Chapter I: Part 1

FLORA OF THE SUDAN

Flora of the Sudan

BY
A. F. BROUN,
_Formerly Director of Woods and Forests_,

AND

R. E. MASSEY,
_Government Botanist_.

_With a Conspectus of Groups of Plants and Artificial Key to Families_

BY
J. HUTCHINSON, F.L.S.,
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.

* * * * *
_Published with the consent of the Sudan Government._
* * * * *

Obtainable from
THE CONTROLLER, SUDAN GOVERNMENT OFFICE,
WELLINGTON HOUSE, BUCKINGHAM GATE,
LONDON, S.W.I.
PRICE P.T. 50 or 10/-
1929.

MADE IN ENGLAND
BY
THOMAS MURBY & CO., 1, FLEET LANE, LONDON, E.C.4.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE vii

ABBREVIATIONS x

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 1

CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED
IN THIS FLORA 15

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES 16

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONOCOTYLEDONES 45

SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION OF FAMILIES, GENERA AND SPECIES:—

Gymnospermæ 48

Angiospermæ:—

Dicotyledones 49

Monocotyledones 365

INDEXES TO NATIVE NAMES:—

Arabic Names 486

Hadendowa „ 490

Rashida „ 491

Nuba „ 491

Dinka „ 492

Jur „ 493

Golo „ 493

Bari „ 494

Hameg „ 494

Nuer „ 495

Shilluk „ 495

Burun „ 495

Bongo „ 495

Zande „ 495

Krej „ 496

Indogo „ 496

Tuku-Tuku „ 496

Kaliko „ 496

Makraka „ 496

INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES 496

INDEX TO FAMILY NAMES 501

PREFACE

In the Appendix of his Report on the Forests of the Sudan, published in 1901, Mr. C. E. Muriel, of the Imperial Indian Forest Service, gave a list of the more common trees and shrubs and of a few other plants, together with short descriptions and statements on their uses and economic value, also their Arabic and, where possible, the Hameg names.

At the end of that year the Sudan Government gave me the appointment of Director of Woods and Forests. At that time only few of the volumes of the Flora of Tropical Africa had appeared and the earliest ones were already antiquated. During the numerous journeys taken by me in various parts of the Sudan, my wife and I were able to collect a large number of plants, making at the same time notes of their names in various languages of the Sudan, and their economic and other uses. I also received considerable help, as regards Golo names, from the late Mr. S. Skirmunt, then Deputy Inspector of Forests in the Bahr el Ghazal Province. By 1906 I had gathered sufficient material both from my trips and from the Kew Herbarium to draw up a rough “Catalogue of Sudan Flowering Plants,” giving short descriptions, a number of vernacular names and some economic and other uses, many of which were obtained from Watt’s Dictionary of Economic Products.[1] As it was somewhat hastily got up it was printed by the Sudan Government not for general circulation, but for the use of Sudan officials only.

During the years which followed, up to my retirement in 1910, I was able to add to the list a considerable number of names both scientific and vernacular. I am indebted for the help I received, as regards Kordofan plants, to Mr. H. B. MacMichael, of the Sudan Civil Service, and, as regards the Red Sea littoral, to Mr. Cyril Crossland, at that time Marine Biologist to the Sudan Government.

After my retirement Mr. R. E. Massey was appointed, in 1912, Sudan Government Botanist, and I had the good fortune of securing his co- operation in bringing out a more complete Catalogue of the Flowering Plants of the Sudan. Mr. Massey, by his presence on the spot, and by his technical knowledge, has been able to give to the present Catalogue a greater completeness and finish than I should have been capable of unaided; he was also able to get further assistance from other persons in the Sudan. He particularly and gratefully acknowledges the help he received from Mrs. Crowfoot, wife of Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, Director of Education, in a variety of ways, such as collections of plants, Hadendowa and other vernacular names, and drawings and paintings of plants. A number of Dinka and Shilluk names were also given by Mr. H. C. Jackson, of the Sudan Civil Service, and Nuer names by the late Major Stigand. A collection of plants of the Burun country, with their vernacular names, was received from Dr. Kamar, of the Egyptian Army, a further collection by Mr. Sillitoe, superintendent of Gardens, Khartoum, from the Lado District, and one from Admiral Lynes, C.B., C.M.G., in Darfur, mostly in the region of the range of mountains, called Jebel Marra, which attains an elevation of over 10,000 ft., and bears a flora quite distinct from all other parts of the Sudan.

The Catalogue was at first compiled without any descriptive matter, but Mr. R. Hewison, Director of Agriculture and Forests, Sudan Government, speaking on behalf of that Government, which is defraying the costs of printing this book, expressed an opinion that it would be more useful to officials in the Sudan if short descriptions were added. In order, therefore, to supply these as quickly as possible we depended very largely on descriptions in the Flora of Tropical Africa, which we shortened considerably. My wife and I worked this out as far as and including the Cyperaceæ, and Mr. Massey undertook to do the grasses, part only of which have as yet appeared in the Flora. He desires to acknowledge the aid received from Mr. C. E. Hubbard in the preparation of the key to the Grasses. Mr. J. Hutchinson kindly helped us with plants in the Kew Herbarium which have not been described in the Flora. But a further acknowledgment is due to Mr. Hutchinson. He has regrouped the Natural Orders according to the system described in his recent book, _The Families of Flowering Plants, I. Dicotyledons_,[2] and has also furnished a key to the Classification, thus bringing this book into line with all the African Regional Floras which are to be taken in hand. He has also consented to look over the proofs. Our most cordial thanks are due for his help.

My wife has been constantly associated with me in my share of the work from the time when we collected material in the Sudan until now, and deserves also to earn her share of whatever credit may be given for this work.

Finally, I wish to record the debt of gratitude which we owe to Dr. Hill, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to Mr. Cotton, the Keeper of the Herbarium, to Dr. Stapf, the late Keeper, and to the Staff of the Herbarium, most particularly Mr. C. H. Wright, Mr. Dunn, Miss Hughes, and Mr. Skan for the numerous acts of kindness and help which they have given us, making thus our work light and pleasant.

A. F. BROUN.

“OAKLANDS,”

AMPTHILL,

_Dec. 18th,_ 1925.

Note.—Owing to various causes, for which we are not responsible, the printing of this book has been considerably delayed. Mrs. Crowfoot, to whom reference has been made above, is now bringing out a companion volume to this, containing drawings of various plants from the Northern and Central Sudan.

My dear wife, who shared all my work, died on the 11th April, 1927.

A. F. BROUN.

AMPTHILL,

_March 20th,_ 1928.

ABBREVIATIONS.

ab. stands for about

acumin. „ „ acuminate

alt. „ „ alternate

anth. „ „ anther or anthers

artic. „ „ articulate

cal. „ „ calyx

capit. „ „ capitulum

caps. „ „ capsule

cm. „ „ centimetre

cor. „ „ corolla

diam. „ „ diameter

excl. „ „ excluding

filam. „ „ filament or filaments

fl. „ „ flower or flowers

fld. „ „ flowered

fol. „ „ foliolate

foll. „ „ follicle or follicles

fr. „ „ fruit or fruits

ft. „ „ foot or feet

hermaphr. „ „ hermaphrodite

heterog. „ „ heterogamous

homog. „ „ homogamous

hypog. „ „ hypogynous

in. „ „ inch or inches

incl. „ „ including

infl. „ „ inflorescence

interpet. „ „ interpetiolar

invol. „ „ involucre

l. „ „ leaf or leaves

lanc. „ „ lanceolate

lin. „ „ linear

obl. „ „ oblong

obov. „ „ obovate

opp. „ „ opposite

pan. „ „ panicle or panicles

ped. „ „ peduncle or peduncles

pedic. „ „ pedicel or pedicels

per. „ „ perianth

pet. „ „ petiole or petioles

rac. „ „ raceme or racemes

recept. „ „ receptacle

segm. „ „ segment or segments

st. or sta. „ „ stamen or stamens

stip. „ „ stipule or stipules

suborbic. „ „ suborbicular

undershr. „ „ undershrub

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

=abruptly pinnate=, when the leaflets are arranged in pairs along the rhachis of a compound leaf without a terminal one.

=acaulescent=, without stem or apparently so.

=accrescent=, applied to a calyx or corolla, enlarging after flowering.

=achene=, a dry indehiscent, one-seeded fruit.

=acicular=, needle-like.

=aculeate=, prickly and pointed.

=acuminate=, narrowed at the apex into a long point.

=acute=, tapering to a sharp point.

=-adelphous=, suffix used to show the number of bundles of stamens there are in a flower where these are joined by their filaments; see =monadelphous=, =diadelphous=, =polyadelphous=.

=adhesion=, the union of dissimilar parts of a flower, _e.g._, calyx and ovary.

=adnate=, attached through their whole length, usually the smaller to the greater.

=adpressed=, see =appressed=.

=æstivation=, the arrangement of sepals and petals in bud.

=agglomerate=, crowded together in a bunch.

=alternate=, applied to leaves when only one issues from each node and the next above or below is on another side of the stem.

=amplexicaul=, when a leaf, stipule or bract embraces the stem.

=ampulliform=, flask-shaped.

=andrœcium=, the male organs of a flower, considered as a whole.

=-androus=, suffix used to show the number of stamens, _e.g._, pentandrous, with 5 stamens.

=annual=, a plant which lives only one year.

=anterior=, in front.

=anther=, the upper part of a stamen, bearing pollen.

=anticous=, foremost.

=apetalous=, flowers without petals.

=apex=, the tip.

=apiculate=, with a small hard point at the tip.

=appressed=, pressed close to something else.

=aril= or =arillus=, a fleshy covering of some seeds.

=aristate=, when the point of a leaf is fine like a hair.

=articulate=, jointed and separating freely.

=ascending=, sloping upwards.

=auricles=, appendages at the base of the leaf-blade.

=awn=, a thread-like extension of a seed or other organ (as in barley).

=axil=, the angle formed at the attachment of a leaf or a flower to the stem.

=axillary=, arising from the axil.

=axile=, of ovules when attached to the central axis of the ovary.

=barren=, when a flower produces no seed or pollen.

=basifixed=, when an anther is attached by its base to the filament.

=berry=, a pulpy fruit containing one or several seeds.

=biennial=, a plant living for two years only.

=bifid=, 2-cleft.

=bipinnate=, when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are again pinnate (_e.g._ =Acacia=).

=bipinnatifid=, when the segments of a pinnatifid leaf are also pinnately lobed.

=bipinnatipartite=, when the segments of a pinnatipartite leaf are also deeply and pinnately lobed.

=biternate=, when the parts of a ternate leaf are also ternately divided.

=blade= (or =lamina=), the upper, usually broader part of a leaf.

=bract=, a small leaf, usually differing from foliage leaves in shape or colour, at the base of a flower stalk; also the divisions of an involucre.

=bracteoles=, the last minute bracts under each flower.

=bud=, a leaf or flower before it opens.

=bulb=, a modified, usually underground stem, more or less globose in shape, clothed with succulent leaves or scales (_e.g._, the =Onion=).

=caducous=, falling off early.

=calyptrate=, with hood-like covering on flower or fruit.

=calyx=, the outer envelope of a flower, made up of sepals.

=campanulate=, bell-shaped.

=cancellate=, resembling a grill, or latticed.

=canescent=, hoary.

=capillary=, hair-like, very fine.

=capitate=, arranged in a head.

=capitulum= or =head=, when several sessile (or nearly so) flowers are collected into a compact head-like cluster at the end of the axis.

=capsule=, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel composed of 2 or more carpels and usually containing several seeds.

=carpel=, the leaf of one of the leaves forming the ovary.

=caudate=, produced at the apex into a long, tail-like appendage.

=cauline=, growing from the stem.

=cell=, a unit of plant growth, also a subdivision of the ovary, _e.g._, 5-celled ovary.

=ciliate=, fringed with long hairs.

=circinate=, rolled up like the top of a bishop’s crozier.

=cirrhate=, with curled or forked tendrils.

=cladode=, a flattened branch taking on the appearance and functions of a leaf (_e.g._, =Asparagus=).

=clavate=, club-shaped, _i.e._, cylindrical, but getting broader at the apex.

=claw=, the narrowed base of a petal.

=club-shaped=, see =clavate=.

=coccus=, 1-seeded carpel of a dehiscent fruit.

=column=, applied to stamens and style when confluent, as in =Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.

=compound inflorescence=, when an inflorescence, such as a =raceme=, =umbel=, etc., is subdivided into subsidiary inflorescences, and forms a =panicle=, =compound umbel=, etc.

=compound leaf=, when a leaf is divided into segments right down to the midrib, so that each segment forms an individual =leaflet= which can drop off by itself at the fall of the leaves.

=connate=, when two or more like-parts of a flower are united.

=connective=, the portion of the anther which unites the two cells.

=connivent=, converging.

=cordate=, heart-shaped, _i.e._, of a leaf, with 2 rounded basal lobes and ovate, unless otherwise mentioned.

=coriaceous=, thick and tough, like leather.

=corm=, a bulb-shaped solid underground stem, in which reserve material is stored.

=corolla=, the inner envelope of a flower (not always present), made up of petals.

=corona=, a crown-like excrescence between corolla and stamens.

=corymb=, a raceme, the lower pedicels of which are gradually lengthened so as to bring all its flowers on the same level.

=costate=, ribbed.

=cotyledon=, one of the (or the) first seed-leaves.

=crenate=, with rounded teeth.

=crenulate=, with small rounded teeth.

=culm=, the stem of =Bamboos=.

=cuneate=, wedge-shaped.

=cuspidate=, tipped with a sharp point.

=cyme=, an inflorescence in which the flowers are produced centrifugally on successive lateral axes.

=deciduous=, applied to plants whose leaves are all shed at a certain season of the year.

=decompound=, several times subdivided or compound, applied to leaves or inflorescence.

=decumbent=, spreading horizontally, then turning upwards.

=decurrent=, applied to leaves, the margins of which run down the stem below the insertion of the petiole.

=decussate=, when leaves are in pairs successively at right angles to each other on the stem.

=dehiscent=, splitting (of fruits to let out the seeds).

=dentate=, dog-toothed, _i.e._, with teeth of equal sides.

=denticulate=, finely dog-toothed.

=diadelphous=, of stamens when they are joined by their filaments into two groups, _e.g._, some of the =Papilionaceæ=.

=diandrous=, with 2 stamens.

=dichotomous=, applied to a stem, branch or inflorescence which forks again and again.

=dicotyledons=, with two seed-leaves.

=didymous=, divided into two lobes, in pairs.

=didynamous=, with two long and two short stamens.

=diffuse=, widely and loosely spreading.

=digitate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which spread like the fingers of a hand.

=diœcious=, of plants the stamens of which are in flowers on one individual and the ovary and style on another.

=disc= or =disk=, the receptacle on which are set flowers in a capitulum, as in =Compositæ=, or at the base of the ovary within the flower.

=disc-florets=, the regular tubular florets of certain =Compositæ=, which, if accompanied by ligulate florets, occupy the centre of the disc, while the latter are on the rim and called ray-florets.

=distichous=, arranged in the same plane, _i.e._, at two right angles to each other.

=divaricate=, widely spreading.

=drupe=, a fleshy indehiscent fruit containing a “stone” in which the seed is enclosed.

=echinate=, covered with prickles, like a hedgehog.

=elliptical=, shaped like an ellipse, oval.

=emarginate=, notched, usually at the apex of a leaf or petal.

=ensiform=, sword-shaped.

=entire=, applied to the margin of a leaf which is not toothed or notched.

=epicalyx=, applied to a row of bracts, sometimes joined together, outside the calyx, _e.g._, some of the =Malvaceæ=.

=epigynous=, apparently seated upon the ovary.

=epipetalous=, applied to stamens seated on the petals.

=epiphyte=, a plant which grows on another without being parasitic, _e.g._, some =Orchids=.

=evergreen=, applied chiefly to shrubs and trees which bear leaves all the year round.

=exserted=, protruding, applied chiefly to stamens which show outside the flower.

=exstipulate=, having no stipules.

=extra-axillary=, from outside the axil.

=falcate=, scythe- or sickle-shaped.

=fascicled= or =fasciculate=, in bundles or tufts.

=fastigiate=, with parallel erect clustered branches.

=fertile=, capable of bearing fruit, applied also to stamens bearing pollen.

=-fid=, a suffix, meaning split, _e.g._, =bifid=, split in two, =trifid=, split in three, etc.

=filament=, the stalk of a stamen.

=filiform=, thread-like.

=fimbriate=, with a fringed margin.

=flabellate= or =flabelliform=, fan-shaped.

=flexuose=, bent alternately to right and to left.

=floccose=, with tufts of wool.

=foliaceous=, having the appearance or texture of leaves.

=follicle=, a carpel opening at the inner suture only, _e.g._, some =Asclepiadiaceæ= and =Apocynaceæ=.

=-foliolate=, used to denote the number of leaflets, _e.g._, =trifoliolate=, with 3 leaflets, etc.

=free=, not united.

=fruticose=, shrubby.

=fugaceous=, falling off early.

=funicle=, the stalk attaching the seed to the placenta.

=fusiform=, spindle-shaped.

=gamopetalous=, when all the petals of a corolla are united.

=gamophyllous=, when the leaves of a perianth are joined together.

=gamosepalous=, when the sepals of a calyx are joined together.

=geminate=, in pairs.

=gibbous=, swollen or humped on one side.

=glabrate=, almost hairless.

=glabrous=, smooth, without hairs.

=gland=, an organ of secretion, represented by a small lump, which is sometimes stalked and called a =stipitate= gland.

=glandular hairs= are hairs which are enlarged at the top and contain a viscous secretion.

=glaucous=, with a bluish waxy bloom.

=glochidiate=, applied to hairs or bristles hooked at the top.

=glume= is one of the bracts enclosing the flowers of sedges and grasses.

=glumule=, the bract which forms the exterior covering of each flower of a spikelet in grasses.

=granular=, covered with numerous minute excrescences.

=gymnosperms=, plants whose ovules are naked, _i.e._, not enclosed in carpels, _e.g._, =Gnetaceæ= and =Cycadaceæ=.

=gynæcium=, the female organs of a flower.

=gynobasic=, of a style when it arises at or near the base of the ovary, _e.g._, =Labiatæ=.

=gynophore=, applied to the receptacle below the ovary when elongated and stalk-like.

=-gynous=, suffix used to show the number of carpels in an ovary, _e.g._, trigynous, with 3 carpels.

=habit=, the habitual shape of a plant as it stands.

=habitat=, the locality which a plant selects for growing in on account of suitability of climate, soil, elevation, etc., etc.

=hastate=, halberd-shaped, applied to leaves the basal lobes of which are pointed and turned outwards at right angles to the axis of the leaf.

=head=, see =capitulum=.

=herbaceous=, tender and green, not woody.

=hermaphrodite=, applied to flowers having both male and female organs.

=hilum=, a scar on a seed showing the place of its attachment to the fruit.

=hirsute=, with long, rough hairs.

=hispid=, with stiff hairs or bristles.

=hoary=, with short white hairs or down.

=hyaline=, glass-like, transparent or translucent.

=hypocrateriform=, salver-shaped, applied to a corolla when it expands in a flat manner.

=hypogynous=, applied to a flower, the sepals, petals and the stamens of which arise beneath the pistil.

=imbricate=, overlapping like the tiles of a roof.

=imparipinnate=, pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets.

=indefinite=, without fixed number, usually meaning a large number (of sepals, petals, stamens, etc.).

=indehiscent=, applied to fruits which do not split to allow the seed to escape.

=inferior=, applied to an ovary means that it is enclosed in and adherent to the calyx.

=inflorescence=, the manner in which flowers are arranged on a plant.

=infundibuliform=, funnel-shaped.

=internode=, the portion of a stem between the point of attachment of two successive leaves, if alternate leaves, or pairs of leaves, if they are opposite.

=interrupted=, when applied to an inflorescence means that portion of the axis bears no flowers although there are some both above and below.

=involucel=, the involucre of a secondary umbel.

=involucre=, a whorl of bracts, sometimes united and sometimes in several rows below an inflorescence or an individual flower.

=involute=, rolled from the back, _e.g._, towards the upper surface of a leaf.

=irregular=, applied to a flower which cannot be divided into two equal sections in whatever direction from above it is cut.

=-jugate=, in pairs, _e.g._, bijugate in 2 pairs, trijugate in 3 pairs, multijugate in many pairs, etc.

=keel=, the (more or less) united two lower petals in =Papilionaceæ=; also applied to straight longitudinal nerves on bracts, sepals or petals.

=labiate=, lipped, referring to the shape of the corolla or perianth.

=laciniate=, cut about, ragged, applied to leaves, the lobes of which are narrow and irregular.

=lamina=, the blade or broad part of a leaf.

=lanceolate=, lance-shaped, applied to leaves about three times longer than broad, broadest below the middle and tapering to the apex.

=latex=, milky sap.

=leaflet=, a subdivision of a compound leaf, _q.v._

=legume=, the seed-vessel of =Leguminosæ=, 1-celled and 2-valved.

=lepidote=, covered with small scurfy scales.

=ligulate=, strap-shaped.

=ligule=, a kind of stipule embracing the stem of grasses where the sheath gives way to the blade of the leaf.

=ligulifloræ=, a section of the =Compositæ=, the florets of which in a head have all a strap-shaped corolla.

=limb=, the broader part of a leaf, but more commonly the broader part of the corolla above the tube, where it expands.

=linear=, narrow and long with parallel margins.

=lip=, a long more or less pendent corolla lobe or petal as in =Labiatæ=, =Orchidaceæ=, etc.

=lobes=, the divisions of a simple leaf or calyx or corolla or fruit.

=lobulate=, having minute lobes.

=-locular=, divided into compartments or cells, _e.g._, trilocular = 3-celled.

=lodicules=, hyaline or fleshy nerveless scales in grasses, representing the perianth of the flower.

=lunate=, crescent-shaped.

=lyrate=, applied to a pinnatifid leaf with a broader rounded terminal lobe and smaller, shorter ones below, _e.g._, some =Cruciferæ= and =Compositæ=.

=marcescent=, withering on the plant without falling off, _e.g._, the flower of =Dombeya=.

=membranous=, thin and not stiff.

=-merous=, used to show the numbers of parts in each floral envelope, _e.g._, trimerous, having 3 sepals, 3 petals (if any), 3 stamens, and (or) 3 carpels.

=monadelphous=, when all the stamens are joined by their filaments, thus forming a sheath round the ovary, _e.g._, =Malvaceæ=, some =Leguminosæ=, etc.

=monandrous=, with one stamen.

=moniliform=, or beaded, repeatedly constricted, _e.g._, the pod of =Acacia arabica=.

=monocotyledon=, having only one seed-leaf, _e.g._, =Palms=, =Grasses=, =Sedges=, =Lilies=, etc.

=monœcious=, a plant having separate male and female flowers on the same individual, see =diœcious=.

=mucronate=, terminating abruptly in a short stiff point or =mucro=.

=multifid=, divided distinctly into many parts.

=multipartite=, divided deeply into many parts.

=multisect=, divided so deeply into many parts that the individual parts are practically divided off.

=muricate=, covered with short, sharp protuberances.

=naked=, applied to a flower means that it has no calyx or corolla, applied to a seed that it has no pericarp.

=-nate=, a suffix showing that 2 or more leaves, etc., are together, _e.g._, binate, 2 together, ternate, in a whorl of 3, etc.

=nectary=, an organ secreting sugary fluid within the flower.

=node=, the point of attachment of a leaf to a stem.

=nodose=, applied to roots and stems swollen at intervals, knotted.

=nut=, a dry indehiscent fruit with a hard woody pericarp.

=ob-=, a prefix which used with terms denoting shape (excepting oblong) means that the shape is inverted; _e.g._, =oblanceolate= or =obovate= applied to a leaf mean that the broader part of the leaf is towards the apex as if it had been inverted, =obcordate= inverted heart-shaped, with the lobes at the apex.

=oblong=, elongated elliptic.

=obtuse=, blunt.

=ochrea=, a membranous sheath, _e.g._, some =Polygonaceæ=.

=opposite=, applied to leaves means that these are inserted in pairs, one leaf on either side of the stem.

=orbicular=, round, circular.

=organ=, every part of a plant which has a distinct function to perform.

=ostiole=, small aperture as, _e.g._, into the receptacle in =Ficus=.

=oval=, of the same shape as the mathematical figure.

=ovary=, one or more carpels enclosing one or more ovules.

=ovate=, somewhat egg-shaped in outline, flat and scarcely twice as long as broad, broadest below the middle.

=ovoid=, applied to bodies of three dimensions, _e.g._, ovaries and seeds, which are egg-shaped.

=ovule=, the early condition of future seeds within the ovary.

=palate=, part of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent corolla; _e.g._, in =Snap-Dragon=.

=paleaceous=, chaff-like.

=paleæ=, inner bracts or scales in =Compositæ= or =Gramineæ=, see also =valvules=.

=palmate=, applied to a simple leaf divided like a hand into several lobes.

=palmatifid=, more deeply divided than the former.

=palmatipartite= or =palmatisect=, palmately divided to the root of the main ribs.

=pandurate= or =panduriform=, fiddle-shaped.

=panicle=, when the axis of an inflorescence bears branches having two or more flowers, when the term is used alone it usually means a compound =raceme=, a =cymose= panicle has the branches in cymes, a =corymbose= panicle has them in corymbs and so on.

=pappus=, an appendage consisting of a ring of hairs or scales round the top of a fruit, _e.g._, some of the =Compositæ=.

=parasite=, a plant living on the sap of another plant.

=-partite=, deeply divided, see =pinnatipartite=, =palmatipartite=, =pedatipartite= and =multipartite=.

=patent=, open, spreading at right angles to the axis.

=pectinate=, finely divided like the teeth of a comb.

=pedate=, applied to a compound leaf when the divisions are at first ternate, but the outer branches are forked and the outer ones of each fork again forked.

=pedatifid=, applied to a simple leaf divided in a similar way to a pedate leaf.

=pedatipartite= or =pedatisect=, when the divisions are practically to the main nerve.

=pedicel=, the stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.

=peduncle=, the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence.

=peltate=, applied to a leaf which is more or less orbicular and the petiole of which is inserted not at the lower margin but near the centre.

=perennial=, when the life of a plant lasts more than 2 years, although the upper portion may die down to the ground every year.

=perianth=, the only floral envelope in the =Apetalæ= and in =Monocotyledons=.

=pericarp=, the wall of the ovary when in fruit.

=perigynous=, when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx and free from the ovary.

=persistent=, which does not fall off.

=petal=, a leaf of the inner envelope of a flower, often brightly coloured, absent from certain plants.

=petaloid=, having the appearance of a petal.

=petiole=, the leaf-stalk.

=petiolule=, the stalk of a leaflet.

=phanerogam=, a flowering plant.

=pilose=, sprinkled thinly with long soft hairs.

=pinnate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which are arranged, feather like, on either side of the rhachis; see =abruptly pinnate=, =imparipinnate=, =bipinnate=.

=pinnatifid=, when a simple leaf is divided into a series of lobes on either side of the midrib.

=pinna=, in bi- or tripinnate leaves each subdivision with the leaflets it comprises is called a =pinna=.

=pinnatipartite= or =pinnatisect=, the lobes more deeply divided than in a =pinnatifid= leaf and reaching almost to the midrib.

=pistil=, the innermost whorl of the flower consisting of one or more carpels, and includes ovary, style and stigma.

=pitted=, covered with small depressed spots.

=placenta=, is the part of the interior of the ovary to which the ovules are attached.

=placentation=, the method of attachment of the ovules, _viz._, =axile= when attached to the axis, but if this axis does not reach the top the placentation is =free central=, and =parietal= when attached to the inner wall of the ovary.

=plicate=, folded longitudinally like a closed fan.

=plumose=, like a tuft of long feathers, _e.g._, the leaves of a palm.

=plumule=, the leaf-bearing part of the embryo.

=pod=, a one-celled, two-valved seed vessel.

=pollen=, the fertilizing dust contained within the anther.

=pollinia= or =pollen-masses=, club-shaped collections of pollen in =Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.

=polyadelphous=, when the stamens are united into several bundles by junction of filaments.

=polyandrous=, with many stamens.

=polycarpous= or =polycarpellary=, with many carpels.

=polygamous=, bearing male, female and hermaphrodite flowers at the same time on the same plant, but if on distinct plants they are =polygamo- diœcious=.

=polypetalous= or =dialypetalous=, when the petals are free.

=polysepalous= or =dialysepalous=, when the sepals are free.

=præmorse=, as though the end were bitten off.

=prickle=, a sharp excrescence from the epidermis of a plant and not from the wood.

=procumbent=, of a plant which lies along the ground for the greater part of its length.

=prostrate=, when a plant lies down throughout its length.

=puberulent=, minutely downy.

=pubescent=, downy.

=quadrate=, square.

=raceme=, an inflorescence in which stalked flowers are inserted along a central axis.

=rachilla= and =rachis=, see =rhachilla= and =rhachis=.

=radical=, springing from the root.

=radicle=, the embryo root.

=ray florets=, the outer florets, in the capitulum of certain =Compositæ=.

=rays= of an umbel, the pedicels bearing the flowers or secondary umbels.

=receptacle=, the short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the flowers of a head are seated, as in =Compositæ=; also the extremity of the flower-stalk above the calyx (also called =torus=) on which the corolla, stamens and pistil are inserted.

=reclinate=, bent downwards.

=recurved=, bent back.

=reduplicate=, folded back.

=reflexed=, bent back abruptly.

=regular=, applied to a flower means that all parts of the floral whorls are equal among themselves.

=reniform=, kidney-shaped.

=reticulated=, net-like.

=retrorse=, turned backwards.

=retuse=, very blunt and slightly indented.

=revolute=, rolled back, in case of a leaf towards the underside.

=rhachilla=, a secondary axis in the flowers of =Sedges= and =Grasses=.

=rhachis=, the stalk of a compound leaf bearing the leaflets; also the portion of the axis of an inflorescence from the lowest ramification upwards.

=rhomboidal=, applied to leaves or leaflets means more or less 4-angled but not square.

=rostellate=, with a small beak.

=rostrate=, beaked.

=rosulate=, rosette-shaped.

=rotate=, wheel-shaped; of a corolla when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the base.

=rufous=, foxy-red.

=rugose=, wrinkled.

=runcinate=, pinnatifid with the lobes pointing downwards.

=runner=, a prostrate branch, rooting at places.

=saccate=, bag-like.

=sagittate=, applied to a leaf the basal lobes or auricles point downwards like the barbs of an arrow.

=samara=, a winged fruit.

=sarcocarp=, the fleshy layer in certain fruits.

=scabrous= or =scabrid=, rough to the touch.

=scales=, leaves much reduced in size, but having neither colour nor functions of leaves; also circular disc-like hairs.

=scandent=, climbing.

=scape=, a naked peduncle springing apparently from the root.

=scarious=, thin and more or less translucent, not green.

=scorpioid= inflorescence, a cymose compound inflorescence, in which, by the abortion of one of the branches in each of the successive subsidiary cymes, always on the same side, the inflorescence becomes curled up somewhat like a scorpion’s tail; _e.g._, =Boraginaceæ=.

=-sect=, cut completely to the base, _e.g._, =pinnatisect= when the lobes of a simple leaf are cut down to the midrib.

=secund=, when all the leaves or flowers are turned to the same side of the stem.

=sepal=, one of the leaves forming the calyx.

=serrate=, sawlike, applied to the teeth on the margin of a leaf, the point of which is sharp and the sides unequal.

=serrulate=, finely serrate.

=sessile=, having no stalk.

=seta=, a bristle.

=setaceous= or =setose=, bristly.

=sheath=, the dilated petiole of a leaf when it encloses the stem for some distance above the node, _e.g._, =Grasses=, some =Umbelliferæ=, etc.

=shrub=, a woody plant over 3 ft. high, which naturally branches into several stems from near the ground; a plant with a single stem, but too small to be classed as a tree is known as an =arborescent shrub=.

=siliqua=, a linear pod divided into 2 cells by a thin membranous partition, from which the valves generally separate at maturity. When the pod is short and broad it is called a =silicule=. Both are characteristic of the =Cruciferæ=.

=simple=, applied to a leaf means that it is not subdivided into leaflets, and to an inflorescence when the main floral axis only bears single flowers and not subsidiary inflorescences.

=sinuate=, or =wavy= when the margins of a leaf have a wavy outline, like an oak-leaf.

=sinus=, the space between the teeth or lobes of a leaf.

=spadix=, a fleshy spike as in the =Araceæ=.

=spathe=, a sheath-like bract enclosing the flower of some Monocotyledons, _e.g._, in =Araceæ=.

=spathulate=, ladle-shaped, _i.e._, broad in the short upper part and contracted below.

=spike=, a simple inflorescence bearing sessile flowers along the axis.

=spikelet=, applied to the small clusters of flowers in =Sedges= and =Grasses= enclosed within one or more glumes.

=spine=, a woody persistent thorn.

=spur=, a conical hollow projection in the tube or lower part of a petal, _e.g._, in some =Scrophulariaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.

=squamæ=, see scales.

=squarrose=, applied to imbricated scales, bracts or leaves having pointed tips and which are also spreading or recurved.

=stamen=, the male organ of the flower.

=staminode=, imperfect and barren stamen.

=standard=, the large upper petal in =Papilionaceæ=.

=stellate=, applied to a corolla the petals or lobes of which spread out like the rays of a star; also to branched hairs radiating from a centre.

=sterile= or =barren=, applied to stamens without pollen and to flowers without a pistil.

=stigma=, the upper part of the pistil on which the pollen settles before fertilizing the ovules.

=stipe=, a term applied to a stalk on any part of the plant except leaves and flowers.

=stipellæ= or =stipels=, subsidiary stipules of leaflets.

=stipitate=, stalked.

=stipule=, leaf-like appendages, often in pairs and winged at the base of the petiole in certain plants; when taking the form of spines they are known as stipular thorns, _e.g._, =Acacia arabica=, etc.

=stolon=, a horizontal runner.

=striate=, marked with longitudinal lines or furrows.

=strigose=, applied to shortish hair lying close along the surface in one direction.

=strobilate=, closely overlapping as the scales in the cone of a fir.

=style=, the portion of the pistil which bears the stigma.

=subsessile=, almost sessile.

=subulate=, awl-shaped.

=succulent=, juicy, sappy.

=sulcate=, grooved, fluted, furrowed.

=superior ovary=, an ovary which is free, _i.e._, not adnate to the calyx or perianth.

=suture=, the line along which similar organs cohere, _e.g._, carpellary leaves.

=syncarpous=, applied to an ovary composed of several carpels cohering to one another.

=tendril=, a thread-like process, usually an abortive petiole or peduncle, having the faculty of grasping and twining round objects and thus enabling the plant to climb.

=terete=, with a circular cross section, _e.g._, a cylinder.

=ternate=, in threes, whether three leaves in a verticil or 3 lobes or 3 leaflets of a leaf, but the last two are more commonly called tri-lobed or tri-fid and tri-foliolate respectively.

=terrestrial=, growing in the earth in contradistinction to epiphytes and tree-parasites.

=tesselated=, marked with small squares, _e.g._, nuts of some =Sedges=.

=thorn=, usually an abortive branch petiole or peduncle with a sharp, pointed end.

=throat=, the upper part of a corolla tube.

=thyrsus=, a compound inflorescence in which cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow pyramidal panicle.

=tomentose=, covered with light-coloured, short, soft and somewhat felted hairs (=tomentum=).

=torulose=, cylindrical with small swellings and depressions.

=torus=, see =receptacle=.

=tree=, a plant capable of carrying a single stem, up to about 25 ft. at least.

=trigonous=, obtusely 3-angled.

=triquetrous=, more sharply 3-angled, almost 3-winged.

=truncate=, ending abruptly, as if cut off square.

=tuber=, a short underground stem containing farinaceous matter, _e.g._, potato.

=tubercled= or =tuberculate=, covered with roundish knobby projections.

=tumid=, inflated, swollen.

=turbinate=, top-shaped.

=umbel=, an inflorescence in which the flowers radiate from a common point on stalks of about the same lengths.

=umbellule=, a subsidiary umbel in a compound umbel.

=umbonate=, with a boss as on a shield.

=uncinate=, hooked.

=undershrub=, a woody plant less than 3 ft. in height.

=undulate=, applied to margins of leaves which without being cut out rise and fall like waves.

=unguiculate=, clawed, applied to a stalked petal.

=unisexual=, of one sex only, applied to flowers which have stamens and no pistil or _vice versa_.

=urceolate=, urn-shaped.

=utricle=, the pericarp of a nut when it is thin and loose.

=valvate=, applied to the æstivation of a corolla means that in bud the petals or lobes are arranged edge to edge without overlapping.

=valves=, these are (_a_) the segments into which a capsule splits on becoming ripe; (_b_) the bracts between the glumes and the =paleæ= (or =valvules=) in the flowers of =Grasses=.

=valvules= (or =paleæ=), 2-nerved, hyaline bracts situated between the valves (see above) and the =lodicules=.

=ventricose=, swelling or inflated.

=verrucose=, covered by wart-like lumps.

=versatile=, applied to anthers which are attached by one point on their backs to the tips of the filaments so as to swing loosely.

=verticil=, whorl.

=villous=, having long, soft hairs, shaggy.

=virgate=, twiggy.

=viscous= or =viscid=, giving out a sticky secretion.

=vittæ=, linear vesicles, filled with oil, in the pericarp of =Umbelliferæ=.

=wavy=, see =undulate=, also applied to =sinuate=.

=whorl= or =verticil=, 3 or more leaves or flowers arranged round a stem on the same level.

=wing=, (_a_) the prolongation of a fruit or seed into a membrane, (_b_) a thin membrane along the angle of a stem, (_c_) protuberances on the rhachilla of certain =Sedges=.

=woolly=, with long loose hairs like wool.

CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED IN THIS FLORA

=GYMNOSPERMÆ= (p. 48). Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary, no calyx or corolla.

Plants palm-like with fusiform or globose stem; leaves pinnate;
flowers in cones.

=Cycadaceæ= (p. 48).

Whip-like shrub or climber with more or less whorled branches; leaves
scale-like, connate at the base, flowers spicate.

=Gnetaceæ= (p. 48).

=ANGIOSPERMÆ=. Ovules enclosed in an ovary; calyx or corolla usually present.

=Dicotyledones= (p. 49). Embryo with 2 seed-leaves (cotyledons).
Leaves typically net-veined. Vascular bundles of stem usually in a
ring. Flowers mostly with parts in 4’s or 5’s—for key to families of
this group see p. 16.

=Monocotyledones= (p. 365). Embryo with only 1 seed leaf. Leaves
typically parallel-nerved. Vascular bundles of the stem scattered.
Flowers mostly with parts in 3’s—for key to families of this group see
p. 45.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS
FLORA.

(Extracted and adapted from Hutchinson, _Families of Flowering
Plants_.)

KEY TO THE ARTIFICIAL GROUPS.[3]

Gynæcium composed of 2 or more separate or nearly quite separate carpels with separate styles and stigmas (rarely the free carpels immersed in the expanded torus (Nymphæaceæ).

“=APOCARPÆ=”

Petals present free from each other, sometimes considerably modified
or scarcely distinguishable from the sepals.

Group 1 (p. 17).

Petals present more or less united

Group 2 (p. 18).

Petals absent

Group 3 (p. 18).

Gynæcium composed of 1 carpel or 2 or more united carpels with free or united styles, or if carpels free below, then the styles or stigmas united.

“=SYNCARPÆ=”

Ovules attached to the wall or walls of the ovary.

“=Parietales=”

Ovary superior:

Petals present, free from each other

Group 4 (p. 19).

Petals present, more or less united

Group 5 (p. 22).

Petals absent

Group 6 (p. 24).

Ovary inferior:

Petals present, free from each other

Group 7 (p. 25).

Petals present, more or less united

Group 8(p. 25).

Petals absent

Group 9 (p. 26).

Ovules attached to the central axis, or to the base or apex of the
ovary cell.

“=Axiles=”

Ovary superior:

Petals present, free from each other

Group 10 (p. 26).

Petals present, more or less united

Group 11 (p. 33).

Petals absent

Group 12 (p. 37).

Ovary inferior:

Petals present, free from each other

Group 13 (p. 41).

Petals present, more or less united

Group 14 (p. 43).

Petals absent

Group 15(p. 44).

=GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each
other.=

a) Leaves opposite or verticillate:

b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular
or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style
often lateral or basal.

=Rosaceæ=

bb) Stamens up to 15 in number:

c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base,
exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the
petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm.

=Crassulaceæ=

cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often
clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the
base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves
usually medifixed.

=Malpighiaceæ=

aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:

b) Leaves stipulate:

c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or
indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals
imbricate; seeds without endosperm.

=Rosaceæ=

cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an
enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx
valvate; seeds with copious endosperm.

=Tiliaceæ=

ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly
trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote.

=Sterculiaceæ=

bb) Leaves without stipules:

c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus;
aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers.

=Nymphæaceæ=

cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic:

d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels
usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes
ruminate.

=Menispermaceæ=

dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more
numerous than the petals:

e) Stamens numerous (more than 12):

f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and
solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds
with abundant ruminate endosperm.

=Anonaceæ=

ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective;
lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent.

=Menispermaceæ=

fff) Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate, small to medium-sized;
anthers small, with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the
leaves prominent and parallel; seeds arillate; sepals persistent
and often accrescent.

=Dilleniaceæ=

ee) Stamens few (12 or fewer):

f) Leaves compound or very much divided:

g) Herbs; fruit an achene; seed with copious endosperm and small
embryo; flowers mostly yellow.

=Ranunculaceæ=

gg) Trees or shrubs; fruit a follicle; seeds without endosperm;
leaves pinnate.

=Connaraceæ=

ff) Leaves simple:

g) Flowers hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees; seeds arillate, aril
entire, more or less cupular; petals 5.

=Connaraceæ=

gg) Flowers unisexual; petals and stamens in threes or multiples
of three.

=Menispermaceæ=

=GROUP 2. Two or more free carpels; petals present, more or less
united.=

Herbs with fleshy opposite leaves; flowers racemose, cymose or paniculate; corolla more or less tubular; calyx sometimes inflated and membranous.

=Crassulaceæ=

Trees, shrubs or climbers with usually pinnate or unifoliolate leaves; petals very shortly connate at the base; seeds often arillate; calyx never inflated.

=Connaraceæ=

=GROUP 3. Two or more free carpels; petals absent.=

a) Trees, shrubs or hard-wooded climbers; leaves simple or rarely compound:

b) Leaves stipulate; stamens free or slightly connate at the base;
anthers opening by slits; fruits drupaceous, included by the tubular
calyx.

=Rosaceæ=

bb) Leaves stipulate; stamens united into a column; anthers in a ring
around the top of the column or unequally arranged, opening by slits;
hairs often stellate.

=Sterculiaceæ=

aa) Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or very soft wooded climbers with often opposite leaves and rather broad medullary rays in the wood:

b) Carpels usually numerous, rarely reduced to 1 and then stipulate,
often with long hairy tails; sepals induplicate valvate or rarely
imbricate, often petaloid; stamens free; leaves sometimes opposite and
much divided.

=Ranunculaceæ=

bb) Carpels definite in number, often 3 or 6; flowers unisexual;
stamens free or variously connate; climbers with simple leaves.

=Menispermaceæ=

=GROUP 4. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, free from each
other.=

a) Leaves opposite:

b) Stamens more or less united into 3 or more separate bundles; leaves
often gland-dotted or with lines of resin; mostly herbaceous; styles
free to the base or very nearly so.

=Hypericaceæ=

bb) Stamens free or more or less united into not more than 2 separate
bundles (diadelphous), sometimes adnate to a gynophore; leaves not or
very rarely glandular:

c) Connective of the anthers produced above the cells; flowers often
somewhat zygomorphic (irregular), the lower petal often gibbous or
saccate at the base.

=Violaceæ=

cc) Connective of the anthers not produced beyond the cells; flowers
usually actinomorphic (regular) or papilionaceous:

d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), sessile; leaves small and
ericoid, more or less connate at the base; stamens free.

=Frankeniaceæ=

dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular); stamens diadelphous; fruit a
legume.

=Papilionaceæ=

aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:

b) Stamens numerous (more than 12):

c) Filaments more or less connate into a tube or into separate
bundles:

d) Filaments connate in 1 or 2 and unequal bundles; leaves compound;
flowers mostly arranged in dense spikes or heads.

=Mimosaceæ=

dd) Filaments connate into more than 2 separate bundles opposite the
sepals; calyx valvate; fruits prickly.

=Tiliaceæ=

cc) Filaments free or at most partially adnate to a gynophore:

d) Ovary supported on a gynophore; petals often clawed; seeds
without endosperm.

=Capparidaceæ=

dd) Ovary sessile or very nearly so:

e) Anthers horse-shoe shaped; ovary placentas 2; ovules numerous;
stipules caducous, leaving a wide scar; leaves large, palminerved
at the base; pedicels often with 5 large glands below the sepals.

=Bixaceæ=

ee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by apical pores or short
pore-like slits:

f) Seeds hairy; ovary entire; leaves digitately nerved or lobed;
stems annual from a woody rhizome with yellow interior.

=Cochlospermaceæ=

ff) Seeds not hairy; ovary often deeply lobed, in fruit the
carpels becoming nearly free on the enlarged torus; leaves
pinnately nerved; stems not annual.

=Ochnaceæ=

eee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by longitudinal slits:

f) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):

g) Leaves stipulate, the stipules sometimes falling off early but
leaving a scar:

h) Corona present in the flowers.

=Passifloraceæ=

hh) Corona absent:

i) Stamens and petals hypogynous:

j) Leaves usually pinnate; wood often with resinous juice.

=Anacardiaceæ=

jj) Leaves simple; wood without resinous juice.

=Flacourtiaceæ=

ii) Stamens and petals perigynous.

=Rosaceæ=

gg) Leaves without stipules:

h) Trees or shrubs; leaves never lobed.

=Flacourtiaceæ=

hh) Herbs with milky juice; stems glaucous; leaves amplexicaul,
pinnately lobed or sinuate.

=Papaveraceæ=

ff) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):

g) Ovary of 1 carpel; trees or shrubs.

h) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as below.

=Cæsalpiniaceæ=

hh) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and
keel.

=Papilionaceæ=

gg) Ovary of more than 1 carpel; herbs; petals often divided.

=Resedaceæ=

bb) Stamens 12 or fewer:

c) Stamens 6, four long and two short (tetradynamous); petals 4,
clawed.

=Cruciferæ=

cc) Stamens not as above, very rarely 6 and then of equal length;
petals rarely 4:

d) Flowers markedly zygomorphic:

e) Fertile stamens sometimes only 2; ovary often on a short or long
gynophore.

f) Ovary of more than 1 carpel (_i.e._, more than 1 placenta).

=Capparidaceæ=

ff) Ovary of 1 carpel (_i.e._, only 1 placenta); leaves usually
pinnate.

=Cæsalpiniaceæ=

ee) Fertile stamens usually 10 or 8, more than 2:

f) Anthers often with a produced connective; herbs.

=Violaceæ=

ff) Anthers without a produced connective, sometimes with a gland
at the apex; habit various, but mostly trees, shrubs or climbers:

g) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and
keel (papilionaceous); ovary with a single placenta.

=Papilionaceæ=

gg) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as above; ovary with a single
placenta.

=Cæsalpiniaceæ=

ggg) Odd petal abaxial; ovary with 3 placentas; 5 fertile and 5
barren stamens.

=Moringaceæ=

dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):

e) Flowers with a distinct corona, sometimes this membranous or
represented by a definite ring of hairs towards the base of the
calyx tube.

=Passifloraceæ=

ee) Flowers without a corona:

f) Stamens united, with the anthers in a ring around the apex of
the column; endosperm of the seeds often ruminate; mostly weak
climbers.

=Menispermaceæ=

ff) Stamens free or united only at the base or rarely only the
anthers connivent:

g) Leaves stipulate; anthers with the connective produced above
the cells and often connivent around the style.

=Violaceæ=

gg) Leaves stipulate; anther connective not produced:

h) Staminodes present, sometimes petaloid; stipules often
pectinate.

=Ochnaceæ=

hh) Staminodes absent:

i) Leaves with numerous very sticky glandular hairs, mostly
circinnately coiled in bud; seeds not carunculate.

=Droseraceæ=

ii) Leaves without sticky hairs, not circinnate in bud; seeds
often carunculate or arillate:

j) Styles free to the base.

=Turneraceæ=

jj) Styles simple or shortly divided.

=Passifloraceæ=

ggg) Leaves exstipulate:

h) Herbs; leaves entire or lobed; flowers yellow or orange;
seeds pitted, arillate.

=Turneraceæ=

hh) Trees, shrubs or climbers:

i) Leaves simple, but sometimes deeply divided:

j) Leaves biglandular at the base.

=Passifloraceæ=

jj) Leaves not glandular at the base:

k) Leaves digitately lobed.

=Caricaceæ=

kk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube short; stamens
hypogynous.

=Pittosporaceæ=

kkk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube rather long;
stamens perigynous.

=Turneraceæ=

kkkk) Leaves very small and more or less ericoid; flowers in
slender spikes or racemes:

=Tamaricaceæ=

ii) Leaves compound:

j) Flowers in heads or dense spikes; petals valvate; ovary of
1 carpel; ovules more than 1.

=Mimosaceæ=

jj) Flowers not in heads or dense spikes; ovary usually of
more than one carpel; ovule solitary.

=Anacardiaceæ=

jjj) Flowers racemose; ovary of 5 carpels with numerous
ovules.

=Caricaceæ=

=GROUP 5. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, more or less
united.=

a) Stamens free from the corolla-tube:

b) Ovary composed of more than one carpel:

c) Stamens numerous, more than twice the number of the corolla lobes;
anthers opening by longitudinal slits with broadened truncate
connective; seeds with copious ruminate endosperm; shrubs, trees or
climbers with exstipulate simple leaves.

=Anonaceæ=

cc) Stamens 5-12; anthers not appendaged at the apex, usually opening
by longitudinal slits, rarely by pores; leaves alternate,
exstipulate; erect trees or shrubs:

d) Leaves fairly large; flowers more or less corymbose; stamens 5.

=Pittosporaceæ=

dd) Leaves very small and scale-like; flowers in slender spikes or
racemes; stamens 5-10.

=Tamaricaceæ=

bb) Ovary composed of a single carpel (usually a legume); stamens free
or more usually diadelphous or monadelphous, often 10, rarely
numerous:

c) Stamens connate into a sheath or free; flowers usually
hermaphrodite:

d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular); petals valvate; calyx
gamosepalous or valvate; leaves usually bipinnate, rarely simply
pinnate; flowers often collected into heads.

=Mimosaceæ=

dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular) or rarely actinomorphic; sepals
imbricate or rarely valvate; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial)
one inside the others; leaves often pinnate or bipinnate.

=Cæsalpiniaceæ=

ddd) Flowers zygomorphic; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one
(the standard) outside the others, the lateral two (the wings)
outside the abaxial pair (the keel) which are more or less united
along their lower edges; leaves simple, digitate or simply pinnate.

=Papilionaceæ=

cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the
top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers.

=Menispermaceæ=

aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base:

b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous;
flower sometimes zygomorphic:

c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous,
hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized.

=Polygalaceæ=

cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds
with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed.

=Caricaceæ=

bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla
actinomorphic or nearly so:

c) Leaves opposite:

d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the
corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers.

=Apocynaceæ=

dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened
apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly
herbs or twiners.

=Asclepiadaceæ=

ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not
agglutinated; one common style present:

e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic.

=Gentianaceæ=

ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla
usually zygomorphic.

=Verbenaceæ=

cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs:

d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly
united.

=Hydrophyllaceæ=

dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas.

=Gentianaceæ=

bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic
or rarely subactinomorphic:

c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute,
very numerous, with endosperm.

=Orobanchaceæ=

cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic:

d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse,
winged.

=Bignoniaceæ=

dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided.

=Verbenaceæ=

=GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.=

a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate, without stipules.

=Proteaceæ=

aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of bracts; remainder of above characters not associated:

b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (_i.e._, with 1 placenta):

c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod
stipitate.

=Papilionaceæ=(Cordyla)

cc) Stamens 10 or fewer:

d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound.

=Cæsalpiniaceæ=

dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves
usually simple:

e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or
cymose or fasciculate.

=Ulmaceæ=

ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud;
flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle
or in catkins or heads.

=Moraceæ=

bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more
placentas:

c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and
often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate.

=Capparidaceæ=

cc) Ovary sessile:

d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a
basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm.

=Salicaceæ=

dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous
spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with
endosperm.

e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments
free.

=Flacourtiaceæ=

ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating
with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate.

=Samydaceæ=

=GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each
other.=

a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so:

b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main
nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals.

=Melastomataceæ=

bb) Anthers not opening by pores:

c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic;
stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.