Chapter III: Part 3

[2] This clause requires the following construction: With the servants (+Dienerschaft+, f.) and the fifty sailors consisted the whole gay company upon the White Ship of (+aus+) three hundred persons.

[3] Construe according to App. § 5.

[4] Say ‘My royal father’; has sailed out of = has left. Supply the adverb +soeben+ after the auxiliary. This will greatly improve the rendering.

[5] Also the two following passages require a different construction; say ‘How long can we still make merry (+sich gütlich thun+) here (to be placed before ‘still’), if we will arrive in England at the same time (+zugleich+) with the others?’ The words ‘in England’ should stand before the verbs, which arrange according to App. § 18.

[6] Say ‘“If we sail at (+um+) midnight, O prince (see S. 27, N. 8), my fifty men (+Leute+) and the White Ship shall nevertheless (+dennoch+) before the coming morning overtake the swiftest ship in the service of thy royal father,” replied Fitz-Stephen’.—‘The swiftest — father’ = the swiftest in the service of thy royal father standing ship. (Comp. S. 48, N. 6.)

_Section 50._

THE WHITE SHIP.

IV.

Then[1] the prince commanded to[2] make merry; and the sailors drank _out_ the three casks _of_ wine, and the prince and[3] all the noble[4] company danced in the moonlight on the deck of the White Ship.

When at last she[5] shot[6] out of the harbour of Barfleur, there[7] was not[8] a sober seaman on[9] board. But the sails were all set[10] and[11] the oars all going merrily, Fitz-Stephen at the helm.

The gay young nobles and the beautiful ladies talked, laughed, and sang. The prince encouraged[12] the fifty sailors to row harder[13] yet, for[14] the honour of the White Ship.

[1] Hereupon.

[2] that they (+man+) should make merry. The verb must stand in the Present Subjunctive, as will be seen from §§ 28-30 of the App.

[3] +samt.+

[4] +adelig+; company = retinue.

[5] +dieses+, to be placed after ‘When’.

[6] shot out of = left.

[7] there to be, +sich befinden+.

[8] not a, +auch nicht ein einziger+.

[9] Say ‘upon the ship’.

[10] +gespannt.+

[11] Say ‘and the oars moved (+sich bewegen+) merrily (+lustig+), whilst F.-St. stood at the helm’.

[12] +an´treiben.+

[13] harder = faster.

[14] +dem weißen Schiff zu Ehren.+

_Section 51._

THE WHITE SHIP.

V.

Crash[1]!—a terrific cry broke from three hundred hearts. It was the cry (S. 16, N. 10) the people[2] in the distant vessels of the king had faintly[3] heard on the water. The White Ship had struck upon a rock, and[4] was going down!

Fitz-Stephen hurried[5] the prince into a boat with some few nobles. “Push off,” he whispered, “and row to[6] the land. It is not far, and the sea is smooth[7]. The[8] rest of us must die.”

But[9], as they rowed away fast from the sinking ship, the prince heard the voice of his sister Mary calling[10] for help. He (S. 5, N. 2) never in his life had been so good as[11] he was then. He[12] cried, in an agony: “Row back at any risk! I cannot bear[13] to leave her!”

[1] +Krach!—es erhob sich ein aus drei hundert Kehlen erschallender fürchterlicher Angstschrei.+

[2] the people = one; in = upon.

[3] faintly on the water, +unvollkommen von der See herüber+.

[4] +und war im Sinken begriffen!+

[5] to hurry into a boat, +schnell in ein Boot steigen lassen+; with = and.

[6] +an+, contracted with the def. art.

[7] +ruhig.+

[8] The — us = We others.

[9] Render ‘but’ by +jedoch+, which place before the adverb ‘fast’ (+schnell+); to row away, +sich entfernen+.

[10] See S. 16, N. 4; for, +um+.

[11] Say ‘as at (+in+) this moment’.

[12] The remaining passage will greatly improve by placing the clause ‘Row — risk’ before the words ‘He — agony’. In an agony, +voll Seelenangst+; at any risk, +koste es, was es wolle+.

[13] When there is in a principal clause a transitive verb, the object of which is contained in a following objective clause, which often assumes the form of a supine (i.e. an infinitive with +zu+, see S. 1, N. 2), =the object in the principal clause is frequently supplied by the pronoun +es+, which then may be called the grammatical object.= This is more particularly the case when special emphasis is given to the verb contained in the principal clause; as—

He _liked to hear_ good music.

+Er ~liebte es~, gute Musik ~zu hören~.+

The deed proves, that she speaks the truth.

+Die That ~beweist es~, daß sie die Wahrheit spricht.+

_Section 52._

THE WHITE SHIP.

VI.

They rowed back. When[1] the prince held out his arms to catch[2] his sister, such[3] numbers lept in, that the boat was overset; and in the same instant the White Ship went[4] down.

Only two men floated[5]: a nobleman, Godfrey by name, and a poor butcher of Rouen. By and by[6] another man came swimming towards them, whom[7] they knew, when he had pushed aside his long wet hair, to be Fitz-Stephen.

When he heard that the prince and all his retinue had[8] gone down, Fitz-Stephen, with a ghastly face[9], cried: “Woe, woe to me!” and sank[10] to the bottom.

[1] Supply here the conj. +aber+.

[2] +auf´fangen.+

[3] Say ‘so many persons jumped into the boat, that it capsized’.

[4] Supply the adverb +auch+ after the verb.

[5] to float, +auf dem Wasser schwimmen+; of Rouen, +aus Rouen+.

[6] +Kurz darauf+; supply the adverb +noch+ before ‘another’. He comes swimming towards me, +er kommt auf mich zu´geschwommen+.

[7] Say ‘in whom they recognised Fitz-Stephen, when he’, etc.; to push aside = to throw back.

[8] had gone down, +den Tod erlitten+. The auxiliary verb (had) may here be omitted, for: =In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary verbs= (+haben+, +sein+, and +werden+) =are often omitted for the sake of conciseness and elegance=; as—

+Daß sie mir ~genommen~ (wurde), ist mein größtes Leid.+

That she _was_ taken from me is my greatest sorrow.

[9] with — face, +totenbleich+, adv. How must the words be arranged here?

[10] to sink to the bottom, +in die Tiefe hinab´sinken+. Supply the adv. +dann+ after the verb, which will establish a closer connection between this clause and the preceding one.

_Section 53._

THE WHITE SHIP.

VII.

The other two clung[1] to the yard for some hours. At length (App. § 14) the young noble said faintly[2]: “I am exhausted, _and_ benumbed[3] with cold, and can hold[4] no longer. Farewell, good friend. God preserve (App. § 34) you!”

So[5] he dropped and sank, and of all the brilliant crowd[6], the poor butcher of Rouen alone was saved. In[7] the morning, some fishermen saw him floating in his sheep-skin coat[8], and got[9] him into their boat,—the sole relater of the dismal tale.

For[1] three days no one dared to carry[10] the intelligence to the king; at length they[11] sent into his presence a little boy, who, weeping[12] bitterly, and kneeling at his feet, told him that the White Ship was[13] lost, with all on board.

The king fell to the ground like[14] a dead man, and[15] never afterwards was seen to smile.—C. DICKENS, A CHILD’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

[1] to cling to the yard, +sich an eine Segelstange an´klammern+; for some hours, +einige Stunden lang+, for three days, +drei Tage lang+.

[2] +kraftlos.+

[3] +vor Kälte erstarrt.+

[4] ‘to hold,’ here +sich halten+.

[5] Say ‘Upon this (Hereupon) he fell into the water and sank to the bottom (+in die Tiefe hinab´sinken+)’.

[6] crowd = company.

[7] In the morning, +am Morgen+.

[8] sheep-skin coat, +Schafpelz+, m.

[9] +nehmen+; the appositional clause ‘the sole relater (+Überbringer+) of the dismal (+traurig+) tale (+Kunde+)’ must be placed immediately after the pronoun ‘him’, to which it belongs; and mark that: =The apposition must always agree in number, gender, and case with the noun or pronoun to which it belongs.=

[10] to carry an intelligence to a person, +Einem eine Botschaft verkünden+. See App. § 5.

[11] +man+; into his presence = to (+zu+) him, which place after ‘boy’.

[12] =The Present Participle may be used adverbially, as in English, to denote manner or state.= Say ‘who told him kneeling and weeping bitterly, that’, etc.

[13] was — board, +mit Mann und Maus gesunken sei+.

[14] like — man = as if dead (+wie tot+), which place after ‘fell.’

[15] Say ‘and never has one seen him smile again’.

_Section 54._

BARLEY (S. 3, N. 2).

Barley is (S. 2, N. 1) now principally used[6] to make[1] malt for[2] brewing beer and distilling spirits. It serves, however[3], as food[4] in _the_ form of pearl barley, used[5] for thickening soups. It is also used[6] as food for poultry. Barley[7] meal is used for fattening pigs and turkeys. Barley straw furnishes us fodder[8] for cattle and horses. Barley is chiefly produced[9] in the northern regions of Europe, in Central Asia, and in North America. It is much hardier[10] than wheat, resists[11] _both_ heat and drought better, and[12] may therefore be raised from poorer soils. It[13] is said to be the most ancient food[4] of (S. 3, N. 2) man.—NELSON’S READERS.

[1] +bereiten+, see S. 19, N. 7.

[2] for — spirits, +zur Bierbrauerei und Branntweinbrennerei+, after which supply +daraus+.

[3] +indessen+.

[4] +Nahrungsmittel+, n.

[5] Say ‘which one uses for thickening soups’, +zur Verdickung der Suppen+.

[6] +benutzen+ and +gebrauchen+, which use alternately; as — poultry, +als Hühnerfutter+.

[7] Say ‘With barley meal one fattens (+mästen+) pigs and turkeys (+türkische Hühner+)’.

[8] +Vieh- und Pferdefutter+.

[9] +gebaut+. Where must the p. p. be placed here?

[10] +kräftig+.

[11] ‘to resist’ here = to bear, +vertragen+. Use the def. art. before the first noun.

[12] Say ‘and can therefore be cultivated (+an´bauen+) upon poorer soil’. Supply the adverb +auch+ after ‘therefore’.

[13] It is said to be, +sie soll ... sein+. =The verb +sollen+ is frequently used to express an assertion of another person, when it answers to the English ‘it is said’, ‘it is reported’, ‘they say’.=

_Section 55._

THE SOLDIER AND HIS FLAG (+Fahne+).

On seeing[1] a young Prussian soldier who was pressing his flag to his bosom in the agonies of death, Napoleon said to his officers: “Gentlemen[2], you see that a soldier has for his flag a sentiment almost approaching[3] idolatry. Render[4] funeral honours at once to this young man. I regret that I do not know his name, that[5] I might write to his family. Do not take[6] _away_ his flag; its silken folds will be an honourable shroud[7] for him.”—GENERAL BOURRIENNE[8].

[1] When =the Present Participle= is used =in adverbial clauses of time=, it must generally, by the help of one of the conjunctions +als+ (when), +nachdem+ (after), +indem+ (while, whilst), and +während+ (while, whilst), be changed into a finite verb, i.e. one with a personal termination; thus—

_Hearing_ his opponent speak in this way, his features assumed
an expression of contempt.

+~Als~ er seinen Gegner so sprechen ~hörte~, nahmen seine Züge
den Ausdruck der Verachtung an.+

_Having given_ his orders, the officer rode quickly away.

+~Nachdem er~ seine Befehle erteilt ~hatte~, ritt der Offizier
schnell von dannen.+

_Looking_ at me in a suppliant manner, a tear glittered in her
eye.

+~Indem sie~ mich bittend ~ansah~, glänzte eine Thräne in ihrem
Auge.+

I saw it _when passing_ the house this morning.

+Ich sah es, ~als ich~ heute Morgen beim Hause ~vorüberging~.+

Consequently, the above passage must be rendered thus: ‘When Napoleon saw (+bemerken+) a young Prussian soldier who was pressing his flag to (+an+) his (S. 43, N. 9, _A_) bosom (+Herz+) in the agonies of death (+im Todeskampfe+, which place after ‘flag’), he said to his officers’: etc.

[2] Say ‘You see, gentlemen’.

[3] ‘to approach’ here = to border (+an etwas grenzen+). For the construction see S. 16, N. 4.

[4] Say ‘Bury this young man (+Jüngling+) without delay with military honours’.

[5] that — write, +um ... schreiben zu können+. He writes _to_ me once a month, +Er schreibt einmal monatlich ~an~ mich+.

[6] Supply the pronoun +ihm+ (from him) after the Imperative.

[7] +Leichentuch+, n.; ‘for him’ must be rendered by the dat. of the pers. pron., which place after the copula ‘will’.

[8] +Der General Bourrienne war Privatsekretär und späterer Biograph Napoleons des Ersten.+

_Section 56._

OUR CULTIVATED[1] NATIVE[2] PLANTS.

Most[3] of the fruits which grow on trees, _such_ as our apples and pears, have[4] been greatly[5] improved and raised[6] above their natural state by grafting and other artificial means.

Of[7] cultivated native plants, the chief are celery[8], parsley, the cabbage, turnip, carrot, parsnips, and the hop. The onion is[9] a native of South France, the lettuce of Greece, the radish of China, and the rhubarb, now[10] so largely used in pies and puddings, of Russia. Cress comes from[11] Persia, spinach from some[12] part of Asia, and the Jerusalem artichoke[13] from Brazil.—HEWITT, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

[1] +veredelt.+

[2] +einheimisch.+

[3] The clause ‘Most — trees’ may be briefly rendered by ‘+Die meisten Baumfrüchte+’.

[4] Here follows the adverbial clause ‘by grafting — means’.

[5] +bedeutend.+

[6] ‘raised — state’ may be elegantly rendered by the p. p. ‘cultivated’ (+veredelt+).

[7] Say ‘The principal cultivated native plants are’, etc.

[8] See S. 3, N. 2. I should recommend to repeat the art. before each of the following six nouns.

[9] is a native _of_, +stammt ~aus~+.

[10] ‘Now — puddings’. This elliptic clause must be completed in German. Say ‘which is now so largely (much) used in pies (+Pasteten+) and puddings’.

[11] +aus+.

[12] ‘some’, here +irgend ein+.

[13] +Erdartischocke+, f.

_Section 57._

THE BEQUEST[1].

I.

An old avaricious English gentleman[2] had three sons, of whom one[3] was a good-natured but light-minded fellow. Whenever (S. 18, N. 6) he fell[4] into any trouble, he excused himself on[5] the ground that[6] he was seeing life. His prodigality, however, annoyed[7] his father so much[8], that he resolved to disinherit (S. 1, N. 2) him. His friends interceded[9] in his favour, but their efforts were in vain.

When the old gentleman[10] felt his end approaching, he called his sons together[11], and said to them: “I leave[12] to my son John my whole estate[13], and desire him[14] to be frugal.” John[15], in a sorrowful tone, as is usual on such occasions, prayed heaven to prolong his father’s life, and give him health to enjoy the gift[16] himself.

[1] +Das Vermächtnis.+

[2] +Engländer.+

[3] Say ‘the one’.

[4] to fall into trouble, +in Verlegenheit geraten+.

[5] on the ground, +damit+.

[6] +daß er das Leben kennen lerne.+ Comp. App. §§ 28 and 30.

[7] +verdrießen+. See S. 5, N. 2.

[8] +sehr.+

[9] to intercede in a person’s favour, +zu gunsten einer Person sprechen+. He interceded in my favour, +er sprach zu meinen gunsten+. Supply the adverb +zwar+ (it is true) after the verb.

[10] +Herr+; to feel one’s end approaching, +sein Ende heran´nahen fühlen+.

[11] together, +zu sich+.

[12] ‘to leave’, here = to bequeath.

[13] +Besitzung+, f.

[14] The construction of =the Infinitive with an Accusative=, so frequently employed in English as an imitation of the Latin and Greek, =is unknown in German=. Such constructions must be rendered by a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction ~+daß+~; as—

I know _him to be_ an industrious man.

+Ich weiß, daß er ein fleißiger Mann ist+.

See also App. § 34, and say ‘and wish that he may be frugal (+sparsam+)’.

[15] This passage requires the following construction: ‘As (+wie+) it is usual (+üblich+) on (+bei+) such occasions, John (App. § 15) implored heaven in (+mit+) a sorrowful tone to prolong’, etc. The noun +Himmel+ is always used with the article.

[16] +Vermächtnis+.

_Section 58._

THE BEQUEST.

II.

The father continued: “I leave to my son James my money[1], amounting[2] to four thousand pounds[3].” “Ah, father,” said[4] James, of course in[4] great affliction, “may (App. § 34) heaven give you life and health to enjoy the gift yourself.” The[5] father, then addressing the spendthrift, said: “As[6] for you, Dick, you[7] will never come to good; you will never be rich. I leave you a shilling to (S. 19, N. 7) buy[8] a halter.” “Ah, father,” said Dick in _a_ most[9] melancholy voice, “may heaven give you life and health to enjoy the gift yourself!”—ANONYMOUS.

[1] ‘money’, here = ready money, +bares Geld+.

[2] to amount to something, +sich ~auf~ etwas belaufen+. See S. 16, N. 4.

[3] +=Das Pfund=+, one pound English money, never takes the sign of the Plural in German, and the same refers to ‘+=die Mark=+’, a German coin corresponding to one shilling English.

[4] said = exclaimed; in = with.

[5] Say ‘Upon this the father addressed himself (+sich wenden+) to (+an+) the spendthrift and said’.

[6] As — Dick, +Was dich betrifft, Richard.+

[7] Introduce this clause by the adverbial conjunction +so+, and see App. § 15; to come to good, +zu etwas Rechtem kommen+.

[8] =The German language, as a rule, requires that the person for whose benefit an action is performed, is clearly indicated. When this is not done by a noun in the dative case, it is generally done by means of the dative of a personal pronoun=; as—

I will buy a hat.

+Ich will ~mir~ einen Hut kaufen.+

We have built a house.

+Wir haben ~uns~ ein Haus gebaut.+

Supply, therefore, the necessary pronoun after the conjunction +um+; a halter = a rope, +Strick+, m.

[9] Render ‘most’ here by ‘+höchst+’.

_Section 59._

WHEAT.

Wheat is the most valuable[1] of all grains, because[2] from it, chiefly, we obtain the flour of which bread is made. In order to make[3] flour, the grains of wheat[4] are crushed[5] between stones in a mill. The crushed mass is then separated[6] into two parts,—bran[7] and flour. Bran is the outer husk of the grain, which is used (S. 4, N. 4) for[8] fattening cattle, etc.[9] It[10] does no harm, however, to mix the bran with the flour; the mixture is more nourishing than the pure flour. The bran makes the flour and the bread darker _in colour_; but this is no disadvantage, for brown bread is both[11] cheaper and more nourishing than white bread. Bread[12] is often artificially whitened by[13] the addition of alum and other injurious substances. Wheat is[14] chiefly grown in France, Germany, Austria, Southern Russia, (S. 46, N. 6) the British Isles, Australia, the United States, Canada, Egypt, and Northern Africa.—NELSON’S READERS.

[1] +wertvoll+; ‘grain’, here +Kornart+, f.

[2] Say ‘because it yields (+liefern+) us chiefly the flour for our bread’.

[3] +bereiten.+

[4] Form a compound noun of ‘wheat’ and ‘grains’ (+Körner+).

[5] +zermahlen.+

[6] +sondern.+

[7] The prep. ‘in’ must be repeated before this and the following noun.

[8] for — cattle, +zur Viehfütterung+.

[9] +u. s. w.+, i.e. +und so weiter+.

[10] It — however, +Übrigens schadet es nichts+.

[11] both ... and, +sowohl ... als auch+.

[12] Say ‘Bread receives (+erhalten+) often an artificial whiteness through an addition’, etc.

[13] When ‘=by=’ is equivalent to ‘=through=’, it must be rendered by +=durch=+.

[14] Say ‘grows chiefly’, in order to make the construction more concise than it would be by using a p. p., which would have its place at the end of the whole clause, and would thus make the construction too lengthy.

_Section 60._

OCCUPATION OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS.

Fishing (S. 40, N. 9) was a principal occupation, owing[1] to the frequent abstinences from flesh-meat, enjoined[2] by (S. 59, N. 13) a superstitious ritual[3]. Eels were taken[4] in immense numbers in the marsh lands of the Eastern counties; salmon in the river Dee; herrings along the shores of Suffolk, Kent, and Sussex, in[5] their annual migration; while larger species, as[6] the whale and grampus[7], were captured in the open sea. Hunting and falconry were the field-sports[8] of the great. The beasts of the forest or chase, which were protected by fines, and reserved[9] for privileged persons, were the[10] stag, roebuck, hare, and rabbit. The wolf, fox, and boar might[11] be killed by[12] any one with impunity, if (S. 27, N. 7) found without[13] the limits of the chase or forest. The wild duck and heron were the[14] common quarry.—MILNER, HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

[1] Say ‘in consequence of the frequent fasting’.

[2] +an´ordnen.+ See S. 7, N. 3, _B_.

[3] +Ritus+, m.

[4] ‘to take’, here = to catch; numbers = multitudes, +Menge+, f.; marsh lands, +Marschgegenden+.

[5] in = upon.

[6] as = like, +wie+.

[7] +der Schwertfisch+ (Delphinus orca).

[8] +Vergnügungen+.

[9] +reservieren+.

[10] I propose to use the following seven nouns in the plural and without the article, in order to avoid the frequent repetition of the same.

[11] Use the Imperf. of +dürfen+.

[12] by — impunity, +von jedermann ungestraft+.

[13] without = outside, +außerhalb+.

[14] Say ‘the booty of all’.

_Section 61._

TENDER[1], TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

I.

(Extract from a sermon preached to a congregation of children at Chicago.)

When[2] I was in the Sunday-school, and had just begun to read about[3] David, I[4] did not feel sure he ever was a real baby, and had to be fed with a teaspoon; or that he ever was a real little boy[5] that[6] went to school as I did, and played marbles[7], and had a peg-top[8], a jack-knife[9], some slate pencils, ever[10] so many buttons, and a piece of string[11], all in one pocket; that[12] he ever had to try hard not to cry when he went to school very cold[13] mornings; or[14] that the teacher spoke sharp to him, when the little chap had tried[15] his best to get[16] his lesson, and[17] did not get it very well.

[1] +Zartfühlend, zuverlässig und treu.+

[2] Say ‘when I went to the Sunday-school’, and supply the adverb noch after the subject.

[3] +über.+

[4] Say ‘I could scarcely imagine, that he ever really had been a little child and had to be fed with a teaspoon (+und mit einem Theelöffel habe gefüttert werden müssen+)’. By carefully reading §§ 29 and 30 of the Appendix, the student will see that the verbs depending on the governing verb ‘_imagine_’ must stand in the Perfect of the Subjunctive Mood. According to S. 52, N. 8, however, the auxiliary ‘_sei_’ may be omitted in the clause ‘that he ever really had been a little child’.

[5] +Junge.+ The auxiliary ‘+sei+’ may again be omitted here.

[6] that = who; as I did = ‘like myself’, which place immediately after the relat. pron.

[7] +Schusser+. Remember that both this and the next clause are depending on the relative clause ‘that — did’; place, therefore, the verb ‘played’ after ‘marbles’, and the verb ‘had’ after ‘peg-top’.

[8] +Kreisel+, m.

[9] +Taschenmesser+, n.

[10] ever so many, +eine Unzahl von+, i.e. no end of.

[11] +ein Stück Bindfaden.+

[12] that — hard, +daß er sich je habe anstrengen müssen+.

[13] cold mornings, +an einem sehr kalten Morgen+, which place after the subject. ‘To go to school’, +zur+ (_or_ +in die+) +Schule gehen+.

[14] Say ‘or that the teacher had ever scolded (+schelten+) the little fellow (+Bursche+), when he had’, etc.

[15] to try one’s best, +sich Mühe geben+.

[16] to get one’s lesson = to learn one’s lesson, +seine Lektion erlernen+.

[17] Say ‘and had not learnt it well’, and supply the adverb +doch+ (nevertheless) after the objective pronoun ‘it’. For the position of the verb see App. § 17.

_Section 62._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

II.

But you[1] know, ministers[2] have to find out all about such men as David; and I have found out enough to[3] make me feel sure he was once a little boy, _just_ like _one of_ you; that he had[4] to learn verses, like you; and didn’t like (S. 20, N. 2, _A_) it, like you; and that he did not like to go to bed early, or to get up early, like you.

I rather[5] fear that, in the summer, he[6] ate green apples, unripe melons, hard peaches, and sour plums, as[7] you _do_; and[8] got sick, and was very sorry, and had to take[9] medicine, as you _do_; that he said he would (App. § 28) never do it again, and that he[10] then never did _do_ it again, as[11] I hope you will neither.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. pl., and after the verb supply the adverb ‘+ja+’, which will be equivalent to the English ‘I am sure’.

[2] +die Pfarrer+, before which supply the conj. +daß+. Have to = must; to find out, +aus´findig machen+; all — David = all (S. 3, N. 7) that relates (+sich beziehen+) to (_auf_) such men as David.

[3] Say ‘to (S. 19, N. 7) be convinced, that’, etc. Just — you, +wie ihr+.

[4] The auxiliaries ‘=to have=’ and ‘=to be=’ followed by the infinitive of another verb, must generally be rendered by the auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=müssen=+’; as—I have to do it, +Ich muß es thun+.

[5] +fast+, adv.; see S. 5, N. 2.

[6] The subject ‘he’ must immediately follow the conj. ‘that’.

[7] as you do, +wie ihr+.

[8] that he became (+werden+) ill; ‘and — sorry’, say ‘felt (+empfinden+) bitter repentance’.

[9] ‘to take’, here +ein´nehmen+.

[10] Here follows the pron. ‘it’.

[11] +wie ihr es hoffentlich auch nicht wieder thun werdet.+

_Section 63._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

III.

Now[1], just here I was trying to see what[2] sort of boy David was when he grew[3] bigger; and, when I shut my eyes, and _so_ tried[4] to see _it_ all clearly, I heard a noise right[5] under my study window. This was[6] about[7] four o’clock, Friday afternoon; the schools were out, and the children running home[8]. I turned my head to see what was the matter[9], and then (App. § 14) I saw what I want[10] to tell you. About ten boys were standing together[11]. All at once a big boy knocked[12] a little boy[13] down, and rolled him in the snow[14]. The little boy got up[15], and said: “What[16] did you do that for?” Then[17] the big boy again approached the little boy[13], and I believe[18] he would have knocked him down again[19], had not the little boy[13] walked sobbing away[20] towards home.

[1] +Hier wollte ich nun sehen.+

[2] what sort of, +was für ein+.

[3] +werden.+

[4] +sich bemühen.+

[5] just under the window of my study.

[6] Here follow the words ‘on Friday afternoon’.

[7] Supply here the prep. ‘at’, +um+.

[8] The English ‘=home=’, after a verb denoting motion, must be rendered by +=nach Hause=+, and ‘=at home=’, after a verb denoting rest, by +=zu Hause=+.

[9] =the matter is=, +=es giebt=+, verb impers. Use the Present of the Subj., according to App. § 32.

[10] The auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=wollen=+’ expresses =wish= and =want=; as—

+Was ~wollen~ Sie?+

What do you _wish_?

+Zu wem ~wollen~ Sie?+

Who is it you _want_?

[11] +neben einander+.

[12] to knock down, +zu Boden schlagen+.

[13] The noun ‘boy’ need not be repeated here.

[14] Supply here the adverb ‘about’ (+umher+).

[15] to get up, +auf´stehen+.

[16] What ... for = Why. Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[17] Upon this, S. 44, N. 4.

[18] Supply here the conj. +daß+. Read carefully § 36 of the App., and construe accordingly. Use the Pluperfect Subj. in both clauses, and observe that the verb +gehen+ always requires the auxiliary +sein+. See S. 29, N. 3.

[19] +noch einmal+.

[20] away towards home = home.

_Section 64._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

IV.

“There,” I said, when I had seen that, “I know what David never did _do_: he (S. 5, N. 2) never struck a boy that[1] was no match for him; he never was a coward like that big boy; for he[2] is a coward to[3] strike a small boy so; and those[4] others are not the boys (S. 16, N. 10) they ought[5] to be, to[6] stand by and see it done.” I saw such[7] a thing in a picture once, which was called the Wolf and the Lamb. A great, cruel boy[8] meets a small, delicate lad[9] who has lost his father, and stands over him with[10] his fist doubled, just as I saw that boy _stand_ under my study window. I think[11] if[12] any[13] boy in this church were[14] to see that picture, he would instantly say[15]: “What a shame to use[16] a boy so who is not your match!”

[1] that — him, +der ihm nicht gewachsen war+.

[2] the pron. ‘he’ is used demonstratively in this clause.

[3] Say ‘because he can strike a small boy so’.

[4] those = the.

[5] To render ‘=ought=’, use the Imperf. of ‘+=sollen=+’.

[6] Say ‘because they stand by (+dabei´stehen+) and look at it (+es mit an´sehen+)’.

[7] such a thing, +etwas Aehnliches+. The adv. ‘once’ must stand immediately after the verb.

[8] +Bube+, m.

[9] lad, +Bursche+, m. The clause ‘who — father’ may be briefly rendered by the adj. ‘fatherless’, which place before ‘lad’.

[10] +mit geballter Faust.+

[11] When the verb ‘=to think=’ is used in the meaning of ‘=to be of opinion=’, it must be rendered by ‘+=glauben=+’, and when it is used in the meaning of ‘=to be engaged in thinking=’, by ‘+=denken=+’.

[12] The conj. ‘=if=’ must always be rendered by ‘+=wenn=+’.

[13] any boy = any (+irgend+) one of you.

[14] Render the words ‘were to see’ by the Imperf. Subj. of +sehen+.

[15] +aus´rufen.+

[16] to use = to abuse, +miß´handeln+.

_Section 65._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

V.

Once I read in the Life[1] of Dr. Channing, who was one of the best men that ever (+je+) lived[2] (a[3] great deal better than David, because he lived[4] in a better time), what he once did, when he was a[5] boy and saw a[6] thing like that. Little Channing was one of the kindest[7] and most tender-hearted boys I[8] ever heard of. I will tell you a story to show you how[9] kind he was, and tender, and true. One day he found in a bush a nest full[10] of young birds just out of the shell. Children, did[11] you ever see a[12] nest full of birds just out of the shell?—little tiny[13], downy things[14], with[15] hardly more feathers than an oyster? The birds which William Channing found, were just of that kind; and when he touched them with his fingers, and felt how soft and warm they were, they all began to gape[16], very[17] much as you do when I preach[18] a very long sermon.

[1] +Lebensbeschreibung+, f. The Genitive relation must be expressed by the Gen. of the def. art. See S. 10, N. 2. =Proper names are not inflected when they are preceded by an article and a common name.=—Dr. +~William Ellery Channing~, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Schriftsteller, wurde im Jahre 1780 zu Newport auf Rhode-Island geboren und starb im Jahre 1842 zu Bennington in Vermont. Seine zahlreichen ausgezeichneten Schriften haben seinen Namen auch in europäischen Kreisen berühmt gemacht. Coleridge, dessen Bekanntschaft er machte, als er im Jahre 1822 England besuchte, war so sehr von ihm eingenommen, daß er ausrief+: ‘He has the love of wisdom, and the wisdom of love!’

[2] Use the Perfect. See S. 48, N. 2.

[3] a great deal = much.

[4] lived in = belonged to, +an´gehören+, which governs the dat.

[5] Substitute the adverb +noch+ for the indef. art.

[6] See S. 64, N. 7.

[7] best and most tender-feeling.

[8] Say ‘of whom I have ever heard’.

[9] Say ‘how good, tender and true he was’.

[10] +voll von erst soeben aus der Schale gekrochenen Vögeln.+

[11] Use the Perfect.

[12] To avoid repetition, turn the words ‘a — shell’ by ‘such (+so+) young little birds’, and render ‘little birds’ by forming a diminutive of +Vogel+.

[13] +zart.+

[14] +Dingerchen.+

[15] Say ‘almost as naked as an oyster’.

[16] ‘to gape’, here +den Schnabel auf´sperren+.

[17] very — do, +fast wie ihr den Mund aufsperrt+.

[18] to preach a sermon, +eine Predigt halten+.

_Section 66._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

VI.

Well, little (S. 10, N. 2) Channing knew[1] the birds did not gape because he preached a long sermon, but (S. 6, N. 10) because they were hungry. So[2] what did he do? He ran straight[3] home (S. 63, N. 8), got[4] some nice soft crumbs of bread, and fed the little birds with them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_); and[5] after that he fed them regularly every day after[6] having come home from school. But[7] one day (S. 19, N. 2), when he went to[8] the nest, there it lay on the ground, torn and bloody, and the little birds all dead; and the father-bird[9] was crying[10] on a wall, and the mother-bird[11] was crying on a tree. Then little Channing tried[12] to tell them that he did not kill[13] their poor young brood; that[14] he never could do such a mean, cruel thing as that, and that[15], on the contrary[16], he had tried to feed them. But it was no use; the little birds could not understand him, and[17] kept on crying; and at last he sat down, and wept bitterly.

[1] Supply here the conj. +daß+.

[2] Say ‘What did he therefore (+also+) _do_?’

[3] +stracks.+

[4] +holte sich.+

[5] and — that, +und von da an+.

[6] +so bald er von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war.+

[7] This passage will read more elegantly by beginning with the conj. ‘when’, which must be followed by the subject ‘he’. ‘But’ should then be rendered by +jedoch+, which takes the third place.

[8] +nach.+

[9] +das Männchen.+

[10] +jammern+; on = upon.

[11] +das Weibchen.+

[12] +sich bemühen.+

[13] Use the Perf. Subj. according to App. §§ 28 and 30.

[14] +daß er eine so gemeine Grausamkeit nie begehen könne.+

[15] =In subordinate clauses, the subject stands in most cases immediately after the conjunction or relative pronoun.=

[16] +im Gegenteil+. See S. 15, N. 3.

[17] +und jammerten weiter.+

_Section 67._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

VII.

Now[1] this was the sort of boy Channing was; and I was going[2] to tell you that (S. 66, N. 15) one day he heard of a big boy beating (S. 16, N. 4) a little one[3], like that bad boy[4] under my window. Channing was a little boy; he was a little man when he was full grown[5]; but _then_ he had a big soul. I was going[2] to say he had a soul as big as a church; but indeed[6] his soul was bigger than all _the_ churches in[7] the world;—and when he heard of that[8] cruel boy, who was ever[9] so much larger than himself, he went right up to him, and said: “Did[10] you strike that little boy?” “Yes, I did[11]; and what then?”—“Then,” said Channing, “you are a coward, because he was no match for you; and now I am going[2] to whip[12] you for _doing_ it.” Because he had a big soul, and though he was a small boy, he[13] went in, and fought for the right. That was the only time he[14] ever fought in his life. But[15] I, standing in[16] this pulpit, honour him more for it than if he had (App. § 36) never[17] fought at all.

[1] Say ‘This was (supply here the adv. +also+ = now) little Channing’s character’. Comp. S. 12, N. 2.

[2] The auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=wollen=+’ corresponds to the English ‘=to be going=’ or ‘=to be on the point=’, followed by the infinitive of another verb. Comp. S. 6, N. 4.

[3] ‘=One=’ following an adjective or a pronoun, and representing a noun understood, is not to be translated; as—Which pen shall I give you,—this _one_ or that _one_? +Welche Feder soll ich Ihnen geben,—diese oder jene?+

[4] +der böse Bube.+

[5] full grown, +ausgewachsen+.

[6] +in der That+, which place after the verb.

[7] Render ‘in the’ by the gen. of the def. art.

[8] Use the dat. of the demonstr. pron. +der+; ‘boy’, here +Bube+.

[9] ever so much, +ich weiß nicht wie viel+.

[10] Use the Perfect according to S. 48, N. 2.

[11] I did, +das habe ich gethan+.

[12] +züchtigen.+

[13] ‘to go in’, here +in den Kampf treten+.

[14] he — life, +in seinem Leben, daß er sich schlug+.

[15] Place the conj. ‘but’ after the subject, and, for the sake of emphasis, repeat the pron. ‘I’ after the rel. pron. ‘+der+’, which must introduce the next clause.

[16] ‘in’, here +auf+.

[17] never ... at all, +nie+.

_Section 68._

TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.

VIII.

Boys, I like peace; I like (S. 51, N. 13) to see you play like good, true-hearted little men[1]. Never[2] fight if you can help[3] it; but[4] never strike a boy who is no match for you, and never stand[5] by quietly whilst another boy is doing (S. 32, N. 11) it. Tender, trusty, and true, boys; tender and true. King David, King Alfred, George Washington, William Channing, Theodore Parker[6], more great men than I can name, were all of that sort; and[7] they came out right, because they went in right. Brave as lions[8], true as steel, with kind[9] hearts for doves, ravens, and sparrows, they (App. § 14) would never tear[10] birds’ nests, or sling stones to[11] kill birds, because they felt as Jesus _did_ when he said: “Blessed are the merciful.”—REV. ROBERT COLLYER, THE LIFE THAT NOW IS.

[1] ‘man’, here +Bursche+.

[2] The adverb cannot precede the Imperative in German. ‘To fight’, here +sich schlagen+.

[3] to help = to avoid.

[4] Render ‘but’ by +jedoch+, which place immediately after the verb.

[5] to stand by quietly, +müßig dabei stehen+.

[6] +~Theodore Parker~, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Gelehrter, wurde im Jahre 1810 zu Lexington in Massachusetts geboren und starb im Jahre 1860 zu Florenz, wo er sich seiner Gesundheit wegen aufhielt. Durch seine ausgezeichnete Gelehrsamkeit, große Willenskraft und seltene Menschenliebe übte er auf seine Zeitgenossen einen bedeutenden Einfluß aus, namentlich aber in Bezug auf die Befreiung der Sklaven, deren Sache er oft mit Gefahr seines Lebens und seiner Freiheit verteidigte.+

[7] and — right, +und sie traten als Sieger aus dem Kampfe hervor, weil sie für das Recht in den Kampf traten+.

[8] Use the noun ‘lions’ with the def. art., but not the noun ‘steel’.

[9] ‘kind’ here = feeling.

[10] +zerstören.+

[11] See S. 19, N. 7, and supply the prepositional adverb +damit+ before the object.

_Section 69._

DESPATCH OF BUSINESS[1].

You[2] must beware[3] of stumbling over a propensity, which easily besets[4] you from[5] the habit of not having your time fully employed[6]. I mean[7] what the women very expressively[8] call dawdling[9]. Your motto must be “Hoc age.” Do instantly whatever[10] is[11] to be done, and take[12] the hours of recreation after business[13], and not before it[14]. When a regiment is[15] under march, (S. 27, N. 8) the rear is[16] often thrown into confusion, because the front do[17] not move[18] steadily[19] and without interruption. It[20] is the same thing with business. If[21] that which is first in hand is not instantly, steadily[22], and regularly despatched[23], other[24] things accumulate, till affairs[25] begin to press all at once, and no human being can[26] stand the confusion.—SIR WALTER SCOTT, LETTERS TO HIS SON.

[1] +Schnelle Geschäftserledigung.+

[2] Use the 2nd pers. sing. =Personal and Possessive Pronouns used in letters, and referring to the person addressed, require a capital initial in German.=

[3] to beware of stumbling over a propensity, +sich hüten, einem Hange zu verfallen+. See S. 1, N. 3, and S. 34, N. 10.

[4] +beschleichen.+

[5] from the habit, +wenn Du Dich daran gewöhnst+.

[6] ‘to employ’, here +aus´füllen+.

[7] Supply here the pronominal adverb +damit+.

[8] +bezeichnend.+

[9] +Zeitvergeudung.+

[10] +was.+

[11] is to be done = must be done. See S. 62, N. 4, and S. 2, N. 1.

[12] choose your hours of recreation (+Erholungsstunde+, f.).

[13] business = work, which use with the def. art.

[14] it = the same.

[15] to be under march, +auf dem Marsch begriffen sein+.

[16] to be thrown in confusion, +in Unordnung geraten+.

[17] =The verb must be in the singular after a collective noun in the singular.=

[18] ‘to move’, here +fort´marschieren+.

[19] +gleichmäßig.+

[20] Say ‘And so it is likewise (+auch+) with business (+Arbeit+)’.

[21] If — hand, +Wenn die gerade vorliegende Arbeit+.

[22] +stetig.+

[23] +erledigen.+

[24] other — accumulate, +so häufen sich inzwischen andere Sachen an+.

[25] +die Arbeiten+, after which place the words ‘all at once’, +alle auf einmal+. For the place of the verbs see App. § 19.

[26] can — confusion, +der Verwirrung gewachsen ist+.

_Section 70._

ON PERFUMERY[1].

I.

The[2] exquisite pleasure we enjoy from the smell of sweet flowers is[3] alone sufficient to account for the love of perfumery. Flowers pass away[4] so quickly that we naturally desire to preserve their sweetness[5] as[6] long as we can, and in this our perfumers succeed[7] admirably. The perfume[8] of most flowers depends upon an oil, which[9] is peculiar to the plant, almost every sweet-scented[10] plant having its own peculiar oil; and, what is of[11] more importance: these oils belong to a class called[12] essential or volatile, because they become[13] volatile when[14] heated.

[1] +Ueber Parfümerien.+

[2] Say ‘the great enjoyment which the smell (+Duft+, m.) of sweet (+wohlriechend+) flowers affords (+gewähren+) us’. Place the pron. ‘us’ immediately after the rel. pron.

[3] is — perfumery = explains sufficiently (+zur Genüge+) our love for perfumery.

[4] to pass away, +verwelken+.

[5] +Wohlgeruch+, m.

[6] as — can, +so lange wie möglich+. For the position of the verbs see App. § 19.

[7] to succeed, +gelingen+, v. intr. (used with +sein+), governs the dative of the person; as—

He succeeds admirably in this.

+Dies gelingt ihm vortrefflich.+

Construe the above clause accord. to the preceding example; perfumer, +Parfümeur+.

[8] ‘perfume’, here = scent, +Duft+, m.

[9] The relat. clause ‘which — plant’ is best rendered by the attributive construction, as explained in S. 48, N. 6; peculiar, +eigentümlich+.

[10] odorous, +wohlriechend+; its own particular oil, +ihr besonderes Öl+. The clause ‘almost — oil’ must be construed accord. to S. 30, N. 4.

[11] of — importance = still more important.

[12] Say ‘which one calls essential (+ätherisch+) or volatile (+flüchtig+) oils’.

[13] to become volatile, +sich verflüchtigen+.

[14] when heated = when they are heated (+erwärmen+). Comp. S. 27, N. 7.

_Section 71._

ON PERFUMERY.

II.

The common or fixed[1] oils, on the contrary, _such_ as olive[2] or linseed-oil, do not evaporate. This[3] may be easily illustrated, thus: If a piece of writing-paper be touched[4] with a fixed oil or grease, (S. 27, N. 8) it leaves[5] a stain, which[6], upon being held before the fire, will not disappear.

Now[7], if any[8] plant has a peculiar smell or taste, it is[4] generally found that its essential oil is the cause of this (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). Consequently[9], if we extract this, we really obtain[10] the essence.—PROF. ASCHER.

[1] +fest+; on the contrary, +hingegen+. See S. 15, N. 3.

[2] as olive or linseed-oil, +wie das Oliven- oder Leinsamenöl+. When two =compound nouns= which have the last component in common follow each other, the last component is generally omitted in the first noun, which is connected with the next one by means of hyphens.—To evaporate, +sich verflüchtigen+.

[3] +Dies läßt sich auf folgende Weise leicht beweisen.+

[4] Turn the Passive Voice here into the Active Voice by means of the pron. +man+, as explained in S. 4, N. 4.

[5] ‘to leave’, here = to leave behind; it = this.

[6] The passage ‘which — disappear’ may be briefly rendered, thus: ‘which does not disappear before the fire’. See S. 32, N. 11.

[7] Reverse the order of the first two words in this clause.

[8] any = a.

[9] Consequently = therefore, +also+, which place after the subject ‘we’.

[10] to obtain, +gewinnen+; the essence (as a Nom.), +der der Pflanze eigentümliche Wohlgeruch+.

_Section 72._

ON INSTINCT[1].

The[2] following most curious instance of a change of instinct is mentioned by Darwin. The bees carried[3] over to[4] Barbadoes and the Western Isles ceased[5] to lay up any honey after the first year, as[6] they found it not useful _to them_. They found the weather so fine, and the materials[7] for making honey so plentiful, that they quitted[8] their grave, prudent[9], _and_ mercantile[10] character, became exceedingly profligate and debauched[11], ate[12] up their capital, resolved to work no more, and[13] amused themselves by flying about the sugar-houses and stinging the blacks. The[14] fact is, that[15], by[16] putting animals in different situations[17], you may[18] change, and even reverse, _any of_ their original propensities. Spallanzani[19] brought[20] up an eagle upon[21] bread and milk, and fed a dove on[22] raw beef.—REV. S. SMITH.

[1] +Über den tierischen Instinkt.+

[2] This clause requires a different rendering; let us say ‘Darwin gives the following most (+höchst+) curious example of a change of the animal instinct’. The last noun requires the def. art., as explained in S. 3, N. 2.

[3] to carry over, +hinü´berbringen+. The Perfect Participle qualifies the noun ‘bees’. According to S. 7, N. 3, the words ‘carried — Isles’ may be rendered either by the attributive construction or by forming of them a relative clause. I venture to propose the use of the attributive construction as the more elegant of the two modes of rendering, and more especially in order to avoid a repetition of subordinate clauses.

[4] When the preposition ‘=to=’, in connection with a verb denoting motion, stands before the names of countries, towns, islands, etc., it must be rendered by ‘+=nach=+’.

[5] Here follow the words ‘after — year’, to lay up honey, +einen Vorrat von Honig an´sammeln+.

[6] See S. 41, N. 6; it = this; not useful, +nicht mehr von Nutzen+.

[7] materials — plentiful, +Materialien zur Honigbereitung in solchem Überflusse vorhanden+.

[8] +auf´geben.+

[9] prudent = cautious.

[10] +merkantilisch.+

[11] +unmäßig.+

[12] to eat up, +auf´zehren+.

[13] +und sich daran ergötzten.+ For rendering the passage ‘by — blacks’ see S. 1, N. 3. To fly about, +umschwär´men+, v. tr.

[14] The — is, +Es ist eine ausgemachte Thatsache.+

[15] Here follows the subject ‘you’ (comp. S. 66, N. 15), which translate by the impers. pron. +man+.

[16] by — animals, +durch Versetzung der Tiere+, i.e. by _a_ removal of the animals. In = into; different = other.

[17] Here follows the object and its attributes, ‘their original (+angeboren+) propensities (+Trieb+, m.)’.

[18] may = can; reverse, +in entgegengesetzte Richtungen leiten+.

[19] +~Lazaro Spallanzani~, berühmter italienischer Anatom und Naturforscher, geb. 1729, † 1799.+

[20] to bring up, +groß ziehen+.

[21] +bei.+

[22] +mit.+

_Section 73._

PETER THE GREAT AND THE MONK.

Peter the Great ordered[1] many foreign books to be translated into the Russian language, and among others[2] “Puffendorf’s[3] Introduction to the Knowledge of the States of Europe.” A monk, to whom the translation of this book was committed[4], presented[5] it some time after[6] to the Emperor. The monarch examined[7] the translation; at[8] a certain chapter, however, he suddenly changed[9] countenance, turned indignantly to the monk, and said: “Fool, what did I order[10] thee to do? Is this a translation?” He[11] then referred to the original and showed the poor monk a paragraph in which the author had spoken with great asperity[12] of the Russians, but which had not been translated. “Go,” resumed the monarch, “and instantly carry out[13] what I have bidden thee _to do_. _It is_ not to (S. 19, N. 7) flatter my subjects _that_ I[14] have ordered this book to be translated, but (S. 6, N. 10) to instruct[15] and reform[16] them!”—ANONYMOUS.

[1] Use the auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=lassen=+’ as a translation of ‘=to order=’, ‘=to command=’, and ‘=to cause=’, when these verbs are connected with the auxiliary ‘=to be=’ and the Past Participle of another verb; as—

The emperor _ordered_ the ringleaders _to be shot_.

+Der Kaiser ~ließ~ die Anführer ~erschießen~.+

The admiral _commanded_ the ships _to be drawn up_ in order
of battle.

+Der Admiral ~ließ~ die Schiffe in Schlachtordnung
~aufstellen~.+

He _caused_ the money _to be paid_ to me.

+Er ~ließ~ mir das Geld ~auszahlen~.+

[2] Supply here the adverb +auch+.

[3] +Puffendorfs Beiträge zur europäischen Staatenkunde.+

[4] +an´vertrauen.+

[5] +überrei´chen+; it = the same, which must agree with its antecedent ‘translation’.

[6] after, +darauf+.

[7] +prüfen.+

[8] +bei.+

[9] to change countenance, +die Farbe wechseln+.

[10] ‘to order’, here +befehlen+. See S. 48, N. 2.

[11] Say ‘Hereupon he opened (+auf´schlagen+) the original’.

[12] +Schärfe+, f.; had spoken ... of = had expressed himself (+sich aus´sprechen+) ... about.

[13] +verrichten.+

[14] Inverted construction.

[15] +belehren+.

[16] +reformieren+; the prep. +zu+ must be repeated before this verb.

_Section 74._

THE BEAUTY OF THE EYE.

I.

Look[1] how beautiful the human eye is, excelling[2] in beauty the eye of every creature! The eyes of many _of the_ lower animals are doubtless very beautiful. All[3] of us must have admired the bold, fierce, bright eye of the eagle; the large, gentle, brown eye of the ox; the treacherous green eye of the cat, waxing[4] and waning[5] like the moon, as[6] the sun shines upon it (S. 4, N. 5) or[7] deserts it; the pert eye of the sparrow; the sly eye of the fox; the peering[8] little bead[9] of black enamel in[10] the mouse’s head; the[11] gem-like eye which[12] redeems the toad from ugliness; and the intelligent, affectionate expression, which[13] looks out from the human-like eye of the horse and dog. There[14] are these and the eyes of many other animals full of beauty; but[15] there is a glory which excelleth in the eye of man.

[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.

[2] Say ‘and how it excelleth in (+an+) beauty the eye of every other creature!’ The words ‘in beauty’ should be placed before the verb.

[3] All of us, +wir alle+; all of them, +sie alle;+ all of you, +ihr+ (or +Sie+) +alle+. Render the words ‘must have’ by ‘have certainly’. The p. p. should be placed after ‘eagle’.

[4] +sich vergrößern.+

[5] +sich verkleinern.+

[6] as = according as, +je nachdem+.

[7] or deserts it = or not.

[8] +forschend.+

[9] +Perlenauge.+

[10] +im Mauseköpfchen.+

[11] +das einem Edelsteine gleichende Auge.+

[12] Say ‘which lets us forget the ugliness of the toad’.

[13] which — the = in the.

[14] There are these ... full = These ... are full. Full of, +voller+.

[15] +im Auge des Menschen jedoch liegt eine alles übertreffende Pracht.+

_Section 75._

THE BEAUTY OF THE EYE.

II.

We realise[1] this fully only when[2] we gaze into the faces of those we love. It[3] is their eyes (S. 16, N. 10) we look at[4] when we are near them, and[5] recall when we are[6] far away. The face is a[7] blank without the eye, and the eye seems to concentrate every[8] feature in itself. _It is_ the eye _that_ smiles, not the lips; _it is_ the eye _that_ listens[9], not the ear; it[10] that frowns, not the brow; it[11] that mourns, not the voice. Every sense and every faculty[12] seems to[13] flow toward it, and find expression through it[14], nay[15], to be lost in it; for all must have felt at times as[16] if a man’s eye was not a part of him, but (S. 6, N. 10) the man himself; as[17] if it had not merely life, but also a[18] personality of its own;—as[19] if it was not only a living, but also a thinking being.—PROF. G. WILSON.

[1] ‘to realise’, here = to comprehend, +begreifen+. The object ‘this’ may be emphasized by being placed at the head of the clause. Fully only, +erst ganz+.

[2] Say ‘when we look upon (+betrachten+) the face (+Antlitz+, n.) of our loved ones (+unserer Lieben+)’.

[3] +Es sind.+

[4] +anblicken.+

[5] and which we recall (+sich zurückrufen+).

[6] are far away, +fern von ihnen weilen+.

[7] a blank = expressionless.

[8] Supply here the adj. ‘individual’ (+einzeln+).

[9] +lauschen.+

[10] Say ‘the eye frowns (+zürnen+, i.e. to look angry)’.

[11] Say ‘the eye is sad’.

[12] +Gemütsstimmung+, f.

[13] to — it, +dahin zu strömen+.

[14] ‘it’, here = the same.

[15] +ja, darin aufzugehen.+

[16] as if ... was, +als wäre+; a man’s eye = the eye of a man.

[17] as if it had, +als hätte es+.

[18] a personality of its own = a self-dependent personality.

[19] as if it was, +als wäre es+.

_Section 76._

A FUNERAL DANCE[1].

Drums were beating[2], horns blowing[3], and[4] people were seen all running in one direction. The cause was a funeral dance. I joined[5] the crowd, and soon found myself in[6] the midst of the entertainment[7]. The dancers were most (+höchst+) grotesquely[8] got up[9]. About a dozen huge ostrich feathers adorned their helmets. Leopard or black and white monkey-skins[10] were suspended[11] from their shoulders, and a leather, tied (S. 7, N. 3, _A_) round the waist, covered a large iron bell which was strapped[12] upon the loins of each dancer; this they rang[13] to the time of the dance. A large crowd got up in[14] this style[15] created[16] an indescribable hubbub, heightened[17] by the blowing of[18] horns and the beating of seven nogaras[19] of various notes[20]. Every dancer wore[21] an antelope’s horn[22] suspended round the neck, which he blew occasionally in[23] the height of his excitement.—SIR S. BAKER, THE ALBERT N’YANZA.

[1] +Ein Tanz zur Leichenfeier.+

[2] were beating = were being beaten. See S. 2, N. 1. To beat a drum, +eine Trommel rühren+.

[3] horns (were) blowing = horns resounded (+ertönen+).

[4] Say ‘and one saw all (+alles+) people run in (+nach+) one direction.

[5] +sich an´schließen+, which requires the dat.

[6] in the midst, +inmitten+, which requires the gen.

[7] entertainment = festivity.

[8] +grotesk.+

[9] ‘to get up’, here +aus´staffieren+.