Chapter L: Part 50

In May, 1220, the Mongol army of Jingis Khan marched upon
Urgendj, or Khuarezm—the original capital of the empire of
Khuarezm, to which it gave its name. That city, which is
represented by the modern Khiva, was "the capital of the rich
cluster of cities that then bordered the Oxus, a river very
like the Nile in forming a strip of green across two sandy
deserts which bound it on either hand." The Mongols were
commanded, at first, by the three elder sons of Jingis Khan:
but two of them quarreled, and the siege was protracted
through six months without much progress being made. Jingis
then placed the youngest son, Ogotai, in charge of operations,
and they were carried forward more vigorously. "The Mongols at
length assaulted the town, fired its buildings with naptha,
and after seven days of desperate street-fighting captured it.
This was probably in December, 1220. They sent the artisans
and skilled workmen into Tartary, set aside the young women
and children as slaves, and then made a general massacre of
the rest of the inhabitants. They destroyed the city, and then
submerged it by opening the dykes of the Oxus. The ruins are
probably those now known as Old Urgendj. Rasehid says that
over 100,000 artisans and craftsmen were sent into Mongolia."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 85._

ALSO IN:
_J. Hutton,
Central Asia,
chapter 4._

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1153-1227.

KHUAREZM: A. D. 1873.
Conquest by the Russians.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

----------KHUAREZM: End--------

KHUAREZMIANS IN JERUSALEM, The.

See JERUSALEM: A. D. 1242.

KICHES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES, QUICHES, and MAYAS.

KICKAPOO INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
ALGONQUIAN FAMILY and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

KIEFT, Governor William, Administration of.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1638-1647.

KIEL, Peace of.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES: A. D. 1813-1814.

----------KIEV: Start--------

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 882.
Capital of the Russian state.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 862.

KIEV, OR KIEF: A. D. 1240.
Destroyed by the Mongols.

In December, 1240, the Mongols, pursuing their devastating
march through Russia, reached Kiev. It was then a famous city,
known among the Russians as "the mother of cities,
magnificently placed on the high banks of the Dnieper, with
its white walls, its beautiful gardens, and its thirty
churches, with their gilded cupolas, which gave it its pretty
Tartar name, Altundash Khan (i. e., the court of the Golden
Heads): it was the metropolitan city of the old Russian
princes, the seat of the chief patriarch of all Russia. It had
latterly, namely, in 1204, suffered from the internal broils
of the Russian princes, and had been much plundered and burnt.
It was now to be for a while erased altogether." Kiev was
taken by storm and the inhabitants "slaughtered without mercy:
the very bones were torn from the tombs and trampled under the
horses' hoofs. … The magnificent city, with the ancient
Byzantine treasures which it contained, was destroyed." During
the 14th and 15th centuries Kiev seems to have remained in
ruins, and the modern city is said to be "but a shadow of its
former self."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
volume 1, pages 141-142. (1876)_

----------KIEV: End--------

KILIDSCH.

See TIMAR.

KILIKIA.

See CILICIA.

KILKENNY, The Statute of.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1327-1367.

KILKENNY ARTICLES, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1652.

KILLIECRANKIE, Battle of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1689 (JULY).

KILPATRICK'S RAID TO RICHMOND.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

KILSYTH, Battle of (1645).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1644-1645.

KIMON, Peace of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 460-449.

KINBURN, Battle of (1787).

See TURKS: A. D. 1776-1792.

KINDERGARTEN, The.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &c.: A. D. 1816-1892.

KING, Origin of the word.

"Cyning, by contraction King, is closely connected with the
word 'Cyn' or 'Kin.' … I do not feel myself called upon to
decide whether Cyning is strictly the patronymic of 'cyn,' or
whether it comes immediately from a cognate adjective (see
Allen, Royal Prerogative, 176: Kemble, i. 153). It is enough
if the two words are of the same origin, as is shown by a
whole crowd of cognates, 'cynebarn,' 'cynecyn,' 'cynedom,'
'cynehelm,' 'cynehlaford.' … (I copy from Mr. Earle's
Glossarial Index.) In all these words 'cyn' has the meaning of
'royal.' The modern High-Dutch König is an odd corruption: but
the elder form is 'Chuninc.' The word has never had an English
feminine: Queen is simply 'Cwen,' woman, wife. … The notion
of the King being the 'canning' or 'cunning' man [is] an idea
which could have occurred only to a mind on which all Teutonic
philology was thrown away."

_E. A. Freeman,
History of the Norman Conquest of England,
chapter 3, section 1, and note L (volume 1)._

KING GEORGE'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744: 1745: and 1745-1748.

KING MOVEMENT, The.

See NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1853-1883.

KING OF THE ROMANS.

See ROMANS, KING OF THE.

KING OF THE WOOD.

See ARICIAN GROVE.

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675: 1675: and 1676-1678.

KING WILLIAM'S WAR.

The war in Europe, of "the Grand Alliance" against Louis XIV.
of France, frequently called "the War of the League of
Augsburg," extended to the American colonies of England and
France, and received in the former the name of King William's
War.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1689-1690;
CANADA: A. D. 1689-1690, and 1692-1697;
also, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1690;
and NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1694-1697.

KING'S BENCH.

See CURIA REGIS.

{1945}

KING'S COLLEGE.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA: A. D. 1746-1787.

KING'S HEAD CLUB.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1678-1679.

KING'S MOUNTAIN, Battle of (1780).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1780-1781.

KING'S PEACE, The.

"The peace, as it was called, the primitive alliance for
mutual good behaviour, for the performance and enforcement of
rights and duties, the voluntary restraint of free society in
its earliest form, was from the beginning of monarchy [in
early England] under the protection of the king. … But this
position is far from that of the fountain of justice and
source of jurisdiction. The king's guarantee was not the sole
safeguard of the peace; the hundred had its peace as well as
the king; the king too had a distinct peace which like that of
the church was not that of the country at large, a special
guarantee for those who were under special protection. …
When the king becomes the lord, patron and 'mundborh' of his
whole people, they pass from the ancient national peace of
which he is the guardian into the closer personal or
territorial relation of which he is the source. The peace is
now the king's peace. … The process by which the national
peace became the king's peace is almost imperceptible; and it
is very gradually that we arrive at the time at which all
peace and law are supposed to die with the old king, and rise
again at the proclamation of the new."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 7, section 72 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_G. E. Howard,
On the Development of the King's Peace
(Nebraska University Studies, volume 1, number 3)._

_Sir F. Pollock,
Oxford Lectures, 3._

See, also, ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN.

----------KINGSTON, Canada: Start--------

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1673.
The building of Fort Frontenac.
La Salle's seigniory.

In 1673, Count Frontenac, governor of Canada, personally
superintended the construction of a fort on the north shore of
Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Cataraqui, where the city of
Kingston now stands, the site having been recommended by the
explorer La Salle. The following year this fort, with
surrounding lands to the extent of four leagues in front and
half a league in depth, was granted in seigniory to La Salle,
he agreeing to pay the cost of its construction and to
maintain it at his own charge. He named the post Frontenac.

_F. Parkman,
La Salle,
chapter. 6._

KINGSTON, Canada: A. D. 1758.
Fort Frontenac taken by the English.

See CANADA: A. D. 1758.

----------KINGSTON, Canada: End--------

KINSALE, Battle of (1601).

See IRELAND: A. D. 1559-1603.

KINSTON, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1865 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: NORTH CAROLINA).

KIOWAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KIOWAN FAMILY.

KIPCHAKS, The.

"The Kipchaks were called Comans by European writers. … The
name Coman is derived no doubt from the river Kuma, the
country about which was known to the Persians as Kumestan. …
A part of their old country on the Kuma is still called Desht
Kipchak, and the Kumuks, who have been pushed somewhat south
by the Nogays, are, I believe, their lineal descendants.
Others of their descendants no doubt remain also among the
Krim Tartars. To the early Arab writers the Kipchaks were
known as Gusses, a name by which we also meet with them in the
Byzantine annals. This shows that they belonged to the great
section of the Turks' known as the Gusses or Oghuz Turks. …
They first invaded the country west of the Volga at the end of
the ninth century, from which time till their final dispersal
by the Mongols in the thirteenth century they were very
persistent enemies of Russia. After the Mongol conquest it is
very probable that they became an important element in the
various tribes that made up the Golden Horde or Khanate of
Kipchak."

_H. H. Howorth,
History of the Mongols,
part 1, page 17._

See, also, MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294;
and RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRCH-DENKERN, OR WELLINGHAUSEN, Battle of (1761).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1761-1762.

KIRGHIZ, Russian subjugation of the.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

KIRIRI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

KIRK OF SCOTLAND.

See CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

KIRKE'S LAMBS.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

KIRKI, Battle of (1817).

See INDIA: A. D. 1816-1819.

KIRKSVILLE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JULY-SEPTEMBER: MISSOURI-ARKANSAS).

KIRRHA.

See DELPHI.

KISSIA.

See ELAM.

KIT KAT CLUB, The.

See CLUBS.

KITCHEN CABINET, President Jackson's.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1829.

KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

"Amongst the accumulations of Neolithic age which are thought
by many archæologists to be oldest are the well-known
'Kjökkenmödingr' or kitchen-middens of Denmark. These are
heaps and mounds composed principally of shells of edible
molluscs, of which the most abundant are oyster, cockle,
mussel, and periwinkle. Commingled with the shells occur bones
of mammals, birds, and fish in less or greater abundance, and
likewise many implements of stone, bone, and horn, together
with potsherds. The middens are met with generally near the
coast, and principally on the shores of the Lymfjord and the
Kattegat; they would appear, indeed, never to be found on the
borders of the North Sea. They form mounds or banks that vary
in height from 3 or 5 feet up to 10 feet, with a width of 150
to 200 feet, and a length of sometimes nearly 350 yards. …
The Danish savants (Forchhammer, Steenstrupp, and Worsaae),
who first examined these curious shell-mounds, came to the
conclusion that they were the refuse-heaps which had
accumulated round the dwellings of some ancient coast-tribe.
… Shell-mounds of similar character occur in other
countries."

_J. Geikie,
Prehistoric Europe,
chapter 15._

KIT'S COTY HOUSE.

The popular name of a conspicuous Cromlech or stone burial
monument in Kent, England, near Addington.

KITTIM.

The Hebrew name of the island of Cyprus.

See, also, JAVAN.

KITUNAHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KITUNAHAN FAMILY.

KJÖKKENMÖDINGR.

See KITCHEN-MIDDENS.

{1946}

KLAMATHS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MODOCS, &c.

KLEINE RATH, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

KLEISTHENES, Constitution of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 510-507.

KLEOMENIC WAR, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 280-146.

KLERUCHS.

"Another consequence of some moment arose out of this victory
[of the Athenians over the citizens of Chalkis, or Chalcis, in
the island of Eubœa, B. C. 506—see ATHENS: B. C. 509-506].
The Athenians planted a body of 4,000 of their citizens as
Kleruchs (lot-holders) or settlers upon the lands of the
wealthy Chalkidian oligarchy called the Hippobotæ—proprietors
probably in the fertile plain of Lelantum between Chalkis and
Eretria. This is a system which we shall find hereafter
extensively followed out by the Athenians in the days of their
power; partly with the view of providing for their poorer
citizens—partly to serve as garrison among a population
either hostile or of doubtful fidelity. These Attic Kleruchs
(I can find no other name by which to speak of them) did not
lose their birthright as Athenian citizens. They were not
colonists in the Grecian sense, and they are known by a
totally different name—but they corresponded very nearly to
the colonies formerly planted out on the conquered lands by
Rome."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 31 (volume 4)._

ALSO IN:
_A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of Athens,
book 3, chapter 18._

See, also, ATHENS: B. C. 440-437.

KLOSTER-SEVEN, Convention of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (JULY-DECEMBER); and 1758.

KNECHTE, The.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL: GERMANY.

KNIGHT-SERVICE.

See FEUDAL TENURES.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Orders of, and their modern imitations.
Alcantara.

See ALCANTARA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
American Knights.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
Avis.

See AVIS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Bath.

See BATH.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Black Eagle:
A Prussian Order instituted by Frederick III., Elector of
Brandenburg, in 1701.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Blue Ribbon.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Brethren of Dobrin.

See PRUSSIA: 13TH CENTURY.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Calatrava.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Christ: a Papal Order, instituted by Pope John XXII., in 1319;
also a Portuguese Order.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1415-1460.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Crescent: instituted by René of Anjou, titular King of
Naples, in 1448, but suppressed by Pope Paul II., in 1464;
also a Turkish Order

See CRESCENT.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Ecu.

See BOURBON: THE HOUSE OF.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Elephant: a Danish Order, instituted in 1693, by King
Christian V.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Garter.

See GARTER.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Circle.

See GOLDEN CIRCLE.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Fleece.

See GOLDEN FLEECE.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Horseshoe.

See VIRGINIA: A. D. 1710-1716.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Golden Spur: instituted by Pope Paul III., in 1550.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Guelphs of Hanover.

See GUELPHS OF HANOVER.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Holy Ghost.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1578-1580.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Hospitallers.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Indian Empire: instituted by Queen Victoria, in 1878.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Iron Cross: a Prussian Order, instituted in 1815 by
Frederick William III.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Iron Crown.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1804-1805.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Legion of Honor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1803.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Lion and the Sun: a Persian Order, instituted in 1808.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Lone Star.

See CUBA: A. D. 1845-1860.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Malta.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Maria Theresa.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KNIGHTHOOD:
La Merced.

See MERCED.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Mighty Host.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
Our Lady of Montesa.

See OUR LADY, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Polar Star: a Swedish Order, of uncertain origin.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Rhodes.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Round Table.

See ARTHUR, KING.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Andrew: a Scotch Order

See ST. ANDREW;
also a Russian Order, instituted in 1698 by Peter the Great.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. George: a Russian Order, founded by Catharine II.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Gregory: an Order instituted in 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Jago or Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. James of Compostella.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Januarius: instituted by Charles, King of the Two
Sicilies, in 1738.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. John.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. John of the Lateran: instituted in 1560, by Pope Pius IV.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Lazarus.

See ST. LAZARUS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Louis.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Michael.

See ST. MICHAEL.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Michael and St. George.

See ST. MICHAEL, &c.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Patrick: instituted by George III. of England, in 1783.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Stephen.

See ST. STEPHEN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
St. Thomas of Acre.

See ST. THOMAS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Santiago.

See CALATRAVA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Seraphim.

See SERAPHIM.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sons of Liberty.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Southern Cross.

See SOUTHERN CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Star.

See STAR.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Star of India.

See STAR OF INDIA.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Starry Cross.

See STARRY CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Swan.

See SWAN.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sword: a Swedish Order.

See SWORD;

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Sword: a German Order.

See LIVONIA: 12TH-13TH CENTURIES.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Templars.

See TEMPLARS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Teutonic.

See TEUTONIC KNIGHTS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Thistle: instituted by James V. of Scotland, in 1530.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The Tower and Sword.

See TOWER AND SWORD.

KNIGHTHOOD:
Victoria Cross.

See VICTORIA CROSS.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The White Camellia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

KNIGHTHOOD:
The White Cross: an Order founded by the Grand Duke of
Tuscany, in 1814.

KNIGHTHOOD:
White Eagle: a Polish Order, instituted in 1325 by Ladislaus
IV., and revived by Augustus in 1705.

KNIGHTS.

See CHIVALRY;
also, COMITATUS.

KNIGHTS BACHELORS.

"The word 'bachelor,' from whence has come 'bachelier,' does
not signify 'bas chevalier,' but a knight who has not the
number of 'bachelles' of land requisite to display a banner:
that is to say, four 'bachelles.' The 'bachelle' was composed
of ten 'maz,' or 'meix' (farms or domains), each of which
contained a sufficiency of land for the work of two oxen
during a whole year."

_J. Froissart,
Chronicles (translated by Johnes),
book 1, chapter 61, foot-note (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_Sir W. Scott,
Essay on Chivalry_

_R. T. Hampson,
Origines Patriciœ,
page 338._

{1947}

KNIGHTS BANNERETS.

"The name [banneret] imports the bearer of a small banner,
and, in this respect, he differed from the baron, who bore a
gonfanon or banner of war, and the simple knight, who bore a
penon. The banner, properly so called, was a square flag; the
penon, according to the illuminations of ancient manuscripts,
was a small square, having two long triangles attached to the
side opposite that which was fixed to the lance or spear.
These pendant portions resembling tails were so denominated.
Rastal defines a banneret to be a knight made upon the field
of battle, with the ceremony of cutting off the point of his
standard, and so making this like a banner. And such, he says,
are allowed to display their arms on a banner in the king's
army, like the barons. That was, no doubt, the mode of
creation; but it appears … that a knight, or an esquire of
four bacelles, or cow lands, and therefore, a bachelor, to
whom the king had presented a banner on his first battle,
became a banneret on the second; so that, in such cases, there
would be no such ceremony necessary."

_R. T. Hampson.
Origines Patriciœ,
chapter 11._

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE.

During the thirteenth century there grew up in England the
practice of sending to the Great Council of the king a certain
number of knights from each shire to represent the "lesser
baronage." which had formerly possessed the privilege of
attending the council in person, but which had become more
neglectful of attendance as their numbers increased. In
theory, these knights of the shire, as they came to be called,
were representatives of that "lesser baronage" only. "But the
necessity of holding their election in the County Court
rendered any restriction of the electoral body physically
impossible. The court was composed of the whole body of
freeholders, and no sheriff could distinguish the 'aye, aye'
of the yeoman from the 'aye, aye' of the lesser baron. From
the first moment therefore of their attendance we find the
knights regarded not as mere representatives of the baronage,
but as knights of the shire, and by this silent revolution the
whole body of the rural freeholders were admitted to a share
in the government of the realm."

_J. R. Green,
Short History of the English People,
chapter 4._

The history of the knights of the shire is the history of the
origin of county representation in the English Parliament. The
representation of boroughs, or towns, has a history quite
distinct. Of the leading part played by the knights of the
shire in the development and establishment of the English
Constitution Mr. Stubbs remarks ("Constitutional History of
England," chapter 17, section 272): "Both historical evidence
and the nature of the case lead to the conviction that the
victory of the constitution was won by the knights of the
shires; they were the leaders of parliamentary debate; they
were the link between the good peers and the good towns; they
were the indestructible element of the house of commons; they
were the representatives of those local divisions of the realm
which were coeval with the historical existence of the people
of England, and the interests of which were most directly
attacked by the abuses of royal prerogative."

See, also, PARLIAMENT, THE ENGLISH: EARLY
STAGES IN ITS EVOLUTION.

KNOW NOTHING PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

KNOX, General Henry, in the Cabinet of President Washington.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.

KNOX, John, and the Reformation in Scotland.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1547-1557, to 1558-1560.

----------KNOXVILLE: Start--------

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (September).
Evacuated by the Confederates and occupied by the Union
forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: TENNESSEE).

KNOXVILLE: A. D. 1863 (November-December).
Longstreet's siege.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1863 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER; TENNESSEE).

----------KNOXVILLE: End--------

KNUT, OR CANUTE, ERICSSON, King of Sweden, A. D. 1167-1199.

KNYDUS, OR CNYDUS, Battle of (B. C. 394).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

KOASSATI, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

KOLARIANS, The.

See INDIA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

KOLDING, Battle of (1849).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (DENMARK): A. D. 1848-1862.

KOLIN, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1757 (APRIL-JUNE).

KOLOMAN, King of Hungary, A. D. 1095-1114.

KOLUSCHAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KOLUSCHAN FAMILY.

KOMANS COMANS CUMANS, The.

See PATCHINAKS; KIPCHAKS; COSSACKS;
also, HUNGARY: A. D. 1114-1301.

KOMORN, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KONDUR, OR CONDORE, Battle of (1758).

See INDIA: A. D. 1758-1761.

KONIEH, Battle of (1832).

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

KÖNIGGRÄTZ, OR SADOWA, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

KONSAARBRUCK, Battle of (1675).

See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.

KOORDS KURDS, The.

See CARDUCHI.

KORAN, The.

"The Koran, as Mr. Kingsley quaintly, but truly, says, 'after
all is not a book, but an irregular collection of Mohammed's
meditations and notes for sermons.' It is not a code, it is
not a journal, it is a mere gathering together of irregular
scraps, written on palm-leaves and bones of mutton, which
Abu-Bekr [the bosom friend of Mahomet and the first of the
Caliphs or successors of the Prophet] put together without the
slightest regard to chronological order, only putting the long
fragments at the beginning, and the short fragments at the
end. But so far from having the Koran of Mahomet, we have not
even the Koran of Abu-Bekr. Caliph Othman [the third Caliph],
we know, gave enormous scandal by burning all the existing
copies, which were extremely discordant, and putting forth his
own version as the 'textus ab omnibus receptus.' How much then
of the existing Koran is really Mahomet's; how much has been
lost, added, transposed, or perverted; when, where, and why
each fragment was delivered, it is often impossible even to
conjecture. And yet these baskets of fragments are positively
worshipped."

_E. A. Freeman,
History and Conquests of the Saracens,
lecture 2._

ALSO IN:
_S. Lane-Poole,
Studies in a Mosque,
chapter 4._

_Sir W. Muir,
The Coran._

_T. Nöldeke,
Sketches from Eastern History,
chapter 2._

_The Koran;
translated by G. Sale._

See, also, MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

KORASMIANS, The.

See KHUAREZM.

{1948}

KOREISH, The.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632.

----------KORKYRA: Start--------

KORKYRA, OR CORCYRA.

The Greek island now known as Corfu, separated from the coast
of Epirus by a strait only two to seven miles in breadth, bore
in ancient times the name of Korkyra, or, rather, took that
name from its ruling city. "Korkyra [the city] was founded by
the Corinthians, at the same time (we are told) as Syracuse.
… The island was generally conceived in antiquity as the
residence of the Homeric Phæakians, and it is to this fact
that Thucydides ascribes in part the eminence of the Korkyræan
marine. According to another story, some Eretrians from Eubœa
had settled there, and were compelled to retire. A third
statement represents the Liburnians as the prior
inhabitants,—and this perhaps is the most probable, since the
Liburnians were an enterprising, maritime, piratical race, who
long continued to occupy the more northerly islands in the
Adriatic along the Illyrian and Dalmatian coast. … At the
time when the Corinthians were about to colonize Sicily, it
was natural that they should also wish to plant a settlement
at Korkyra, which was a post of great importance for
facilitating the voyage from Peloponnesus to Italy, and was
further convenient for traffic with Epirus, at that period
altogether non-Hellenic. Their choice of a site was fully
justified by the prosperity and power of the colony, which,
however, though sometimes in combination with the mother-city,
was more frequently alienated from her and hostile, and
continued so from an early period throughout most part of the
three centuries from 700-400 B. C. … Notwithstanding the
long-continued dissensions between Korkyra and Corinth, it
appears that four considerable settlements on this same line
of coast were formed by the joint enterprise of both,—Leukas
and Anaktorium to the south of the mouth of the Ambrakiotic
Gulf—and Apollonia and Epidamnus [afterwards called
Dyrrhachium], both in the territory of the Illyrians at some
distance to the north of the Akrokeraunian promontory [modern
Cape Glossa, on the Albanian coast]. … Leukas, Anaktorium
and Ambrakia are all referred to the agency of Kypselus the
Corinthian. … The six colonies just named—Korkyra,
Ambrakia, Anaktorium, Leukas [near the modern St. Maura],
Apollonia, and Epidamnus—form an aggregate lying apart from
the rest of the Hellenic name, and connected with each other,
though not always maintained in harmony, by analogy of race
and position, as well as by their common origin from Corinth."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 23._

See, also, IONIAN ISLANDS.

KORKYRA: B. C. 435-432.
Quarrel with Corinth.
Help from Athens.
Events leading to the Peloponnesian War.

See GREECE: B. C. 435-432.

KORKYRA: B. C. 432.
Great sea-fight with the Corinthians.
Athenian aid.

See GREECE: B. C. 432.

KORKYRA: Modern history.

See IONIAN ISLANDS;
and CORFU.

----------KORKYRA: End----------

KORONEA, OR CORONEA, Battle of (B. C. 394).

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

KOS.

See Cos.

KOSCIUSKO, and the Polish revolt.

See POLAND: A. D. 1793-1796.

KOSSÆANS, OR COSSÆANS, The.

A brave but predatory people in ancient times, occupying the
mountains between Media and Persia, who were hunted down by
Alexander the Great and the males among them exterminated.

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 94._

KOSSOVA, Battle of (1389).

See TURKS (THE OTTOMANS): A. D. 1360-1389.

KOSSUTH, Louis, and the Hungarian struggle for independence.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1815-1844, 1847-1849;
and AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

KOSSUTH: In America.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850-'1851.

KOTZEBUE, Assassination of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1817-1820.

KOTZIM.

See CHOZIM.

KOULEVSCHA, Battle of (1829).

See TURKS: A. D. 1826-1829.

KOYUNJIK.

See NINEVEH.

KRALE.

See CRAL.

KRANNON, OR CRANNON, Battle of (B. C. 322).

See GREECE: B. C. 323-322.

KRASNOE, Battle of.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1812 (JUNE-SEPTEMBER);
and (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

KRETE.

See CRETE.

KRIM, The Khanate of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1238-1391.

KRIM TARTARY.

See CRIMEA.

KRIMESUS, The Battle of the.

See SYRACUSE, THE FALL OF THE DIONYSIAN TYRANNY AT.

KRISSA. KRISSÆAN WAR.

See DELPHI.

KRONIUM, Battle of.

See SICILY: B. C. 383.

KROTON.

See SYBARIS.

KRYPTEIA, The.

A secret police and system of espionage maintained at Sparta
by the ephors.

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 6._

KSHATRIYAS.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

KU KLUX KLAN, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.

KUBLAI KHAN, The Empire of.

See MONGOLS: A. D. 1229-1294;
and CHINA: A. D. 1259-1294.

KUFA, The founding of.

See BUSSORAH AND KUFA.

KULANAPAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KULANAPAN FAMILY.

KULM, OR CULM, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (AUGUST).

KULTURKAMPF, The.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1873-1887.

KUNAXA, Battle of (B. C. 401).

See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400.

KUNBIS.

See CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA.

KUNERSDORF, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1759 (JULY-NOVEMBER).

KURDISTAN: A. D. 1514.
Annexed to the Ottoman Empire.

See TURKS: A. D. 1481-1520.

KURDS, OR KOORDS.

See CARDUCHI, THE.

KUREEM KHAN, Shah of Persia, A. D. 1759-1779.

KURFÜRST.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1125-1152.

KURUCS, Insurrection of the.

See HUNGARY: A. D. 1487-1526.

KUSAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: KUSAN FAMILY.

{1949}

KUSH. KUSHITES.

See CUSH.—CUSHITES.

KUTAYAH, Peace of (1833).

See TURKS: A. D. 1831-1840.

KUTCHINS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ATHAPASCAN FAMILY.

KUTSCHUK KAINARDJI, Battle and Treaty of (1774).

See TURKS: A. D. 1768-1774.

KYLON, Conspiracy of.

See ATHENS: B. C. 612-595.

KYMRY, OR CYMRY, The.

The name which the Britons of Wales and Cumberland gave to
themselves during their struggle with the Angles and Saxons,
meaning "Cym-bro (Combrox) or the compatriot, the native of
the country, the rightful owner of the soil. … From the
occupation by the English of the plain of the Dee and the
Mersey, the Kymry dwelt in two lands, known in quasi-Latin as
Cambria, in Welsh Cymru, which denotes the Principality of
Wales, and Cumbria, or the kingdom of Cumberland. … Kambria
was regularly used for Wales by such writers as Giraldus in
the twelfth century, … but the fashion was not yet
established of distinguishing between Cambria and Cumbria as
we do."

_J. Rhys,
Celtic Britain,
chapter 4._

The term Cymry or Kymry is sometimes used in a larger sense to
denote the whole Brythonic branch of the Celtic race, as
distinguished from the Goidelic, or Gaelic; but that use of it
does not seem to be justified. On the question whether the
name Kymry, or Cymry, bears any relation to that of the
ancient Cimbri.

See CIMBRI AND TEUTONES.

KYNOSSEMA, Battle of.

See CYNOSSEMA.

KYNURIANS, OR CYNURIANS, The.

One of the three races of people who inhabited the
Peloponnesian peninsula of Greece before the Dorian
conquest,—the other two races being the Arcadians and the
Achæans. "They were never (so far as history knows them) an
independent population. They occupied the larger portion of
the territory of Argolis, from Orneæ, near the northern or
Phliasian border, to Thyrea and the Thyreatis, on the Laconian
border: and though belonging originally (as Herodotus imagines
rather than asserts) to the Ionic race—they had been so long
subjects of Argos in his time that almost all evidence of
their ante-Dorian condition had vanished."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 4._

KYRENE.

See CYRENAICA.

KYZICUS.

See CYZICUS.

LABARUM, The.

"The chief banner of the Christian emperors [Roman] was the
so-called 'labarum.' Eusebius describes it as a long lance
with a cross-piece; to the latter a square silk flag was
attached, into which the images of the reigning emperor and
his children were woven. To the point of the lance was
fastened a golden crown enclosing the monogram of Christ and
the sign of the cross."

_E. Guhl and W. Koner,
Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 107._

ALSO IN:
_E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 20._

See CHRISTIANITY: A.D. 312-337.

LA BICOQUE, Battle of (1522).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1520-1523.

LABOR ORGANIZATION.

See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.

LABRADOR, The Name.

"Labrador—Laboratoris Terra—is so called from the
circumstance that Cortereal in the year 1500 stole thence a
cargo of Indians for slaves."

_F. Parkman,
Pioneers of France in the New World: Champlain,
chapter 1, foot-note._

LABYRINTHS. MAZES.

"The Labyrinths of the classical age and the quaint devices of
later times, the Mazes, of which they were the prototypes,
present to the archaeologist a subject of investigation which
hitherto has not received that degree of attention of which it
appears so well deserving. … Labyrinths may be divided into
several distinct classes, comprising complicated ranges of
caverns, architectural labyrinths or sepulchral buildings,
tortuous devices indicated by coloured marbles or cut in turf,
and topiary labyrinths or mazes formed by clipped hedges. …
Of the first class we may instance the labyrinth near Nauplia
in Argolis, termed that of the Cyclops, and described by
Strabo; also the celebrated Cretan example, which from the
observations of modern travellers is supposed to have
consisted of a series of caves, resembling in some degree the
catacombs of Rome or Paris. It has been questioned, however,
whether such a labyrinth actually existed. … Of
architectural labyrinths, the most extraordinary specimen was
without doubt that at the southern end of the lake Mœris in
Egypt, and about thirty miles from Arsinoe. Herodotus, who
describes it very distinctly, says that … it consisted of
twelve covered courts, 1,500 subterranean chambers, in which
the bodies of the Egyptian princes and the sacred crocodiles
were interred, and of as many chambers above ground, which
last only he was permitted to enter."

_E. Trollope,
Notices of Ancient and Mediaeval Labyrinths
(Archaeological Journal, volume 15)._

ALSO IN:
_Herodotus,
History,
book 2, chapter 148._

LA CADIE, ACADIA.

See NOVA SCOTIA.

LACEDÆMON.

See SPARTA: THE CITY.

LACEDÆMONIAN EMPIRE, The.

See SPARTA: B. C. 404-403.

LACONIA.

See SPARTA: THE CITY.

LACONIA, the American Province.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1621-1631.

LACUSTRINE HABITATIONS.

See LAKE DWELLINGS.

LADE, Naval Battle of (B. C. 495).

See PERSIA: B. C. 521-493.

LADIES' PEACE, The.

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

LADISLAS, King of Naples, A. D. 1386-1414.

LADISLAUS I. (called Saint),
King of Hungary, A. D. 1077-1095.

Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, 1162.

Ladislaus III., King of Hungary, 1204-1205.

Ladislaus IV. (called The Cuman),
King of Hungary, 1272-1290.

Ladislaus V. (called The Posthumous),
King, of Hungary and Bohemia, 1439-1457.

Ladislaus VI. (Jagellon),
King of Hungary, 1440-1444;
King of Poland, 1434-1444.

{1950}

LADOCEA, OR LADOKEIA, Battle of.

Fought in what was called the Cleomenic War, between
Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and the Achæan League, B. C. 226.
The battle was fought near the city of Megalopolis, in
Arcadia, which belonged to the League and which was threatened
by Cleomenes. The latter won a complete victory, and Lydiades,
of Megalopolis, one of the noblest of the later Greeks, was
slain.

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 62._

LADY, Original use of the title.

"Hlæfdige," the Saxon word from which our modern English word
"lady" comes, was the highest female title among the
West-Saxons, being reserved for the king's wife.

_E. A. Freeman,
History of the Norman Conquest of England,
volume 1, note F._

LADY OF THE ENGLISH.

By the custom of the West Saxons, the king's wife was called
Lady, not Queen, and when the Wessex kingdom widened to cover
England, its queen was known as the Lady of the English.

LÆNLAND.

"Either book land or folkland could be leased out by its
holders [in early England]; and, under the name of 'lænland,'
held by free cultivators."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 5, section 36 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_J. M. Kemble,
The Saxons in England,
book 1, chapter 11._

LÆTI. LÆT. LAZZI.

"Families of the conquered tribes of Germany, who were
forcibly settled within the 'limes' of the Roman provinces, in
order that they might repeople desolated districts, or replace
the otherwise dwindling provincial population—in order that
they might bear the public burdens and minister to the public
needs, i. e., till the public land, pay the public tribute,
and also provide for the defence of the empire. They formed a
semi-servile class, partly agricultural and partly military;
they furnished corn for the granaries and soldiers for the
cohorts of the empire, and were generally known in later times
by the name of Læti or Liti."

_F. Seebohm,
English Village Community,
chapter 8._

"There seems to be no reason for questioning that the eorl,
ceorl and læt of the earliest English laws, those of
Ethelbert, answer exactly to the edhiling, the friling and the
lazzus of the old Saxons. Whether the Kentish læts were of
German origin has been questioned. Lappenberg thinks they were
'unfree of kindred race.' K. Maurer thinks them a relic of
ancient British population who came between the free wealh and
the slave. … The name (lazzus= slow or lazy) signifies
condition, not nationality. … The wer-gild of the Kentish
læt was 40, 60, or 80 shillings, according to rank, that of
the ceorl being 200."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 4, section 31, foot-note (volume 1)._

LA FAVORITA, Battle of (1797).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

LAFAYETTE IN THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1778 (JUNE), (JULY-NOVEMBER);
1780 (JULY); 1781 (JANUARY-MAY),
and (MAY-OCTOBER).

LAFAYETTE:
And the French Revolution.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (JULY), to 1792 (AUGUST).

LA FÈRE, Siege and capture by Henry IV. of France (1596).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.

LA FÈRE-CHAMPENOISE, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (JANUARY-MARCH).

LAGIDE PRINCES.

The Egyptian dynasty founded by Ptolemy Soter, the Macedonian
general, is sometimes called the Lagide dynasty and its
princes the Lagide princes, with reference to the reputed
father of Ptolemy, who bore the name of Lagus.

LAGOS, Naval Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1759 (AUGUST-NOVEMBER).

LAGTHING.

See CONSTITUTION OF NORWAY.

LA HOGUE, Naval Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1692.

LAKE DWELLINGS.

"Among the most interesting relics of antiquity which have yet
been discovered are the famous lake-dwellings of Switzerland,
described by Dr. Keller and others. … Dr. Keller … has
arranged them in three groups, according to the character of
their substructure.

[1] Those of the first group, the Pile Dwellings, are, he
tells us, by far the most numerous in the lakes of Switzerland
and Upper Italy. In these the substructure consists of piles
of various kinds of wood, sharpened sometimes by fire,
sometimes by stone hatchets or celts, and in later times by
tools of bronze, and probably of iron, the piles being driven
into the bottom of the lake at various distances from the
shore. …

[2] The Frame Pile-Dwellings are very rare. 'The distinction
between this form and the regular pile-settlement consists in
the fact that the piles, instead of having been driven into
the mud of the lake, had been fixed by a mortise-and-tenon
arrangement into split trunks, lying horizontally on the bed
of the lake.' …

[3] In the Fascine Dwellings, as Dr. Keller terms his third
group of lake-habitations, the substructure consisted of
successive layers of sticks or small stems of trees built up
from the bottom of the lake till they reached above the
lake-level. …

Lake-dwellings have been met with in many other regions of
Europe besides Switzerland and Italy, as in Bavaria, Austria,
Hungary, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, France, Wales, Ireland, and
Scotland. The 'Crannoges' of Ireland and Scotland were rather
artificial islands than dwellings like those described above."

_J. Geikie,
Prehistoric Europe,
pages 369-372._

ALSO IN:
_F. Keller,
Lake Dwellings._

_R. Munro,
Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings._

_E. P. S.,
Crannoges (in Archaeological Journal, volume 3)._

LAKE GEORGE, Battle of.

See CANADA: A. D. 1755 (SEPTEMBER).

LAMARTINE, and the French Government of 1848.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1848 (FEBRUARY-MAY),
and (APRIL-DECEMBER).

LAMAS. LAMAISM.

"The development of the Buddhist doctrine which has taken
place in the Panjab, Nepal, and Tibet … has resulted at last
in the complete establishment of Lamaism, a religion not only
in many points different from, but actually antagonistic to,
the primitive system of Buddhism; and this not only in its
doctrine, but also in its church organization." Tibet is "the
only country where the Order has become a hierarchy, and
acquired temporal power. Here, as in so many other countries,
civilization entered and history began with Buddhism. When the
first missionaries went there is not, however, accurately
known; but Nepal was becoming Buddhist in the 6th century, and
the first Buddhist king of Tibet sent to India for the holy
scriptures in 632 A. D. A century afterwards an adherent of
the native devil-worship drove the monks away, destroyed the
monasteries, and burnt the holy books; but the blood of the
martyrs was the seed of the church—it returned triumphant
after his death, and rapidly gained in wealth and influence.
…
{1951}
As the Order became wealthy, rival abbots had contended for
supremacy, and the chiefs had first tried to use the church as
a means of binding the people to themselves, and then,
startled at its progress, had to fight against it for their
own privilege and power. When, in the long run, the crozier
proved stronger than the sword, the Dalai Lama became in 1419
sole temporal sovereign of Tibet."

_T. W. Rhys Davids,
Buddhism,
chapters 8-9._

"Up to the moment of its conversion to Buddhism, a profound
darkness had rested on [Tibet]. The inhabitants were ignorant
and uncultivated, and their indigenous religion, sometimes
called Bon, consisted chiefly of magic based on a kind of
Shamanism. … The word is said to be of Tungusic origin, and
to be used as a name for the earliest religion of Mongolia,
Siberia and other Northern countries. … It is easy to
understand that the chief function of the Shamans, or
wizard-priests, was to exorcise evil demons, or to propitiate
them by sacrifices and various magical practices. … The
various gradations of the Tibetan hierarchy are not easily
described, and only a general idea of them can be given. …
First and lowest in rank comes the novice or junior monk,
called Gethsul (Getzul). … Secondly and higher in rank we
have the rull monk, called Gelong (or Gelon). … Thirdly we
have the superior Gelong or Khanpo (strictly mKhan po), who
has a real right to the further title Lama. … As the chief
monk in a monastery he may be compared to the European Abbot.
… Some of the higher Khanpo Lamas are supposed to be living
re-incarnations or re-embodiments of certain canonized saints
and Bodhi-sattvas who differ in rank. These are called Avatara
Lamas, and of such there are three degrees. … There is also
a whole class of mendicant Lamas. … Examples of the highest
Avataras are the two quasi-Popes, or spiritual Kings, who are
supreme Lamas of the Yellow sect—the one residing at Lhassa,
and the other at Tashi Lunpo (Krashi Lunpo), about 100 miles
distant. … The Grand Lama at Lhassa is the Dalai Lama, that
is, 'the Ocean-Lama, or one whose power and learning are as
great as the ocean. … The other Grand Lama, who resides in
the monastery of Tashi Lunpo, is known in Europe under the
names of the Tashi Lama."

_Sir M. Monier-Williams,
Buddhism,
lecture 11._

"Kublai-Khan, after subduing China [see CHINA: A. D.
1259-1294], adopted the Buddhist doctrines, which had made
considerable progress among the Tartars. In the year 1261 he
raised a Buddhist priest named Mati to the dignity of head of
the Faith in the empire. This priest is better known under the
name of Pakbo Lama, or supreme Lama: he was a native of
Thibet, and had gained the good graces and confidence of
Kublai, who, at the same time that he conferred on him the
supreme sacerdotal office, invested him with the temporal
power in Thibet, with the titles of 'King of the Great and
Precious Law,' and 'Institutor of the Empire.' Such was the
origin of the Grand Lamas of Thibet, and it is not impossible
that the Tartar Emperor, who had had frequent communications
with the Christian missionaries, may have wished to create a
religious organisation after the model of the Romish
hierarchy."

_Abbé Huc,
Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet,
volume 2, page 10._

ALSO IN:
_Abbé Huc,
Journey through Tartary, Thibet and China,
volume 2._

_W. W. Rockhill,
The Land of the Lamas._

LAMBALLE, Madame de, The death of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

LAMBETH, Treaty of.

A treaty of September 11, A. D. 1217, which was, in a certain
sense, the sequel of Magna Carta. The barons who extorted the
Great Charter from King John in 1215 were driven subsequently
to a renewal of war with him. They renounced their allegiance
and offered the crown to a French prince, Louis, husband of
Blanche of Castile, who was John's niece. The pretensions of
Louis were maintained after John's death, against his young
son, Henry III. The cause of the latter triumphed in a
decisive battle fought at Lincoln, May 20, 1217, and the
contest was ended by the treaty named above. "The treaty of
Lambeth is, in practical importance, scarcely inferior to the
Charter itself.

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 14, section 170 (volume 2)._

LAMEGO, The Cortes of.

See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1095-1325.

LAMIAN WAR, The.

See GREECE: B. C. 323-322.

LAMONE, Battle of (1425).

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

LAMPADARCHY, The.

See LITURGIES.

LANCASTER, Chancellorship of the Duchy of.

"The Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster is an office
more remarkable for its antiquity than for its present
usefulness. It dates from the time of Henry the Fourth, when
the County of Lancashire was under a government distinct from
the rest of the Kingdom. About the only duty now associated
with the office is the appointment of magistrates for the
county of Lancashire. In the other English and Welsh counties,
these appointments are made by the Lord High Chancellor, who
is the head of the Judicial system. The duties of the
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster are thus exceedingly
light. The holder of the office is often spoken of as 'the
maid of all work to the Cabinet,' from the fact that he is
accorded a place in the Cabinet without being assigned any
special duties likely to occupy the whole of his time. Usually
the office is bestowed upon some statesman whom it is
desirable for special reasons to have in the Cabinet, but for
whom no other office of equal rank or importance is
available."

_E. Porritt,
The Englishman at Home,
chapter 8._

LANCASTER, House of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1399-1471.

LANCASTRIANS.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

LANCES, Free.

With Sir John Hawkwood and his "free company" of English
mercenaries, "came first into Italy [about 1360] the use of
the term 'lances,' as applied to hired troops; each 'lance'
being understood to consist of three men; of whom one carried
a lance, and the others were bowmen. … They mostly fought on
foot, having between each two archers a lance, which was held
as men hold their hunting-spears in a boar-hunt."

_T. A. Trollope,
History of the Commonwealth of Florence,
volume 2, page 144._

LAND GRANTS FOR SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: AMERICA:
A. D. 1785-1800; 1862; and 1862-1886.

{1952}

LAND LEAGUE, The.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879; and 1881-1882.

LAND QUESTION AND LAND LAWS, The Irish.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1870-1894.

LANDAMMANN.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1803-1848.

----------LANDAU: Start--------

LANDAU: A. D. 1648.
Cession to France.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1648.

LANDAU: A. D. 1702-1703.
Taken by the Imperialists and retaken by the French.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1702; and 1703.

LANDAU: A. D. 1704.
Taken by the Allies.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1704.

LANDAU: A. D. 1713.
Taken and retained by France.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

----------LANDAU: End--------

LANDEN, OR NEERWINDEN, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY).

LANDFRIEDE. FEHDERECHT. THE SWABIAN LEAGUE. "Landfriede—Peace of the Land.

The expression, Public Peace, which, in deference to numerous
and high authorities I have generally used in the text, is
liable to important objections. 'A breach of the public peace'
means, in England, any open disorder or outrage. But [in
mediæval Germany] the Landfriede (Pax publica) was a special
act or provision directed against the abuse of an ancient and
established institution,—the Fehderecht (jus diffidationis,
or right of private warfare). The attempts to restrain this
abuse were, for a long time, local and temporary. … The
first energetic measure of the general government to put down
private wars was that of the diet of Nürnberg (1466). … The
Fehde is a middle term between duel and war. Every affront or
injury led, after certain formalities, to the declaration,
addressed to the offending party, that the aggrieved party
would be his foe, and that of his helpers and
helpers'-helpers. … I shall not go into an elaborate
description of the evils attendant on the right of diffidation
or private warfare (Fehderecht); they were probably not so
great as is commonly imagined."

_L. Ranke,
History of the Reformation in Germany,
volume 1, pages 77 (foot-note), 71, and 81._

"The right of diffidation, or of private warfare, had been the
immemorial privilege of the Germanic nobles—a privilege as
clear as it was ancient, which no diet attempted to abolish,
but which, from the mischiefs attending its exercise, almost
everyone had endeavoured to restrain. … Not only state,
could declare war against state, prince against prince, noble
against noble, but any noble could legally defy the emperor
himself." In the reign of Frederick III. (1440-1493) efforts
were made to institute a tribunal—an imperial chamber—which
should have powers that would operate to restrain these
private wars; but the emperor and the college of princes could
not agree as to the constitution of the court proposed. To
attain somewhat the same end, the emperor then "established a
league both of the princes and of the imperial cities, which
was destined to be better observed than most preceding
confederations. Its object was to punish all who, during ten
years, should, by the right of diffidation, violate the public
tranquillity. He commenced with Swabia, which had ever been
regarded as the imperial domain; and which, having no elector,
no governing duke, no actual head other than the emperor
himself, and, consequently, no other acknowledged protector,
was sufficiently disposed to his views. In its origin the
Swabian league consisted only of six cities, four prelates,
three counts, sixteen knights; but by promises, or reasoning,
or threats, Frederic soon augmented it. The number of towns
was raised to 22, of prelates to 13, of counts to 12, of
knights or inferior nobles to 350. It derived additional
strength from the adhesion of princes and cities beyond the
confines of Swabia; and additional splendour from the names of
two electors, three margraves, and other reigning princes. It
maintained constantly on foot 10,000 infantry and 1,000
cavalry,—a force generally sufficient for the preservation of
tranquillity. Of its salutary effects some notion may be
formed from the fact that, in a very short period,
one-and-forty bandit dens were stormed, and that two powerful
offenders, George duke of Bavaria, and duke Albert of Munich,
were compelled by an armed force to make satisfaction for
their infraction of the public peace."

_S. A. Dunham,
History of the Germanic Empire,
volume 2, pages 281-283._

The final suppression of the Fehderecht was brought about in
the succeeding reign, of Maximilian, by the institution of the
Imperial Chamber and the organization of the Circles to
enforce its decrees.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1493-1519.

LANDO, Pope, A. D. 913-914.

----------LANDRECIES: Start--------

LANDRECIES: A. D. 1647.
Spanish siege and capture.

See NETHERLANDS (SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1647-1648.

LANDRECIES: A. D. 1655.
Siege and capture by Turenne.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1653-1656.

LANDRECIES: A. D. 1659.
Ceded to France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661.

LANDRECIES: A. D. 1794.
Siege and capture by the Allies.
Recovery by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1794 (MARCH-JULY).

----------LANDRECIES: End--------

LANDRIANO, Battle of (1529).

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

LANDSHUT, Battle of (1760).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.

LANDSHUT, Battle of (1809.)

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809, (JANUARY-JUNE).

LANDSQUENETS.

"After the accession of Maximilian I. [Emperor, A. D.
1493-1519], the troops so celebrated in history under the name
of 'Landsquenets' began to be known in Europe. They were
native Germans, and soon rose to a high degree of military
estimation. That Emperor, who had studied the art of war, and
who conducted it on principles of Tactics, armed them with
long lances; divided them into regiments, composed of ensigns
and squads; compelled them to submit to a rigorous discipline,
and retained them under their standards after the conclusion
of the wars in which he was engaged. … Pikes were
substituted in the place of their long lances, under Charles
V."

_Sir N. W. Wraxall,
History of France, 1574-1610,
volume 2, page 183._

LANDSTING.

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES
(DENMARK-ICELAND): A. D. 1849-1874;
and CONSTITUTION OF SWEDEN.

LANDWEHR, The.

See FYRD.

LANGENSALZA, Battle at (1075).

See SAXONY: A. D. 1073-1075.

LANGENSALZA, Battle at (1866.)

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

LANGOBARDI, The.

See LOMBARDS.

LANGPORT, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

{1953}

LANG'S NEK, Battle of (1881).

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1806-1881.

LANGSIDE, Battle of (1568).

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

LANGUE D'OC.

"It is well known that French is in the main a descendant from
the Latin, not the Latin of Rome, but the corrupter Latin
which was spoken in Gaul. Now these Latin-speaking Gauls did
not, for some reason, say 'est,' 'it is,' for 'yes,' as the
Romans did; but they used a pronoun, either 'ille,' 'he,' or
'hoc,' 'this.' When, therefore, a Gaul desired to say 'yes,'
he nodded, and said 'he' or else 'this,' meaning 'He is so,'
or 'This is so.' As it happens the Gauls of the north said
'ille,' and those of the south said 'hoc,' and these words
gradually got corrupted into two meaningless words, 'oui' and
'oc.' It is well known that the people in the south of France
were especially distinguished by using the word 'oc' instead
of 'oui' for 'yes,' so that their 'dialect' got to be called
the 'langue d'oc,' and this word Langue-doc gave the name to a
province of France."

_C. F. Keary,
Dawn of History,
chapter 3._

ALSO IN:
_F. Hueffer,
The Troubadours,
chapter 1._

_Sir G. C. Lewis,
The Romance Languages,
page 52, and after._

LANGUEDOC.