Chapter V: Part 5

Our first scene is a palace; the period[2] winter; the time[3] morning, and the weather cold and miserable[4]. It is ten o’clock, and the King of France with his wife[5] and family are[6] discovered at the breakfast table. A splendid beginning! Calmness[7] is the prevailing expression of every countenance save one—the king’s daughter-in-law[8], who looks anxious and disturbed. Light[9] domestic talk, _such_ as[10] becomes princes and the gilded roof that[11] overhangs them, occupies[12] the moments. Hush[13]! Whilst the lacqueys, dressed (S. 7, N. 3, _A_) in gold and scarlet, move[14] noiselessly about the room, a noise is heard without[15]. It[16] becomes more[17] audible by degrees. Suddenly the door flies open, and two[18] men enter, pale as ghosts. They[19] are Ministers of State (S. 76, N. 22, _A_). They have news to communicate. Discontent prevails in the city; the[20] populace are out; the dragoons have surrendered their sabres, the soldiers their arms, within[21] sight of the apartment in which the king had just now enjoyed his meal, and his daughter-in-law had looked[22] so sad.

[1] =National adjectives require a small initial in German.=

[2] period = season.

[3] time = day-time (S. 76, N. 22, _B_). Connect the two nouns by means of the genitive inflection +es+.

[4] +rauh+.

[5] wife, consort, +=Gemahlin=+, which term generally applies to the wife of a king, or to that of persons of the upper ranks of society.—The possessive adj. pron. is best repeated before the next noun.

[6] Since the subject begins the sentence, the verb must be placed immediately after it. Say ‘The king of France sits, etc.’, and transl. the words ‘at — table’ briefly thus: +beim Frühstückstische+.

[7] Calmness — disturbed. This period is best construed thus: With _the_ exception of the king’s daughter-in-law (i.e. the daughter-in-law of the king), who looks anxious and disturbed, bear (App. § 14) all _the_ faces the expression of (S. 3, N. 2) calmness.—+Der König war ~Ludwig Philipp~, geb. den 6. Oktob. 1773 zu Paris, ältester Sohn des Herzogs Ludwig Philipp von Orléans. Nach der Julirevolution von 1830 bestieg er kraft Kammerbeschlusses vom 7. Aug. als König der Franzosen den Thron. Durch die Februarrevolution von 1848 gestürzt, floh er nach England, wo er fortan in Claremont unter dem Titel eines Grafen von Neuilly lebte und im Jahre 1850 starb. Seine Gemahlin war ~Maria Amalie von Sicilien~, welche ebenfalls in England starb.+

[8] +Die Schwiegertochter des Königs war ~Helene, Herzogin von Orléans~, verwitwete Gemahlin des im Jahre 1842 infolge eines Sprunges aus dem Wagen beim Durchgehen der Pferde verunglückten Herzogs ~Ferdinand von Orléans~, des ältesten Sohnes des Königs Ludwig Philipp, welcher acht Kinder hatte.+

[9] Supply the indef. art. before the adj. ‘light’; ‘domestic’, here = confidential; talk = conversation.

[10] such as, +wie+, after which supply the pron. +sie+ to agree with ‘conversation’. It becomes princes, +es paßt sich für Fürsten+.

[11] ‘_that — them_’, may be briefly turned by ‘over them’.

[12] occupies — moments, +läßt die Zeit schnell dahingehen+.

[13] +Horch!+

[14] to move, +sich bewegen+; about the room = in the room.

[15] without = outside.

[16] Use here a demonstrative pronoun to agree with ‘noise’.

[17] more — degrees = louder and louder.

[18] two men pale as ghosts, +zwei geisterbleiche Gestalten+.

[19] They are, +Es sind+.

[20] +Der Pöbel ist auf den Beinen.+

[21] within — meal = and this almost (+fast+) immediately in front of (+vor+) the windows of the room in which the king had just now breakfasted.—Use the verb in the Imperfect, and render _just now_ by +soeben+.

[22] ‘to look sad’, here +trübe einher´blicken+, which use likewise in the Imperfect.—=The German Imperfect is chiefly used as a historical tense and to express a past action or occurrence with reference to another.= It is, however, likewise used to denote the continuance of an action, to describe a certain state, and to express customary and habitual action. Comp. S. 48, N. 2, for the use of the Perfect.

_Section 102._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

II.

What is to be done? The king is thunderstruck[1], hesitates _for_ a moment, and[2] then, urged[3] by the queen, instantly leaves the room. The[4] queen follows[5] her husband with her (S. 43, N. 9, _A_) eyes from the palace window. She sees[6] him on horseback[7] reviewing[8] the National Guards[9]. She has no fear, neither[10] has he. What[11] more? He returns, accompanied[3] by[12] the man whom[13], yesterday, to satisfy public clamour, he created Prime Minister. Has the Minister power to save his master? You (S. 92, N. 5) observe at[14] a glance that[15] he is far more anxious to save himself. He craves[16] permission to resign. Permission[17] is granted, when (S. 4, N. 2) a volley[18] is (S. 4, N. 4) heard close[19] to their ears. What does it mean? This[20] man will tell you who now enters. The King has a pen in his hand, with which he is about (S. 6, N. 4) to appoint his new Prime Minister. “Sign[21] not,” shouts the[22] last comer, a[23] man of the press, with the face[24] of a student, and the spirit[25] of a soldier. “Sign rather[26] your own abdication.” The situation is fine[27]. The pen drops[28] from the King’s fingers; the speaker[29] takes it up, and quietly[30] replaces[31] it in the Monarch’s hand (see S. 43, N. 9).

[1] +wie vom Donner gerührt.+

[2] Here place the verb ‘leaves’.

[3] =The Past (Perfect) Participle is often used elliptically to denote an existing state or condition=; as—

Urged by his father, he instantly left the room.

+Von seinem Vater gedrängt, verließ er eiligst das Zimmer.+

[4] Construe this period by beginning with the adverbial clause ‘from the palace window’, +~von~ den Fenstern des Palastes ~aus~+. The verb must then follow immediately. To denote a starting point with respect to place, the English preposition ‘=from=’ is generally translated by +=von=+ followed by the prepositional adverb +=aus=+, or by +aus ... hinaus+ when the verb indicates a motion from one place to another. In relation to time we use +=von ... an=+, which often corresponds to the English ‘=beginning with=’, or to ‘=from=’ followed by ‘=forwards=’; as—

_Beginning with_ to-morrow (_From to-morrow forwards_) you must
take a walk every day.

+~Von morgen an~ müssen Sie jeden Tag spazieren gehen.+

[5] +folgen+ requires the dative.

[6] see S. 78, N. 14.

[7] +zu Pferde.+

[8] +mustern.+

[9] the National Guards, +die Nationalgarde+.

[10] neither has he = and he also not.

[11] +Was giebt’s weiter?+

[12] by the man, +von einem Manne+.

[13] ‘whom — Minister’, construe ‘whom he only (+erst+) yesterday appointed Prime Minister, to satisfy (+genügen+, with the dat.) the impetuous (+ungestüm+) demands of the people’. To appoint, to create, +ernennen+. =Verbs denoting choosing and appointing=, as =+ernennen+, +machen+, and +erwählen+=, to choose, to elect, require in German an Accusative followed by the prep. +=zu=+ with the dative, =when in English they govern two Accusatives in the active voice=; as—

The King _appointed_ Prince Bismarck Prime Minister.

+Der König ~ernannte~ den Fürsten Bismarck ~zum~
Premierminister.+

S. 27, N. 4 will show the construction in connection with the passive voice.

[14] at a glance, +augenblicklich+.

[15] that — anxious, +daß es ihm viel mehr darum zu thun ist+.

[16] to crave permission to resign, +um Erlaubnis bitten, sein Amt nie´derlegen zu dürfen+.

[17] Use the def. art. with this noun, and supply the dat. of the pers. pron. er after the auxiliary; the verb is in the passive voice.

[18] +Musketensalve+, f.

[19] close to their ears = in _the_ immediate neighbourhood.

[20] ‘This — enters’ may be briefly rendered: +Der soeben Eintretende wird es uns zu erkennen geben.+

[21] +unterschrei´ben+, insep. comp. str. v., which use in the 3rd pers. pl. of the Imperative mood. As a mark of respect, the word ‘+Sire+’ may be inserted after this clause.

[22] the — comer, +der Hereingetretene+.

[23] +ein Journalist.+

[24] ‘face’, here = impudence or boldness.

[25] spirit = courage.

[26] +lieber.+

[27] fine = critical.

[28] to drop from, +entfallen+, with the dat.

[29] Form a noun of the present participle of the verb +sprechen+. The noun +Sprecher+ applies, as a rule, to the Speaker in the English House of Commons. The Speaker in the Imperial German Reichstag is styled +Präsident+.

[30] =In German, when the subject stands before the verb, the adverb must never precede the latter or, in compound forms, the copula (auxiliary verb).= Comp. App. § 9.

[31] +wieder geben.+

_Section 103._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

III.

The audience[1] is already touched[2]. The poor king looks around him for[3] advice; no[4] one offers it; even the Prime Minister of[5] yesterday is dumb; and in[6] another instant the[7] deed is done. The King has abdicated in[8] favour of his grandson[9]. Behind the scenes[10] you (S. 92, N. 5) hear sounds[11] of tumult and disorder, and your[12] heart is already beating for the issue. The King doffs[13] his robes[14], places his sword upon the table, and[15], dressed (S. 102, N. 3) as _a_ private gentleman[16], is _evidently_ anxious[17] to depart. The Queen would[18] fain meet the coming danger, but his[19] Majesty has already ordered the carriages. The horses are put[20] to, but horses and groom are shot[21] by the multitude[22]. A broad path leads from[23] the palace garden[24], and at the end[25] of it a friendly hand[26] has brought two hired coaches[27]. “Let[28] us go,” exclaims the Monarch, and, leaning (S. 53, N. 12) heavily[29] upon the Queen, whose[30] head is high and erect, he hurries on. The coaches are[31] reached; the fugitives escape[32]. They arrive at St. Cloud[33], at Versailles, but not to (S. 19, N. 7. Supply the adv. dort) stay. On[34] they go, and at half-past eleven o’clock at night they descend at Dreux[35].

[1] +Die Anwesenden.+

[2] +tief ergriffen sein.+

[3] +nach.+

[4] No — it, +Keiner erbietet sich dazu+.

[5] of yesterday, +gestern ernannt+, which use attributively before the noun.

[6] in another = in the next.

[7] ‘to do a deed’, here +eine Urkunde vollziehen+.

[8] +zu gunsten.+

[9] +Der Enkel war der älteste Sohn des verstorbenen Herzogs Ferdinand von Orléans und seiner Gemahlin Helene. Dieser Sohn, welcher noch heute (Dez. 1886) in England lebt, trägt den Namen Ludwig Philipp von Orléans und führt den Titel eines Grafen von Paris. Sein jüngerer Bruder ist Robert Philipp von Orléans mit dem Titel Herzog von Chartres, augenblicklich ebenfalls in England.+

[10] Use here the Sing.

[11] sounds — disorder = confusion and noise.

[12] your — issue = our hearts beat already in anxious expectation of the events to come (+des Kommenden+).

[13] +von sich werfen.+

[14] ‘robes’, here +Staatskleider+.

[15] Here place the verb ‘is’.

[16] ‘priv. gentl.’, here +Civilist+.

[17] +begierig+; ‘to depart’, here = to flee.

[18] would fain = would willingly; use the Imperf. Subj. of +mögen+ with the adv. +gern+. To meet danger, +der Gefahr die Stirne bieten+.

[19] +Se.+ (for +Seine+) +Majestät+, after which place the verb in the 3rd pers. pl., which is customary in speaking of Sovereigns.

[20] to put to = to put the horses to, +an´spannen+.

[21] +erschießen.+

[22] +Pöbel+, m.

[23] ‘from’, here +aus ... hinaus+. Comp. S. 102, N. 4.

[24] Form a compound of ‘castle’ and ‘garden’.

[25] ‘end’, here +Ausgang+, m.

[26] Form a comp. of ‘friend’ and ‘hand’ according to S. 76, N. 22, _B_.

[27] +Mietskutsche+, f.

[28] The King would address his Consort in the 2nd pers. sing.

[29] to lean heavily upon, +sich fest stützen auf+ (with Acc.).

[30] +welche mit stolzerhobenem Haupte einherschreitet.+

[31] are reached, +werden bestiegen+.

[32] +entkommen.+

[33] +~Sanct Cloud~ bei Versailles war zu jener Zeit eine beliebte Residenz der königlichen Familie.+ ‘+Sanct+’ (abbreviated +St.+) comes from the Latin ‘sanctus’.

[34] +Es geht weiter.+

[35] +~Dreux~ ist ein Städtchen im Departement Eure-Loire, an der Eure, mit 7000 Einwohnern und enthält ein Schloß mit Grabkapelle des Hauses Orléans, welche von der Mutter des Königs Ludwig Philipp gegründet wurde.+

_Section 104_.

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

IV.

At one in the morning they are joined[1] by (+von+) one of the King’s sons, who informs the unhappy pair that the claims[2] of the grandson _had[3] been_ disregarded, and _that_ the republic had been declared by the people of Paris. It is enough. The King shaves off his whiskers, puts on green spectacles, buries[4] his face in a handkerchief, speaks English, and calls himself Smith. The wind is[5] high, the coast[6] dangerous, embarkation[7] is out of question at the moment, and before an opportunity offers, the rank of the runaways[8] is discovered. Fortune (S. 3, N. 2), however, is[9] with them: they escape[10] capture and put to sea. Protected by Heaven, they reach in safety[11] the hospitable shores of England.

Meanwhile[12], what has happened in Paris? The whole city has given way[13] to a handful of rioters—men (S. 53, N. 9) who meditated an “emeute[14]”, and effected, to their astonishment, an _actual_ revolution. But[15] two individuals upon the side of the King evinced a[16] particle of courage, and these were women—his wife and his daughter-in-law already[17] mentioned. The[18] rest of the city were[19] faithless to themselves as well as to the King.

[1] ‘to be joined’, here +eingeholt werden+ (to be overtaken).

[2] Here +Thronansprüche+.

[3] According to the two rules in §§ 28 and 30 of the Appendix, the Perfect of the Subjunctive Mood is to be used in this and the following clause. The two clauses, however, can be joined by omitting the second conjunction ‘that’ and the copula ‘had been’ of the first clause. Turn ‘to disregard’ by +nicht anerkennen+; the words ‘by — Paris’ may be briefly rendered by +von den Parisern+, which place immediately after the conjunction ‘and’.

[4] ‘to bury’, here = to veil, +umhüllen+; the prep. ‘in’ must then be rendered by +mit+.

[5] is high = blows violently.

[6] since the copula ‘is’ was changed into another verb in the previous clause, it must be inserted here.

[7] The literal version of this clause would not read well. I propose to use the following construction: it is (Comp. N. 19) for the moment impossible to embark.

[8] runaways = fugitives.

[9] is with them, +ist ihnen hold+ (propitious).

[10] to escape capture, +der Verhaftung entgehen+; to put to sea, +in die See stechen+.

[11] +glücklich+; ‘shores’, here +Gestade+.

[12] +Inzwischen+, which place after the copula ‘has’. The verb ‘to happen’ is conjugated with +sein+.

[13] to give way = to yield, conj. with +sein+; handful, +Häuflein+.

[14] +Aufruhr+ m.; rioter, +Aufrührer+.

[15] but = only; individuals = persons.

[16] a particle of = a little.

[17] +deren wir schon erwähnten.+

[18] All _the_ others in the city.

[19] were — King = ‘were just as faithless towards themselves as they were towards the King’, and insert the grammatical subject +es+ after the pronoun ‘they’.—=The grammatical subject +es+ is frequently employed for emphasizing the real subject or to give more tone and like to the construction=; as—+Es sprach die Leidenschaft aus seinen Zügen.+ It is, moreover, used with all impersonal verbs; as—+es friert+, +es donnert+, +es giebt+, +es ist+.

_Section 105._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

V.

Princes, peers[1], soldiers, and statesmen were all sneaking[2] in hiding places whilst the capital was[3] made over to the mercy of a few dozen incendiaries. The daughter-in-law, seeing (S. 55, N. 1) the King depart[4], carries[5] her child to the Chamber of Deputies[6], and[7] there, with womanly courage and queenly dignity, vindicates his rights. Her friends entreat her to withdraw. Firm[8] in her purpose, she does not move[9] an inch. She attempts to speak, but is interrupted; and[10] he who interrupts is himself silenced by an armed mob that pours[11] into the hall[12]. The Duchess is forced away[13], and in that terrible extremity _is_ separated from her son. The child is seized by (S. 106, N. 23) a rough hand, which[14] is strong enough to strike[15], but[16] generous enough to save. The boy is brought[17] to his mother, and mother and son pass[18] from asylum to asylum, chased[19] by scythes, sabres, muskets, and, worse[20] than all, the[21] bloody passions of an infuriated “canaille”. For[22] four days they[23] creep into hiding places; on the fifth day they are beyond the frontier.

[1] The Peers of France were called ‘Pairs’, which term is used in German, the final +s+ being pronounced.

[2] to sneak into hiding places, +in den Winkel kriechen+.

[3] was made over = was left (+überlas´sen+), with the dat. Construe the sentence after the following model:—+Die Festung wurde einer kleinen Anzahl Soldaten auf Gnade oder Ungnade überlassen.+

[4] +davon´reisen.+ Comp. App. § 19.

[5] +führen+, before which the subjective pronoun ‘she’ must be supplied.

[6] +Deputiertenkammer+, f.

[7] and — rights = where she vindicates his rights with, etc.

[8] +Fest ihren Zweck verfolgend.+

[9] +zurück´weichen.+

[10] and — himself, +und der sie Unterbrechende selbst wird+.

[11] to pour = to rush.

[12] +Saal+, m.

[13] +gewaltsam hinweg´drängen+.

[14] After the rel. pron. insert the adverb +zwar+ (certainly, it is true, indeed), which will give more force to the clause.

[15] +darein´zuschlagen.+

[16] ‘but’, here +doch+, or +aber auch+.

[17] ‘to bring’, here = to bring back.

[18] ‘to pass’, here = to flee.

[19] chased = pursued; by, +von+.

[20] what is still worse.

[21] +von dem blutgierigen Zorn eines rasenden Pöbels.+

[22] +Vier Tage lang+.

[23] they — places = they try to conceal themselves.

_Section 106._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

VI.

Everybody is escaping at[1] the same moment. There is the King’s eldest son, pale and half-naked, throwing[2] aside his tinsel and putting on fustian, looking[3] less than a man in his fear, trembling with[4] emotion, and finally running[5] like a madman for[6] his life. There are your[7] ministers, of[8] European reputation and wisdom unapproachable, bounding[9] like antelopes, northwards[10], southwards, “anywhere, anywhere[11] out of the city”, which they and all the rest give up[12] to indiscriminate riot. And[13] now the crowning point of our first “tableau” is near. The (S. 107, N. 13) mob, masters[14] of Paris, are sacking the Tuileries. The choicest moveables[15] are broken to atoms; a group[16] takes[17] the places which Royalty filled a moment ago at the breakfast table; others are in the wine cellar drinking[18] themselves ten times drunk; others, again[19], are in the Queen’s apartments, defiling[20] that[21] domestic sanctuary. Outside the palace and on the top[22] of it a flag is waved[23] by[24] a dozen men, whose[25] shouts and shrieks invite hundreds, whom[26] you see crawling up with no earthly object but immediately to (S. 19, N. 7) slide down again.

[1] at — moment = with them.

[2] ‘throwing — life’. The rendering of this passage according to the rule of S. 16, N. 4 would be inelegant, since there are a number of Present Participles following one another. I propose, therefore, to begin a new period here, saying: He throws aside his tinsel (here +Flitterstaat+, m.), puts on fustian, etc.; to put on fustian, +sich in Barchent kleiden+.

[3] to look less than a man, +kaum einem Manne ähnlich sehen+.

[4] +vor+; emotion = excitement.

[5] +davon´laufen.+

[6] +um sein Leben zu retten.+

[7] your = the.

[8] of — unapproachable = incomparable in (+an+) European fame and wisdom.

[9] Since a relative clause follows immediately, it would be bad taste to render this clause, beginning with a Present Participle, in the same form. It will be best to commence a new period. Comp. N. 2.

[10] +nach Nord und Süd.+

[11] The second ‘anywhere’ is best turned by +nur hinweg+.

[12] +dem allgemeinen Aufruhr preisgeben.+

[13] And — near = And now we approach (+sich nähern+, with Dat.) the end (+Schluß+, m.) of our first tableau. The French ‘tableau’ is used with French pronunciation in the same sense in German. It is of the neuter gender and takes the inflection of an +s+ in the Gen. Sing.

[14] masters of Paris = which rules _in_ Paris; to rule, +beherrschen+ (v. tr.).

[15] moveables = objects; atoms = pieces.

[16] Insert the noun ‘men’.

[17] +ein´nehmen+; Royalty = the Royal family; filled = occupied (+inne haben+, treated like a comp. sep. v.). The adverbial clause ‘at the breakfast table’ is best placed after the verb ‘takes’.

[18] drinking themselves drunk = and drink themselves drunk (+sich betrinken+).

[19] +wiederum andere.+

[20] and defile (+besudeln+).

[21] +diese geheiligte Stätte der Häuslichkeit.+

[22] top = roof; of it = of the same.

[23] +hin und her schwenken.+

[24] =The preposition ‘by’ in connection with the passive voice and establishing a relation with the noun or pronoun that denotes the doer of the action expressed by the verb, is rendered by +von+.=

[25] To avoid a succession of relative clauses, which should always be avoided, begin again a new period here and say: The shouts and shrieks of these men invite (+herbei´locken+), etc.

[26] whom — but = who seem only to climb up (+erklettern+) the roof. The adv. ‘immediately’ comes after the conjunction ‘to’.

_Section 107._

THE DRAMA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848.

VII.

There[1] is sentiment in all things. The apartments of the poor daughter-in-law are reached (S. 4, N. 4, +man+), but, strange[2] to say, are respected[3] in the midst of the work[4] of general destruction. Her children’s toys are[5] not even touched; the hat and (S. 10, N. 9) whip of her dead[6] husband are[7] still sacred; the books (S. 16, N. 10) she had been reading lie still open[8]. It[9] is an incident that cannot fail to[10] elicit rounds of applause. And whilst[11] anarchy and destruction prevail here, there[12] is equal confusion and danger in the Chamber of Deputies. We have seen the[13] mob forcing their way into (+zu+) that deliberative assembly. Everybody[14] is now rushing to the tribune. Three[15] speakers become marked from the rest; their[16] names are Lamartine[23], Crémieux[23], and Ledru Rollin[23]; they[17] gain the popular ear, and undertake (S. 51, N. 13) to establish[18] order—a superhuman responsibility! A Provisional Government is announced, named[19], and approved on the spot. “To (S. 72, N. 4) the Hôtel de Ville!” exclaims one[20]. “To the Hôtel de Ville!” respond _a_ hundred; and amidst[21] yells and hootings, cries[22] of “Vive la République!” “Vive Lamartine!” “A bas tout le monde!” _Monsieur_ Lamartine[23] sets out for that celebrated building, followed by a train made[24] up of the dregs of a seething metropolis. In the middle[25] of the shouting the curtain falls, and[26] the first act terminates. Search[27] the dramatic annals of the world for such another.—ESSAYS FROM “THE TIMES”.

[1] +Es findet sich jedoch überall noch eine Spur von Gefühl.+

[2] strange to say, +sonderbarerweise+.

[3] are respected, +werden dieselben ... verschont+.

[4] work — destruction, +allgemeines Zerstörungswerk+.

[5] +bleiben+; not touched = untouched.

[6] +verstorben.+

[7] +sind dem Andenken noch heilig.+

[8] Supply here the adverb +da+, which will make the sentence more emphatic.

[9] It is, +Es ist dies+. Comp. S. 104, N. 19.

[10] to — applause, +den allgemeinsten Beifall hervorzurufen.—Dieser Vorfall erklärt sich durch die große Popularität des verstorbenen Herzogs und seiner Gemahlin, der Herzogin Helene von Orléans.+

[11] Place the adv. ‘here’ after whilst, and use the adverb +noch+ with it.

[12] ‘there is’, here +findet man+, after which place ‘in — Deputies’.

[13] the — way = how the mob forces its way (+sich einen Weg bahnen+). =In German the verb agrees in the Singular with a collective substantive in the Singular.=

[14] +Alles+; to, +auf+.

[15] +Drei Redner hört man über die andern hinaus.+

[16] +sie heißen.+

[17] they = these; to gain the popular ear, +sich beim Volke Gehör verschaffen+.

[18] +wieder her´stellen.+

[19] +mit Namen benannt.+

[20] Say ‘one voice’, and afterwards ‘hundred other voices’.

[21] +unter.+

[22] +und unter wiederholten Ausrufen von ...+

[23] ‘to set out’, here +die Prozession an´treten+; for, +nach+. The verb must of course appear before the Subject Lamartine. +~Louis Alphonse Lamartine~ erregte zunächst durch seine zarten Jugenddichtungen in den zwanziger Jahren allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit. Nachdem er durch den Tod eines Oheims ein bedeutendes Vermögen ererbt hatte, bereiste er 1832 den Orient, worauf er die politische Laufbahn betrat und einer der glänzendsten Redner der Deputiertenkammer wurde. Nach der Februarrevolution von 1848 wurde er Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung und Minister des Auswärtigen, zog sich jedoch 1851 unzufrieden zurück und † am 1. März 1869 zu Passy, wo er in dürftigen Verhältnissen gelebt hatte. ~Isaac Adolphe Crémieux~, Israelit, wurde 1830 Advokat am Kassationshofe zu Paris, bekämpfte, seit 1842 Mitglied der Kammer, heftig das Ministerium Guizot und förderte die Reformbewegung. Nach der Februarrevolution von 1848 ward er Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung, in der er kurze Zeit das Justizministerium bekleidete. Nach der Wahl des Prinzen Louis Napoléon zum Präsidenten trat er zur Opposition über, ward beim Staatsstreich am 2. Dez. 1851 verhaftet, jedoch bald wieder freigelassen, worauf er sich auf seine Praxis beschränkte. Im Jahre 1870, nach dem Sturze des Kaiserreichs, nochmals zum Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung gewählt, hielt er sich zu Gambetta und ward später Mitglied der Nationalversammlung. ~Alexandre Auguste Ledru Rollin~ ward Advokat, und trat 1844 in die Kammer der Deputierten, nachdem er als Advokat in vielen politischen Prozessen plaidiert hatte. Er beteiligte sich lebhaft bei der Reformagitation von 1847, ward 1848 Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung und Minister des Innern, trat jedoch schon im Juni desselben Jahres von der Regierung zurück. Im Juni 1849 mußte er wegen politischer Intriguen nach England fliehen, ward abwesend zur Deportation verurteilt und lebte seitdem als Mitglied des dortigen Revolutionskomitees in London. Im Jahre 1857 wurde er mit Mazzini eines Komplots gegen Napoleon III. eingeklagt und abermals verurteilt, und kehrte endlich am 26. März 1870 infolge der Erklärung der Republik und der Amnestie nach Paris zurück, ohne sich aber an den dortigen Ereignissen hervorragend zu beteiligen.+

[24] made up of, +welcher sich aus ... gebildet hat+; seething, +gährend+.

[25] +Inmitten+, followed by the Gen.

[26] After ‘and’ supply the adv. +so+, which requires the constr. to be inverted.

[27] search — another. This passage would not read well in a literal version, which may be altered thus:—Where can we find in the dramatic annals of the history of the world (comp. n.) a similar _one_ (+einen gleichen+).

_Section 108._

EXPERIENCE IS THE BEST TEACHER[1].

A French student of (S. 3, N. 2) medicine lodged[2] in the same house in London with a man in a fever. This poor man was constantly plagued by the nurse to drink, though[3] he nauseated the insipid liquids that were presented to him. At last, when she[4] grew more and more importunate, he whispered in her (S. 43, N. 9, _B_) ear:—“For[5] God’s sake bring me a salt herring, and I will drink as much _as_ you please[6]!”

The woman indulged[7] him in his request; he devoured the herring, drank plentifully, underwent[8] a copious perspiration, and recovered[9].

The French student inserted this aphorism[10] in his journal[11]:—“A salt herring cures[12] an Englishman in a fever.”

On[13] his return to (S. 72, N. 4) France he prescribed the same remedy to the first patient in a fever[2] to whom he was called.

The patient died; on which[14] the student inserted[15] in his journal _the_ following note:—“N.B. Though a salt herring cures an Englishman, it[16] kills a Frenchman.”—W. C. HAZLITT, ANECDOTES.

[1] +Lehrerin+, to agree with ‘experience’, which is feminine in German.

[2] Here place the words ‘in London — fever’; a man in a fever, +ein Fieberkranker+.

[3] Construe the sentence ‘though — him’ after the following model: +Die mir gereichten geschmacklosen Getränke widern mich an.+

[4] Here place the adv. ‘at last’; more and more importunate, +immer zudringlicher+.

[5] +Um Gotteswillen.+

[6] +wollen.+

[7] to indulge a request, +einer Bitte willfahren+.

[8] to undergo a copious perspiration, +in tüchtigen Schweiß geraten+ (str. v.).

[9] +genesen+, str. v.

[10] +Lehrsatz+.

[11] Form a comp. n. of ‘day’ and ‘book’ according to S. 76, N. 22, _C_.

[12] +kurieren+; in a, +vom+.

[13] Say ‘When he had returned to France’.

[14] on which = whereupon.

[15] +schreiben+, after which place ‘following note’.

[16] +so stirbt ein Franzose daran.+

_Section 109._

ON[1] SELF CULTURE.

(From[2] an address delivered to an assemblage of young men at Edinburgh.)

I[3] stand before you a self-educated man. My education was[4] that which was supplied at the humble parish schools of Scotland; and _it was_ only[5] when I[6] went to Edinburgh, a poor boy, _that_ I devoted my evenings, after the labours of the day, to the cultivation of[7] that intellect which the Almighty has given me. From seven or eight in the morning till nine or ten at night[8], was I at[9] _my_ business as _a_ bookseller’s apprentice[10], and[11] _it was_ only during hours after these, stolen from sleep, _that_ I could devote myself to study. I assure you that I did not read novels[12]; my attention was devoted[13] to physical science and other useful matters[14]. During[15] that period I taught myself French. I look back[16] to that time with great pleasure, and am almost sorry I have not to go[17] through the same troubles again. I[18] reaped more pleasure when I had not a sixpence in my pocket, studying in a garret in Edinburgh, than I now find when sitting amidst all the elegancies and comforts of a parlour.—WILLIAM CHAMBERS.

[1] +Über Selbstbildung.+

[2] +Aus+; to deliver an address to an assemblage, +vor einer Versammlung eine Rede halten+; young men, +junge Leute+.

[3] I — man. This sentence does not allow of a literal rendering; say ‘You see before you a man who has educated himself’ (+sich selbst bilden or aus´bilden+).

[4] was — Scotland = was such as (it) (+eine solche, wie sie+) is given (+erteilen+) at (_in_) a simple Scottish village-school.

[5] =The adverb ‘only’, when used in reference to time, is turned by ‘+erst+’, but in references to number by ‘+nur+’=; as—

This man has _only_ (but) one coat.

+Dieser Mann hat ~nur~ einen Rock.+

It is _only_ one o’clock.

+Es ist ~erst~ ein Uhr.+

[6] when — boy = when I, a poor boy, came to (S. 72, N. 4) Ed.

[7] Construe the clause ‘of — me’ according to S. 48, N. 6; intellect, +Geist+.

[8] ‘at night’, here +abends+, since +Nacht+ applies only to the hours between 11 P.M. and 5 A.M.

[9] at = in, contracted with the Dat. of the def. art.

[10] Supply here +thätig+ (engaged).

[11] Say ‘and only during the later (+später+) hours, which I stole from sleep (+dem Schlafe ab´stehlen+), could I’, etc.

[12] +Roman+, m.

[13] +auf naturwissenschaftliche Studien ... gerichtet.+

[14] +Gegenstand+, m.

[15] ‘During that period’ may be briefly rendered by +damals+; to teach oneself German, +ohne Lehrer Deutsch studieren+.

[16] +zurück´blicken.+

[17] to go through troubles, +Beschwerden durch´machen+; again, +noch einmal+. For the constr. see App. § 19.

[18] Say ‘When (S. 4, N. 2) I had no sixpence (+Sechspfennigstück+, n.) in my pocket and studied in a garret in E., I felt (+sich fühlen+) happier than now, when (+da+) I sit in an elegant and comfortable (+behaglich+) parlour’.

_Section 110._

GOETHE’S[1] DEATH.

I.

The[2] following morning—it was the 22nd March 1832—he tried to[3] walk a little up and down the room, but[4] after a turn, he found[5] himself too feeble to continue. Reseating[6] himself in the easy chair, he chatted cheerfully with Ottilie [(S. 53, N. 9) his daughter-in-law] on[7] the approaching spring, which would[8] be sure to restore him. He[9] had no idea of his end being so near. The name _of_ Ottilie was frequently on his lips. She sat beside him, holding[10] his hand in both of hers. It was now observed that his thoughts began to wander[11] incoherently. “See,” he exclaimed, “the lovely woman’s head, with black curls, in splendid colours—a[12] dark background!” Presently[13] he saw a piece of paper on the floor, and asked _them_ how[14] they could leave Schiller’s letters so carelessly lying about. Then[15] he slept softly, and, on[16] awakening, asked[17] for the sketches[18] (S. 16, N. 10) he had just seen—the[19] sketches of his dream.

[1] +~Johann Wolfgang von Göthe~, geboren den 22. August 1749 zu Frankfurt a/M., gestorben den 22. März 1832 zu Weimar, kann wohl mit Recht der universalste Genius seiner Zeit genannt werden, deren Litteratur er unbestritten beherrschte. Er war Dichter, Biograph, Naturforscher, Altertumsforscher, Kritiker, Ästhetiker und Staatsmann. In fast allen poetischen Gattungen zeigte er sich als vollendeter Künstler, am bedeutendsten aber war er als Lyriker. Er hinterließ einen einzigen Sohn, dessen Frau (Ottilie) unten erwähnt wird.+

[2] +Am nächsten Morgen.+

[3] +im Zimmer auf- und ab´gehen.+

[4] but — turn = but already after _a_ few steps.

[5] +sich fühlen+; ‘to continue’ may be briefly rendered by +dazu+.

[6] After he had seated himself again, etc.

[7] +über+.

[8] would be sure = would surely (see App. §§ 28 and 30).

[9] He — near = He had no idea of it (+davon+), that his end was so near.

[10] +und hielt seine Hand mit beiden Händen umschlossen+.

[11] +umher´irren+.

[12] a = upon a.

[13] Then.

[14] +warum man Schillers Briefe so sorglos herumliegen lasse.+

[15] Hereupon.

[16] +beim Erwachen+.

[17] +forderte er.+

[18] +Bilder.+

[19] the — dream, +seine Traumbilder+.

_Section 111._

GOETHE’S DEATH.

II.

In silent anguish they[1] now awaited the close now so surely approaching (S. 48, N. 6). His speech was becoming less and less distinct. The last words audible[2] were: “More Light!” The final[3] darkness[4] grew apace, and he[5] whose eternal longings had been for more light, gave a parting cry for it as he was passing under the shadow of death.

He continued to express himself by signs, drawing[6] letters[7] with his forefinger in the air, while he[8] had strength, and finally, as life (S. 3, N. 2) ebbed[9], drawing[10] figures slowly on the shawl which covered his legs. At[11] half-past twelve he composed[12] himself in the corner of the easy chair. His faithful watcher[13] placed a finger on her lips to intimate that he was asleep[14]. It was a sleep in which a life glided[15] from the world. He[16] woke no more.—G. H. LEWES, LIFE OF GOETHE.

[1] they = his friends, +die Seinen+.

[2] In ordinary prose adjectives qualifying a noun should precede it.

[3] final = last.

[4] +Dunkel+ (n.) +stieg hernieder+.

[5] he — death = he who had always longed (+sich sehnen+) for (+nach+) more light, cried still parting for it (+danach+) when the night of death overshadowed him.

[6] =The conjunction +indem+ with a finite verb is frequently employed for rendering the English Participle in -ing used in adverbial clauses of manner=; as—

_Supporting_ himself on her arm he slowly ascended the stairs.

+~Indem~ er sich auf ihren Arm ~stützte~, stieg er langsam die
Treppe hinauf.+

[7] +Buchstaben+, which place after ‘forefinger’.

[8] After ‘he’ insert the adverb +noch+.

[9] +dahin´fluten+.

[10] drew he slowly figures (+Zahlen+), etc.

[11] +Um halb eins.+

[12] to compose oneself in the corner, +sich ruhig in die Ecke zurück´legen+.

[13] +Wärterin.+

[14] Use the Present of the Subj. App. § 28 and § 30.

[15] +scheiden+; from, +aus+.

[16] Say ‘Goethe’ instead of ‘he’; woke = awoke; no more, +nicht wieder+.

_Section 112._

ON TRAVELLING (S. 3, N. 2).

I[1] wish folks[2] in general would keep their eyes a little more open when they travel by rail[3]. When I see young people rolling along in a luxurious[4] carriage, absorbed (S. 102, N. 3) in a trashy[5] shilling novel[6], and[7] never lifting up their eyes to look out of the window, unconscious[8] of all that[9] they are passing;—of[10] the reverend antiquities, the admirable[11] agriculture, the rich _and_ peaceful scenery[12], the[13] like of which no other country upon earth can show (App. § 18); unconscious[14], too, _of_ how much they might[15] learn _of_ botany _and_ geology, by[16] simply watching the flowers along the railway banks, and the sections[17] in the cuttings[18];—then it grieves me to see what[19] little use people make of the eyes and the understanding which God has given them. They complain of[20] a dull[21] journey: but[22] it is not the journey which is dull; it[23] is they who are dull. Eyes[24] have they, and see not; ears have they, and hear not; mere[25] dolls in smart clothes, too many of them, like the idols of the heathen.—CHARLES KINGSLEY, TOWN GEOLOGY.

[1] +Ich möchte wohl.+

[2] Say ‘(the) people (+die Leute+) would use (Imperf. Subj. of +brauchen+, App. § 32) in general the eyes a little more’, etc.

[3] +mit der Eisenbahn reisen.+

[4] luxurious = splendid; for the rendering of the verbs in this passage consult S. 78, N. 14, and for their position, App. § 19; to roll along, +dahin´rollen+.

[5] +schlecht.+

[6] Form comp. n. according to S. 76, N. 22, _B_.

[7] and — eyes = so that they never lift up their eyes. This constr. is necessary to avoid a repetition of participles.

[8] +nichts ahnend.+

[9] +woran sie vorüberfahren.+

[10] Say ‘nothing of’.

[11] excellent.

[12] landscape.

[13] the — which = as, +wie sie+ (grammatical object); comp. S. 51, N. 13.

[14] +auch nicht einmal ahnend.+

[15] I might learn much of botany, +ich könnte viel Botanik lernen+. The subject ‘they’ place after ‘geology’ and before the two verbs.

[16] by — watching = if they would only watch (+beobachten+); along — banks = on (+an+) the sides of the railway.

[17] +Bahnprofil+, n.

[18] +Durchstich+, m. The two verbs must, of course, stand at the end of the whole passage.

[19] +wie wenig+, little (denoting quantity).

[20] +über+, with Acc.

[21] dull = wearisome, +langweilig+.

[22] but — dull = but not the journey is dull.

[23] +sie selbst sind es+ (Comp. S. 104, N. 19).

[24] The inverted constr. would not read well here; use therefore the ordinary constr.

[25] are nothing but (+als+) dolls in fine clothes, and like (+gleich+, with Dat.) the idols (+Götzenbilder+) of the heathens are _there_ too many of them (+sind ihrer zu viele+).

_Section 113._

THE MANAGEMENT[1] OF THE BODY.

I have nothing new to say upon the management which the body requires[2]. The common rules are the best:—exercise without fatigue; generous[3] living without excess; early rising, and moderation in sleeping. These are the apothegms[4] of old women; but if they are not attended to[5], happiness[6] becomes (App. § 15) so extremely difficult that[7] very few _persons_ can attain[8] to it. In[9] this point of view, the care[10] of the body becomes a[11] subject of elevation and importance. A walk in the fields, an hour’s[12] less sleep, may[13] remove all these bodily vexations[14] and disquietudes which are such formidable enemies to[15] virtue; they may enable[16] the mind[17] to pursue[18] its own resolves without that constant train[19] of temptations to resist, and[20] obstacles to overcome, which[21] it always experiences from the bad organisation of its companion.—SIDNEY SMITH.

[1] treatment.

[2] +bedürfen+, govern. the Gen.

[3] strengthening food.

[4] +Lebensregeln.+

[5] to attend to, +beobachten+, v. tr.

[6] the acquisition of happiness.

[7] Insert the adv. ‘only’ after ‘that’.

[8] I cannot attain to it, +ich kann es nicht erlangen+ (v. tr.).

[9] In — view, +Von diesem Gesichtspunkte aus betrachtet+, after which follows the verb (App. § 14).

[10] +Pflege+, f.

[11] Say ‘a grand (+erhaben+) and important subject’.

[12] an hour.

[13] can perhaps.

[14] disturbances and troubles, +Störungen und Beschwerden+.

[15] Use the noun with the Gen. of the def. art.

[16] +befähigen+, v. tr.

[17] mind = soul.

[18] +folgen+, with Dat.

[19] ‘train’, here = host, +Heer+, n.; of, von; to resist, +widerstehen+, govern. the Dat.

[20] Supply here ‘those’.

[21] the acquaintance of which (+deren+) the soul always owes (+verdanken+, govern. the Dat.) to the defective organisation of its companion.

_Section 114._

THE SOURCES[1] OF WATER.

There[2] are many sources of water. The first great source[3] is the ocean, which collects all _the_ water from[4] the earth; this water contains so large a quantity _of_ salt, that none[5] of us can drink it. The sun, however, bears[6] down upon the ocean’s surface, and its heating[7] rays penetrating[8] the water, combine, as[9] it were, with it (S. 4, N. 5, _B_), and[10] raise it up. The atmosphere (S. 5, N. 2), like[11] a sponge, absorbs the[12] vaporous water, carrying[13] it from the Equator to[14] the Arctic and the Antarctic regions; thus[15] distributing it north and south. It then condenses in the form of rain and _of_ snow. When it sinks into the earth and pours down the[16] mountain sides, it forms springs and rivulets, entering[17] (S. 16, N. 4) the ocean again in[18] the form of rivers. Man catches[19] it in tubs and cisterns, draws[20] it from[21] the rivers, or digs down[22] into the earth, and catches[23] it as it passes[24] along beneath his feet. Thus[25] we have rain water, river water, and spring or well water.—DR. LANKESTER.

[1] Here +Urquellen+.

[2] The water has many sources.

[3] great = chief; form a comp. n.

[4] To render ‘from the’ use the Gen. of the def. art.

[5] none of us = nobody.

[6] bears down upon = shines.

[7] +erwärmend.+

[8] penetrating = penetrate, +durchdrin´gen+, insep. comp. str. v.

[9] as it were, +gleichsam+.

[10] and draw it upward.

[11] +wie.+

[12] +das verdunstete Wasser.+

[13] carries it.

[14] +nach den nördlichen und südlichen Polargegenden.+

[15] and distributes it north and southward. Comp. S. 71, N. 2, the principle stated there applying likewise to other compound expressions besides nouns.

[16] the = on (+an+) the.

[17] to enter again the ocean, +dem Ozean wieder zuströmen+.

[18] in the form of = as, which place after the rel. pron.

[19] +auf´fangen+, sep. c. str. v.

[20] to draw water, +Wasser schöpfen+.

[21] +aus.+

[22] down = deep.

[23] +sammeln.+

[24] ‘to pass along’, here +dahin´fließen+.

[25] +Auf diese Weise.+

_Section 115._

THE ART OF ORATORY.

I[1] owe my success in life to one single fact[2], namely:—At[3] the age of twenty-seven[4] I commenced, and continued for years, the process of daily speaking (S. 34, N. 10) upon the contents of some historical or scientific book. These efforts[5] were made sometimes in a corn-field[6], at others[7] in the forest, and not unfrequently in some distant[8] barn, with[9] _the_ horse and ox for my auditors. It[10] is this early practice in the _great_ art of all arts that I am indebted for the primary and leading impulses that stimulated me forward, and shaped and moulded my entire subsequent[11] destiny. Improve[12], then, the superior advantages (S. 16, N. 10) you here enjoy[13]. Let not[14] a day pass[15] without exercising (S. 34, N. 10) your powers[16] of speech. There is (S. 82, N. 7) no power like[17] that of oratory. Cæsar controlled[18] men by[19] exciting their fears; Cicero[20] by[21] captivating their affection and swaying their passions. The influence of the one perished[22] with its author; that of the other continues[23] to this day.—HENRY CLAY[24].

[1] To avoid beginning with the pronoun ‘=I=’, which seldom looks well in German, and is considered bad style in letters, place the object first, and construe according to App. § 14.

[2] =fact = deed or action = +That+=, f.; =fact = event= (as in this instance) = +=Thatsache=+, f.; =the Latin +Factum+=, pl. =+Facta+ or +Facten+ is, however, used in both significations=.

[3] At the, +Im+.

[4] Supply ‘years’, and construe thus: I began the process (+Verfahren+, n.), which I continued for years (+jahrelang+) to speak daily about (+über+, with Acc.), etc.; some = a.

[5] efforts = exercises.

[6] Here place the verb.

[7] +zuweilen.+

[8] +entlegen.+

[9] whereby horse and ox formed my audience (+Zuhörer+).

[10] It — forward = To this early practice ... I owe the first and leading impulses (+Triebfedern+) which urged me forward (+vor´wärtstreiben+, sep. comp. str. v.).

[11] subsequent = later.

[12] Improve = Use, which use in the 2nd pers. pl.; then = therefore; superior = great.

[13] +genießen.+

[14] ‘Not’ in connection with the indef. art. must generally be rendered by ‘no’.

[15] +vorü´bergehen.+

[16] +Redetalent+, n.

[17] +welche der der Beredsamkeit gleichkommt.+

[18] +beherrschen.+

[19] +durch Erregung+; render ‘their’ by the Gen. of the def. art.

[20] Supply here ‘controlled them’ (+beherrschte sie dadurch, daß er+ ...). Comp. and read carefully S. 87, N. 6, and also S. 1, N. 3. The verb +beherrschen+ requires the preposition +durch+.

[21] by — passions = that he gained (+sich gewinnen+) their love and guided (+lenken+) their passions.

[22] +erstarb+; its author = the author of the same (to agree with ‘influence’).

[23] +fort´dauern+, sep. c. w. v.; to this day, +bis auf den heutigen Tag+.

[24] +~Henry Clay~ (geb. 1777 in Virginien, † 1852 in Washington) war ein amerikanischer Staatsmann, welcher sich als Sohn eines einfachen Landmannes bis zu den höchsten Ämtern des Staats heraufarbeitete; 1824 ward er zum Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen ernannt und 1829 war er unter Jacksons Präsidentschaft im Kongreß Führer der Opposition, als welcher er die Schutzzölle und die Nationalbank verteidigte. Im Jahre 1849 brachte er den Kompromiß zustande, wonach dem Süden das Recht der Verfolgung flüchtiger Sklaven durch das Gebiet der Union eingeräumt ward.+

_Section 116._

EARLY PRIVATIONS[1].

Admiral Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, tells us the[1] story of his early struggles, and, among[2] other things, of his determination (S. 1, N. 2) to[3] keep out of debt. “My father had a very large family,” said he, “with limited means. He gave me twenty pounds (S. 58, N. 3) at[4] starting, and that was all (S. 3, N. 7) he ever[5] gave me. After I had been a considerable time at[6] the station at sea I[7] drew for twenty more, but the bill came[8] back protested. I[9] was mortified[10] at this rebuke, and made[11] a promise, which I have ever[12] kept, that[13] I would never draw another bill without[14] a certainty of its being paid. I immediately changed my mode of living, quitted[15] my mess[16], lived[17] alone, and[18] took up the ship’s allowance, which I found quite sufficient; washed and mended[19] my own clothes; made a pair _of_ trousers out _of_ the ticking of my bed[20], and, having (S. 55, N. 1) by[21] these means saved as much money as[22] would redeem my honour, I took[23] up my bill. From (S. 102, N. 4) that time to this I[24] have taken care to[25] keep within my means.”

Jervis (S. 5, N. 2) for six years endured pinching[26] privation, but preserved his integrity, studied his profession with success, and gradually rose[27] by merit and bravery to the highest rank.—S. SMILES, SELF-HELP.

[1] Early Privations, +Jugendentbehrungen+; the story — struggles. This passage, literally rendered, is not clear in German, and should be turned thus: of (+von+) the struggles with privations, which he had to go through (+bestehen+), when he was a youth (+als Jüngling+, which place after the subject ‘he’).

[2] among other things = +unter anderem+.

[3] +sich von Schulden freihalten.+

[4] at starting, +beim Beginn meiner Laufbahn+; see App. § 9.

[5] +je+; for the position of the pronoun ‘me’ see App. § 9, and use the verb in the Perfect, omitting, however, the auxiliary according to App. § 22.

[6] +auf meinem Posten zur See.+

[7] I — more = I drew another (+noch ein+) bill of twenty pounds. To draw a bill, +einen Wechsel ziehen+.

[8] to come back protested, +mit Protest wieder zurück´kommen+.

[9] I felt (+sich fühlen+).

[10] mortified = humbled, +gedemütigt+; at, +durch+.

[11] ‘to make a promise’, here +ein Gelübde ablegen+.

[12] ever = always, +stets+.

[13] that — bill. This clause is best changed into a shortened subordinate clause in form of a supine: never to draw a bill again. Place ‘again’ after ‘never’.

[14] without — paid, +ohne auch sicher zu sein, daß man ihn honorieren würde+.

[15] ‘To quit’, here to give up.

[16] +Offizierstisch.+

[17] To live, equivalent to _reside_ or _dwell_, is generally rendered by +=wohnen=+; but equivalent to _exist_ is rendered by +=leben=+.

[18] +und hielt mich an die Schiffsrationen+; quite, +durchaus+.

[19] here +flicken+.

[20] bed = bed-covering; Comp. n. S. 36, N. 7, _A_.

[21] by these means = in (+auf+) this manner.

[22] as — honour = in order to redeem (+wieder ein´lösen+) my honour.

[23] to take up one’s bill, +seinen Wechsel bezahlen+.

[24] Say ‘I have always endeavoured’.

[25] to keep within one’s means, +nicht über seine Mittel hinaus leben+; for six years, +sechs Jahre lang+.

[26] We would use the superlative here; pinching, +drückend+.

[27] ‘to rise’, here +empor´steigen+; to, +bis zu+, contracted with the Dat. of the def. art.

_Section 117._

THE BLESSEDNESS[1] OF FRIENDSHIP.

I.

A[2] blessed thing it is for any[3] man or (S. 10, N. 9) woman to have a friend; one human soul whom we can trust utterly; a friend who knows the best and the worst[4] of us, and who loves us, in spite of all our faults; who will[5] speak the honest[6] truth to us, while the world flatters us to[7] our face, and laughs _at us_ behind our backs; who will give[8] us counsel and reproof in the days of (S. 3, N. 2) prosperity and self-conceit; but[9] who, again, will comfort and encourage us in the days of difficulty[10], and sorrow, when the world leaves[11] us alone to[12] fight our _own_ battle as we can.

If we have had the _good_ fortune to win such a friend, let us do anything[13] rather[14] than lose him. We must give and forgive; live and let live. If our friend have[15] faults, we must bear[16] with them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). We must hope all _things_, believe all _things_, endure all _things_, rather[17] than lose that most precious of all earthly possessions—a trusty[18] friend.

[1] +Segen+, m.

[2] It is a blessing.

[3] every.

[4] Superlative of +schlimm+.

[5] will speak = always speaks. Use the Present likewise with the following verbs in this passage.

[6] +aufrichtig.+

[7] +ins Gesicht.+

[8] to give counsel and reproof to a person, +einem mit Rat und Tadel zur Seite stehen+; self-conceit, +Selbsttäuschung+, f.—The adverbial clause ‘in the days — conceit’ stands after the rel. pron. and the Dat. ‘us’ (App. § 9).

[9] but — again, +der uns aber auch+.

[10] +Prüfung.+

[11] ‘to leave a person alone’, here +einen imstich lassen+.

[12] +und wir unsern Kampf, so gut wir können, allein auszufechten haben.+

[13] all.

[14] +um ihn nur nicht zu verlieren.+

[15] has.

[16] to bear a thing, +Geduld mit etwas haben+.

[17] +lieber+, which place before the last ‘all’.

[18] +zuverlässig.+

_Section 118._

THE BLESSEDNESS OF FRIENDSHIP.

II.

_And_ a friend once won (S. 7, N. 3, _A_) need[1] never be lost, if we will only be trusty and true ourselves. Friends may[2] part, not merely in body, but in spirit, for a while. In the bustle of (S. 3, N. 2) business and the accidents of life, they may lose[3] sight of each other for years (S. 115, N. 4); and[4] more—they[5] may begin to differ in their success in life, in their opinions, in their habits, and _there_ may be, for a time[6], coldness and estrangement between them: but not for ever, if each will be but trusty and true.

For then[7], according to[8] the beautiful figure of the poet, they will be like two ships which set sail[9] at morning from the same port, _and_ ere[10] nightfall lose sight of each other, and[11] go each on its own course, and at its own pace, for many days, through many storms and seas; and[12] yet meet again, and[13] find themselves lying side by side in the same haven, when the long voyage is past.—CHARLES KINGSLEY, “THE WATER OF LIFE.”

[1] need — lost = we need (+brauchen+) never to lose.

[2] may = can, after which place the adverbial clause ‘for a while’, +auf kurze Zeit+; the verb ‘part’, which is equivalent to ‘be separated’ should stand at the end of the whole passage; ‘in body’, +körperlich+; ‘in spirit’, +geistig+.

[3] to lose sight of each other, +sich aus dem Gesicht verlieren+.

[4] +ja noch mehr.+

[5] Say ‘it is possible that their success in life, their opinions, their habits begin to differ (+differieren+)’.

[6] for a time, +eine Zeit lang+, which place after ‘and’; ‘may’, here +mag+; ‘be’, here = exist, +bestehen+.

[7] Here follow copula and subject according to App. § 14.

[8] according to, +nach+; figure, +Bild+, n.; to be like, +gleichen+, which governs the Dat.

[9] to set sail, +aus´segeln+.

[10] ere nightfall, +vor Dunkelwerden+.

[11] Say ‘and of which each through many storms and upon many seas (+Meer+, n.) for days pursues its own course (+Richtung+, f.) and its own pace (+Lauf+, m.)’.

[12] and — again, +welche aber dennoch wieder zusam´mentreffen+.

[13] Say ‘and find that they lie after the long voyage (+Seefahrt+, f.) side by side (+neben einander+) in the same haven’.

_Section 119._

DO GOOD IN YOUR OWN SPHERE OF ACTION[1].

I.

“I want to be at work[2] in the world,” said Tom, “and not dawdling away[3] three years at Oxford.”

“What do you mean[4] by ‘at work in the world?’” said the master, with[5] his lips close to his saucerful of tea, and peering at Tom over it.

“Well, I mean real work; one’s[6] profession, whatever[7] one will really have to do, and make one’s living by. I want to be doing some real good, feeling (S. 30, N. 4) that I am not only at play[8] in the world,” answered Tom, rather[9] puzzled to find out himself what he really did mean.

“You are mixing up two very different things in your head, I[10] think, Brown,” said the master, putting down[11] (S. 111, N. 6) the empty saucer, “and you ought to get clear[12] about them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). You[13] talk of ‘working to get your living’ and ‘doing some real good in the world’ in the same breath.”

[1] +Wirkungskreis+, m.; your = thy.

[2] to be at work = to do something.

[3] to dawdle away, +vergeuden+.