one of the firms that exhibited,
and spoke of her ability in the mechanical line and her
knowledge of mechanics in the highest of terms. Women are
employed in various capacities in nearly every line of work that
was exhibited in this department, and Miss Gleason probably
stands as an example of the real but unostentatious work of many
women who understand the intricacies of machinery fully as well
as men with the same degree of training.

That women are making a place for themselves in this department of industry is shown by the Patent Office statistics. The first patents for inventions were granted to men in 1790, but no patent was issued to a woman until May 5, 1809, and the number of inventions granted to them in any one year did not exceed 6 until the year 1862, when 14 were issued. This number was lowered but once, and that was in 1865, when naturally women had responsibilities of a nature that precluded outside interests, but the direction of which is shown in the fact that two of the 13 applications in that year were--one for "Improved table for hospitals," the other for "Improvement in drinking cups for the sick." In 1863 an application was made for "Improvement in ambulances."

It is a significant fact that from the time General Spinner appointed the first woman to be employed under the Government in 1864, her advancement was shown in invention, as well as in all other phases of her existence. At the beginning of the year 1864, fifty-five years after the first patent had been granted to her, she had received but 103 patents. During the next fifteen years, 1,046 patents were granted; during the next ten, 1,428, and during the next five years (from 1889 to 1894), 1,309 patents were issued to women, the number in five years exceeding that granted during the first seventy years. It is to be regretted that the Patent Office records do not show a classification of her work during the past ten years, their list practically ceasing March 1, 1895.

The inventions cover a wide and ambitious range, and include, even among their earliest attempts, "Improved war vessel, the parts applying to other structures for defense;" "Improvement in locomotive wheels;" in "Engraving copper;" "Steam whistles;" "Mechanism for driving sewing machines;" "Improved material for packing journals and bearings;" "Improvement in the mode of preventing the heating of axles and journals;" in "Pyrotechnic night signals;" in "Paper-bag machines;" in "Railway car safety apparatus;" "Conveyors of smoke and cinders for locomotives;" "Sewing machines;" in "Alloys for hardening iron;" in "Alloys to resemble silver;" in "Devices for removing snow from railways;" "Car coupling;" "Attachment for unloading box cars;" "Railroad car," etc.

Department F, Electricity, Prof. W.E. Goldsboro, Chief, Miss Hope Fairfax Loughborough, Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 24 classes, the group
headings being: Machines for generating and using electricity;
Electrochemistry; Electric lighting; Telegraphy and telephony;
Various applications of electricity.

Miss Loughborough's report is as follows:

The field of electricity has been so long and so peculiarly a
man's field that it is not surprising to find that in the 5
groups and 24 classes which the Department of Electricity at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition comprised, only 2 exhibits were
made by women, both of whom were Americans.

One of these exhibits was made by Mrs. Alexander Baumgard, of
New York City, and showed an automatic advertising figure
actuated by an electric motor. The figure was that of a woman
standing before a rack on which were a number of signs. The
figure stooped, picked up one of the signs, raised it, turned a
quarter way around in order to display it to the best advantage,
and replaced the sign. The next movement took up the next sign,
and so on. The mechanism was actuated by an electric motor,
which, by means of a series of cams and gears, caused it to go
through the various movements. The value of the device was
considered very small, as there are other more effective means
of advertising of this kind, and no award was given Mrs.
Baumgard.

The other exhibit by a woman was made by Mrs. Blodgett, and
consisted of ornamental shades for electric lights, painted by
hand. These shades were quite artistic in themselves, and were
well installed, so the exhibit was awarded a bronze medal.

In neither of these exhibits was there any invention or process
which was original.

In the electrical industry there is practically no machine or
apparatus made without the assistance of women or girls, as they
are employed in every electrical factory for insulating and
winding coils, etc. In the manufacture of these the percentage
of women's work is from 3 to 10 per cent. But aside from this
purely mechanical work women have contributed little or nothing
to the advancement of the application of electricity, either
before the Chicago Exposition or during the past eleven years.

Department G, Transportation Exhibits, Mr. W.A. Smith, Chief; Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Department Juror.

Miss Weld is a graduate of the Boston School of Technology and now in the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company.

This department comprised 6 groups and 33 classes, the group
headings being: Carriages and wheelwrights' work; Automobiles
and cycles; Saddlery and harness; Railways, yards, stations,
freight houses, terminal facilities of all kinds; Material and
equipment used in the mercantile marine; Material and equipment
of naval services, naval warfare; Aerial navigation.

Miss Weld briefly reports:

As a department juror I saw the papers of every exhibitor, and
there were no exhibits by women in this department in any of the
33 classes, but not coming in contact with any of the exhibitors
I can give no exact information about the work done by women in
the manufacture or construction of the exhibits.

Department H, Agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Richard P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo., Department Juror.

This department comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the group
headings being: Farm equipment--methods of improving lands;
Agricultural implements and farm machinery; Fertilizers;
Tobacco; Appliances and methods used in agricultural industries;
Theory of agriculture--agricultural statistics; Vegetable food
products--agricultural seeds; Animal food products; Equipment
and methods employed in the preparation of foods; Farinaceous
products and their derivatives; Bread and pastry; Preserved
meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit; Sugar and
confectionery--condiments and relishes; Waters; Wines and
brandies; Sirups and liqueurs--distilled spirits commercial
alcohol; Fermented beverages; Inedible agricultural products;
Insects and their products--plant diseases; Live stock--horses
and mules, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; Swine; Dogs; Cats;
Ferrets, etc.; Poultry and birds.

Mrs. Bland reports as a department juror in this department:

Our jury passed upon machinery for making drinks, refrigerators,
refrigerating, Sunny Brook Distillery, ice-making plant, beer
packers, and packages, etc., bottle washing and cleaning. Bake
ovens, candy and chocolate machines also came within our
jurisdiction. One special machine of French make was for making
ice for families and on the farm; these were small machines and
would make from 10 to 300 pounds, and were comparatively cheap
and within the reach of many.

There was an interesting and unique exhibit from Germany showing
canned stews and other edibles to be used in camp and on hunting
and fishing trips. The can had an interlining of tin, and
between the two walls of the can was unslacked lime; by making a
hole in each end of the can and placing first one end and then
the other in cold water for five minutes the stew was warmed and
cooked.

Mrs. Bland conducts a large farm, and in a letter states that she was awarded a bronze medal at this exposition for her exhibit of timothy hay and Grimes golden apples.

Mrs. Bland also served on the jury of awards in the women's department of the Charleston Exposition, and it was her opinion that there is a great opening for women in house furnishings, designing wall paper, and photography.

Department J, Horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth, Tex., Department Juror.

This department comprised 7 groups and 31 classes, the group
headings being: Appliances and methods of pomology, viticulture,
floriculture, and arboriculture; Appliances and methods of
viticulture; Pomology; Trees, shrubs, ornamental plants and
flowers; Plants of the conservatory; Seeds and plants for garden
and nurseries; Arboriculture and fruit culture.

Mrs. Turner says:

In reply to your questions in regard to the work of the women
jurors at the St. Louis Exposition, will say that I arrived very
late at the exposition, after the jury had about finished their
duties in the Department of Horticulture, in which I was to
serve. For this reason my duties were limited, and I had little
opportunity to examine and give an intelligent estimate of the
part taken by women in this department.

Department K, Forestry, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, Md., Department Juror.

This department comprised 3 groups and 14 classes, under the
group headings: Appliances and processes used in forestry;
Products of the cultivation of forests and of forest industries;
Appliances for gathering wild crops and products obtained.

No report.

Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mr. J.A. Homes, Chief; Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin, Atlanta, Ga., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 43 classes, under the
group headings: Working of mines, ore beds, and stone quarries;
Minerals and stones, and their utilization; Mine models, maps,
photographs; Metallurgy; Literature of mining, metallurgy, etc.

Mrs. Scrutchin reports as follows:

In all our fairy stories, dwarfs and elves live below the earth
and deal with mines and their dark belongings; the fairies live
above. So none of us are surprised to find few women in this
line of exhibitors. My work as a member of the department jury
confined me to one room, and to an inspection of lists submitted
by the group jurors. So I really had no opportunity for specific
examination of the various groups and classes, except where some
doubt was expressed as to the validity of an award, when I made
it a point to examine that subject with more or less care. Many
women placed specimens of clay and ore in their State
collections. Several Georgia women, I know, did this--some,
though owning and operating mines, and active in submitting
specimens, took shelter under the husband's name. This fact also
came under my own observation.

Nearly all these exhibits were in group 116, class 682. One
collection of clays and pottery produced in the interest of
artistic handicraft came from the Sophie Newcombe Memorial
College for the higher education of girls, of New Orleans, La.,
and was in the same group, but class 690. Many like collections
were seen in the Educational Building, but this is the only one
given space in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy.

The Woman's Club of Pipestone, Minn., showed specimens of
pipestone and jasper belonging to group 116, class 682. In the
whole list I find only two foreigners--one from Toronto, Canada,
and the other from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, both such near
neighbors to our own country as hardly to seem foreign. The one
making exhibition from Mexico, Esther Lopez, is associated with
a man, Hernano, brother or husband, I presume. Group 118 devoted
to metallurgy, had only one woman exhibitor, Mrs. Abbie Krebs,
San Francisco, Cal., who submitted redwood tanks for an award.

I do not recall any award made to a woman in the Department of
Mines and Metallurgy. Many mercantile houses and large
corporations were competitors, and, as I said before, many women
sent their specimens to their respective State exhibits, and so
increased the chances of the State to an award.

The fine Alaskan exhibition in the Alaska Building was collated,
I understand, by a woman. I did not see it and did not learn the
woman's name, though I made an effort to do so.

From my observation, I think the work of the women would have
been better appreciated and the effect more pronounced had they
been placed in a separate building. In this Department of Mines,
for instance, every woman would have sent to the Woman's
Building instead of to the State exhibit, and a greater number
would have been on record as exhibitors.

The only two exhibitions, or expositions rather, at all
approaching the one in St. Louis that I have attended were the
Centennial at Philadelphia, in 1876, and the International
Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, in 1895. At the first I do not
recall any emphasis on what women had done, except in the lines
in which she had always worked--art, needlework, and dairy
products. In Atlanta, as at Chicago, there was a Woman's
Building, and here were found her work in all lines, and many
visitors enjoyed the exhibition.

The recognition of woman as evidenced by her appointment on the
juries of the different departments, both group and department,
was the most striking development of the recent great
expositions.

The list submitted below contains the names of all women whose
names appear in the official catalogue of exhibits in the
Department of Mines and Metallurgy:

Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the Higher Education of
Girls, of New Orleans, La. Clays and pottery produced in the
interest of artistic handicraft. Group 116, class 690. Mrs.
Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal. Redwood tanks. Group 118, class
702. Mrs. George Rupp, Bessemer, Mich. Collection of iron ores,
needle, grape, kidney, and blackberry ore. Group 116, class 682.
Woman's Club, Pipestone, Minn. Pipestone and jasper. Group 116,
class 682. Mrs. Helen M. Schneider, Eureka, Nev. Collection of
minerals. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. George W. Pritchard, White
Oaks, N. Mex., Lincoln County. Ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs.
D.D. Menges, Allentown, Pa. Iron ores. Group 116, class 682.
Mrs. C. Robinson, Spokane, S. Dak. Arsenopyrite ore. Group 116,
class 682. Mrs. Haliburton, Bridgewood, Bridgewood Company,
Ontario, Canada. Minerals. Group 116, class 682. Esther y
Hernano Lopez, Taxco, province of Guerrero, Mexico. Silver ores.
Group 116, class 682.

Department M, Fish and Game, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. Mary Stuart Armstrong, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.

This department comprised 5 groups and 19 classes, the group
headings being: Hunting equipment; Products of hunting; Fishing;
equipment and products; Products of fisheries; Fish culture.

No report.

Department N, Anthropology, Dr. W.J. McGee, Chief; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Department Juror.

This department comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, under the
group headings: Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography.

Mrs. Nuttall reports, as group juror, this department.

(Report not on file.)

Department O, Social Economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.

This department comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the group
headings being: Study and investigation of social and economic
conditions; Economic resources and organization; State
regulation of industry and labor; Organization of industrial
workers; Methods of industrial remuneration; Cooperative
institutions; Provident institutions; Housing of the working
classes; The liquor question; General betterment movements;
Charities and correction; Public health; Municipal improvement.

Miss Addams says in her report as department juror of the above:

The general advance in social betterment has been very marked in
the eleven years intervening since the Columbian Exposition, at
Chicago, and women have not only shared that advance, but have
undoubtedly contributed more than their proportionate share, if
tested by the proportionate value of their exhibits at Chicago
and at St. Louis. This is also true if tested by the social
economy exhibits made in Paris in 1900, where I was a juror in
the department of social economy. No separate exhibit was there
made of the work of women save that implied in the exhibition of
women's philanthropic societies. At the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition their separate exhibits were not only larger, but
more definite and coherent. The work of women was as much
appreciated when placed by the side of men as if it had been
installed by itself, and the results would have been no better
if separately exhibited. Certainly nothing in the entire
department at St. Louis was more successfully installed and
attracted more favorable attention than the Twin City Museum,
which occupied an entire building upon the Model street and was
under the direction of Mrs. Condé Hamlin, of St. Paul, who had
also planned it from the beginning and was made commissioner. It
was certainly a notable achievement to have one such exhibit as
that standing absolutely upon its merits and dealing with the
civic and general social conditions as they are constantly
developing in our large and growing cities. It had suggestions
of activities along a dozen lines which make for amelioration of
urban conditions as they bear hardest upon the people of the
most crowded quarters. To quote from the report of another on
this subject: "It is now a well-established fact that women most
effectively supplement the best interests and the furthering of
the highest aims of all government by their numberless
charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent
institutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to
establish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction
of many forms of social injustice and neglect, and these
institutions exert a strong and steady influence for good, an
influence which tends to decrease vice, to make useful citizens
of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the standard of
morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness."

Department P, Physical Culture, J.E. Sullivan, Chief; Miss Clara Hellwig, Plainfield, N.J., Department Juror.

This department comprised 3 groups and 6 classes, the group
headings being: Training of the child and adult-theory and
practice; Games and sports for children and adults; Equipment
for games and sports.

Unfortunately Miss Hellwig was abroad and did not receive
notification in time to reach St. Louis for the jury work.

Superior Jury.

Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, Mo., was appointed to represent the board of lady managers on the superior jury, and in a general résumé of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mrs. Moore says:

If the organization of a world's exposition begins years before
its doors open, if public opinion changes in a decade, it may be
well, before summing up the work of women at St. Louis, to look
first at the record of achievement from Chicago in 1893 through
Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Paris, and Buffalo, all of which led
gradually to the high plane upon which we now stand.

Segregation of the sexes was the limited understanding of most
of those in charge of former expositions. Not for a moment would
I imply by this statement that there was a desire to give the
work of women a lower grade than that of men; rather was it the
mistaken idea of drawing attention to it, as something better
and apart. By this very means there was often a serious and
hurtful comparison, since many women with undoubted ability
would not thus place their exhibits. It implied that in the
special group, where exhibit was made, woman's mind differed
from that of man's to the extent that there was also a
difference in the result.

We owe sincere thanks to the progressive men in charge of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that they listened with
intelligent appreciation to the plea from women for equal
representation, wherever their work was found worthy.

There is no mistaking the dignified effect of this edict, and
only the best in various lines gained admission to the exhibit
palaces.

In most exhibits the larger proportion was presented by men; and
in similar proportion the awards were assigned. There was,
however, no distinction made as to sex; and the members of the
various juries, including women, paid as careful attention to
the one exhibit as to the other, without reference to name,
often the only indication of sex.

There were some art, educational, and economic exhibits, placed
entirely by women, showing marvelous adaptability to the
limitations of environment, and also skill in artistic and
practical setting. Looking closely at the work in the several
departments, my opinion is that, while woman has not gained
greatly in inventive or constructive arts, she has gained
breadth in the applied arts and has grown immeasurably in
freedom of execution. This has been obtained partly by the
contact with man's work, extending through many centuries in
advance, and partly by the very fact that she must now stand
only on her own merits.

Women from foreign lands entered into competition in the
departments of art, education, and liberal arts to a very slight
extent, with some investigation in science, but in all a very
small proportion. This was natural, on account of the great
distance, and may be applied equally to the number of exhibitors
from across the water, whether men or women.

American women were found in nearly every field open to
competition, though it was the apparently proud statement of the
director of Mines and Metallurgy that there were no women on his
juries, which meant, of course, no exhibit. (NOTE.--Mrs. M.G.
Scrutchin was evidently appointed after this statement.)

The congresses were open to women, who appeared on the same
programmes with men, were paid the compliment of as large
audiences, were listened to with interest, and their opinions in
discussions answered with freedom. This occurred also in the
various associations, where men and women work side by side.

In the work of the superior jury, where for the first time the
right of membership was given to a representative of women, the
application of deliberation and judgment was made to the work of
men and women alike. Courtesy and the hand of fellowship were
extended to all. Exhibits were not specially investigated,
unless appeals from former jury awards were sent in. In such
case most careful and detailed investigation was made by the
special boards, to which were assigned certain departments.
There was no distinction of sex mentioned in the jury room; and
the time has evidently arrived when no less will be expected
from women--no more from men--than the quality of work merits.

FINAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF AWARDS.

The chairman of the committee of awards of the board of lady
managers begs leave to present the story and the report of that
committee to your honorable board.

We will not begin by saying "once upon a time," for this is no
fairy story, but we will hark back to that time when we, as a
board, were not, that we may refer to the vital words of the act
of Congress of March 3, 1901, which act provided for the
creation of a board of lady managers, gave the excuse for its
existence, and named specifically one duty it would be called
upon to perform, to wit: "To appoint one member of all
committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall
have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."

This phase of woman's work at the World's Fair formed the
principal topic of talk at the informal conference held in New
York, December 5, 1901, between the National Commission and the
members of the board of lady managers that had been appointed up
to that time.

The committee of awards was one of the last of the standing
committees to be appointed, but was the first committee
appointed by Mrs. Daniel Manning after her election to the
presidency of the board of lady managers in December, 1903, and
was as follows: Mrs. Frederick Hanger, chairman, Little Rock,
Ark.; Mrs. Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Miss Lavinia H.
Egan, Shreveport, La.; Mrs. Fannie Lowry Porter, Atlanta, Ga.;
Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, Hoboken, N.J.

From the organization of the board its influence had been sought
and besought by women wishing positions connected with the
exposition work. The appointing of the committee of awards acted
like a wireless-telegraphy message throughout the country and
brought applications from "would be" jurors or recommendations
from friends of "would be" jurors until the files of the board
room were filled to the limit, and the colored postman of the
free-delivery postal service in the southern home of the
chairman thought he had relapsed into a "previous condition of
servitude."

The rules regulating the system of awards, enacted by the
Exposition Company, stated that the nomination for jurors must
be in the hands of the director of exhibits thirty days before
the opening of the exposition, for the approval of the
Exposition Company and the National Commission.

The division of exhibits had issued a list of all exhibits that
could be entered at the exposition, dividing them into 144
groups.

As woman's work is never done, and as she has worked her way
into almost every industrial avenue, to find out the "woman" in
the work of exhibits required more light than the act of
Congress or the rules of the Exposition Company gave on the
subject.

The chairman of the committee of awards made a special journey
to St. Louis, a month after the committee was appointed, and in
company with Miss Egan, a member of the committee, waited upon
the director of exhibits and asked that the World's Fair light,
for femininity, might be thrown on the 144 groups of exhibits,
that woman's work, "in whole or in part," might have a juror
appointed by the board of lady managers to judge of its merits.

The director of exhibits, with much genial graciousness, threw
up his official hands and said he was helpless, that not until
the exhibits were placed could the groups that would admit of
women jurors be determined, and that there would be women jurors
appointed by the Exposition Company as well as by the board of
lady managers. He suggested that we look carefully through the
144 groups and use our "judgment" as to which groups would call
for women jurors.

We asked the advisability of conferring with the heads of the
different departments, and were told that the information must
come through the director of exhibits. We were told to remember
that the list of women jurors must be limited to keep down the
expense of the jury work.

From this time until the 25th of July the board waited for the
classified list.

By correspondence among the members of the committee of awards,
by meeting of the same, and by suggestions from the entire
board, a long list of names of women eminent for intellectual,
artistic, material, and practical achievements was obtained from
which to choose women jurors. It seemed impossible for the
committee to make a report to present to the board for
acceptance until information in regard to the classified list
had been obtained.

Partial tentative reports were read at the March meeting, to
report progress and secure suggestions.

At a meeting of the board held April 29 a list of 83 names for
women jurors and their alternates was submitted by the committee
and accepted by the board. A motion carried to the effect that
power to act was left with the committee, as the classified list
had not been received from the Exposition Company and the
committee's use of "judgment" might be tempered with the blue
pencil of the Exposition Company.

The confirmation of names for jurors was made very
comprehensive, as the board at that time did not expect to meet
until after the jurors had served.

The president of the board was untiring in her efforts in behalf
of the jury work of the board. The chairman of the committee was
called to St. Louis twice on the special work of the jury list,
and the members of the board and committee by consultation with
members of the National Commission, officials of the Exposition
Company, and heads of departments, held out for what they
considered the full rights of the nominating power of the board,
with the hope of bringing American womanhood in touch, as near
as possible, with the work of the exposition.

The following communications indicate the progress made:

ST. Louis, _July 22, 1904._

DEAR SIR: In regard to the appointment of women jurors the board
of lady managers begs leave to state that names of women jurors
for 83 groups have been approved by the board. We have been
informed that the classified list of groups is in your hands,
and we would be glad to receive it at the earliest possible
date.

Very respectfully,
M. MARGARETTA MANNING,
_President._

Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS,
_President Louisiana Purchase Exposition,_
_Exposition Grounds, St. Louis, Mo._

St. Louis, _July 25, 1904._

MADAM PRESIDENT: The Exposition Company, through the executive
committee, has approved the accompanying report of the director
of exhibits, and hereby certifies to the board of lady managers
the number of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in
whole or in part by female labor.

This is in response to your letter addressed to the president
under date of July 22, and this day submitted to the executive
committee.

The groups so certified are as follows:

_Education_.--Group 1, Elementary education. Group 2, Secondary
education. Group 3, Higher education. Group 4, Special education
in fine arts. Group 7, Education of defectives.

_Fine arts_.--Group 9, Paintings and drawings. Group 11,
Sculpture. Group 12, Architecture. Group 14, Original objects in
art workmanship.

_Liberal arts_.--Group 16, Photography. Group 17, Books and
publications--Bookbinding. Group 18, Maps and apparatus for
geography, cosmography, topography.

_Manufactures_.--Group 37, Decoration and fixed furniture of
buildings and dwellings. Group 45, Ceramics. Group 52, Equipment
and processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing
textiles in their various stages. Group 53, Equipment and
processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel. Group 58,
Laces, embroidery, and trimmings. Group 59, Industries,
producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children. Group
61, Various industries connected with clothing.

_Machinery_.--None.

_Electricity_.--None.

_Transportation_.--None.

_Agriculture_.--Group 78, Farm equipment--Methods of improving
land. Group 84, Vegetable food products--Agricultural seeds.
Group 88, Bread and pastry. Group 89, Preserved meat, fish,
vegetables, and fruit. Group 90, Sugar and
confectionery--Condiments and relishes. Group 92, Wines and
brandies.

_Live stock_.--None.

_Horticulture_.--Group 107, Pomology.

_Forestry_.--None.

_Mines and metallurgy_.--None.

_Fish and game_.--None.

_Anthropology_.--None.

_Social economy_.--Group 129, Study and investigation of social
and economic conditions. Group 133, Methods of industrial
remuneration. Group 136, Housing of the working classes. Group
137, The liquor question. Group 139, Charities and corrections.
Group 141, Municipal improvement.

_Physical culture_.--None

Very respectfully,
DAVID R. FRANCIS,
_President._

MRS. DANIEL MANNING,
_President Board of Lady Managers._

St. Louis, Mo., _July 30, 1904._

DEAR SIR: The accompanying list of 83 women jurors, to serve on
the committee of awards of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
has been made by the board of lady managers and is hereby
submitted for approval to the Exposition Company and to the
National Commission.

This list has been made according to the authorization granted
to the board in section 6 of the acts of Congress approved March
3, 1901, to wit, "To nominate one member of all committees
authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been
produced in whole or in part by female labor."

Yours, truly,
M. MARGARETTA MANNING,
_President._

FRANCES MARION HANGER,
_Chairman Committee of Awards._

Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS,
_President Louisiana Purchase Exposition,_
_Administration Building._

AUGUST 4, 1904.

MY DEAR MADAM PRESIDENT: Responding to your communication of
July 30, transmitting a list of women jurors and alternate
jurors, that you recommend for appointment, and which you submit
for approval by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, I beg to state
that under the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition Company, approved by the National Commission, the
board of lady managers may appoint 32 women jurors and women
alternate jurors.

As the number of names submitted by you greatly exceeds the
number you are permitted to nominate under the rules and
regulations above referred to, the list is herewith returned for
revision. If the names you have submitted for appointment upon
the groups for which the board of lady managers are entitled to
make nominations are the ones you desire in these particular
groups, they will be entertained for confirmation, but it may be
you will desire to readjust your list.

Very respectfully,

D.R. FRANCIS,
_President._

MRS. DANIEL MANNING,
_President Board Lady Managers._

AUGUST 9, 1904.

DEAR SIR: In response to your letter received August 8, in
relist of nominations for the women jurors made by the board of
lady managers, I beg leave to state that said list was made
under what the board believed to be the interpretation of
section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which
would seem to provide for the appointment of "one member of all
committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may
have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."

We regret exceedingly that "in the discretion of said commission
and corporation" referred to in said act, the list of groups has
been reduced from 83 to 32.

We respectfully ask, however, that a favorable consideration may
be given to four additional groups, viz: No. 125, Literature;
No. 126, Somatology; No. 127, Ethnology, and No. 128,
Ethnography. These groups have been specially designated by the
chief of the Department of Anthropology, the names of nominees
submitted are those approved by him, and it is most desirable
that this request be granted.

We herewith hand you revised list, readjusted as per your
instructions.

Respectfully submitted.

FRANCES MARION HANGER,
_Chairman on Committee of Awards_.

Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS,
_President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company_.

EDUCATION (DEPARTMENT A).

ART (DEPARTMENT B).

LIBERAL ARTS (DEPARTMENT C).

MANUFACTURES (DEPARTMENT D).

AGRICULTURE (DEPARTMENT H).

HORTICULTURE (DEPARTMENT J).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 107, Pomology |Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort,|Mrs. Robert Fulton, | Ky. | Buffalo, N.Y. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANTHROPOLOGY (DEPARTMENT N).

SOCIAL ECONOMY (DEPARTMENT 0).

The foregoing list was confirmed by the Exposition Company and
the National Commission (August 21).

The group jurors were notified at the earliest possible moment
of their appointment.

The time that most of the jurors began to serve was September 1.

The list of jurors who served under appointment from the board
of lady managers was as follows:

List of Group Jurors--Board of Lady Managers.

Education:
Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, Washington, D.C.
Group 2, Miss Anna G. MacDougal, Chicago, Ill.
Group 3, Miss Mary Boyce Temple, Knoxville, Tenn.
Group 4, Mrs. E.A. Thayer, Denver, Colo.
Group 7, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, Ohio.

Art:
Group 9, Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, Tenn.
Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York.
Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va.
Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill.

Liberal Arts:
Group 16, Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, Washington, D.C.
Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
Group 18, Mrs. W.M. Woolwine, Nashville, Tenn.

Manufactures:
Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis.
Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga.
Groups 53 and 61, Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mrs. A.G.
Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa.
Groups 58 and 59, Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs.
Margaret Summers, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. W.S. Major,
Shelbyville, Ind.

Agriculture:
Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, Cartersville, Ga.
Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr.
Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss.
Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead, Little Rock, Ark.

Horticulture:
Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky.

Anthropology:
Group 125, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C.
Group 126, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, Washington, D.C.
Group 127, Miss Cora Peters, Washington, D.C.
Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass.

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Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition CommissionChapter XL: Introduction (8)

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