Chapter II: Part 2

[4] spreading = and spread; as it were, +gleichsam+.

[5] ‘every — hedge’, say ‘hedges and trees’.

[6] +wirklich+; as — only, +als hätte die Natur ihnen nur das Dasein verliehen+.

[7] ‘Yet — tree’, say ‘They are however the lovely messengers (+Vorboten+) of a fruitful (+fruchtreich+) tree’.

[8] solemn lesson, +ernste Wahrheit+.

[9] that — perish, +daß alles Schöne auf Erden der Vergänglichkeit geweiht ist+.

[10] ‘and — grave’, say ‘and like the blossoms must (App. § 18) glide (+sinken+) into an early grave’.

_Section 24._

THE WINKING[1] EYELID.

The[2] object of winking is a very important one. An outside[3] window soon (S. 5, N. 2) gets soiled[4] and dirty, and a careful shopkeeper[5] cleans his windows every morning. But our eye-windows must[6] never have so much as a speck or spot upon them; and the winking eyelid[7] is the busy apprentice who, not once a day, but[8] all the day, keeps the living glass[9] clean; so that, after all[10], we are little worse off than the fishes, who[11] bathe their eyes and wash their faces every moment.—PROF. G. WILSON.

[1] +Das Öffnen und Schließen der Augenlider.+

[2] ‘The — one’, say ‘The opening and closing of the eyelid (pl.) is of great importance.

[3] outside window = street window.

[4] +trübe.+

[5] +Ladenhüter+; supply the adv. ‘therefore’ after the verb ‘cleans’, and place the object last of all.

[6] ‘must — them’, say ‘must (+dürfen+) never suffer (+erleiden+) even (+selbst+) the smallest speck, the least dimness (+Trübung+).

[7] +das sich öffnende und schließende Augenlid+; ‘apprentice’, here +Ladenbursche+.

[8] but — day, +nein, den ganzen Tag hindurch+.

[9] +Augenglas.+

[10] +genau betrachtet+; the subject should be placed immediately after the conjunction ‘that’; little = not much; to be badly off, +schlimm daran sein+.

[11] who — moment, +welche Augen und Gesicht jeden Augenblick baden und waschen+.

_Section 25._

A GOOD EXAMPLE.

It is reported that, one day (S. 19, N. 2), the[1] two great philosophers Aristippus[2] and Æschines had fallen at variance[3]. The[4] following day, however, Aristippus came to[5] Æschines, and said: “Shall[6] we be friends?” “Yes, with[7] all my heart!” answered Æschines. “Remember[8],” continued Aristippus, that[9] though I am your elder, yet I sought for peace. “True[10],” replied Æschines, “and for this[11] I will always acknowledge you to be the more worthy man, for[12] I began the strife, and you the peace.”—REV. J. BURROUGHS.

[1] Place the subject immediately after the conj. ‘that’.

[2] +~Aristippus~ aus Cyrene wurde (380 v. Chr.) Stifter der cyrenaischen Philosophenschule, welche die Lehre aufstellte, daß das höchste Glück des Menschen im sinnlichen und geistigen Vergnügen zu suchen sei. Aristippus war ein Zeitgenosse des Socrates und der einzige Philosoph seiner Zeit, der sich seine Vorträge mit Geld bezahlen ließ. ~Äschines~ war ein Nebenbuhler und Gegner des Demostenes, wurde (389 v. Chr.) zu Athen geboren, lebte später zu Rhodus und siedelte endlich nach Samos über, wo er (314 v. Chr.) starb.+

[3] to fall at variance, +sich überwer´fen+.

[4] The = On the; however, +jedoch+, which must not be placed between commas.

[5] Use here the def. art. contracted with the prep. +zu+ into +zum+, for: =The def. art. is often used to mark the Gen. Dat. and Acc. of proper names.=

[6] Shall = Will.

[7] +von ganzem Herzen!+

[8] +Erinnere dich daran.+

[9] Say ‘that I have sought for peace, although I am the elder’; to seek for peace, +um den Frieden nach´suchen+.

[10] Say ‘That is true’.

[11] +deshalb+, adv. (App. § 14). He acknowledged you to be the more worthy man (of us two), +Er erkannte dich ~als~ den Würdigeren von uns beiden an+; construe according to this example, and supply the expletive ‘auch’ after the object ‘you’.

[12] +denn ich war der erste zum Streit, und du zum Frieden.+

_Section_ 26.

DESCRIPTION OF A GLACIER.

I must now explain to you[1] what a glacier is. You see before you[2] thirty or forty mountain-peaks, and between these peaks what[3] seem to you frozen rivers. The snow, from[4] time to time melting and dripping down the sides of the mountain, and congealing in the elevated hollows between the peaks, forms a half-fluid mass, a river of ice[5], which is called (S. 4, N. 4) _a_ glacier. As[6] the whole mass lies upon a slanting surface, and is not entirely solid throughout, it[7] is continually pushing, with a gradual but imperceptible motion, down[8] into the valley below.—MRS. BEECHER STOWE.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[2] Place the words ‘before you’ after the object.

[3] +glaubst du zu Eis erstarrte Flüsse zu erblicken.+

[4] which (App. § 16) from time to time melts, drips down on the mountain-sides (+Bergabhänge+), and congeals (+gefrieren+), etc., see S. 16, N. 4. Supply the adverb wieder before the verb ‘congeals’. The elevated hollow, +die höher gelegene Felsspalte+.

[5] +Eisstrom+, m.

[6] As = Since, +da+ (App. § 16); to be entirely solid throughout, +durch und durch fest sein+.

[7] it — pushing, +so senkt sie sich fortwährend+; with a ... but, +mit einer zwar ... doch+.

[8] down — below, +in das unten liegende Thal hinab+.

_Section 27._

WITHOUT[1] PAINS NO GAINS.

It was one of the characteristic qualities of Charles James Fox[2], that[3] he was thoroughly pains-taking in all that he did. When[4] appointed Secretary of State, being[5] piqued at some observation as to his bad writing, he actually took[6] a writing-master, and wrote copies like a schoolboy until he had sufficiently improved himself. Though[7] a corpulent man, he[8] was wonderfully active at picking up tennis-balls, and[9] when asked how he contrived to do so, he playfully replied: “Because[10] I am a very pains-taking man.” The same accuracy which he bestowed upon trifling matters[11], was displayed by him in things of greater importance; and[12] he acquired his reputation by “neglecting nothing.”—S. SMILES.

[1] +Ohne Mühe kein Gewinn.+

[2] +Ich möchte vorschlagen zu übersetzen+: ‘of the famous Ch. J. Fox’, +weil dadurch das Verhältnis des Genitivs ganz klar ausgedrückt wird. ~Charles James Fox~ (1749-1806) ward schon 1768 Mitglied des Unterhauses, 1772 Lord des Schatzes, und bildete 1783 mit North und Portland ein Ministerium, welches jedoch bald dem Ministerium Pitt weichen mußte. Er begann darauf mit Burke und andern eine großartige parlamentarische Opposition gegen Pitt und kämpfte von 1792-97 fast allein gegen eine starke Majorität. Im Jahre 1806, kurz vor seinem Tode, wurde er mit Granville nochmals ans Staatsruder berufen.+

[3] +daß er sich in allem, was er that, die größte Mühe gab.+

[4] When he was appointed (see N. 7). The verbs +~machen~+ (to make), +~ernennen~+ (to appoint), and +~erwählen~+ (to choose, to elect), and other =verbs denoting choosing or appointing=, require in German the prep. +zu+ contracted with the def. art., whilst in English they govern _two_ Nominatives in the Passive Voice; as—

+Der Freund meines Vaters ist zum Abgeordneten ~erwählt
worden~.+

My father’s friend has been elected a member of Parliament.

[5] being — writing. This clause must be rendered in an altogether different form; let us say ‘and felt hurt by an observation as to (+über+) his bad hand-writing’. To feel hurt by something, +sich durch etwas verletzt fühlen+. The p. p. must be placed?

[6] ‘to take’, here +engagie´ren+; ‘actually’, here +faktisch+ (see App. § 15); to write copies, +sich im Schönschreiben üben+; improved himself = improved his hand-writing.

[7] Though he was. Grammatical distinctness, as a rule, requires that the =subject and copula=, which after certain conjunctions are so frequently omitted in English, =should be clearly expressed in German=.

[8] When a subordinate clause, beginning with one of the conjunctions +~da~+, +~obgleich~+, +~weil~+, and +~wenn~+, precedes a principal clause, which is often done for the sake of emphasis, the =principal clause= is generally =introduced by= the adverbial conjunction +=so=+ (so, thus, therefore); as—

+~Da~ es regnet, ~so~ können+ (App. § 15) +wir nicht ausgehen.+

As it is raining, we cannot go out.

‘He — balls’, +so war er im Auffangen der Bälle beim Tennisspiele doch merkwürdig gewandt+.

[9] ‘and — so’, say ‘and when (S. 18, N. 6) one asked him how he did (+machen+) it’. The verb +machen+ should be used in the Pres. Subj., since the clause contains an indirect question (App. §§ 28 and 30). Playfully, +scherzend+.

[10] +Weil ich mir stets die größte Mühe gebe.+

[11] trifling matters, +Kleinigkeiten+; ‘was — importance’, say ‘he showed also in more important matters’ (+Angelegenheiten+).

[12] and — nothing, +und er erwarb sich seinen Ruf dadurch, daß er nichts für zu gering erachtete+.

_Section 28._

THE MAGNA CHARTA[1].

The great-grandsons of[2] those who had fought under William, and the great-grandsons of those who had fought under Harold, began to[3] draw near to each other in friendship, and the first pledge of their reconciliation was the[4] Great Charter, won[5] by their united exertions, and framed for their common benefit. Here commences the history of the English nation. The history of the preceding events[6] is the history of wrongs inflicted[7] and sustained by various tribes, which, indeed[8], all dwelt on English ground, but[9] which regarded each other with aversion such as[10] has scarcely ever existed between communities separated[11] by physical barriers.—MACAULAY, HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

[1] +Die ‘Magna Charta’ ist der am 19ᵗᵉⁿ Juni 1215 dem König Johann ohne Land abgerungene Staatsgrundvertrag, welcher als Grundlage der englischen Verfassung gilt.+

[2] ‘of those — Harold’. These two clauses are best rendered in a contracted form, thus: ‘of the men who had fought under W. and H.’

[3] to draw near to each other, +sich einander nähern+; in friendship, +freundschaftlich+, adv.

[4] +die Magna Charta.+

[5] The two clauses containing the two p. ps. must be turned into one contracted relative clause, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, _B._ Use the verbs in the Impf. of the Passive Voice. To frame, +entwerfen+.

[6] +Ereignis+, n.

[7] The two p. ps. qualifying ‘wrongs’ (+Unbilden+) should be placed before that noun, as explained in S. 7, N. 3, _A_; of, +von+; to inflict, +verüben+; to sustain, +erleiden+; by — tribes, +verschiedener Volksstämme+.

[8] +zwar+; on = upon; ground = soil.

[9] but — aversion = but (+jedoch+) showed such an aversion against one another. =The Article=, when used in connection with adjectives and adverbs, stands in German generally before those words: such _an_ aversion, +~einen solchen~ Widerwillen+. Since the clause to be translated is in reality but a part of the preceding relative clause, which it completes, the verb must be placed?

[10] such as, +wie+, after which supply the pron. +er+, to give more distinctness to the rendering; to exist, +bestehen+; communities = nations.

[11] +welche durch natürliche Grenzen von einander getrennt sind.+

_Section 29._

HONESTY.

Mr.[1] Denham had been in business at Bristol, had failed[2], compounded, and gone[3] to America. There[4], by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquired a plentiful[5] fortune in _a_ few years. Returned[6] to England, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thanked them for the easy[7] terms (S. 16, N. 10) they had favoured[8] him with, and, though the guests had expected nothing but a good treat, every[9] man, at the first remove, found to his astonishment a cheque under his plate for[10] the full amount of the unpaid remainder, with interest.—DR. B. FRANKLIN.

[1] ‘Mr. — Bristol’, translate ‘Mr. D. had had a business at (+in+) B.’, and place the object after the adverbial circumstance of place.

[2] to fail (in business) +fallieren+; to compound, +accordieren+. Verbs from the Latin with the termination +~ieren~+ do not admit of the prefix or augment +~ge~+ in the Past Participle, but follow in all other respects the weak or modern form of conjugation.

[3] Say ‘and was gone to America’. The verb +~gehen~+ is always construed with +=sein=+, which auxiliary is especially =used with Intransitive Verbs= denoting a Passive State of the subject, a change from one State into another, or a Motion, if the place to which the motion is directed, or from which it proceeds, is either expressed or understood.

[4] The words ‘he acquired’ (+erlangen+) should, in an inverted form (App. § 14), follow the adverb ‘There’; ‘by — merchant’, +durch unablässige kaufmännische Thätigkeit+.

[5] plentiful = great. For the position of the object see App. § 9.

[6] +Nach England zurückgekehrt+; entertainment = meal; at which, +wobei+.

[7] +bequem+; terms, +Bedingungen+.

[8] to favour a person with something, +einem etwas gewähren+ (v. tr.); nothing but, +nur+; treat, +Schmaus+, m.

[9] every — plate, +fand doch ein jeder nach dem ersten Gange zu seinem Erstaunen unter dem Teller einen Wechsel vor+.

[10] for — interest = which was issued (+ausstellen+) for (+auf+) the full amount of the remaining (+rückständig+) debt with (+nebst+) interest.

_Section 30._

FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.

I.

It seems to me, that[1] when the animalcules, which form the corals at the bottom[2] of the ocean, cease to live, their[3] structures adhere to each other, by virtue either of the glutinous remains within, or of some property in salt-water. The interstices being[4] gradually filled up with sand and[5] broken pieces of coral washed by the sea, which also adhere, a mass of rock is at length formed. Future[6] races of these animalcules erect their habitations upon the rising[7] bank, and[8] die, in their turn to elevate this monument of their wonderful labours.

[1] ‘that when the animalcules ... cease to live’. This clause may be briefly rendered by saying: ‘that after the death (+Absterben+, n.) of the animalcules’. To translate the last noun, form a diminutive of +Tier+.

[2] +Meeresboden+, m.

[3] ‘their — salt-water’. Use the following order of words for rendering this passage: ‘their little houses (dim. of +Haus+) either through the in them contained glutinous remains (+Überreste+) or through some (+irgend eine+) property of the salt-water held together are (Pres. of the Passive Voice)’.

[4] When the =Present Participle= is used to denote a =logical cause= from which we may draw an inference, it must, by the help of the conjunction ‘+=da=+’, be changed into a finite verb, i.e. one with a personal termination, thus:—

The interstices being _gradually filled up_ with sand, a mass
of rock is at length formed.

+Da nun die Zwischenräume allmählich mit Sand ~ausgefüllt
werden~, so wird aus dem Ganzen endlich eine Felsenmasse
gebildet.+

The tense in which the verb is to be used, must always be determined by the context.

[5] and — sea, +und mit vom Meere herangespülten zerbröckelten Korallen+; it is a matter of course that the verbs must follow this passage.

[6] The following generations.

[7] ‘to rise’, here +sich erheben+. Present Participles used attributively are inflected like adjectives. Bank = reef.

[8] ‘and die — labours’, translate ‘and die to (S. 19, N. 7) contribute also in their turn (+ihrerseits+) to the elevation (+Erhöhung+, f.) of this monument of their admirable work (+Arbeit+, f.)’.

_Section 31._

FORMATION OF A CORAL-ISLAND.

II.

The[1] new bank is not long in being visited by sea-birds. Salt-plants[2] take root upon it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_), and[3] a soil is being formed. A cocoa-nut, or the[4] drupe of a pandanus is thrown on[5] shore. Land-birds visit it[6] and deposit the seeds of shrubs and trees. Every high tide, and still more[7] every gale, adds something to the bank. The[8] form of an island is gradually assumed, and last of all[9] comes man (S. 3, N. 2) to (S. 19, N. 7) take possession.—M. FLINDERS.

[1] The new coral-reef is (S. 2, N. 1) now soon visited by (+von+) sea-birds.

[2] Sea-plants; to take = to strike.

[3] +und so bildet sich eine Erdschicht.+

[4] +die Frucht einer Panane. Die Panane+ (Pandanus) +ist eine Art Palme und wird auch Pandang+ (m.) +oder Palmnußbaum genannt.+

[5] +an+, contracted with the def. art.

[6] it = the same, to agree with its antecedent ‘shore’; to deposit, +zurück´lassen+; seeds, +Same+, m., used in the sing.

[7] still more = especially; adds — bank, +trägt etwas zur Vergrößerung des Riffs bei+.

[8] The latter (+dieses+) gradually assumes (+an´nehmen+) the form of an island. The adv. ‘gradually’ may be made emphatic; see App. § 14.

[9] +zuletzt+; ‘to — possession’ = to take possession of the same.

_Section 32._

REYNARD[1] CAUGHT.

A fox observed[2] some fowls at roost, and wished to[3] gain access to them by smooth speeches. “I have charming news[4] to tell you,” he[5] said. “The animals have concluded[6] an agreement of universal peace with one another. Come down and celebrate[7] with me this decree[8].” An old cock, who was well on his guard, looked[9] cautiously all around, and the fox, perceiving (S. 16, N. 4) this, inquired[10] the reason. “I was only observing[11] those two dogs which are coming this way[12],” replied the cock. Reynard prepared[13] to set off. “What[14],” cried the cock, “have not the animals concluded an agreement of universal peace?” “Yes,” returned the fox, “but those dogs (S. 5, N. 2) perhaps have not yet[15] heard of it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_).”—ANONYMOUS.

[1] +Der überlistete Reineke+ (or +Reinhard+).

[2] to observe = to see; at roost, +auf ihrer Stange sitzen+.

[3] to — speeches, +durch glatte Worte ihrer habhaft zu werden+.

[4] charming news = something pleasant. To render ‘you’ use the dat. of the persnl. pron. of the 2nd pers. pl. For the construction see App. § 7.

[5] The words indicating the speaker, =after a quotation=, must be rendered in an =inverted form= (see App. § 13).

[6] to conclude, +ab´schließen+, str. v. tr.; the agreement of universal peace, +der allgemeine Friedensvertrag+; to come down, +herun´terkommen+; supply the adv. +also+ between the verb and the separable particle.

[7] +feiern.+

[8] +Beschluß+, m.

[9] to look all around, +sich nach allen Seiten um´sehen+.

[10] to inquire the reason, +sich nach der Ursache erkundigen+.

[11] =I was observing= = I observed (+beobachten+). =Which are coming= = which come. The English compound forms of the verb with the auxiliary and the present participle, and of the verb ‘to do’ with the infinitive (=I do come= = I come. =I did come= = I came), must be rendered by the corresponding simple forms.

[12] +dieses Weges+.

[13] +sich zum Davonlaufen bereit machen.+

[14] +Wie+.

[15] ‘not yet’, here +noch nichts+.

_Section 33._

THE[1] MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF CHARLES II.

I.

Heavy articles[2] were (S. 2, N. 1) in the time of Charles II generally conveyed from place to place by waggons[3]. The[4] expense of transmitting them was[5] enormous. From London to[6] Birmingham the charge was £7 a[7] ton, and from London to Exeter £12, which[8] is a third more than was afterwards charged[9] on turnpike-roads, and fifteen times more than is now demanded by[10] railway companies. Coal[11] was seen only in districts where it was produced[12], or[13] to which it could be carried by sea, and[14] was, indeed, always known in the South of England by the name of sea-coal.

[1] +Die Beförderungsmittel zur Zeit Karls des Zweiten.+

[2] objects.

[3] +Lastwagen+, which place after ‘generally’.

[4] ‘The — them’, may be briefly rendered by the compound noun ‘Die Transportkosten’. It may here be pointed out that the German language lends itself more easily than any other living language to the formation of =compound expressions=. Many advantages result from this adaptability of the language to express in one single term which, otherwise, would require a number of words; but the greatest of these advantages seems to me to lie in the power it gives us to avoid the too frequent use of the Genitive, a power which, if rightly wielded, will impart great vigour, conciseness, and elegance to the student’s style of writing.

[5] were extraordinary high (+groß+).

[6] +nach+; ‘charge’, here +Fracht+, f.; ‘to be’, here +betragen+; £7, +sieben ~Pfund~ Sterling+.

[7] =The def. art. is used in stating the price of goods=, when the English use the indef. art.; as—

+Dieser Kattun kostet fünfzig Pfennige ~die~ Elle.+

This cotton is sixpence _a_ yard. (10 pfennigs = 1⅕_d._)

[8] The pron. ‘=which=’ referring to a whole clause, and not to a particular word in that clause, should be rendered by the indef. rel. pron. =was=; as—

She acted without thinking about the consequences, _which_ was
very wrong.

+Sie handelte, ohne über die Folgen nachzudenken, ~was~ sehr
unrecht war.+

[9] +berechnen+; turnpike-road, +Chaussee+, f.

[10] +von+, followed by the def. art.; to demand, +beanspruchen+.

[11] +Steinkohlen+, used in the pl. without the art. Use the active voice with man, S. 4, N. 4.

[12] +gewinnen+.

[13] or — sea, +oder wohin sie verschifft werden konnten+.

[14] Say ‘and it was (+sie wurden+) in the South of England therefore (+daher auch+) only called sea-coal (+Schiffskohlen+)’.

_Section 34._

THE[1] MEANS OF CONVEYANCE IN THE TIME OF CHARLES II.

II.

The rich[1] (S. 5, N. 2) commonly travelled in[2] their own iron carriages with at least four horses. A[3] coach and six is in our time never seen, except as part of some procession. The frequent mention, therefore, of such equipages[4] in old books is likely to mislead us. We[5] attribute to magnificence what was really[6] the effect of[7] disagreeable necessity. People[8] in the time of Charles II travelled with six horses, because[9] with a smaller number there was danger of sticking[10] fast in the mire.—_Abridged from_ MACAULAY’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

[1] =Adjectives used as nouns= are declined as they would be if the noun, which is understood, were to follow them. They are always written with a capital initial.

[2] +in ihren eigenen mit wenigstens vier Pferden bespannten eisernen Kutschen.+

[3] ‘A — seen’. This clause must be construed thus: ‘Except (+Außer+) in processions a coach and six (+eine sechsspännige Kutsche+, see App. § 14) is now never seen’. Supply the words ‘+bei uns+’ before the p. p.

[4] +Staatsfuhrwerke+; therefore ... is likely to mislead us = can therefore easily mislead (+irre führen+) us. The object ‘us’ must be placed immediately after the copula ‘can’.

[5] +Wir schreiben der Prachtliebe zu.+

[6] really = in reality; ‘effect’, here = consequence.

[7] Say ‘of a’.

[8] One (S. 5, N. 2).

[9] because ... there was danger, +weil man ... Gefahr lief+; ‘small’, here +gering+.

[10] to stick fast, +stecken bleiben+. Use the Supine, for: When the =English Gerund= (i.e. the verbal in -ing) is governed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective, it is generally rendered by the =Supine=. Comp. S. 78, N. 14. Examples:

He possesses the _gift of speaking_ well.

+Er besitzt die Gabe gut ~zu sprechen~.+

Do not begin _talking_!

+Fangen Sie nicht an ~zu sprechen~!+

_Section 35._

SIR[1] WILLIAM HERSCHEL.

When[2] pursuing his musical avocations in the pump-room at Bath, Sir William Herschel had a small workshop close[3] at hand, and when (S. 18, N. 6) the[4] exacting loungers in the pump-room admitted of a pause in the music, he slipped off[5] to (S. 19, N. 7) complete the polishing of a speculum[6], or the grinding[7] of a lens. Scarcely, however, had he heard the signal[8], when[9] he was ready to snatch up his instrument and[10] to be the first in the orchestra. Thus[11] he gathered up the fragments of time, and this made (S. 27, N. 4) him at last the friend of monarchs[12], and the first[13] of astronomers.—REV. DR. LEITCH.

[1] +~Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel~ (später =Sir William Herschel=) wurde am 15ᵗᵉⁿ Nov. 1738 in Hannover geboren. Er kam als Musiker nach England, beschäftigte sich jedoch in seinen Mußestunden eingehend mit der Astronomie, welcher er sich endlich ganz widmete. Er entdeckte mit selbst verfertigten Spiegelteleskopen von bis dahin unbekannter Größe den Uranus, zwei Saturnsmonde, zahlreiche Doppelsterne, Sternhaufen und Nebelflecken, und lieferte höchst wichtige Beobachtungen über die Planeten. Diese Entdeckungen, welche der Welt durch die von der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften veröffentlichten Journale mitgetheilt wurden, machten ihn bald zum berühmten Manne. Er wurde von dem Könige Georg III zum königlichen Astronomen ernannt und genoß Ehre, Ruhm und Wohlstand, als er am 25ˢᵗᵉⁿ Aug. 1822 zu Slough bei Windsor starb. Es ist unmöglich, hier nicht auch zugleich seiner geliebten Schwester ~Karoline~ zu gedenken, welche mit seltener Hingebung sich den Bestrebungen und Arbeiten des älteren Bruders anschloß und so nicht wenig zu den glänzenden Erfolgen dieses großen und höchst merkwürdigen Mannes beitrug. Sie starb im Jahre 1848 in ihrer Vaterstadt Hannover. Ihre unlängst veröffentlichten Memoiren und Briefe verdienen im höchsten Grade das allgemeine Interesse, welches sie nicht allein in Deutschland, sondern auch in England hervorgerufen haben.+

[2] This passage requires a different construction in German, thus: ‘When Sir W. H. was still officiating (+fungie´ren+, see S. 32, N. 11) in the pump-room (+Trinkhalle+) at Bath as _a_ member of the band (+Kapelle+), he had’, etc.

[3] close at hand, +ganz in der Nähe+, which place before the object.

[4] +die vielbegehrenden Müßiggänger+; to admit of something, +etwas gestatten+, w. v. tr.

[5] +hinaus´schlüpfen+.

[6] +Spiegel+, m.

[7] +Schleifen+, n.

[8] +das Zeichen zum Anfangen+.

[9] when — ready, +so war er auch schon bereit+; to snatch up, +ergreifen+, see S. 1, N. 2.

[10] and — first = and as the first to take (+ein´nehmen+) his place.

[11] Thus — time = Thus (+So+, adv.) he used every spare-moment; the spare-moment, +der freie Augenblick+.

[12] ‘monarch’, here +Fürst+.

[13] +zum ersten Astronomen seiner Zeit.+

_Section 36._

THE[1] AIR-OCEAN.

I.

Enveloping[2] this solid globe of ours are two oceans, one[3] partial, and the other universal. _There is_ the[4] ocean of water, which has[5] settled down into all _the_ depressions[6] of the earth’s surface[7], leaving[8] dry above it all the high lands, as mountain-ranges, continents, and islands; and[9] _there is_ an ocean of air, which enwraps[10] the whole in one transparent mantle.

Through[11] the bosom of that ocean, like fishes with their fins (App. § 14), birds[12] and other winged creatures swim; whilst man[13] and other mammalia creep like[14] crabs at the bottom of this aerial sea[15].

[1] +Das Luftmeer.+

[2] Say ‘Two oceans envelop (+umgeben+) our solid globe (+Erdkugel+).

[3] the one partial (+teilweise+) and the other universal (+ganz+). The subsequent sentence is best introduced by a colon (:), which we use to direct attention to what is following. The words ‘_There is_’ must then be omitted.

[4] +das Weltmeer.+

[5] ‘which — all’, say ‘which fills (+erfüllen+) all’.

[6] +Vertiefung+, f.

[7] To render ‘of the earth’s surface’, form a compound noun by combining the corresponding German terms of the nouns ‘earth’ and ‘surface’.

_A._ When the component parts of =Compound Nouns= are substantives, we combine them often without any connecting link; as—+das Lasttier+, beast of burden; +das Stadtviertel+, the quarter of a town, ward.

_B._ Neither do we require a connecting link for the formation of =Compound Nouns= the first component of which is an adjective or a particle; as—+die Großmutter+, grandmother; +das Unglück+, misfortune; +der Urquell+, fountain-head.

_C._ The =Gender of Compound Nouns= (with the exception of a few compounds with +Mut+, m.) is determined by the last component, which is always a noun.

[8] ‘leaving — islands’. This passage may be rendered thus: ‘so that all _the_ high lands (+Erhöhungen+), as (+wie+) mountain-ranges, etc. ... rise dry above the same; to rise, +sich erheben+.

[9] +und das Luftmeer.+

[10] +umhül´len+; say ‘the whole globe’ (+Kugel+, f.); ‘in’, here +mit+.

[11] In this ocean of air.

[12] Since the four subsequent nouns in this passage represent a whole class, the def. art. is required before each (S. 3, N. 2).

[13] Use this noun in the plural, since the noun with which it is connected by the conj. ‘and’ stands in the same number.

[14] +gleich Krebsen+; to creep, +umher kriechen+. The word ‘whilst’ being a subordinative conj., the verb must be placed?

[15] +Luftmeer+.

_Section 37._

THE AIR-OCEAN.

II.

The air-ocean, which everywhere[1] surrounds the earth, and feeds and maintains it, is even[2] more simple, more grand, and more majestic than the[3] ‘world of waters’; more[4] varied and changeful in its moods of storm and calm, of ebb and flow, of brightness and gloom. The[5] atmosphere is, indeed, a wonderful thing, a most perfect example of the economy of nature. Deprived of[6] air, no animal would live, no plant _would_ grow, no flame _would_ burn, no[7] light _would_ be diffused. The[8] air, too, is the sole medium of sound. Without it, mountains might[9] fall, but[10] it would be in perfect silence. Neither whisper[11] nor thunders[12] would[13] ever be heard.—MAURY, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA.

[1] Place the adverb before the verb.

[2] +sogar noch.+

[3] +jene mächtige Wasserwelt+, after which put a full stop and begin a new sentence.

[4] This passage may be construed thus: ‘It offers a greater variety (+Mannigfaltigkeit+) and changeableness in the transitions from storm to (+zu+) calm, from ebb to flow, and from light to gloom (+Dunkel+, n.)’. The article (which, if practicable, should be contracted with the preceding preposition) must be used with the last six nouns, see S. 3, N. 2.

[5] +Der Luftkreis ist in der That höchst wunderbar und gewährt ein vollendetes Beispiel von dem haushälterischen Wesen der Natur.+

[6] Without (App. § 14); would = could, Impf. Subj.

[7] +und kein Licht sich verbrei´ten.+

[8] Also (def. art.) sound can only be transmitted (+fort´pflanzen+) through the air.

[9] might = could; to fall, +ein´stürzen+.

[10] Say ‘and yet the prevailing silence would not be interrupted’.

[11] +leises Geflüster+, acc.

[12] +lauten Donner+, acc.

[13] ‘would — heard’, use the active voice with the indef. pron. man.

_Section 38._

CHEERFUL[1] CHURCH-MUSIC.

When the poet Carpani inquired[2] of his friend Haydn[3] how it happened[4] that his church-music was[5] always so cheerful, the great composer made[6] _the_ following beautiful reply:

“I cannot make it otherwise[7],” said he, “I[8] write according to the thoughts I feel. When[9] I think of God, my heart is so full of joy that (App. § 16) the[10] notes dance and leap, as it were, from my pen; and since God has given me a cheerful heart, it[11] will be pardoned me that[12] I serve him with _a_ cheerful spirit.”—REV. R. K. ARVINE.

[1] +fröhlich.+

[2] inquired of = asked.

[3] +Joseph Haydn (geb. den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ März 1732 zu Rohrau in Östreich, † den 31ˢᵗᵉⁿ Mai 1809 in Wien) bildete sich durch eigenes Studium in der Musik aus und lebte dann namentlich als Kapellmeister des Fürsten Esterhazy in Wien. Er ist der Schöpfer der Symphonie und des Streichquartetts; auch hat er sich durch die Begründung der neueren Instrumentationskunst ein besonderes Verdienst erworben. Seine Werke sind ebenso zahlreich, wie mannigfaltig; durch die beiden Oratorien: ‘Die Schöpfung’ (1799) und ‘die Jahreszeiten’ (1801) hat er jedoch seinen Namen mit ehernen Lettern in die Geschichte der Kunst eingetragen.+

[4] Use the Pres. Subj. of +kommen+, since the clause contains an indirect question; see App. §§ 28 and 30.

[5] was — cheerful, +stets einen so fröhlichen Charakter trage+.

[6] to make a reply, +eine Antwort geben+; ‘beautiful’, here +sinnig+; for the construction see App. § 15.

[7] +anders+; for the place of the negation see App. § 12.

[8] Translate the passage ‘I write — feel’ briefly by saying: ‘I write just as (+so wie+) I feel’, since it would not be in accordance with the genius of the German language to render the sentence in a literal way. (+~Gedanken~ kann man nicht ~fühlen~+.)

[9] +Denke ich an Gott, so ist+, etc.; full of, +voller+.

[10] Construe this clause after the following model:

The notes danced and leapt, as it were, from _his_ pen.

+Die Noten tanzten und hüpften ~ihm~ gleichsam aus ~der~ Feder.+

[11] +so wird man mir hoffentlich verzeihen.+

[12] that = if.

_Section 39._

OUR INDUSTRIAL[1] INDEPENDENCE DEPENDS UPON OURSELVES.

Truer[2] words were never uttered than those spoken by Mr. Dargan, the Irish railway-contractor, at a public meeting in Dublin.

“I have[3] heard a great deal[4],” he said, “about the independence that we are[5] to get from this or that source, yet[6] I have always been deeply impressed with the conviction, that our industrial independence depends upon ourselves. Simple[7] industry and careful exactness would[8] be the making of Ireland. We have, it[9] is true, made a step in advance, but perseverance is[10] indispensably necessary for eventual success.”—S. SMILES.

[1] +industriell+.

[2] A greater truth than that which Mr. D., the Irish railway-contractor (+Eisenbahn-Unternehmer+), spoke (+aus´sprechen+) at (+in+) a public meeting in (+zu+) Dublin, has never been uttered.

[3] The words ‘he said’ should follow here; see S. 32, N. 5.

[4] a great deal = much.

[5] are to get, +erlangen sollen+; for the construction see App. § 16; from, +aus+.

[6] yet I have always had the firm conviction. Render ‘to have’ here by +hegen+.

[7] +schlicht+; ‘industry’, here +Fleiß+, m.; careful, +streng+; exactness, +Pflichterfüllung+, f.

[8] would establish (+begründen+) Ireland’s prosperity (+Wohlstand+, m.).

[9] it is true, +zwar+; see S. 15, N. 3; ‘to make’, here +thun+; in advance, +vorwärts+.

[10] Here follow the words ‘for (+zu+, contracted with the def. art.) eventual (+eventuell+) success’.

_Section 40._

ENGLAND’S[1] TREES.

The principal native[2] trees are the[3] oak, ash, elm, poplar, aspen, birch, larch, alder, hawthorn, hazel, and willow. The beech, maple, horse-chestnut[4], Spanish chestnut[5], walnut[6], sycamore, acacia, weeping willow, cedar, and Lombardy poplar have been introduced.

The moist climate of[7] England is[8] eminently suited to the growth of[9] forest-trees, and we find that in ancient times the larger part of the country presented one[10] vast scene of forest, as[11] the[12] uncleared districts of America do now. The[13] few scattered patches of natural wood which remain, show[14] what was once the character of nearly the whole country.—HEWITT, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

[1] See S. 14, N. 3.

[2] +einheimisch.+

[3] +die Eiche.+ The article is repeated in this passage only when the subsequent noun is of different gender or number from the preceding one.

[4] +die Roßkastanie.+

[5] +die echte Kastanie.+

[6] +der Wallnußbaum.+

[7] +Englands.+

[8] to be suited to a thing, +~einer~ Sache zu´träglich sein+; eminently, +außerordentlich+, which place before ‘+zuträglich+’.

[9] Use the gen. of the def. art. =The definite article= should be used in all cases where an object is individualised or singled out from other objects.

[10] one — forest = an almost uninterrupted scene of forest, +Waldlandschaft+, f.

[11] as ... do now, +wie noch jetzt+.

[12] +die ungelichteten Waldgegenden.+

[13] The — remain, +Die wenigen zerstreut liegenden Überreste natürlicher Gehölze.+

[14] Say ‘show the character which formerly belonged almost to the whole country’.

_Section 41._

THE INDIAN CHIEF[1].

I.

During the war in America, a company[2] _of_ Indians attacked a small body[3] of British troops[4], and defeated[5] them. As[6] the Indians had[7] greatly the advantage in swiftness of foot, and were eager in the pursuit, very few of the English escaped; and those who[8] fell into their hands, were treated with a cruelty of which there[9] are not many examples, even in that country.

Two of the Indians came up[10] to a young officer, and attacked him with great fury. As[6] they were armed with battle-axes, he had no hope of[11] escape. But, just at[12] this crisis, another Indian came up[13], who was advanced in years, and was armed with a bow and arrows. The[14] old man instantly drew his bow; but, after[15] having taken his aim at the officer, he suddenly dropped his arrow, and[16] interposed between the young soldier and his pursuers, who were about[17] to cut him to pieces. The two Indians retired with respect.

[1] +Der Indianerhäuptling.+

[2] +Haufe+, m.

[3] +Schar+, f.

[4] troops = soldiers.

[5] to defeat, +in die Flucht schlagen+.

[6] When the conjunction ‘=as=’ stands for ‘=since=’, it must be rendered by ‘+=da=+’.

[7] had — foot, +den Britten im Laufen bedeutend überlegen waren+; and — pursuit = and eagerly pursued the same. For the following clause see S. 27, N. 8, and say ‘only few of the Britons succeeded to escape (+davon´kommen+)’. I succeed, +es gelingt mir+.

[8] +welche den Indianern in die Hände fielen.+

[9] there are, +es giebt+. The subject ‘+es+’, which must be placed immediately after the relative pronoun, should be followed by the adverbial clause ‘even in that country’.

[10] to come up to a person, +sich einem nähern+.

[11] +auf Rettung.+

[12] at = in; crisis = critical (+entscheidungsvoll+) moment.

[13] to come up = to appear; who — arrows = of advanced (+vorgeschritten+) age and armed with bow and arrows.

[14] +der Alte+; to draw, +spannen+; immediately, +unverzüglich+, which may be emphasized by being placed at the head of the clause (App. § 14).

[15] Say ‘after he had aimed (+zielen+) at (+auf+) the officer’; to drop, +fallen lassen+.

[16] and interposed, +und stellte sich+.

[17] to be about, +im Begriff sein+; to cut to pieces, +zerstückeln+; with respect = respectfully.

_Section 42._

THE INDIAN CHIEF.

II.

The[1] old man then took the officer by the hand, soothed him into confidence by caresses, and, having conducted him to his hut, treated him with a kindness which did honour to his professions[2]. He made (S. 27, N. 4) him less a[3] slave than a[3] companion, taught[4] him the language of the country, and instructed him in[5] the rude arts that were practised by the inhabitants. They[6] lived together in _the_ most perfect harmony, and the young officer, in[7] the treatment he met with, found nothing to regret, but[8] that (App. § 16) sometimes the old man fixed his eyes upon him, regarded[9] him for some minutes with steady and silent attention, and then burst into tears.

[1] Say ‘Hereupon the old man seized the hand of the officer, sought by caresses to gain his (+dessen+) confidence, conducted him to (+in+) his hut, and treated’, etc.

[2] +Versprechung+, f.

[3] his.

[4] The verb +=lehren=+, to teach (old German lêran, Gothic laisjan), etymologically signifies ‘to cause a person to know a thing’. This is the reason that it is in German most generally used with two accusatives: that of the person and that of the thing; as—+Er lehrt mich ~die Landessprache~+, he teaches me the language of the country. +Lehre ~mich Deine Rechte~!+ (Luther.) +Wer hat ~dich solche Streiche~ gelehrt?+ (Uhland.)

[5] in — arts, +in den geringen Geschicklichkeiten+; to practise, +üben+; by, +von+; ‘inhabitants’, here +Eingebornen+.

[6] They = both; together = with one another, which place after ‘harmony’ (+Eintracht+, f.).

[7] in — with, +in der ihm zuteil werdenden Behandlung+. Where must the verb be placed? Supply the word ‘+anderes+’ after ‘nothing’; ‘to regret’, here +beklagen+.

[8] +als.+

[9] Say ‘regarded him silently _for_ a while (App. § 9, _A_) with steady (+unverwandt+) attention’.

_Section 43._

THE INDIAN CHIEF.

III.

In[1] the meantime the spring returned, and the Indians again took the field. The old man, who was still vigorous, and able to bear the fatigues of war[2], set out with them, _and was_ accompanied by his prisoner. They marched above[3] two hundred leagues across the forests, and came at length to[4] a plain, where the British forces[5] were encamped. The old man showed his prisoner the tents at a distance[6]: “There,” said he, “are thy countrymen. There is the enemy who[7] waits to give us battle. Remember[8] that I have saved thy[9] life, that I have taught[10] thee to conduct a canoe, to arm thyself with[11] bow and arrows, and to surprise[12] the beaver in the forest. What wast thou when I first took thee to my hut? Thy hands were those of an infant. They could neither procure[13] thee sustenance nor safety. Thy soul was[14] in utter darkness. Thou wast ignorant of everything. Thou owest all things to me. Wilt thou, then[15], go over to thy nation, and take up the hatchet against us?”

[1] Say ‘Meanwhile it became spring’; to take the field, +ins Feld ziehen+.

[2] +die Kriegsbeschwerden+; ‘to set out’, here +ziehen+.

[3] more than.

[4] to = into.

[5] forces = troops; to encamp, +sein Lager auf´schlagen+.

[6] +von weitem+, which place before the accusative.

[7] who waits, +der darauf lauert+; to give battle = to attack.

[8] +Bedenke.+

[9] _A._ =The definite article= is often used =instead of the possessive adjective pronoun= in cases where the possessor is clearly seen from the context; as—

+Ich habe die Feder in ~der~ Hand.+

I have the pen in _my_ hand.

_B._ =The possessor is often indicated by a personal pronoun in the dative case=; as—

+Ich will ~mir die~ Hände waschen.+

I will wash _my_ hands.

The latter mode of construction must be applied in this case.

[10] ‘I have taught thee to conduct a canoe.’ Read once more S. 42, N. 4, and mark further that: =that which is taught is often expressed in the form of a Supine=, as in this instance.

[11] We say ‘+mit Pfeil und Bogen+’.

[12] +überfal´len+.

[13] +gewäh´ren+; sustenance, +Nahrung+, f.

[14] +lag in Finsternis gehüllt.+

[15] +also+; nation = people; to take up = to seize.

_Section 44._

THE INDIAN CHIEF.

IV.

The officer replied that[1] he would rather lose his own life than take away that of his deliverer. The Indian, bending[2] down his (S. 43, N. 9, _A_) head, _and_ covering his face with both _his_ hands, stood[3] some time silent. Then, looking[4] earnestly at his prisoner, he[5] said, in a voice that was at once softened by tenderness and grief: “Hast thou a father?” “My father,” said the young man, “was[6] alive when I left my country[7].” “Alas!” said[8] the Indian, “how wretched[9] must he be!” He paused[10] a moment, and then added: “Dost thou know that[11] I have been a father? I[12] am a father no more. I saw my son fall in[13] battle. He fought at my side. I saw him expire. He was covered with wounds, when he fell[14] dead at my feet.”

[1] that — deliverer = that he would rather die than kill his deliverer. See App. §§ 28 and 30.

[2] The two Participles in -ing are best rendered by using the Imperfect.

[3] stood — silent, +und stand so eine Weile schweigend da+.

[4] Say ‘Upon this (+Hierauf+) he looked’, etc.

[5] he — grief, +und fragte mit von Zärtlichkeit und Kummer gedämpfter Stimme+.

[6] +war noch am Leben.+

[7] +Heimat+, f.

[8] exclaimed.

[9] unhappy.

[10] +zögern+, i.e. to hesitate.

[11] +daß auch ich einst Vater war?+

[12] Say ‘But now I (App. § 14) am it no more’.

[13] We use here the def. art.

[14] +nie´derfallen.+

_Section 45._

THE INDIAN CHIEF.

V.

He pronounced[1] these words with the utmost vehemence. His[2] body shook with a universal tremour. He[3] was almost stifled with sighs, which[4] he would not suffer to escape him. There[5] was a keen restlessness in the eye, but no tears flowed to[6] his relief. At[7] length he became calm by degrees: and, turning towards the east, where the sun had just risen, “Dost thou see,” said he to the young officer, “the beauty of that sky, which sparkles with prevailing day? and hast thou pleasure in the sight?” “Yes,” replied the[8] young officer, “I have pleasure in the beauty of[9] so fine a sky.” “I have none!” said the Indian, and[10] his tears then found their way.

A few minutes after, he showed the young man a[11] magnolia, in full bloom. “Dost thou see that beautiful tree?” said he, “and dost thou look[12] upon it with pleasure?” “Yes,” replied the officer, “I[13] look with pleasure upon that beautiful tree.” “I have no longer any pleasure in[14] looking upon it!” said the Indian hastily[15], and[16] immediately added: “Go, return to thy father, that[17] he may still have pleasure, when (S. 18, N. 6) he sees the sun rise in[18] the morning, and the trees blossom in the spring!”—WASHINGTON IRVING.

[1] spoke. Begin the clause with ‘These words’ (S. 7, N. 2).

[2] Say ‘A universal tremour shook (+erschüttern+) his body’.

[3] +Er erstickte fast unter den Seufzern.+

[4] Say ‘which he endeavoured (+bemüht sein+) to suppress’.

[5] His eyes (sing.) looked restlessly about.

[6] +zur Linderung seines Schmerzes.+

[7] Say ‘Gradually he became calmer’. The following passage requires altogether a different structure in German. Say ‘He turned towards the east (+sich gen Osten wenden+), where the sun had just risen. “Dost thou see the beauty of the sky, which sparkles (+erglänzen+) with (+von+) the breaking (+an´brechen+) day (+Tageslicht+, n.)? and hast thou pleasure (+Freude+, f.) in (+an+) the sight (+Anblick+, m.)?” he asked the young officer’.

[8] the — officer, +dieser+, to avoid a useless repetition.

[9] of such a (S. 28, N. 9) sky.

[10] ‘and his’, say ‘whose’; found their way, +hervor´brachen+.

[11] +eine in voller Blüte stehende Magnolie.+

[12] ‘to look upon’, here +betrachten+.

[13] Say ‘I rejoice in its splendour’, to avoid monotony. To rejoice in a thing, +sich einer Sache freuen+.

[14] ‘in — it’, may be briefly rendered by ‘in the sight’.

[15] +rasch.+

[16] ‘and — Go’. Begin a new clause here, and say: ‘“Go,” he added (+fügte er dann hinzu+)’.

[17] +auf daß+ (followed by the Pres. Subj. of +haben+).

[18] +des Morgens+, App. § 9. The verb ‘sees’, being the governing verb in both clauses, takes the last place. See App. § 19.

_Section 46._

RICE.

Rice forms the[1] chief subsistance of the people[2] in India, China, Japan, and other eastern[3] countries. Indeed, it supports[4] more persons than any other article of food[5]. In Asia it (S. 2, N. 1) is chiefly cultivated in India, China, and[6] Ceylon; in Europe: in Lombardy[7] (Italy) and Spain; in Africa: in Egypt; in South America: in Brazil; and in North America: in[8] the Carolines and[9] Louisiana. Its[10] cultivation requires an[11] immense quantity of moisture. It[12] grows best in[13] fields which can be inundated. Indeed[14], the fact that it is usually sown upon watery soil makes it probable that the first Verse of the eleventh Chapter in[15] Ecclesiastes refers to Rice. In Egypt, for example, it is always sown while[16] the waters of the Nile cover the land, and when the floods subside[17], (S. 27, N. 8) it is deposited[18] in the mud. A strong spirit[19], called arrack, is distilled from[20] rice, and[21] the straw is used for making plait for hats and bonnets.—NELSON’S READERS.

[1] +das hauptsächlichste Nahrungsmittel.+

[2] Say ‘of the inhabitants of India (+Indiens+)’, etc.

[3] +orientalisch.+

[4] +ernähren.+

[5] +Nahrungsartikel+, m.

[6] Supply here the prep. +auf+, which should always be used to render the English ‘in’ before names of islands.

[7] +in der Lombardei.+

[8] +auf den Karolinen.+

[9] Supply the prep. +in+.

[10] +Der Reisbau+, i.e. the cultivation of rice.

[11] an — of = extraordinary much.

[12] The noun ‘rice’ must here be repeated, since the pron. ‘+er+’ would refer to ‘+Reisbau+’.

[13] +auf.+

[14] +Ja, die Thatsache, daß+, etc.

[15] +im Prediger Salomonis+; to refer to something, +sich auf etwas beziehen.+ The above mentioned passage reads as follows: ‘Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days’.

[16] Say ‘when the land is still covered by (+von+) the waters of the Nile’.

[17] +sich zurück´ziehen+, i.e. withdraw.

[18] +sich ab´lagern+ (see S. 4, N. 4, _A_); ‘mud’, here +Schlamm+, m.

[19] +Spiritus+, m.

[20] +aus.+

[21] and — bonnets, +und das Stroh gebraucht man zur Anfertigung von Männer- und Frauenhüten+.

_Section 47._

THE WHITE SHIP.

(A.D. 1120.)

I.

King Henry I went[1] over to Normandy with his son Prince (S. 10, N. 2) William and a great retinue, to have the prince acknowledged[2] as his successor by the Norman nobles, and to contract[3] the promised marriage between him and the daughter of the count of Anjou. When both[4] these things had been done with great show[5] and rejoicing, the whole retinue prepared[6] _to embark_ for the voyage home.

When[7] all was ready, _there_ came to the king Fitz-Stephen[8], a sea-captain, and said: “My[9] liege, my father served your father all his life, upon the sea. He steered[10] the ship[11] with the gold boy upon the prow, in[12] which your father sailed[13] to conquer England. I beseech you to grant[14] me the same office. I[15] have a fair vessel in the harbour here, called the White Ship, manned by fifty sailors of renown. I pray you, Sire[16], to[17] let your servant have the honour of steering[18] you in the White Ship to England.”

[1] to go over, +sich begeben+. The words ‘to Normandy’ (S. 19, N. 4) must be placed after ‘retinue’.

[2] to have acknowledged, +huldigen lassen+. See S. 19, N. 7. The words ‘by (+von+) the Norman nobles’ must be placed after ‘prince’. The nobles, +der Adel+.

[3] to contract a promised marriage, +einen verabredeten Heiratsvertrag ab´schließen+. The pron. ‘him’ should be turned by ‘the prince’, to avoid ambiguity.

[4] both — things = this.

[5] +Pomp+, m.; rejoicing, +viele Freudenbezeigungen+; to be done, +geschehen+.

[6] +sich zur Heimreise an´schicken.+

[7] Supply the adverb ‘+nun+’ after ‘when’.

[8] The subject and apposition must be placed immediately after the predicate. Comp. App. § 15.

[9] Say ‘My father, O prince (+Fürst+), served yours (use the second pers. sing. of the posses. pron., and continue the address in the same person) his whole life long at (+zur+) sea’.

[10] +lenken.+

[11] +das am Vorderteile mit einem goldenen Knaben verzierte Schiff.+

[12] +auf.+

[13] sailed — England = sailed (+sich ein´schiffen+) for (+zu+) the conquest of England.

[14] +verleihen.+

[15] Say ‘I possess in this (+hiesig+) harbour a fair with fifty renowned (+bewährt+) sailors (+Seeleute+) manned vessel (+Fahrzeug+), called (App. § 1) the White Ship’. Comp. S. 7, N. 3.

[16] +o Herr.+

[17] to let ... have = to grant; use the Supine.

[18] ‘to steer’, here = to conduct, +geleiten+. See S. 1, N. 3.

_Section 48._

THE WHITE SHIP.

II.

“I am sorry,” replied the king, “that[1] my vessel is already chosen, and _that_ I cannot therefore sail with the son of the man who served[2] my father. But[3] the prince, with all his company, shall go along with you in the fair White Ship manned by fifty sailors of renown.”

An[4] hour or two afterwards, the king (App. § 15) set sail[5] in[6] the vessel he had chosen, accompanied by other vessels, and[7], sailing all night with a fair and gentle wind, arrived upon the coast of England in the morning. While[8] it was yet night, the[9] people in some of the ships heard a faint wild cry come[10] over the sea, and wondered what[11] it was.

[1] Say ‘that I have already chartered (+bedingen+) a ship’.

[2] Use the =Perfect=, which is used in German to express an action or occurrence both perfect and past, without reference to any other action or occurrence.

[3] Render ‘but’ by +jedoch+, which place after ‘shall’; with — company, +samt seinem ganzen Gefolge+; ‘to go along’, here +fahren+, to be placed at the end of the whole clause, which construe accord. to S. 48, N. 6.

[4] An — afterwards = Soon after.

[5] to set sail, +ab´segeln+.

[6] =To place the qualifying parts before the word qualified is one of the most striking peculiarities of German Grammar.= This construction, called =attributive constriction=, has been explained in section 7, Note 3 with respect to the rendering of the Perfect (or Past) Participle qualifying a preceding noun; but it must here be pointed out that it may likewise be used for rendering the Present Participle qualifying a preceding noun (comp. S. 16, N. 4), and that it is sometimes even suitable for translating short relative clauses. This, as long as it is not too much indulged in, imparts to the construction great conciseness and vigour, and avoids the too frequent use of relative pronouns, which, contrary to English construction, cannot be omitted in German. (Comp. S. 16, N. 10.)

EXAMPLES.

When the fleet, _favoured_ by the finest weather, was about to
set sail, there arose a shout of joy, _proceeding_ from many
thousands of voices, and resounding mightily from the shore.

+~Als die von dem schönsten Wetter begünstigte Flotte~ im
Begriff war abzusegeln, erhob sich ~ein von vielen tausend
Stimmen erschallender Jubelruf~, von dem das Ufer mächtig
wiederhallte.+

The child, gently _sleeping_ in his mother’s arms, was suddenly
roused by his father’s noisy entrance.

+~Das in den Armen der Mutter sanft schlafende Kind~ wurde
plötzlich durch den lärmenden Eintritt des Vaters aufgeweckt.+

The church, _which was damaged by the siege_, is now being
restored.

+~Die durch die Belagerung beschädigte Kirche~ wird jetzt
wiederhergestellt.+

The clause ‘in — vessels’ requires the attributive construction, since the two relative clauses, otherwise required, would make the rendering very lengthy and monotonous. To avoid a useless repetition, translate the first noun ‘vessel’ by +Schiff+ and the second by +Fahrzeug+, and connect the two clauses by the conjunction +und+.

[7] The passage ‘and — morning’ may be briefly rendered thus: and arrived, favoured (+begünstigt+, App. § 1) by a gentle (+mäßig+) wind, the (+am+) next morning in England.

[8] Say ‘During the night’.

[9] the people = one, after which supply the conj. +jedoch+; in ships = upon some ships.

[10] come — sea, +von der See herüber+, which place after ‘ships’; wild cry, +Angstschrei+.

[11] +was dies zu bedeuten habe.+

_Section 49._

THE WHITE SHIP.

III.

The prince went[1] aboard the White Ship with _one_ hundred and forty youthful nobles, among whom were eighteen noble ladies of the highest rank. All[2] this gay company, with their servants and the fifty sailors, made three hundred souls aboard the White Ship.

“Give three[3] casks _of_ wine, Fitz-Stephen,” said the prince, “to the fifty sailors of renown. My[4] father the king has sailed out of the harbour. What[5] time is there to make merry here, and yet reach England with the rest?”

“Prince[6],” said Fitz-Stephen, “before morning my fifty and the White Ship shall overtake the swiftest vessel in attendance on your father the king, if we sail at midnight.”

[1] to go aboard ship, +sich auf ein Schiff begeben+; the young noble, +der junge Adelige+; ‘to be’, here +sich befinden+; eighteen — rank, +achtzehn dem höchsten Range angehörige Damen+. The words ‘aboard the White Ship’ take the last place in the clause.