Chapter II: Part 2

=Cactaceæ=

cc) Tree or shrubs with well-developed green leaves; seeds with
endosperm; stamens sometimes opposite the petals.

=Samydaceæ=

aa) Flowers unisexual; stamens few, with twisted or conduplicate anthers; usually slender twiners with tendrils; leaves often scabrid.

=Cucurbitaceæ=

=GROUP 8. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less
united.=

Flowers unisexual; leaves alternate without longitudinally parallel nerves; tendrils often present; stamens mostly 3; anthers often twisted or conduplicate.

=Cucurbitaceæ=

Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves opposite or verticillate often with longitudinally parallel nerves, without stipules; anthers mostly opening by terminal pores.

=Melastomataceæ=

Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual; leaves opposite or alternate, often stipulate; anthers not opening by pores, sometimes connivent at the apex; ovules numerous on the walls; petals united into a long tube; stipules persistent, inter- or intra-petiolar.

=Rubiaceæ=(Gardenia)

=GROUP 9. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals absent; leaves exstipulate;
calyx unilateral or 3 lobed and often coloured.=

=Aristolochiaceæ=

=GROUP 10. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals present, free from each other.=

a) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and opposite to them; leaves alternate or rarely opposite or all radical:

b) Leaves not gland-dotted; petals and stamens more or less hypogynous
or subperigynous; disk usually conspicuous:

c) Calyx lobes or sepals imbricate, usually 2; stipules often
scarious or setose; ovary 1-celled, with basal placenta.

=Portulacaceæ=

cc) Calyx lobes valvate or open in bud:

d) Disk absent from the flowers:

e) Trees and shrubs; ovules usually 2 or more inserted on the inner
angle of the cells; hairs on the leaves often stellate.

=Sterculiaceæ=

ee) Herbs mostly with rosettes of leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx
tube scarious, ribbed; ovule 1, pendulous on a basal funicle.

=Plumbaginaceæ=

dd) Disk present, perigynous; leaves mostly stipulate; ovary
2-4-celled; ovules erect; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and
large straight embryo.

=Rhamnaceæ=

ddd) Disk present; leaves exstipulate:

e) Ovules erect; ovary 1-3-celled; calyx conspicuous.

=Olacaceæ=

ee) Ovules pendulous; ovary 1-celled; calyx minute.

=Opiliaceæ=

bb) Leaves pellucid-punctate:

c) Leaves simple, without stipules; ovules numerous on a free central
placenta; no tendrils.

=Myrsinaceæ=

cc) Leaves mostly compound, usually stipulate; inflorescence leaf-
opposed; ovules 1-2 in each cell, inserted on the inner angle;
tendrils often present.

=Ampelidaceæ=

aa) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and alternate with them or more numerous, very rarely fewer:

b) Style basal; stipules mostly persistent; leaves simple; stamens
numerous; stomata of the leaves usually with special subsidiary cells.

=Rosaceæ=

bb) Style or styles terminal or subterminal, sometimes gynobasic:

c) Flowers markedly zygomorphic (irregular); lower sepal more or less
elongated into a spur; sepals usually 3; anthers connivent around the
ovary, opening lengthwise; seeds without endosperm.

=Balsaminaceæ=

cc) Flowers actinomorphic or very slightly zygomorphic:

d) Stamens united into more than one separate bundle (phalanges)
often opposite the petals; leaves usually opposite, often gland-
dotted or with resinous lines:

e) Leaves opposite, exstipulate:

f) Herbs or shrubs; styles free from the base or nearly so;
flowers hermaphrodite; calyx imbricate.

=Hypericaceæ=

ff) Trees or shrubs; styles mostly more or less united or stigma
one and sessile or sub-sessile; flowers mostly unisexual; calyx
imbricate.

=Guttiferæ=

ee) Leaves alternate, stipulate; trees, shrubs or herbs; calyx
valvate; hairs usually stellate:

f) Stamens with some of the filaments sterile; fruits not hooked.

=Sterculiaceæ=

ff) Stamens all fertile; fruits covered with hooks.

=Tiliaceæ=

dd) Stamens free (at least not united into several bundles) or
sometimes more or less united at the base or into one bundle
(monadelphous):

e) Leaves opposite or verticillate or rarely fasciculate, never all
radical:

f) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly
tumid petiole, sometimes sessile:

g) Leaves gland-dotted; disk usually present between the stamens
and ovary; ovary often deeply lobed; cells 2-ovuled; pendulous;
stipules rarely present.

=Rutaceæ=

gg) Leaves not gland-dotted, sometimes fleshy; ovules pendulous
from the central axis, 2 or more in each cell; disk often fleshy,
rarely absent; stipules persistent and often paired; shrubs or
herbs; leaves mostly 2-foliolate or pinnate; filaments often with
a scale or gland attached to the base.

=Zygophyllaceæ=

ff) Leaves simple but sometimes deeply and variously divided:

g) Stamens more than twice as many as the petals; calyx valvate:

h) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers not inflexed in bud:

i) Petals and stamens hypogynous; hairs often stellate;
stipules in pairs.

=Tiliaceæ=

ii) Petals and stamens perigynous; hairs not stellate; stipules
interpetiolar.

=Rhizophoraceæ=

hh) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers inflexed in bud; petals and
stamens perigynous.

=Lythraceæ=

hhh) Flowers unisexual; anthers inflexed in bud; hairs stellate
or lepidote.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

gg) Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals:

h) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:

i) Leaves stipulate, sometimes stipules rudimentary or of
hairs:

j) Disk absent or inconspicuous or of separate glands; calyx
often glandular:

k) Calyx mostly with a pair of glands outside; trees, shrubs
or climbers; stamens mostly 10.

=Malpighiaceæ=

kk) Calyx not glandular; anther-cells back to back; trees or
shrubs; petals 4; stamens 4.

=Salvadoraceæ=

jj) Disk present, conspicuous; calyx not glandular:

k) Flowers hermaphrodite:

l) Stamens inserted on or below the margin of the disk;
filaments subulate:

m) Stamens 3-5; sepals imbricate.

=Celastraceæ=

mm) Stamens 8-10; sepals valvate.

=Rhizophoraceæ=

ll) Stamens usually 3, inserted on the disk; filaments
flattened or connivent, often adnate to the ovary; sepals
imbricate.

=Hippocrateaceæ=

kk) Flowers unisexual; ovules pendulous from the apex of the
cell; seeds often carunculate.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ii) Leaves exstipulate or stipules gland-like:

j) Anthers opening at the apex by a pore, often appendaged at
the base; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals;
leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.

=Melastomataceæ=

jj) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise; leaves usually with
pinnate nerves:

k) Ovules numerous in each cell; anthers inflexed in bud;
calyx more or less tubular, with valvate lobes, often with
accessory lobes.

=Lythraceæ=

kk) Ovules few in each cell:

=Malpighiaceæ=

l) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the cells; calyx fairly
long and tubular, more or less petaloid; petals usually very
small.

=Thymelæaceæ=

ll) Ovules erect or ascending from the base of the cells;
calyx imbricate:

m) Filaments subulate or filiform; stamens usually 5.

=Celastraceæ=

mm) Filaments flattened; stamens usually 3.

=Hippocrateaceæ=

hh) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base:

i) Leaves stipulate; stipules paired; styles free from the
base; ovules numerous, axile.

=Elatinaceæ=

ii) Leaves exstipulate:

j) Leaves with 3 or more longitudinally parallel nerves;
anthers usually appendaged and opening by a terminal pore.

=Melastomataceæ=

jj) Leaves not as above; anthers opening by longitudinal
slits; stamens perigynous; anthers inflexed in bud.

=Lythraceæ=

ee) Leaves alternate or all radical:

f) Stamens more than twice the number of the sepals or petals:

g) Sepals valvate or open in bud:

h) Anthers 2-celled:

i) Stamens free or slightly united only at the base:

j) Calyx closed in bud:

k) Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves simple; wood not resinous.

=Tiliaceæ=

kk) Flowers unisexual; leaves entire or 3-lobed; petiole with
2 glands at the apex.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

kkk) Flowers usually polygamous; leaves mostly compound;
petiole not glandular at the apex; wood resinous.

=Anacardiaceæ=

jj) Calyx open in bud; leaves simple; stamens up to 20, free
or nearly so.

=Olacaceæ=

ii) Stamens more or less united into a tube or into bundles,
hypogynous; indumentum usually stellate.

=Sterculiaceæ=

hh) Anthers 1-celled, stamens more or less monadelphous; calyx
with or without an epicalyx:

i) Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves digitately compound; carpels
not or very rarely splitting away from the central axis in
fruit.

=Bombacaceæ=

ii) Mostly herbs; leaves simple; carpels often splitting away
from the central axis or becoming free in fruit.

=Malvaceæ=

gg) Sepals imbricate or rarely completely connate or calyptrate:

h) Petals and stamens perigynous; leaves stipulate:

i) Seeds with endosperm and a curved embryo; mostly herbs;
sepals 2.

=Portulacaceæ=

ii) Seeds without endosperm; sepals more than 2.

=Rosaceæ=

hh) Petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or flowers
unisexual; disk often present:

i) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:

j) Leaves compound, pinnate or rarely unifoliolate and then
with a tumid petiole:

k) Ovule ascending:

l) Leaves gland-dotted; style or styles central.

=Rutaceæ=

ll) Leaves rarely gland-dotted; styles or stigmas often
separated:

m) Wood with resin ducts and leaves scented; style or
stigma often eccentric.

=Anacardiaceæ=

mm) Wood not resinous; leaves not or rarely scented; style
or stigma central.

=Sapindaceæ=

kk) Ovule or ovules pendulous; wood without resin ducts, bark
bitter; leaves usually not gland-dotted.

=Simarubaceæ=

jj) Leaves simple:

k) Flowers unisexual; disk present.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:

l) Torus enlarged after flowering; ovary mostly deeply
lobed, the carpels becoming separated in fruit; anthers
often opening by pores.

=Ochnaceæ=

ll) Torus not enlarged; calyx enlarged and wing-like in
fruit:

m) Flowers mostly rather small and not showy; petals much
contorted; ovary 2- or more-celled; leaves with
comparatively few lateral nerves.

=Dipterocarpaceæ=

mm) Flowers showy; ovary 1-celled with a basal placenta;
leaves long, with very numerous parallel lateral nerves.

=Ochnaceæ=

ii) Herbs; sepals 2; leaves fleshy, exstipulate; ovary 1-celled
with numerous ovules; seeds strophiolate.

=Portulacaceæ=

ff) Stamens definite in number in relation to the sepals or
petals, often the same number or twice as many or fewer:

g) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a
distinctly tumid petiole:

h) Stamens united into a tube; leaves pinnate or rarely
unifoliolate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; seeds often
winged.

=Meliaceæ=

hh) Stamens free or united only at the base:

i) Leaves stipulate:

j) Herbaceous or slightly woody; leaves digitately or
pinnately compound.

=Oxalidaceæ=

jj) Trees, shrubs or often climbers; leaves compound; stipules
lateral; seeds without endosperm.

=Sapindaceæ=

ii) Leaves exstipulate:

j) Leaves gland-dotted:

=Rutaceæ=

jj) Leaves not gland-dotted:

k) Ovules pendulous:

l) Leaflets 2; shrubs or trees with axillary or supra-
axillary spines.

=Simarubaceæ=

ll) Leaflets more than 2:

m) Ovary of more than 1 carpel, 2 or more celled.

=Burseraceæ=

mm) Ovary usually of 1 carpel.

=Anacardiaceæ=

kk) Ovules ascending or horizontal:

l) Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style simple; ovary of
1 carpel.

=Connaraceæ=

ll) Ovules 1 or more in each cell, erect or ascending; style
simple or divided; ovary of more than 1 carpel.

=Sapindaceæ=

gg) Leaves simple:

h) Anthers opening by apical pores; ovary deeply lobed, torus
enlarging in fruit and the carpels often becoming separate;
ovules 1-2 in each cell.

=Ochnaceæ=

hh) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise:

i) Shrubs or trees:

j) Leaves stipulate:

k) Flowers unisexual:

l) Petals entire:

m) Stipules conspicuous, persistent.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

mm) Stipules very inconspicuous, caducous.

=Celastraceæ=

ll) Petals bilobed; stamens 5; disk composed of hypogynous
glands opposite the petals.

=Chailletiaceæ=

kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:

l) Stipules axillary, convolute in bud, often very large;
ovary entire, 2-celled; petals entire; ovule inserted in the
middle of the placenta.

=Simarubaceæ=(Irvingia)

ll) Stipules not axillary:

m) Petals entire or emarginate; ovules erect; disk entire
or lobed.

=Celastraceæ=

mm) Petals often deeply lobed; ovules pendulous; disk of
separate glands opposite the petals.

=Chailletiaceæ=

jj) Leaves exstipulate:

k) Stamens united into a tube; sepals not glandular; ovary 2-
or more-celled.

=Meliaceæ=

kk) Stamens free or connate only at the base:

l) Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous:

m) Ovary 1-celled:

n) Leaves fairly large; flowers in panicles, not supported
on the enlarged torus.

=Anacardiaceæ=

nn) Leaves very small and crowded; flowers in slender
spikes or racemes.

=Tamaricaceæ=

mm) Ovary 2- or more-celled; disk present; petals mostly
valvate; ovary 3-5-celled.

=Olacaceæ=

ll) Stamens distinctly perigynous; calyx tubular and often
petaloid; petals mostly very small and scale-like.

=Thymelæaceæ=

ii) Herbs:

j) Flowers hermaphrodite; disk usually absent:

k) Sepals valvate; bark fibrous; leaves often with thread-
like tails at the base.

=Tiliaceæ=

kk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed at the base; ovary
long-beaked.

=Geraniaceæ=

kkk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed; ovary not beaked.

l) Petals not contorted:

=Molluginaceæ=

ll) Petals contorted:

=Linaceæ=

jj) Flowers unisexual; disk present or obscure.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

=GROUP 11. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals present, more or less united.=

a) Stamens the same number as and opposite to the corolla lobes:

b) Ovules solitary in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary;
style often lobed:

c) Trees or shrubs, often with hard wood:

d) Petals imbricate; hairs often stellate or medifixed; staminodes
often present, sometimes petaloid.

=Sapotaceæ=

dd) Petals valvate; hairs usually simple; usually no staminodes:

e) Inflorescence not leaf-opposed; leaves simple, without tendrils.

=Olacaceæ=

ee) Inflorescence leaf-opposed; leaves often compound; mostly
climbers with tendrils.

=Ampelidaceæ=

cc) Herbs or climbers:

d) Corolla lobes valvate; tendrils often present; inflorescence
usually cymose-paniculate, leaf-opposed; leaves usually with the
stipules adnate to the petiole; petals united at the base.

=Ampelidaceæ=

dd) Corolla lobes imbricate; no tendrils; inflorescence more or less
corymbose; petals united high up.

=Plumbaginaceæ=

bb) Ovules 2 or more in each cell; style undivided; placentas basal:

c) Trees or shrubs often with gland-dotted simple leaves; leaves
exstipulate.

=Myrsinaceæ=

cc) Herbs or climbers usually with compound stipulate leaves and
leaf-opposed inflorescence.

=Ampelidaceæ=

ccc) Herbs with opposite simple leaves and solitary or axillary
scarlet, blue or rose flowers; leaves not gland-dotted, exstipulate.

=Primulaceæ=

aa) Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, or more numerous or fewer:

b) Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; flowers
unisexual; corolla lobes about 5; leaves stipulate.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

bb) Stamens as many as or up to twice as many as the corolla lobes or
fewer:

c) Stamens as many as or more numerous than the corolla lobes:

d) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):

e) Petals united only at the base; seeds often pilose; ovules
pendulous.

=Polygalaceæ=

ee) Petals united high up into a tube:

f) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs; corolla lobes 5.

=Solanaceæ=

ff) Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; habit
various; corolla lobes 4.

=Verbenaceæ=

dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):

e) Leaves opposite or verticillate, mostly exstipulate:

f) Anthers opening by apical pores or pore-like slits:

g) Leaves in whorls; woody shrubs or undershrubs with usually
very small leaves; stamens hypogynous.

=Ericaceæ=

gg) Leaves paired; herbs; stamens epipetalous.

=Gentianaceæ=

ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:

g) Style single with often a large more or less capitate stigma:

h) Corona present in the flowers; mostly herbs or weak twiners,
often with milky juice.

=Asclepiadaceæ=

hh) Corona absent:

i) Leaves exstipulate:

j) Trees, shrubs or climbers often with milky juice; corolla
lobes contorted-imbricate or rarely valvate.

=Apocynaceæ=

jj) Herbs; corolla lobes imbricate; disk present.

=Scrophulariaceæ=

jjj) Herbs with spicate flowers and radical leaves; corolla
lobes imbricate; no disk.

=Plantaginaceæ=

ii) Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base.

=Loganiaceæ=

gg) Styles with more than 1 separate stigma:

h) Stamens double the number of the corolla lobes; flowers
dioecious; endosperm copious, hard.

=Ebenaceæ=

hh) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes:

i) Rudimentary stipules often present; stamens and corolla
lobes 4.

=Salvadoraceæ=

ii) Stipules absent:

j) Style gynobasic:

=Boraginaceæ=

jj) Style terminal:

k) Trees or shrubs:

l) Ovules numerous in each cell or, if solitary, then
corolla lobes valvate.

=Loganiaceæ=

ll) Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes imbricate.

=Verbenaceæ=

kk) Herbs or herbaceous climbers:

l) Ovary imperfectly celled by the intrusive placentas.

=Gentianaceæ=

ll) Ovary perfectly 2-celled with axile placentas; style
simple.

=Solanaceæ=

ee) Leaves alternate or all radical or reduced to scales:

f) Leafless parasites destitute of chlorophyll; ovary 2-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell.

=Convolvulaceæ=

ff) Not parasitic or rarely so and then leafy:

g) Leaves densely covered with viscid gland-tipped tentacles,
mostly all radical; more or less stemless herbs.

=Droseraceæ=

gg) Leaves without tentacles:

h) Leaves stipulate:

i) Flowers unisexual; petals not bifid.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ii) Flowers hermaphrodite; petals bifid.

=Chailletiaceæ=

hh) Leaves without stipules:

i) Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, free from the corolla or
slightly adnate to its base:

j) Anthers opening by terminal pores, often with appendages;
woody plants.

=Ericaceæ=

jj) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:

k) Stamens 4-6:

l) Leaves gland-dotted; petals connivent by their claws;
disk usually conspicuous.

=Rutaceæ=

ll) Leaves not gland-dotted.

m) Petals only slightly united at the base:

n) Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate.

=Connaraceæ=

nn) Leaves simple:

o) Stamens opposite the petals.

=Olacaceæ=

oo) Stamens alternate with the petals.

=Pittosporaceæ=

mm) Petals united high up, sometimes free at the base:

n) Trees or shrubs.

=Burseraceæ=

nn) Herbs.

=Campanulaceæ=

kk) Stamens more than 6:

l) Corolla tube fairly long; no disk; leaves not very small.

=Ebenaceæ=

ll) Corolla tube very short; disk present; leaves very
small.

=Tamaricaceæ=

ii) Stamens inserted on or adnate to the corolla tube:

j) Style gynobasic:

k) Style 1; fruit composed of pyrenes or nutlets; corolla
imbricate or contorted.

=Boraginaceæ=

kk) Styles 2; fruit a capsule; corolla plicate.

=Convolvulaceæ=

jj) Style not gynobasic, terminal:

k) Corolla valvate or plaited in bud (in the latter case the
limb may be somewhat twisted but not truly imbricate):

l) Ovules 1-4 in each ovary cell; stamens inserted towards
the base of the corolla tube.

=Convolvulaceæ=

ll) Ovules numerous (rarely 3-6) in each ovary cell.

=Solanaceæ=

kk) Corolla imbricate:

l) Herbs with radical leaves and flowers in slender spikes.

=Plantaginaceæ=

ll) Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers not in slender spikes:

m) Ovules 1 in each cell; trees and shrubs.

=Boraginaceæ=

mm) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs or small shrubs.

=Solanaceæ=

cc) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes; leaves mostly opposite:

d) Flowers actinomorphic:

e) Stamen 1; climbers or shrubs; seeds winged; one calyx lobe much
larger than the others and petaloid.

=Loganiaceæ=

ee) Stamens more than 1:

f) Stamens 6-8 opposite the inner lobes of the corolla; ovules
solitary in each cell; trees or shrubs.

=Sapotaceæ=

ff) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes:

g) Peduncle of the inflorescence adnate to the petiole; corolla
lobes or some of them 2-cleft.

=Chailletiaceæ=

gg) Peduncle not adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes not cleft
or only slightly so:

h) Ovules few (1-4) in each cell of the ovary:

i) Disk none; stamens 2; shrubs, trees or climbers; leaves
simple or pinnate.

=Olacaceæ=

ii) Disk present; stamens usually 4; shrubs or trees; leaves
simple or digitate.

=Verbenaceæ=

hh) Ovules numerous:

i) Corolla lobes minute, valvate, alternating with entire or
2-lobed appendages.

=Solanaceæ=

ii) Corolla lobes imbricate, without appendages.

=Scrophulariaceæ=

dd) Flowers zygomorphic:

e) Aquatic herbs with bladder-like leaves; stamens 2; anthers
1-celled; sepals 2; ovules on a free basal placenta.

=Lentibulariaceæ=

ee) Characters not as above:

f) Ovary not deeply lobed; style not gynobasic:

g) Ovules numerous in the whole ovary or in each cell of the
ovary, or if 2 then superposed:

h) Leaves pinnately compound; ovules numerous; seeds often
winged, without endosperm; shrubs or trees.

=Bignoniaceæ=

hh) Leaves simple; mostly herbaceous:

i) Ovules numerous; ovary 2-celled; seeds usually minute.

=Scrophulariaceæ=

ii) Ovules 1 to many; ovary 2-4 celled; seeds not on hook-like
funicles.

=Pedaliaceæ=

iii) Ovules few; ovary 2-celled; leaves rarely all radical;
seeds on hook-like funicles.

=Acanthaceæ=

gg) Ovule solitary in each cell of the ovary or if 2 then
collateral; herbs, shrubs or trees.

=Verbenaceæ=

ff) Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic; leaves opposite or
verticillate; flowers often in whorls; stems usually quadrangular.

=Labiatæ=

=GROUP 12. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals absent.=

a) Calyx absent from the hermaphrodite and often from the female flowers:

b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules
2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.

=Podostemonaceæ=

bb) Above characters not associated:

c) Flowers surrounded by an involucre margined by fleshy glands; male
flowers several to numerous and each consisting of a single stamen,
with a single female flower often stalked in their midst.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

cc) Flowers not as above:

d) Leaves stipulate, stipules sometimes adnate to the petiole:

e) Herbs or shrubs; flowers in dense spikes; petioles not dilated
and not enclosing the young bud.

=Piperaceæ=

ee) Trees or shrubs; flowers on a common open receptacle, the fruit
becoming immersed in it.

=Moraceæ=

dd) Leaves without stipules; herbs sometimes slightly woody at the
base; ovary 1-celled.

=Urticaceæ=

aa) Calyx always present:

b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules
2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.

=Podostemonaceæ=

bb) Above characters not associated:

c) Leaves opposite or verticillate, never all radical:

d) Leaves stipulate:

e) Flowers hermaphrodite:

f) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base; leaves mostly
pinnate.

=Zygophyllaceæ=

ff) Herbs with simple leaves.

=Illecebraceæ=

fff) Trees or shrubs with reduced flowers; leaves simple.

=Ulmaceæ=

ee) Flowers unisexual:

f) Ovary 2- or more-celled, often deeply lobed; seeds usually with
a distinct caruncle.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ff) Ovary 1-celled; ovary usually not lobed:

g) Ovule erect:

h) Filaments inflexed; mostly herbaceous with fibrous stems;
juice not milky.

=Urticaceæ=

hh) Filaments not inflexed; mostly trees and shrubs, rarely
herbs; juice mostly milky, the flowers often minute and arranged
on or inside an enlarged receptacle.

=Moraceæ=

gg) Ovule pendulous:

h) Not aquatic:

i) Filaments not inflexed in bud:

j) Fruit a drupe; flowers monœcious or subdiœcious.

=Ulmaceæ=

jj) Fruit a small dry achene; flowers diœcious.

=Cannabinaceæ=

ii) Filaments erect or inflexed in bud.

=Moraceæ=

hh) Aquatic herb with verticillate divided leaves.

=Ceratophyllaceæ=

dd) Leaves exstipulate:

e) Flowers unisexual; ovary usually 2- or more celled; seeds
usually with a distinct caruncle.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ee) Flowers hermaphrodite; ovary 1-celled:

f) Stamens involute in bud; calyx more or less herbaceous, often
long and tubular, mostly covered with sticky glands.

=Nyctaginaceæ=

ff) Stamens erect in bud:

g) Sepals free or nearly so, calyx more or less dry and scarious:

=Amarantaceæ=

gg) Sepals more or less united, herbaceous.

=Ficoidaceæ=

cc) Leaves alternate or radical or reduced to scales:

d) Leaves stipulate:

e) Stamens monadelphous, usually numerous; calyx valvate:

f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite; hairs usually stellate.

=Sterculiaceæ=

ff) Flowers always unisexual; hairs often simple.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ee) Stamens free or shortly connate only at the base:

f) Stamens the same number as the sepals and alternate with them.

=Rhamnaceæ=

ff) Stamens the same number as the sepals and opposite to them, or
more numerous or fewer:

g) Stipules ochreate, _i.e._, sheathing and more or less
membranous around the stem; fruit a small nut.

=Polygonaceæ=

gg) Stipules not ochreate:

h) Flowers hermaphrodite; stipules sheathing, sometimes adnate
to the petiole:

i) Leaves digitately lobed; stems herbaceous creeping.

=Rosaceæ=

ii) Leaves not digitate; erect or diffuse herbs.

=Molluginaceæ=

hh) Flowers unisexual; stems not creeping:

i) Ovary 3-celled, composed of 3 carpels; fruit a capsule.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ii) Ovary 1-celled, composed of 1 carpel, fruit not a capsule.

=Moraceæ=

dd) Leaves exstipulate:

e) Leaves ternately compound; herbs; ovary composed of 1 carpel,
long-stipitate in fruit; flowers paniculate or racemose, very
small.

=Ranunculaceæ=

ee) Leaves compound; trees and shrubs:

f) Cultivated trees with milky latex; fruit a capsule, with
pendulous seeds; flowers unisexual; leaves digitate.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ff) Indigenous trees or shrub; latex not milky; leaves pinnate.

=Sapindaceæ=

eee) Leaves simple:

f) Stamens circinnately involute in bud; calyx tube often rather
long; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, basal.

=Nyctaginaceæ=

ff) Stamens sometimes inflexed but not circinnate in bud:

g) Stamens more or less connate into a central column; ovule
erect; seeds with ruminate endosperm.

=Myristicaceæ=

gg) Stamens free or the filaments shortly connate only at the
base:

h) Stamens distinctly perigynous; sepals connate into a tube
below:

i) Twiners; flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles;
ovule solitary, basal.

=Basellaceæ=

ii) Herbs; stamens numerous; flowers solitary or clustered in
the axils of the leaves.

=Ficoidaceæ=

iii) Trees or shrubs; calyx mostly long and petaloid; leaves
frequently small and evergreen; stamens definite; anthers
opening by slits.

=Thymelæaceæ=

hh) Stamens hypogynous or slightly perigynous if accompanied by
a disk:

i) Flowers arranged in an involucre (cyathium) margined by
glands; male flower reduced to a single stamen, the female to a
single stipitate ovary.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

ii) Flowers not as above; stamens more than 1:

j) Trees or shrubs:

k) Flowers unisexual; ovules solitary, pendulous; seed with
straight embryo.

=Euphorbiaceæ=

kk) Flowers unisexual or polygamous; ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral or the lower ascending; embryo spirally twisted.

=Sapindaceæ=

jj) Herbs:

k) Calyx scarious; flowers often in spikes or heads; ovule 1
in a 1-celled ovary.

=Amarantaceæ=

kk) Calyx herbaceous; flowers more or less paniculate; ovule
1 in a 1-celled ovary.

=Chenopodiaceæ=

=GROUP 13. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals present, free from each other.=

a) Leaves opposite or verticillate; never all radical; rarely reduced to scales:

b) Leaves stipulate:

c) Stamens opposite the petals and the same number.

=Rhamnaceæ=

cc) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous:

d) Ovary composed of 2-6 carpels; 2-6 celled; flowers rarely
congested; ovules pendulous; mostly maritime trees or shrubs.

=Rhizophoraceæ=

dd) Ovary various; flowers rarely in heads; ovules ascending or
attached to the central axis; trees, shrubs or herbs.

=Rosaceæ=

bb) Leaves exstipulate:

c) Trees, shrubs or climbers:

d) Stamens numerous; leaves gland-dotted; style simple with a small
capitate stigma or rarely 3-4 lobed.

=Myrtaceæ=

dd) Stamens as many to twice as many as the petals:

e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; mostly
parasitic shrubs or trees; calyx usually much reduced.

=Loranthaceæ=

ee) Stamens the same number and alternate with the petals or more
numerous:

f) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; filaments often jointed;
leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.

=Melastomataceæ=

ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; calyx mostly valvate;
ovules 2 or more; fruits mostly winged; endosperm absent; flowers
in heads, spikes, racemes or panicles.

=Combretaceæ=

cc) Herbs:

d) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; leaves mostly with
longitudinally parallel nerves; filaments often jointed.

=Melastomataceæ=

dd) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:

e) Ovules numerous on placentas pendulous from the apex of the
1-celled ovary.

=Saxifragaceæ=

ee) Ovules 1-4, pendulous from the top of the ovary cells.

=Halorrhagaceæ=

aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:

b) Flowers unisexual:

c) Flowers mostly zygomorphic; stamens mostly indefinite in number;
no tendrils; stipules paired.

=Begoniaceæ=

cc) Flowers actinomorphic; stamens definite or rarely many, usually
3; anthers often curved or twisted; tendrils present or absent; no
stipules.

=Cucurbitaceæ=

bb) Flowers hermaphrodite:

c) Leaves stipulate:

d) Herbs; leaves usually compound or much dissected, sometimes
peltate; sepals very small; fruit composed of 2 indehiscent
mericarps.

=Umbelliferæ=

dd) Trees or shrubs:

e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; leaves entire
or toothed.

=Rhamnaceæ=

ee) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous or fewer;
flowers mostly in umbels; leaves compound, rarely simple; fruit a
berry or drupe.

=Araliaceæ=

cc) Leaves exstipulate:

d) Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals; often parasitic on
other trees and shrubs; corolla usually brightly coloured.

=Loranthaceæ=

dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous; not
parasitic:

e) Herbs:

f) Ovules more than 1 in each ovary cell; ovary mostly 4-celled.

=Onagraceæ=

ff) Ovules 4 in a 1-celled ovary; flowers monœcious or polygamous,
not umbellate.

=Halorrhagaceæ=

fff) Ovules solitary in each cell; usually pendulous; flowers
umbellate; carpels separating in fruit into 2 indehiscent
mericarps.

=Umbelliferæ=

ee) Shrubs or trees:

f) Petals entire or at most toothed; ovary 1-celled.

=Combretaceæ=

ff) Petals entire, 2-lobed or laciniate, often involute; ovary
4-celled.

=Rhizophoraceæ=

=GROUP 14. One carpel or more than one united carpel; ovules attached to
the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals present, more or less united.=

a) Leave opposite:

b) Leaves stipulate, entire, stipules mostly inter- or intrapetiolar;
anthers free from each other; corolla always actinomorphic.

=Rubiaceæ=

bb) Leaves exstipulate:

c) Anthers free from each other; ovules mostly pendulous:

d) Leaves not gland-dotted; stamens definite; shrubs, mostly
parasitic on trees; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded
by bracts.

=Loranthaceæ=

dd) Leaves gland-dotted; stamens mostly numerous; trees or shrubs;
flowers cymose or fasciculate.

=Myrtaceæ=

cc) Anthers mostly connivent or in pairs around the style:

d) Ovule solitary erect; flowers mostly in heads surrounded by an
involucre of bracts.

=Compositæ=

dd) Ovules numerous; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded
by bracts.

=Campanulaceæ=

aa) Leaves alternate or radical:

b) Anthers free from one another:

c) Stamens the same number and opposite the corolla lobes:

d) Herbaceous, leaves not gland-dotted.

=Primulaceæ=

dd) Trees and shrubs:

e) Not parasitic; leaves often gland-dotted; corolla short.

=Myrsinaceæ=

ee) Often parasitic; leaves not gland-dotted; corolla often long.

=Loranthaceæ=

cc) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or more numerous or
fewer:

d) Flowers hermaphrodite; stems not climbing; anthers straight.

=Campanulaceæ=

dd) Flowers unisexual; stems often climbing by tendrils; anthers
often sinuous or twisted.

=Cucurbitaceæ=

bb) Anthers united into a ring around the style or flowers unisexual:

c) Flowers not in heads surrounded by a common involucre.

=Lobeliaceæ=

cc) Flowers in heads surrounded by a common involucre.

=Compositæ=

=GROUP 15. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals absent.=

a) Parasitic herbs destitute of chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to scales; ovules nude or with a single integument:

b) Flowers densely crowded; fruits nut-like, 1-seeded; ovule solitary,
pendulous.

=Balanophoraceæ=

bb) Flowers solitary, large; ovules numerous.

=Hydnoraceæ=

aa) Not parasitic or if so then more or less woody and often with normally developed leaves:

b) Leaves stipulate:

c) Flowers unisexual, stamens and ovules few, the latter solitary;
trees or shrubs.

=Moraceæ=

cc) Flowers hermaphrodite; stamens the same number and alternate with
the sepals.

=Rhamnaceæ=

bb) Leaves exstipulate:

c) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the ovary or from the apex of a
basal placenta:

d) Not parasitic; stamens inflexed in bud, often double the number
of the sepals; fruits often winged.

=Combretaceæ=

dd) Mostly parasitic; flowers small and leaves often reduced;
stamens erect in bud, the same number and opposite the sepals; fruit
not winged.

=Santalaceæ=

cc) Ovule 1, erect; mostly parasitic; flowers often brightly
coloured.

=Loranthaceæ=

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONOCOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS FLORA.

a) Flowers very small, arranged on a spadix, more or less enclosed by a green or coloured spathe; erect, creeping or climbing herbs; rootstock often tuberous or thick and fleshy.

=Araceæ=

aa) Flowers not arranged as above:

b) Small or minute floating plants not differentiated into stem and
leaves and with much reduced flowers consisting of 1-2 stamens and a
sessile ovary either naked or enclosed in a membranous perianth,
anthers 1-2 celled; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1 or more on a basal
placenta.

=Lemnaceæ=

bb) Characters not as above; if aquatic plants then usually with well-
developed leaves:

c) Ovary apocarpous, of more than 1 carpel:

d) Submerged aquatic plants:

e) Perianth-segments 1-3, white or coloured.

=Aponogetonaceæ=

ee) Perianth-segments 4 and herbaceous, or absent.

=Potamogetonaceæ=

dd) Not aquatic or if so then not submerged:

e) Carpels indehiscent; ovules 1 to few, basal or on the inner
angle of the carpel; marsh or aquatic herbs.

=Alismataceæ=

ee) Carpels dehiscent; ovules numerous on reticulately branched
parietal placentas; scapigerous marsh herbs with milky juice;
stamens usually 9.

=Butomaceæ=

eee) Carpels or fruit indehiscent, trees or shrubs with simple
stems and usually large, often palmate leaves.

=Palmaceæ= (part)

cc) Ovary syncarpous or carpel solitary:

d) Ovary superior:

e) Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts
(glumes) arranged in spikelets mostly arranged in spikes, racemes,
panicles or heads; carpel solitary; perianth of small scales or
bristles or absent:

f) Stems usually triangular, solid and without nodes; leaf-sheaths
mostly closed all round the stem and usually without a ligule;
filament often attached to the base of the anther; ovule basal;
seed free from the pericarp.

=Cyperaceæ=

ff) Stems mostly cylindrical and hollow between the nodes; leaf-
sheaths nearly always split down one side and often terminating in
a distinct ligule; filament usually attached to the back of the
anther; ovule attached laterally; seed more or less adnate to the
pericarp.

=Gramineæ=

ee) Flowers usually with a distinct perianth or at any rate not in
spikelets, etc., as above; ovary usually composed of more than 1
carpel:

f) Flowers mostly hermaphrodite or if unisexual then not collected
into involucrate heads or dense spikes:

g) Ovules on parietal placentas; fertile stamens 3: all the
perianth-segments petaloid; aquatic herbs; stamens 3 or 1.

=Pontederiaceæ= (part)

gg) Ovules on axile or basal placentas; fertile stamens usually
6:

h) Perianth present:

i) Perianth-segments 2-seriate, the outer herbaceous, the inner
petaloid; leaf-bases sheathing.

=Commelinaceæ=

ii) Perianth-segments all more or less petaloid:

j) Aquatic floating herbs with long petioles sheathing at the
base; 3 upper stamens included, 3 lower ones more or less
exserted.

=Pontederiaceæ=

jj) Not aquatic or rarely subaquatic; stamens 6, more or less
equal;

=Liliaceæ=

hh) Perianth absent or very rudimentary; carpel 1; submerged
aquatics with branched filiform smooth or muricate stems,
flowers diœcious or monœcious, axillary, small.

=Naiadaceæ=

ff) Flowers unisexual, collected into involucrate heads or dense
spikes:

g) Flowers in dense involucrate heads; low herbs often stemless
with mostly densely crowded leaves.

=Eriocaulaceæ=

gg) Flowers in spadices; trees or shrubs, the stems bearing thick
aerial roots.

=Pandanaceæ=

ggg) Flowers in dense cylindric spikes; aquatic herbs with linear
alternate leaves and creeping rhizomes.

=Typhaceæ=

dd) Ovary inferior:

e) Stamens 3-6:

f) Ovules parietal:

g) Leaves not divided; stigma not umbrella-shaped, flowers
hermaphrodite or unisexual.

=Hydrocharitaceæ=

gg) Leaves divided; stigma umbrella-shaped; leaves large,
divided.

=Taccaceæ=

ff) Ovules axile, basal or apical:

g) Perianth-lobes or segments 3-6:

h) Stamens 6 or 3; flowers very small, diœcious; stems climbing.

=Dioscoreaceæ=

hh) Stamens 6; flowers conspicuous, hermaphrodite; stems not
climbing.

=Amaryllidaceæ=

hhh) Stamens 3; inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments;
not climbing.

=Iridaceæ=

gg) Perianth-segment 1; stamens 5, rarely 6; leaves with pinnate
nervation; tall plants.

=Musaceæ=

ee) Stamen 1:

f) Flowers actinomorphic or nearly so:

g) Anthers 2-celled; ovules numerous; perianth-segments united
below.

=Zingiberaceæ=

gg) Anthers 1-celled; ovules solitary in each cell; petiole
thickened towards the apex.

=Marantaceæ=

ff) Flowers very zygomorphic; ovules numerous; andrœcium united
with the gynæcium into a column; anther sessile or subsessile on
the column.

=Orchidaceæ=

=GYMNOSPERMÆ=

=CYCADACEÆ.=

1 =Encephalartos septentrionalis= _Schwfth._ MURIEPAI—Zande; KOTTO—Krej & Indogo.

Palm-like undershrub; stem fusiform or globose; up to 2 ft. high. Leaves up to 5 ft. long, pinnate, pinnules up to 50 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, falcate, 4-5 in. long, with 3-8 teeth in basal half, densely tomentose on young fronds.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Golo; Deim Zubeir; Niamniam-land: Mambeli, Gumango Hill near the Rye, on the Ibba (Tonj) River, east of the upper Hoo; Bongo; Lessi River).

A kind of beer is made from the central portion of the stem.

=GNETACEÆ.=

2 =Ephedra Alte= _C. A. Mey._

Diœcious shrub, climbing or erect; branches more or less whorled on upper nodes. Leaves scale-like in whorls of 2-3, connate at base. Male spikes axillary, solitary or in dense glomerules. Fem. spikes solitary or fascicled.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).

=ANGIOSPERMÆ=

=DICOTYLEDONES=

=ANONACEÆ.=

3 =Uvaria bukobensis= _Eng._

Small tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtusely acuminate, up to 6 in. long, nearly glabrous. Flowers usually in pairs above the axils. Sepals and petals warted and shortly tomentose.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=U. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._

Leaves oblong cordate at the base, subacutely acuminate, 3-4 in. long, with long weak hairs on the midrib. Flowers yellow, small. Petals ¾ in. long. Fruiting carpels oblong with 3 or 4 transverse constrictions, rusty-hairy.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River near Nganye: Niamniam-land).

=U. near U. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._ (small leaves).

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2-2½ in. long, ¾-1 in. broad, covered below with soft stellate hairs. Flowers very small; buds ovoid. Fruiting carpels oblong, with about 5 transverse constrictions, rusty-tomentose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu).

=U. verrucosa= _Eng._ & _Diels._

Branchlets scurfy. Leaves oblong-elliptic, subcordate, 6 in. long, with numerous lateral nerves, closely stellate-tomentellous below; flowers not known. Fruiting carpels long stalked, warted.

Congo Border by the Kambele.

4 =Meiocarpidium lepidotum= _Eng._ & _Diels._ WINGA—Jur.

Small to middle-sized tree. Leaves oblong, long-acuminate, up to 8 in. long, densely scaly below. Flowers covered with scales. Fruiting carpels terete.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Tonj).

5 =Hexalobus monopetalus= _Eng._ & _Diels._ M’BANDA—Golo.

Tree; fruit said to be edible. Leaves oblong, up to 5 in. long. Flowers cream-coloured, sessile; 1-3 together, axillary; carpels 4-6.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas and Kutshuk Ali, Mittu-land: Mvolo, near Biri River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi & Bari countries).

=H. grandiflorus= _Benth._ BEJUGOLO & PORO—Golo.

Middle-sized tree, with handsome pendant cream-coloured petals. Leaves narrowly oval or oblanceolate, glabrous, carpels 10-12; ovary pilose.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Niamniam-land, Mittu-land & Dar Fertit).

White wood used for carpentry.

6 =Popowia djurensis= _Eng._ & _Diels._

Scandent shrub. Leaves small, up to 2 in. long, obtuse, oblong. Flowers in shortly stalked axillary clusters.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Bongo-land & near Biri River).

=P. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._

Scandent shrub. Leaves up to 6 in. long, sub-acuminate. Flowers very small, axillary, in pairs on slender pedicels.

Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).

7 =Xylopia near oxypetala= _Eng._ & _Diels._

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 2-4 in. long, 1 in. broad, finely pubescent below. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Fruits tomentose, glabrous, whitish.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole River).

=X. Vallotii= _Chipp._ CHUWEI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.

A middle-sized, straight tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-2½ in. long, 1 in. broad, rounded at base. Fruiting carpels up to about 1 in. long.

Nuba Mountains Prov. (J. Eliri).

8 =Anona senegalensis= _Pers._ KATEING (J. Eliri)—Nuba; APINROT—Dinka; AMBALU—Jur; BAFI, DU, NDU & NU—Golo; BOGORA—Zande.

Small tree; fruit up to size of a small orange, edible, nearly smooth. Flowers solitary, pedunculate. Leaves oblong-elliptical to broadly elliptical, pubescent above. Petals 6.

Upper Nile Prov.; Nuba Mountains Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau, Niamniam & Jur-land).

The fruit is edible; the boiled leaves are used as a perfume by Golo women. In Western Africa the whole plant is used in native medicine.

=A. reticulata= _Linn._ Bullock’s heart—Introduced.

Small tree. Leaves narrow oval-oblong. Flowers 2-4 together; petals 3. Fruit cordate or ovoid, faintly marked.

Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).

=A. squamosa= _Linn._ Custard Apple—GISHTA—Arab; Introduced.

Shrub or small tree. Fruit ab. 2-3 in. across, green, marked with somewhat rhomboidal adnate scales; pulp white, seeds black. Petals 3.

Grown in gardens in many parts of the country.

=A. Cherimolla= _Mill._ Cherimoyer. Introduced.

Shrub. Leaves acute to nearly obtuse. Flowers solitary or in pairs; petals 3. Fruit sub-ovoid-cordate with obtusely tubercled areoles.

Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).

The best of the Anonas.

9 =Monodora sp. nov.=

A fine foliage tree 20 ft. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, cordate at the base, 10-12 in. long, with numerous lateral nerves; flowers not known, but probably handsome and mottled.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=RANUNCULACEÆ.=

10 =Clematis inciso-dentata= _Hochst._ SHADDEIP—Hadendowa.

Woody climber. Leaves variable, pinnately or ternately divided. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals petaloid, white, hairy inside; petals 0. Fruiting head of silky white achenes.

Red Sea Province (Erkowit); Nuba Mountains Prov. (Khor Abu Habl, Dilling).

=C. glaucescens= _Fresen._

Weak woody climber. Leaves ternately divided, softly hairy below. Flowers in short terminal and axillary panicles. Sepals very silky. Fruiting heads with silky achenes shortly tailed.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Doguddu & Sabbi). Darfur Prov. (Kulme).

=C. cf. C. glaucescens= _Fresen._

As above, but much longer tails to the achenes.

=C. simensis= _Fresen._

Woody climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 1-5, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Panicles many flowered. Flowers white, ¾ in. diam.; sepals short silky within. Carpels hairy; tails 1 in. or more.

White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme & Jebel Marra; up to 9,500 ft.).

=C. grata= _Wall._

Climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 3-7, ovate, rounded or cordate at base, broadly crenate, silky or pubescent beneath. Flowers ¾ in. in diam.; sepals nearly glabrous inside.

Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).

11 =Clematopsis Oliveri= _Hutchinson._

Erect semi-woody plant. Upper leaves usually 3-fol., lower often 1-fol.; leaflets obovate to linear-oblong. Flowers white, solitary; petals 0. Achenes silky with long plumose tails.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

12 =Ranunculus pubescens= _Thunb._

Herb. Stems erect 1-2 ft. high. Lowest pinnæ usually petiolulate, lobes 3-fid or 3-partite; uppermost leaves sessile, 3-fid or rarely entire. Petals 5, yellow.

Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 6,000 to 9,000 ft. Kulme).

13 =Nigella sativa= _Linn._

Erect herb. Sepals petaloid, blue; carpels connected together in the middle, diverging above into 5 points.

Darfur Prov. (Melit & Jebel Marra, 6,500 ft.).

=CERATOPHYLLACEÆ.=

14 =Ceratophyllum demersum= _Linn._

Sea-weed-like aquatic herb with verticils of 2-fid or dichotomously divided and toothed leaves. Flowers axillary, monœcious, minute.

Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (several places); Sobat River; Bahr El Jebel (Mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (above the mouth of the Jur River, etc.).

=C. spp.=

White Nile Prov.; Sobat River; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.

=NYMPHÆACEÆ (Water lilies).=

15 =Nymphæa micrantha= _Guill._ & _Perr._

Aquatic herb with broadly ovate sagittate leaves and hairy bulbil at the apex of the petiole. Flowers about 2½ in. long. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Kulongo).

=N. nubica= _Lehm._

Aquatic herb with large almost orbicular peltate leaves with undulate margins. Flowers about 4 in. long.

Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).

=N. cærulea= _Savign._ SUTEIB—Arab; TWAL—Nuer.

Aquatic herb. Leaves ovate-orbicular, very deeply cordate at the base, glabrous, about 5 in. long. Flowers 2½ in. long, bluish. Sepals lanceolate, subacute, lined with red.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: between Reggo & Kiro).

=var. Schweinfurthiana= _Gilg_ & _Muschl._

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, near Nuer villages).

=var. Rehneltiana= _Gilg_ & _Muschl._

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas & Aggadi, & Bongo-land; Balu Stream near Sabbi, Shambé); Upper White Nile Prov. (Tonga); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=N. cf. N. cærulea= _Sav._

As preceding, but leaves more widely cordate and with undulate margins and inconspicuous nerves.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=N. Lotus= _Linn._ SUTEIB—Arab; RUNGAIME—Zande.

Leaves shortly peltate and deeply cordate at the base, coarsely toothed and nervose below, shortly pubescent; flowers yellowish; stamens not produced into an appendage beyond the anther cells.

White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Addai, Mittu-land, Niamniam-land, Kero, Lake No).

The powdered root is used for piles, dysentery, and dyspepsia; the seeds are used in skin diseases, leprosy, etc.

=MENISPERMACEÆ.=

16 =Tinospora Bakis= _Miers._ ERG EL HAGGAR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.

Woody climber with thick fleshy bark. Leaves cordate, entire, glabrous. Racemes axillary or at end of lateral shoots. Flowers small diœcious, solitary or fascicled in the axils of minute bracts.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Wadi El Ain, J. Kōn, J. Tellele, Daragaza).

17 =Desmonema mucronulatum= _Eng._

Climber. Leaves rhomboid sub-cordate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: J. Baginze).

18 =Chasmanthera dependens= _Hochst._

Climber. Leaves rotundate ovate, more or less lobed; inflor. in pendent racemes.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dinka-land: Lau, Jur-land: Wau, & Kutshuk Ali).

19 =Cocculus Leæba= _DC._ ZEGAI or ZEGAIN (Kordn.)—Arab.

Woody climber with red berries. Leaves alternate, oblong, ½ to 1 in. long. Flowers green, diœcious, small. Male flowers in axillary panicles; sepals, petals and stamens 6 respectively. Female flower solitary or in pairs on axillary peduncles; style 3-armed.

Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan to Soturba); Berber Prov. (Atbara); Blue Nile Prov. (Abu Haraz); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.

Used in native medicine in various parts of the world for intermittent fevers. It contains two alkaloids and is similar to the official Pareira Brava in properties.

=C. Holopeira-torrida= _Miers._ GUMALI (Fung)—Arab; LELINGA—Bari.

Pubescent, woody climber. Leaves sometimes very variable, from hastate- lanceolate to deltoid rotundate, or hastately 3-7 lobed. Male flowers fascicled, sessile or nearly so. Female flowers fascicled or solitary, subsessile.

Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel: Bor Mission, Malik).

In Dar-Fung the pounded stem is given with Durra to donkeys for cough.

20 =Cissampelos Pareira= _Linn._ DERE—Golo.

Climber with reniform-cordate leaves. Flowers diœcious. Male flowers in axillary, usually branched racemes, tetramerous; petals connate into a 4-lobed cup; stamens monadelphous. Female flowers in long, usually simple racemes, with numerous broad foliaceous bracts.

Fung, & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.

The Golo women wear the plant round their necks to bring luck. In India it is used as a mild tonic and diuretic.

=C. mucronata= _A. Rich._

Climber with broadly ovate leaves widely cordate at the base and a little peltate, laxly pubescent below. Male flowers in rather short cymes.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post).

=C. rigidifolia= _Eng._

Climber with very broadly ovate peltate leaves about 3 in. long, softly tomentose below; male flowers in long slender racemes of umbels.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River, near Nganye, Nabambisso River in Niamniam-land).

21 =Stephania abyssinica= _Rich._

Wiry climber with small broadly ovate leaves peltate and rounded at the base, glaucous and strongly reticulate, glabrous; flowers small in axillary cymes.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.=

22 =Aristolochia bracteata= _Retz._ ABU- and UM-GALAGEL (or ABJALAJEL), ERG EL AKRAB (or AGRAB), UM GEREISAT—Arab; LEJIR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka; KĀWKAWL (J. Eliri)—Nuba.

Trailing, glaucous herb, glabrous except inside the perianth. Leaves alt., ovate-subcordate, ¾ in.-2 in. long, crenulate-undulate. Flowers solitary, axillary; bracts cordate, about ½ in. long; per. tube green, yellow inside, with short reflexed hair, dilated and globose at base, tubular above, about ½ in. long; limb maroon-coloured, unilateral, ligulate, 1 in. long; st. 6; styles 6. Caps. subglobose, about ½ in. diam.

Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Sinkat, J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb); Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Wad Shallai, Salati, J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (Taiara to J. Eliri); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel.

The whole plant is very bitter and is said to have anthelmentic and purgative properties. A portion made of pounded roots and water is used to calm abdominal pains. The leaves and roots are also used as a cure for boils and guinea-worm. It is believed to be an antidote to snake- poison and scorpion bites; the Sudanese wear the plant as a charm to avert scorpion stings, and also rub the charred roots on the site of the sting.

=A. bongoensis= _Engl._

Glaucous twining herb. Leaves cordate, obtuse about 1½ in. long and wide; basal nerves about 8; pet. 1 in. long. Infl. elongated; bracts cordate-ovate, amplexicaul. Flowers not known. Caps. obovoid, about 2 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: near Sabbi).

23 =Pararistolochia triactina= _Hutch._ & _J. M. Dalz._

_Aristolochia triactina_ Hook. f.

Woody climber; stem smooth, shining. Leaves deeply cordate, entire to 3- or obscurely 5-lobed, ¾ in. long and wide; pet. 1-4 in. long. Flowers in short axillary racemes; per.: lower part obliquely ovoid, 1½ in. long, tube curved, 2 in. long, ½ in. diam., ciliate at throat, lobes 3, sub- equal, patent, triangular-caudate, 2 in. long, anthers and stigmas 10. Fruit about 1 ft. long and 1½ in. diam.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).

=HYDNORACEÆ.=

24 =Hydnora sp.= TARTŪS—Arab.

Parasitic, fungus-like plant with a fleshy, warted, subterranean rhizome. Flowers large evil-smelling.

Kassala, Blue Nile & Fung Provinces.

Parasitic on roots of Acacia sp. The rhizomes contain a large percentage of tannin and are used medicinally as an astringent in dysentery and also for tanning skins.

=PIPERACEÆ.=

25 =Piper umbellatum= _Linn._

Erect shrub, 4-5 ft. high; branches jointed at the nodes. Leaves reniform, 3-12 in. across, cuspidate, deeply cordate, basal nerves 11-13; pet. sheathing at base. Umbels of 2-7 spikes on short axillary peduncles. Flowers minute 2-sexual; per. 0; stamens about 3; stigmas 3; fr. trigonous; bracts suborbicular, ciliate.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near Nakofo River).

=P. guineense= _Schum._ & _Thonn._

Stout woody creeper, climbing by means of densely hairy adventitious rootlets. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate to cuneate, 4-5 in. long, glabrous except under the nerves; petals up to ¾ in. Spikes solitary, leaf-opposed, in fruit up to 4 in. long; bracts rotundate, peltate; per. 0; stigmas 3. Fr. globose, mucronate, about ⅙ in. diam.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Deim Guju, Niamniam-land: Rivers Boddo, Atasilli & Kalensho).

=P. capense= _Linn. f._ ADURAKA—Zande.

Erect or climbing shrub; branches swollen at the nodes. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, about 4 in. long, base cordate or rounded, pellucid- dotted, 5-7 nerved, villous beneath on nerves; petals about 1 in. long. Catkins at end of short lateral branches appearing to spring from middle of petiole, about 2 in. long; peduncles about ¾ in. long; bracts peltate; per. 0; stamens 2-3, anther-cells with wide connective stigmas 2, recurved. Fr. obtuse, compressed, sessile.

Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).

26 =Peperomia knoblecheriana= _Schott._

Succulent glabrous annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves, except 2 lowest, alternate, rotundate-ovate, ⅛ in. long, subcordate. Spikes solitary and terminal, lax, ¼ in. long; flowers 8-12; per. 0; stamens 2. Berry subglobose, minute, blackish.

Banks of the Bahr El Jebel (5°-7° Lat. N.).

=PAPAVERACEÆ.=

27 =Argemone mexicana= _Linn._

Herb; leaves prickly; flowers yellow. Capsule with 4-7 placentas, dehiscing at apex into short valves.

Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.

Introduced.

The seeds are acrid and possess emetic and cathartic properties, they are poisonous in large doses. They yield an oil which has been suggested for use in soap-making and as an illuminant, and which has been classed as a drying oil.

=FUMARIACEÆ.=

28 =Fumaria officinalis= _Linn._

Pale, weak annual, with white, rose or purple flowers. Leaves much divided.

White Nile Prov. (probably introduced).

=TURNERACEÆ.=

29 =Wormskioldia lobata= _Urban._

Herb, 18 in.; stems not bristly. Flowers dilute yellow. Petals clawed. Stamens 5, unequal. Capsule linear, almost moniliform. Seeds pitted.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel).

=W. pilosa= _Schwfth._—_W. heterophylla_ Sch. & Thonn.

Stout herb; stems with numerous purplish bristles. Leaves alternate, 4-5 in. long, lanceolate, toothed or pinnately lobed. Peduncles axillary, about 5-flowered. Flowers yellow. Petals clawed. Stamens 5, unequal. Capsule moniliform.

Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).

=CAPPARIDACEÆ.=

30 =Cleome chrysantha= _Dec._ SAFEIRA, ASIN (Dongola)—Arab.

Herb, up to 18 in. high. Leaves simple, oblong to rotundate-ovate. Flowers in axils of upper leaves; stamens 10-14. Capsule oval-oblong, about ¼ in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.); Halfa Prov.; Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Berber Desert & Wadi Aros).

=C. scaposa= _DC._

Hispid herb; flowers small. Leaves simple ovate to orbicular or cordate. Stamens 6. Capsule linear, up to 1½ in. long. Seeds minutely pitted.

Nubia (between Suakin & Berber at Wadi Omarig); Red Sea Prov. (sea coast 22° Lat. N., J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Khartoum Prov. (J. Royan).

=C. monophylla= _Linn._ LISAN EL TEIR (Meshra El Zeraf—Arab; AKIA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.

Erect herb, up to 2 ft. high. Flowers deep violet; pod on short gynophore, linear, cylindrical, straight. Leaves simple, lanceolate. Stamens 6.

Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza and J. Kurbaj); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé); Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).

=C. arabica= _Linn._

Erect scabrous herb; leaves 3-foliolate. Racemes leafy; stamens 5-6. Capsule linear-oval, pendulous.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov.; throughout Libya and the Sudan.

=C. tenella= _Linn. f._

Glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-fol., leaflets filiform. Stamens 6.

Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov.

=C. brachycarpa= _Vahl._ ABULIKEITA (N. Kordn.)—Arab; BERBA’A (Port Sudan), & BERBERAN—Hadendowa.

Low herb, 4-8 in. high; leaves 1-5 fol. Stamens 6 (one sometimes imperfect). Capsule elliptical, about ¼ in. long.

Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.: at Ras Renai, near Saltpans); Kordofan Prov. (at Helba & Hadfia).

=C. viscosa= _Linn._ RIHAN (Meshra El Zeraf), KOWAL (Blue Nile)—Arab.

Glandular pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-5 fol. Flowers yellow. Pod without gynophore, linear, cylindrical.

Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Barkin)

The seeds are used for removing impurities from the eyes. (Similar to No. 37 below.)

=C. polyanthera= _Schwfth._ & _Gilg._

A slender branched herb with digitate leaves and 3 linear leaflets. Flowers pink or white in lax racemes on very slender pedicels. Fruits linear, stipitate, 2 in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Jur-land: Gir and between Agada & Kutshuk Ali).

=C. niamniamensis= _Schwfth._ & _Gilg._

Similar to above but dwarfer. Flowers subsolitary and fruits only ½ in. long.

Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Gumango Hills on gneiss).

=C. paradoxa= _R. Br._ NA’ANAA & MUFRAK EL ROWAIR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.

Erect shrubby plant, 2-3 ft. high; leaves 3-6 fol.; corolla bright yellow or rose. Capsule linear, 4 in. long.

Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat & 21° N. Lat.); Kassala Prov. (J. Erimbat, Goz Regeb); Between Suakin & Berber; Kordofan Prov.

=C. diandra= _Burch._

Glabrous or thin-glandular herb; leaves 3, 5 or 7 fol.; leaflets narrow. Perfect stamens 2. Capsule narrow linear, 2-3 in. long.

Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.

=C. Hanburyana= _Penzig._

A rank herb; stems covered with gland-tipped hairs; leaflets 5, glabrescent, gradually changing into bracts: flowers pink, racemose- corymbose. Fruits 3½ in. long, glandular-puberulous.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).

=C. cf. C. Hanburyana= _Penzig._

Similar to above but much more pubescent.

Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).

31 =Gynandropsis gynandra= _(L.) Briq._ TAMALEIKA—Arab; AKAKI—Dinka; KURE—Zande.

Erect herb; leaves 5-fol.; flowers white or purplish; stamens long, inserted on the gynophore. Pod linear, slightly curved, 2-3 in. long.

Berber, Bahr el Ghazal, Khartoum, Kassala, Red Sea, Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.

The seeds are anthelmintic, and together with the leaves, are used in native medicine. The plant is also eaten as a vegetable.

32 =Dipterygium glaucum= _Dec._ SAFEIRA—Arab; WAKERIS-HAQ—Hadendowa; ZEIBUG—Rashida.

Shrubby herb. Leaves small, oblong or ovate; capsule elliptical, with a membranous wing, 1-seeded, strongly reticulate.

Nubia; Berber Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber; Kassala Prov.

A camel fodder plant.

33 =Cratæva Adansonii= _DC._ DABKAR & UM BUKHEISA—Arab; KLIEH (J. Eliri) & BURURU (Kadugli)—Nuba; TIFTA—Bari; BIUT (Renk), KAI (Kaka), KAT, KAIT, KIT or KOG (Mongalla)—Dinka; ABUDEH—Shilluk; AGAILI—Hameg; KÄICH—Nuer.

Small to large tree. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers white, scented, with long purple stamens. Fruit a globose berry, about 2 in. in diameter, on thickened gynophore.