Chapter LXXXVII: Part 87

See GOTHS: A. D. 268-270.

NAJARA, Battle of.

See NAVARETTE.

NAMANGAN, Battle of (1876).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1859-1876.

NAMAQUA, The.

See SOUTH AFRICA: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

NAMNETES, NANNETES, The.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

----------NAMUR: Start--------

NAMUR: A. D. 1692.
Siege and capture by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1692.

NAMUR: A. D. 1695.
Siege and recovery by William of Orange.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1695-1696.

NAMUR: A. D. 1713.
Ceded to Holland.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714;
and NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1713-1715.

NAMUR: A. D. 1746-1748.
Taken by the French and ceded to Austria.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1746-1747;
and AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: CONGRESS.

----------NAMUR: End--------

NANA SAHIB, and the Sepoy Revolt.

See INDIA: A. D. 1848-1856; 1857 (MAY-AUGUST);
and 1857-1858 (JULY-JUNE).

NANCY: Defeat and death of Charles the Bold (1477).

See BURGUNDY: A. D. 1476-1477.

----------NANKING: Start--------

NANKING: A. D. 1842.
Treaty ending the Opium War and opening Chinese ports.

See CHINA: A. D. 1839-1842.

NANKING: A. D. 1853-1864.
The capital of the Taiping Rebels.

See CHINA: A. D. 1850-1864.

----------NANKING: End--------

----------NANTES: Start--------

NANTES:
Origin of the name.

See VENETI OF WESTERN GAUL.

NANTES: A. D. 1598.
The Edict of Henry IV.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1598-1599.

NANTES: A. D. 1685.
The Revocation of the Edict.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1681-1698.

NANTES: A. D. 1793.
Unsuccessful attack by the Vendeans.
The crushing of the revolt and the frightful
vengeance of the Terrorists.
The demoniac Carrier and his Noyades.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER);
THE CIVIL WAR; and 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

----------NANTES: End--------

NANTICOKES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

NANTWICH, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1644 (JANUARY).

NAO.

See CARAVELS.

NAPATA.

See ETHIOPIA.

----------NAPLES: Start--------

NAPLES:
Origin of the city.

See NEAPOLIS AND PALÆPOLIS.

NAPLES: A. D. 536-543.
Siege and capture by Belisarius.
Recovery by the Goths.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

NAPLES: A. D. 554-800.
The dukedom.

See ROME: A. D. 554-800.

NAPLES: 8-9th Centuries.
The duchy of Beneventum.

See BENEVENTUM; also, AMALFI.

NAPLES: A. D. 1000-1080.
The Norman Conquest.
Grant by the Pope as a fief of the Church.

See ITALY: A. D. 1000-1090.

NAPLES: A. D. 1127.
Union of Apulia with Sicily and formation of the
kingdom of Naples or the Two Sicilies.

See ITALY: A. D. 1081-1194.

NAPLES: A. D. 1282-1300.
Separation from Sicily.
Continuance as a separate kingdom under the House of Anjou.
Adhesion to the name "Sicily."

See ITALY: A. D. 1282-1300;
also, TWO SICILIES.

NAPLES: A. D. 1312-1313.
Hostilities between King Robert and the Emperor, Henry VII.

See ITALY: A. D. 1310-1313.

NAPLES: A. D. 1313-1328.
King Robert's leadership of the Guelf interest in Italy.
His part in the wars of Tuscany.

See ITALY: A. D. 1313-1330.

NAPLES: A. D. 1343-1389.
The troubled reign of Joanna I.
Murder of her husband, Andrew of Hungary.
Political effects of the Great Schism in the Church.
War of Charles of Durazzo and Louis of Anjou.
Interfering violence of Pope Urban VI.

See ITALY: A. D. 1343-1389.

NAPLES: A. D. 1386-1414.
Civil war between the Durazzo and the Angevin parties.
Success of Ladislas.
His capture, loss, and recapture of Rome.

See ITALY: A. D. 1386-1414.

NAPLES: A. D. 1414-1447.
Renewal of civil war.
Defeat of the Angevins and acquisition of the
crown by Alfonso, king of Aragon and Sicily.
League with Florence and Venice against Milan.

See ITALY: A. D. 1412-1447.

NAPLES: A. D.1447-1454.
Claim of King Alfonso to the duchy of Milan.
War with Milan and Florence.

See MILAN: A. D. 1447-1454.

NAPLES: A. D. 1458.
Separation of the crown from those of Aragon and Sicily.
Left to an illegitimate son of Alfonso.
Revived French claims.

See ITALY: A. D. 1447-1480.

NAPLES: A. D. 1494-1496.
Invasion and temporary conquest by Charles VIII. of France.
Retreat of the French.
Venetian acquisitions in Apulia.

See ITALY: A. D. 1492-1494, 1494-1496;
and VENICE: A. D. 1494-1503.

NAPLES: A. D. 1501-1504.
Perfidious treaty of partition between
Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand of Aragon.
Their joint conquest.
Their quarrel and war.
The French expelled.
The Spaniards in possession.

See ITALY: A. D. 1501-1504.

NAPLES: A. D. 1504-1505.
Relinquishment of French claims.

See ITALY: A. D. 1504-1506.

NAPLES: A. D. 1508-1509.
The League of Cambrai against Venice.

See VENICE: A. D. 1508-1509.

NAPLES: A. D. 1528.
Siege by the French and successful defense.

See ITALY: A. D. 1527-1529.

NAPLES: A. D. 1528-1570.
Under the Spanish viceroys.
Ravages of the Turks along the coast.
The blockade and peril of the city.
Revolt against the Inquisition.
Alva's repulse of the French.

See ITALY: A. D. 1528-1570;
and FRANCE: A. D. 1547-1559.

{2240}

NAPLES: A. D. 1544.
Repeated renunciation of the claims of Francis I.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1532-1547.

NAPLES: A. D. 1647-1654.
Revolt of Masaniello.
Undertakings of the Duke of Guise and the French.

See ITALY: A. D. 1646-1654.

NAPLES: A. D. 1713.
The kingdom ceded to the House of Austria.

See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

NAPLES: A. D. 1734-1735.
Occupation by the Spaniards.
Cession to Spain, with Sicily, forming a kingdom for
Don Carlos, the first of the Neapolitan Bourbons.

See ITALY: A. D. 1715-1735;
and FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735.

NAPLES: A. D. 1742.
The neutrality of the kingdom in the War of the Austrian
Succession enforced by England.

See ITALY: A. D. 1741-1743.

NAPLES: A. D. 1744.
The War of the Austrian Succession.
Neutrality broken.

See ITALY: A. D. 1744.

NAPLES: A. D. 1749-1792.
Under the Spanish-Bourbon regime.

See ITALY: A. D. 1749-1792.

NAPLES: A. D. 1769.
Seizure of Papal territory.
Demand for the suppression of the Order of the Jesuits.

See JESUITS: A. D. 1761-1769.

NAPLES: A. D. 1793.
Joined in the Coalition against Revolutionary France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1796.
Armistice with Bonaparte.
Treaty of Peace.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER), and (OCTOBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1798-1799.
The king's attack upon the French at Rome.
His defeat and flight.
French occupation of the capital.
Creation of the Parthenopeian Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-APRIL).

NAPLES: A. D. 1799.
Expulsion of the French.
Restoration of the king.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1800-1801.
The king's assistance to the Allies.
Saved from Napoleon's vengeance by the intercession
of the Russian Czar.
Treaty of Foligno.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1800-1801 (JUNE-FEBRUARY).

NAPLES: A. D. 1805 (April).
Joined in the Third Coalition against France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805 (JANUARY-APRIL).

NAPLES: A. D. 1805-1806.
Napoleon's edict of dethronement against the king and queen.
Its enforcement by French arms.
Joseph Bonaparte made king of the Two Sicilies.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1805-1806 (DECEMBER-SEPTEMBER)

NAPLES: A. D. 1808.
The crown resigned by Joseph Bonaparte (now king of Spain),
and conferred on Joachim Murat.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1808 (MAY-SEPTEMBER).

NAPLES: A. D. 1808-1809.
Murat on the throne.
Expulsion of the English from Capri.
Popular discontent.
Rise of the Carbonari.
Civil war in Calabria.

See ITALY: A. D. 1808-1809.

NAPLES: A. D. 1814.
Desertion of Napoleon by Murat.
His treaty with the Allies.

See ITALY: A. D. 1814.

NAPLES: A. D. 1815.
Murat's attempt to head an Italian national movement.
His downfall and fate.
Restoration of the Bourbon Ferdinand.

See ITALY: A. D. 1815.

NAPLES: A. D. 1815.
Accession to the Holy Alliance.

See HOLY ALLIANCE.

NAPLES: A. D. 1820-1821.
Insurrection.
Concession of a Constitution.
Perjury and duplicity of the king.
Intervention of Austria to overthrow the Constitution.
Merciless re-establishment of despotism.

See ITALY: A. D. 1820-1821.

NAPLES: A. D. 1820-1822.
The Congresses of Troppau, Laybach and Verona.
Austrian intervention sanctioned.

See VERONA, THE CONGRESS OF.

NAPLES: A. D. 1830.
Death of Francis I.
Accession of Ferdinand II.

See ITALY: A. D.1830-1832.

NAPLES: A. D. 1848.
Abortive revolt.

See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

NAPLES: A. D. 1859-1861.
Death of Ferdinand II.
Accession of Francis II.
The overthrow of his kingdom by Garibaldi.
Its absorption in the kingdom of Italy.

See ITALY: A. D. 1856-1859; and 1859-1861.

----------NAPLES: End--------

NAPO, QUIJO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

NAPOLEON I.:
His career.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER);
and 1795 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER), to 1815 (JUNE-AUGUST).

NAPOLEON III.:
His career as conspirator, President of the
French Republic, and Emperor.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1830-1840;
and 1848 (APRIL-DECEMBER), to 1870 (SEPTEMBER).

----------NARBONNE: Start--------

NARBONNE:
Founding of the city.

"In the year B. C. 118 it was proposed to settle a Roman
colony in the south of France at Narbo (Narbonne). … The
Romans must have seized some part of this country, or they
could not have made a colony, which implies the giving of land
to settlers. Narbo was an old native town which existed at
least as early as the latter part of the sixth century before
the Christian era. … The possession of Narbo gave the Romans
easy access to the fertile valley of the Garonne, and it was
not long before they took and plundered Tolosa (Toulouse),
which is on that river. … Narbo also commanded the road into
Spain."

_G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 1, chapter 22._

NARBONNE: A. D. 437.
Besieged by the Goths.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 419-451.

NARBONNE: A. D. 525-531.
The capital of the Visigoths.

See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 507-711.

NARBONNE: A. D. 719.
Capture and occupation by the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 715-732.

NARBONNE: A. D. 752-759.
Siege and recovery from the Moslems.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 752-759.

----------NARBONNE: End--------

NARISCI, The.

See MARCOMANNI.

NARRAGANSETTS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY;
RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1636;
and NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1637, 1674-1675,
1675, and 1676-1678.

NARSES, Campaigns of.

See ROME: A. D. 535-553.

NARVA, Siege and Battle of (1700).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1697-1700.

NARVAEZ, Expedition of.

See FLORIDA: A. D. 1528-1542.

NASEBY, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JUNE).

----------NASHVILLE, Tennessee: Start--------

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1779-1784.
Origin and name of the city.

See TENNESSEE: A. D. 1785-1796.

{2241}

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1862.
Occupied by the Union forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY: KENTUCKY-TENNESSEE);
and (FEBRUARY-APRIL: TENNESSEE).

NASHVILLE, Tennessee: A. D. 1864.
Under siege.
Defeat of Hood's army.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A D. 1864 (DECEMBER: TENNESSEE).

----------NASHVILLE, Tennessee: End--------

NASI, The.

This was the title of the President of the Jewish Sanhedrin.

NASR-ED-DEEN, Shah of Persia, A. D. 1848-.

NASSAU, The House of.

"We find an Otho, Count of Nassau, so long ago as the
beginning of the 10th century, employed as general under the
Emperor Henry I … in subduing a swarm of savage Hungarians,
who for many years had infested Germany. … The same
fortunate warrior had a principal hand afterwards in reducing
the Vandals, Danes, Sclavonians, Dalmatians, and Bohemians.
Among the descendants of Otho of Nassau, Walram I and III more
particularly distinguished themselves in the cause of the
German Emperors; the former under the victorious Otho I, the
latter under Conrad II. It was to these faithful services of
his progenitors that, in a great measure, were owing the large
possessions of Henry, surnamed the Rich, third in descent from
the last mentioned Walram, and grandfather to the brave but
unhappy Emperor Adolphus [deposed and slain at the battle of
Gelheim, in 1298.]

See GERMANY: A. D. 1273-1308.

The accession, by marriage, of Breda, Vianden, and other
lordships in the Netherlands, gave the Nassaus such a weight
in those provinces that John II of Nassau-Dillemburg, and his
son Engelbert II, were both successively appointed Governors
of Brabant by the Sovereigns of that State [Charles the Bold,
Duke of Burgundy, and his son-in-law, the Emperor Maximilian].
… The last, who was likewise honoured with the commission of
Maximilian I's Lieutenant-General in the Low-Countries,
immortalized his fame, at the same time that he secured his
master's footing there, by the glorious victory of
Guinegaste,"—or Guinegate, or the "Battle of the Spurs."

See FRANCE: A. D. 1513—1515.

_J. Breval,
History of the House of Nassau,
pages 2-3._

Engelbert II. dying childless, "was succeeded by his brother
John, whose two sons, Henry and William, of Nassau, divided
the great inheritance after their father's death. William
succeeded to the German estates, became a convert to
Protestantism, and introduced the Reformation into his
dominions. Henry, the eldest son, received the family
possessions and titles in Luxembourg, Brabant, Flanders and
Holland, and distinguished himself as much as his uncle
Engelbert, in the service of the Burgundo-Austrian house. The
confidential friend of Charles V., whose governor he had been
in that Emperor's boyhood, he was ever his most efficient and
reliable adherent. It was he whose influence placed the
imperial crown upon the head of Charles. In 1515 he espoused
Claudia de Chalons, sister of Prince Philibert of Orange, 'in
order,' as he wrote to his father, 'to be obedient to his
imperial Majesty, to please the King of France, and more
particularly for the sake of his own honor and profit.' His
son Rene de Nassau-Chalons succeeded Philibert. The little
principality of Orange, so pleasantly situated between
Provence and Dauphiny, but in such, dangerous proximity to the
seat of the 'Babylonian captivity' of the popes at Avignon,
thus passed to the family of Nassau. The title was of high
antiquity. Already in the reign of Charlemagne, Guillaume au
Court-Nez, or 'William with the Short Nose,' had defended the
little town of Orange against the assaults of the Saracens.
The interest and authority acquired in the demesnes thus
preserved by his valor became extensive, and in process of
time hereditary in his race. The principality became an
absolute and free sovereignty, and had already descended, in
defiance of the Salic law, through the three distinct families
of Orange, Baux, and Chalons. In 1544, Prince Rene died at the
Emperor's feet in the trenches of Saint Dizier. Having no
legitimate children, he left all his titles and estates to his
cousin-german, William of Nassau [the great statesman and
soldier, afterwards known as William the Silent], son of his
father's brother William, who thus at the age of eleven years
became William the Ninth of Orange."

_J. L. Motley,
The Rise of the Dutch Republic,
part 2, chapter 1 (volume 1)._

The Dutch branch of the House of Nassau is now represented by
the royal family of Holland. The possessions of the German
branch, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, after
frequent partitioning, was finally gathered into a duchy,
which Prussia extinguished and absorbed in 1866.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1866.

ALSO IN:
_E. A. Freeman,
Orange
(Macmillan's Magazine, February, 1875)._

_Baron Maurier,
Lives of all the Princes of Orange._

See, also, ORANGE;
and GUELDERLAND: A. D. 1079-1473.

NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION.

See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832.

----------NATAL: Start--------

NATAL: The Name.

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1486-1806.

NATAL: A. D. 1834-1843.
Founding of the colony as a Dutch republic.
Its absorption in the British dominions.

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1806-1881.

----------NATAL: End--------

NATALIA, Queen of Servia.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: A. D. 1879-1889.

NATCHEZ, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
NATCHESAN FAMILY, and MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

NATCHEZ: A. D. 1862.
Taken by the National forces.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY-JULY: ON THE MISSISSIPPI).

NATCHITOCHES, The.

See TEXAS: THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, French Revolution.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1789 (JUNE).

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, German Revolution.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1848 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

NATIONAL BANK SYSTEM.

See MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1861-1878.

NATIONAL CONVENTION, French, End of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE.

See LIBRARIES, MODERN: FRANCE.

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1825-1828.

NATIONALISTS, OR HOME RULERS, Irish.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886.

{2242}

NATIONALITY, The Principle of.

"Among the French a nationality is regarded as the work of
history, ratified by the will of man. The elements composing
it may be very different in their origin. The point of
departure is of little importance; the only essential thing is
the point reached. The Swiss nationality is the most complete.
It embraces three families of people, each of which speaks its
own language. Moreover, since the Swiss territory belongs to
three geographical regions, separated by high mountains,
Switzerland, which has vanquished the fatality of nature, from
both the ethnographical and geographical point of view, is a
unique and wonderful phenomenon. But she is a confederation,
and for a long time has been a neutral country. Thus her
constitution has not been subjected to the great ordeal of
fire and sword. France, despite her diverse races—Celtic,
German, Roman, and Basque—has formed a political entity that
most resembles a moral person. The Bretons and Alsacians, who
do not all understand the language of her government, have not
been the least devoted of her children in the hour of
tribulation. Among the great nations France is the nation par
excellence. Elsewhere the nationality blends, or tends to
blend, with the race, a natural development and, hence, one
devoid of merit. All the countries that have not been able to
unite their races into a nation, have a more or less troubled
existence. Prussia has not been able to nationalize (that is
the proper word to use) her Polish subjects; hence she has a
Polish question, not to mention at present any other. England
has an Irish question. Both Turkey and Austria have a number
of such questions. Groups of people in various parts of the
Austrian Empire demand from the Emperor that they may be
allowed to live as Germans, Hungarians, Tsechs, Croatians, in
fact, even as Italians. They do not revolt against him; on the
contrary, each of them offers him a crown. The time is,
however, past when a single head can wear several crowns;
to-day every crown is heavy. These race claims are not merely
a cause of internal troubles; the agitations that they arouse
may lead to great wars. Evidently no state will ever interpose
between Ireland and England, but, while quarrels take place
between Germans and Slavs, there will intervene the two
conflicting forces of Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism,
formidable results and final consequences of ethnographical
patriotism. Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism are, indeed, not
forces officially acknowledged and organized. The Emperor of
Germany can honestly deny that he is a Pan-Germanist, and the
Tsar that he is a Pan-Slavist. Germans and Slavs of Austria,
and Slavs of the Balkans, may, for their part, desire to
remain Austrian or independent, as they are to-day. It is none
the less true, however, that there is in Europe an old quarrel
between two great races, that each of them is represented by a
powerful empire, and that these empires cannot forever remain
unconcerned about the quarrels of the two races. … The chief
application of the principle of nationality has been the
formation of the Italian and German nations. In former times
the existence, in the centre of the Continent, of two objects
of greed was a permanent cause of war. Will the substitution
of two important states for German anarchy and Italian
polyarchy prove a guaranty of future peace?"

_E. Lavisse,
General View of the Political History of Europe,
chapter 5, sections 6-7._

NATIONALRATH, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

NATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITIES.

See EDUCATION, MEDIÆVAL.

NATIVE STATES OF INDIA.

See INDIA: A. D. 1877.

NATIVI.

See SLAVERY, MEDIÆVAL, &c.: ENGLAND.

NAUARCHI.

The title given in ancient Sparta to the commanders of the
fleet. At Athens "the term Nauarchi seems to have been
officially applied only to the commanders of the so-called
sacred triremes."

_G. Schömann,
Antiquities of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapters 1, and 3._

NAUCRATIS.

See NAUKRATIS.

NAUKRARIES.

See PHYLÆ.

NAUKRATIS.

"Naukratis was for a long time the privileged port [in Egypt]
for Grecian commerce with Egypt. No Greek merchant was
permitted to deliver goods in any other part (port), or to
enter any other of the mouths of the Nile except the Kanôpic.
If forced into any of them by stress of weather, he was
compelled to make oath that his arrival was a matter of
necessity, and to convey his goods round by sea into the
Kanôpic branch to Naukratis; and if the weather still forbade
such a proceeding, the merchandise was put into barges and
conveyed round to Naukratis by the internal canals of the
delta. Such a monopoly, which made Naukratis in Egypt
something like Canton in China or Nangasaki in Japan, no
longer subsisted in the time of Herodotus. … At what precise
time Naukratis first became licensed for Grecian trade, we
cannot directly make out. But there seems reason to believe
that it was the port to which the Greek merchants first went,
so soon as the general liberty of trading with the country was
conceded to them; and this would put the date of such grant at
least as far back as the foundation of Kyrene, … about 630
B. C., during the reign of Psammetichus. … [About a century
later, Amasis] sanctioned the constitution of a formal and
organised emporium or factory, invested with commercial
privileges, and armed with authority exercised by presiding
officers regularly chosen. This factory was connected with,
and probably grew out of, a large religious edifice and
precinct, built at the joint cost of nine Grecian cities: four
of them Ionic,—Chios, Teos, Phokæa and Klazomenæ; four
Doric,—Rhodes, Knidus, Halikarnassus, and Phaselis; and one
Æolic,—Mitylene. By these nine cities the joint temple and
factory was kept up and its presiding magistrates chosen; but
its destination, for the convenience of Grecian commerce
generally, seems revealed by the imposing title of The
Hellênion."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 20._

The site of Naukratis has been determined lately by the
excavations of Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, begun in 1885, the
results of which are appearing in the publications of the
"Egypt Exploration Fund." The ruins of the ancient city are
found buried under a mound called Nebireh. Its situation was
west of the Canobic branch of the Nile, on a canal which
connected it with that stream.

See EGYPT: B. C. 670-525.

NAULOCHUS, Battle of.

A naval battle fought near Naulochus, on the coast of Sicily,
in which Agrippa, commanding for the triumvir Octavius,
defeated and destroyed the fleet of Sextus Pompeius, B. C. 36.

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 27._

{2243}

NAUMACHIÆ.

The naumachiæ of the Romans were structures resembling
excavated amphitheatres, but having the large central space
filled with water, for the representation of naval combats.
"The great Naumachia of Augustus was 1,800 feet long and 1,200
feet broad."

_R. Burn.
Rome and the Campagna,
introduction_.

NAUPACTUS.

See MESSENIAN WAR, THE THIRD;
and GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

NAUPACTUS, Battle of (B. C. 429).

See GREECE: B. C. 429-427.

NAUPACTUS, Treaty of.

A treaty, concluded B. C. 217, which terminated what was
called the Social War, between the Achæan League, joined with
Philip of Macedonia, and the Ætolian League, in alliance with
Sparta.

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 63._

ALSO IN:
_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
chapter 8, section 1._

NAUPLIA.

See ARGOS.

NAURAGHI.

See SARDINIA, THE ISLAND: NAME AND EARLY HISTORY.

NAUSETS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

NAUVOO, The Mormon city of.

See MORMONISM: A. D. 1830-1846, and 1846-1848.

NAVAJOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
ATHAPASCAN FAMILY and APACHE GROUP.

NAVARETTE NAJARA, Battle of.

Won, April 3, 1367, by the English Black Prince over a Spanish
and French army, in a campaign undertaken to restore Peter the
Cruel to the throne of Castile.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1366-1369,
and FRANCE: A. D. 1360-1380.

----------NAVARINO: Start--------

NAVARINO: B. C. 425.
An ancient episode in the harbor.

See GREECE: B. C. 425.

NAVARINO: A. D. 1686.
Taken by the Venetians.

See TURKS: A. D. 1684-1696.

NAVARINO: A. D. 1827.
Battle and destruction of the Turkish fleet.

See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829.

----------NAVARINO: End--------

----------NAVARRE: Start--------
NAVARRE:
Aboriginal inhabitants.

See BASQUES.

NAVARRE:
Origin of the kingdom.

"No historical subject is wrapt in greater obscurity than the
origin and early history of the kingdom of Navarre. Whether,
during a great portion of the eighth and ninth centuries, the
country was independent or tributary; and, if dependent,
whether it obeyed the Franks, the Asturians, or the Arabs, or
successively all three, are speculations which have long
exercised the pens of the peninsular writers. … It seems
undoubted that, in just dread of the Mohammedan domination,
the inhabitants of these regions, as well as those of
Catalonia, applied for aid to the renowned emperor of the
Franks [Charlemagne]; and that he, in consequence, in 778,
poured his legions into Navarre, and seized Pamplona. It seems
no less certain that, from this period, he considered the
country as a fief of his crown; and that his pretensions,
whether founded in violence or in the voluntary submission of
the natives, gave the highest umbrage to the Asturian kings:
the feudal supremacy thenceforth became an apple of discord
between the two courts, each striving to gain the homage of
the local governors. … Thus things remained until the time
of Alfonso III., who … endeavoured to secure peace both with
Navarre and France by marrying a princess related to both
Sancho Iñigo, count of Bigorre, and to the Frank sovereign,
and by consenting that the province should be held as an
immovable fief by that count. This Sancho Iñigo, besides his
lordship of Bigorre, for which he was the vassal of the French
king, had domains in Navarre, and is believed, on apparently
good foundation, to have been of Spanish descent. He is said,
however, not to have been the first count of Navarre; that his
brother Aznar held the fief before him, nominally dependent on
king Pepin, but successfully laying the foundation of
Navarrese independence. If the chronology which makes Sancho
succeed Aznar in 836, and the event itself, be correct,
Alfonso only confirmed the count in the lordship. In this
case, the only remaining difficulty is to determine whether
the fief was held from Charles or Alfonso. … But whichever
of the princes was acknowledged for the time the lord
paramount of the province, there can be little doubt that both
governor and people were averse to the sway of either; both
had long aspired to independence, and that independence was at
hand. The son of this Sancho Iñigo was Garcia, father of
Sancho Garces, and the first king of Navarre [assuming the
crown about 885-891]; the first, at least, whom … historic
criticism can admit."

_S. A. Dunham,
History of Spain and Portugal,
book 3, section 2, chapter 2._

See, also, SPAIN: A. D. 713-910.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1026.
Acquisition of the crown of Castile by King Sancho el Mayor.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1026-1230.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1234.
Succession of Thibalt, Count of Champagne, to the throne.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1212-1238.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1284-1328.
Union with France, and separation.

In 1284, the marriage of Jeanne, heiress of the kingdom of
Navarre and of the counties of Champagne and Brie, to Philip
IV. of France, united the crown of Navarre to that of France.
They were separated in 1328, on the death of her last
surviving son, Charles IV., without male issue. Philip of
Valois secured the French crown, under the so called Salic
law, but that of Navarre passed to Jeanne's grand-daughter, of
her own name.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1442-1521.
Usurpation of John II. of Aragon.
The House of Foix and the D'Albrets.
Conquest by Ferdinand.
Incorporation in the kingdom of Castile.

Blanche, daughter of Charles III. of Navarre and heiress of
the kingdom, married John II. of Aragon, to whom she gave
three children, namely, Don Carlos, or Charles, "who, as heir
apparent, bore the title of Prince of Viana, and two
daughters, Blanche and Eleanor. Don Carlos is known by his
virtues and misfortunes. At the death of his mother Blanche
[1442], he should have succeeded to the throne of Navarre; but
John II. was by no means disposed to relinquish the title
which he had acquired by marriage, and Carlos consented to be
his father's viceroy. But even this dignity he was not
permitted to enjoy unmolested." Persecuted through life,
sometimes imprisoned, sometimes in exile, he died at the age
of forty, in 1461.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1368-1479.

{2244}

"By the death of Don Carlos, the succession to the crown of
Navarre devolved to his sister Blanche, the divorced wife of
Henry IV. of Castile; and that amiable princess now became an
object of jealousy not only to her father but also to her
younger sister, Eleanor, married to the Count of Foix, to whom
John II. had promised the reversion of Navarre after his own
death. Gaston de Foix, the offspring of this union, had
married a sister of Louis XI.; and it had been provided in a
treaty between that monarch and John II., that in order to
secure the succession of the House of Foix to Navarre, Blanche
should be delivered into the custody of her sister. John
executed this stipulation without remorse. Blanche was
conducted to the Castle of Orthès in Bearn (April 1462),
where, after a confinement of nearly two years, she was
poisoned by order of her sister Eleanor." After committing
this crime, the latter waited nearly fifteen years for the
crown which it was expected to win, and then enjoyed it but
three weeks. Her father reigned until the 20th of January,
1479, when he died; the guilty daughter soon followed him.
"After Eleanor's brief reign … the blood-stained sceptre of
Navarre passed to her grandson Phœbus, 1479, who, however,
lived only four years, and was succeeded by his sister
Catherine. Ferdinand and Isabella [now occupying the thrones
of Aragon and Castile] endeavoured to effect a marriage
between Catherine and their own heir; but this scheme was
frustrated by Magdalen, the queen-mother, a sister of Louis
XI. of France, who brought about a match between her daughter
and John d'Albret, a French nobleman who had large possessions
on the borders of Navarre (1485). Nevertheless the Kings of
Spain supported Catherine and her husband against her uncle,
John de Foix, viscount of Narbonne, who pretended to the
Navarese crown on the ground that it was limited to male
heirs; and after the death of John, the alliance with Spain
was drawn still closer by the avowed purpose of Louis XII. to
support his nephew, Gaston de Foix, in the claims of his
father. After the fall of that young hero at Ravenna [see
ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513], his pretensions to the throne of
Navarre devolved to his sister, Germaine de Foix, the second
wife of King Ferdinand [see SPAIN: A. D. 1496-1517], an event
which entirely altered the relations between the courts of
Spain and Navarre. Ferdinand had now an interest in supporting
the claims of the house of Foix-Narbonne; and Catherine, who
distrusted him, despatched in May 1512, plenipotentiaries to
the French court to negotiate a treaty of alliance." But it
was too late. Ferdinand had already succeeded in diverting to
Navarre an expedition which his son-in-law, Henry VIII. of
England, acting in the Holy League against Louis XII., which
Ferdinand now joined (see ITALY: A. D. 1510-1513), had sent
against Guienne. With this aid he took possession of Upper
Navarre. "In the following year, he effected at Orthès a
year's truce with Louis XII. (April 1st 1513), by which Louis
sacrificed his ally, the King of Navarre, and afterwards, by
renewing the truce, allowed Ferdinand permanently to settle
himself in his new conquest. The States of Navarre had
previously taken the oath of allegiance to Ferdinand as their
King, and on the 15th of June 1515, Navarre was incorporated
into the kingdom of Castile by the solemn act of the Cortès.
The dominions of John d'Albret and Catherine were now reduced
to the little territory of Bearn, but they still retained the
title of sovereigns of Navarre." Six years later, in 1521, the
French invaded Navarre and overran the whole kingdom.
"Pampeluna alone, animated by the courage of Ignatius Loyola,
made a short resistance. To this siege, the world owes the
Order of the Jesuits. Loyola, whose leg had been shattered by
a cannon ball, found consolation and amusement during his
convalescence in reading the lives of the saints, and was thus
thrown into that state of fanatical exaltation which led him
to devote his future life to the service of the Papacy."
Attempting to extend their invasion beyond Navarre, the French
were defeated at Esquiros and driven back, losing the whole of
their conquests.

_T. H. Dyer,
History of Modern Europe,
book 1, chapters 4 and 7,
and book 2, chapter 3 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN:
_W. H. Prescott,
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella,
chapters 2 and 23 (volumes 1 and 3)._

NAVARRE: A. D. 1528-1563.
The kingdom remaining on the French side of the Pyrenees.
Jeanne d'Albret's Bourbon marriage and the issue of it.
Establishment of Protestantism in Béarn.

Besides the Spanish province which Ferdinand the Catholic
appropriated and joined to Castile, and which gave its name to
the Kingdom of Navarre, "that kingdom embraced a large tract
of country lying on the French side of the Pyrenees, including
the principality of Béarn and the counties of Foix, Armagnac,
Albret, Bigorre, and Comminges. Catherine de Foix, the heiress
of this kingdom, had in 1491 carried it by marriage into the
house of D'Albret. Henry, the second king of Navarre belonging
to this house, was in 1528 united to Marguerite d'Angoulême,
the favourite and devoted sister of Francis I. of France.
Pampeluna, the ancient capital of their kingdom, being in the
hands of the King of Spain, Henry and Marguerite held their
Court at Nérac, the chief town of the duchy belonging to the
family of D'Albret. It was at Nérac that Marguerite, herself
more than half a Huguenot, opened an asylum to her persecuted
fellow-countrymen [see PAPACY: A. D. 1521-1535]. Farel,
Calvin, Beza sought temporary refuge and found glad welcome
there, while to Lefevre, Clement Marot, and Gerard Roussel it
became a second home. Marguerite died in 1549, leaving only
one child, a daughter, who, in the event of her father having
no issue by any second marriage, became heiress to the crown
of Navarre. Born in 1528, Jeanne d'Albret had early and bitter
experience of what heirship to such a crown involved. The
Emperor Charles V. was believed to have early fixed his eye on
her as a fit consort for Philip, his son and successor." To
prevent this marriage, she was shut up for years, by her
uncle, the French king, Francis I., in the gloomy castle of
Plessis-les-Tours. When she was twelve years old he affianced
her to the Duke of Cleves, notwithstanding her vigorous
protests; but the alliance was subsequently broken off. "The
next hand offered to Jeanne, and which she accepted, was that
of Antoine, elder brother of the Prince of Condé, and head of
the Bourbon family. They were married in 1548, a year after
the death of Francis I., and a year before that of his sister
Marguerite, Jeanne's mother. The marriage was an unfortunate
one. Ambitious, yet weak and vain; frivolous and vacillating,
yet headstrong and impetuous, faithless to his wife, faithless
to his principles, faithless to his party, Antoine became the
butt and victim of the policy of the Court. But though
unfortunate in so many respects, this marriage gave to France,
if not the greatest, the most fortunate, the most popular, the
most beloved of all her monarchs"—namely, Henry IV.—Henry of
Navarre—the first of the Bourbon dynasty of French kings.
{2245}
"Antoine of Navarre died at the siege of Rouen in 1562. The
first use that the Queen made of the increased measure of
freedom she thus acquired was to publish an edict establishing
the Protestant and interdicting the exercise of the Roman
Catholic worship in Béarn. So bold an act by so weak a
sovereign—by one whose political position was so perilous and
insecure—drew down upon her the instant and severe
displeasure of the Pope," who issued against her a Bull of
excommunication, in October, 1563, and assumed the right to
dispose of her kingdom. This assumption was more than the
French Court could permit. "The Pope had to give way, and the
Bull was expunged from the ecclesiastical ordinances of the
Pontificate."

_W. Hanna,
The Wars of the Huguenots,
chapter 4._

NAVARRE: A. D. 1568-1569.
The queen joins the Huguenots in France, with Prince Henry.
Invasion by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1563-1570.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1620-1622.
Protestant intolerance.
Enforcement of Catholic rights.
The kingdom incorporated and absorbed in France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1620-1622.

NAVARRE: A. D. 1876.
Disappearance of the last municipal and provincial
privileges of the old kingdom.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1873-1885.

----------NAVARRE: End--------

NAVE. NAVIO.

See CARAVELS.

----------NAVIGATION LAWS: Start--------

NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1651.
The first English Act.

"After the triumph of the parliamentary cause [in the English
Civil War], great numbers of the royalists had sought refuge
in Virginia, Barbadoes, and the other West India settlements;
so that the white population of these dependencies was in
general fiercely opposed to the new government, and they might
be said to be in a state of rebellion after all the rest of
the empire had been reduced to submission and quiet.
Barbadoes, indeed, had actually received Lord Willoughby as
governor under a commission from Charles II., then in Holland,
and had proclaimed Charles as king. It was in these
circumstances that the English parliament in 1651, with the
view of punishing at once the people of the colonies and the
Dutch, who had hitherto enjoyed the greater part of the
carrying-trade between the West Indies and Europe, passed
their famous Navigation Act, declaring that no merchandise
either of Asia, Africa, or America, except only such as should
be imported directly from the place of its growth or
manufacture in Europe, should be imported into England,
Ireland, or any of the plantations, in any but English-built
ships, belonging either to English or English-plantation
subjects, navigated by English commanders, and having at least
three-fourths of the sailors Englishmen. It was also further
enacted that no goods of the growth, production, or
manufacture of any country in Europe should be imported into
Great Britain except in British ships, or in such ships as
were the real property of the people of the country or place
in which the goods were produced, or from which they could
only be, or most usually were, exported. Upon this law, which
was re-enacted after the Restoration, and which down to our
own day has been generally regarded and upheld as the
palladium of our commerce, and the maritime Magna Charta of
England, we shall only at present observe that one of its
first consequences was undoubtedly the war with Holland which
broke out the year after it was passed."

_G. L. Craik,
History of British Commerce,
chapter 7 (volume 2). _

ALSO IN:
_Adam Smith,
Wealth of Nations,
book 4, chapter 2._

_J. A. Blanqui,
History of Political Economy,
chapter 29._

NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1660-1672.
Effect upon the American colonies,
and their relation to Great Britain.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1651-1672.

NAVIGATION LAWS: A. D. 1849.
Complete repeal of the British restrictive Acts.

"The question of the navigation laws was … brought forward
[in the British Parliament, at the commencement of the session
of 1849] … with a fair prospect of being settled!" The
stringency of the original act of 1651 had been "slightly
mitigated by another act passed in the reign of Charles II.;
but the modifications thus introduced were of slight
importance. A farther relaxation, made at the conclusion of
the war of independence, allowed the produce of the United
States to be imported in ships belonging to citizens of those
states. The last amendment of the original law was obtained in
the year 1825 by Mr. Huskisson, who made some important
changes in it. The law, then, which the legislature had to
reconsider in the year 1849 stood thus: the produce of Asia,
Africa, and America might be imported from places out of
Europe into the United Kingdom, if to be used therein, in
foreign as well us in British ships, provided that such ships
were the ships of the country of which the goods were the
produce, and from which they were imported. Goods which were
the produce of Europe, and which were not enumerated in the
act, might be brought thence in the ships of any country.
Goods sent to or from the United Kingdom to any of its
possessions, or from one colony to another, must be carried in
British ships, or in ships of the country in which they were
produced and from which they were imported. Then followed some
stringent definitions of the conditions which constituted a
vessel a British ship in the sense of the act. These
restrictions were not without their defenders. Even the great
founder of economic science, Adam Smith, while admitting that
the navigation laws were inconsistent with that perfect
freedom of trade which he contended for, sanctioned their
continuance on the ground that defence is much more important
than opulence. But as it was more and more strongly felt that
these laws were part and parcel of that baneful system of
monopoly which, under the name of protection, had so long been
maintained and was now so completely exploded, it began also
to be seriously doubted whether they were necessary to the
defence of the nation. … Therefore, on the 14th of February
in this year, Mr. Labouchere, as president of the board of
trade, proposed a resolution on the subject couched in the
following terms: 'That it is expedient to remove the
restrictions which prevent the free carriage of goods by sea
to and from the United Kingdom and the British possessions
abroad, and to amend the laws regulating the coasting trade of
the United Kingdom, subject nevertheless to such control by
her Majesty in council as may be necessary; and also to amend
the laws for the registration of ships and seamen.'
{2246}
A long debate took place on the question of the second reading
of the government measure. … 214 members followed Mr.
Disraeli into the lobby, while 275 voted with the government,
which therefore had a majority of 61. In the upper house Lord
Brougham astonished friend and foe by coming forward as the
strenuous and uncompromising opponent of the ministerial
measure. … The second reading was carried by a majority of
10. The smallness of this majority caused some anxiety to the
supporters of the measure with regard to its ultimate fate;
but this anxiety was relieved by the withdrawal of the most
conspicuous opponents of the bill, which consequently passed
without farther opposition."

_W. N. Molesworth,
History of England, 1830-1874,
volume 2, chapter 5._

ALSO IN:
_J. D. J. Kelley,
The Question of Ships,
chapter 4._

_S. Walpole,
History of England from 1815,
chapter 20 (volume 4)._

----------NAVIGATION LAWS: End----------

NAWAB-VIZIER, NEWAB-WU-ZEER, of Oude.

See OUDE; also NABOB.

----------NAXOS: Start--------

NAXOS: B. C. 490.
Destruction by the Persians.

See GREECE: B. C. 490.

NAXOS: B. C. 466.
Revolt from the Delian Confederacy.
Subjugation by Athens.

See ATHENS: B. C. 470-466.

NAXOS: B. C. 376.
Battle between the Spartans and Athenians.

A battle was fought in September, B. C. 376, off Naxos,
between a Lacedæmonian fleet of 60 triremes and an Athenian
fleet of 80. Forty-nine of the former were disabled or
captured. "This was the first great victory … which the
Athenians had gained at sea since the Peloponnesian war."

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 77._

NAXOS: A. D. 1204-1567.
The mediæval dukedom.

"In the partition of the [Byzantine] empire [after the
conquest of Constantinople, in 1204, by the Crusaders and the
Venetians], the twelve islands of the Archipelago, which had
formed the theme of the Egean sea in the provincial division
of the Byzantine empire, fell to the share of the crusading
barons; but Mark Sanudo, one of the most influential of the
Venetian nobles in the expedition, obtained possession of the
principal part of the ancient theme—though whether by
purchase from the Frank barons to whom it had been allotted,
or by grant to himself from the emperor, is not known. Sanudo,
however, made his appearance at the parliament of Ravenika as
one of the great feudatories of the empire of Romania, and was
invested by the emperor Henry with the title of Duke of the
Archipelago, or Naxos. It is difficult to say on what precise
footing Sanudo placed his relations with the republic. His
conduct in the war of Crete shows that he ventured to act as a
baron of Romania, or an independent prince, when he thought
his personal interests at variance with his born allegiance to
Venice. … The new duke and his successors were compelled by
their position to acknowledge themselves, in some degree,
vassals both of the empire of Romania and of the republic of
Venice; yet they acted as sovereign princes." Nearly at the
close of the fourteenth century the dukedom passed from the
Sanudo family to the Crispo family, who reigned under the
protection of Venice until 1537, when the Duke of Naxos was
reduced to vassalage by the Turkish sultan Suleiman. Thirty
years later, his title and authority were extinguished by the
sultan, on the petition of the Greek inhabitants, who could
not endure his oppressive and disgraceful government.

_G. Finlay,
History of Greece from its Conquest by the Crusaders,
chapter 10, sections 1-3._

ALSO IN:
_Sir J. E. Tennent,
History of Modern Greece,
chapter 3._

_H. F. Tozer,
The Islands of the Aegean,
chapter 4._

----------NAXOS: End----------

NAZARETH, Battle of (1799).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-AUGUST).

NEANDERTHAL MAN.

The race represented by a remarkable human skull and imperfect
skeleton found in 1857, in a limestone cave in the
Neanderthal, Rhenish Prussia, and thought to be the most
primitive race of which any knowledge has yet been obtained.

_J. Geikie,
Prehistoric Europe,
page 22._

ALSO IN:
_W. B. Dawkins,
Cave Hunting,
page 240._

NEAPOLIS, Schools of.

In the first century of the Roman empire, "Neapolis [modern
Naples] had its schools and colleges, as well as Athens; its
society abounded in artists and men of letters, and it enjoyed
among the Romans the title of the learned, which comprehended
in their view the praise of elegance as well as knowledge."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 40._

NEAPOLIS AND PALÆPOLIS.

"Palaepolis is mentioned only by Livy: it was an ancient
Cumaean colony, the Cumaeans having taken refuge there across
the sea. Neapolis derives its name from being a much later
settlement of different Greek tribes, and was perhaps not
founded till Olymp. 91, about the time of the Athenian
expedition to Sicily, and as a fortress of the Greeks against
the Sabellians. It is not impossible that the Athenians also
may have had a share in it. Both towns, however, were of
Chalcidian origin and formed one united state, which at that
time may have been in possession of Ischia. Many absurdities
have been written about the site of Palaepolis, and most of
all by Italian antiquaries. We have no data to go upon except
the two statements in Livy, that Palaepolis was situated by
the side of Neapolis, and that the Romans [in the second
Samnite war] had pitched their camp between the two towns. The
ancient Neapolis was undoubtedly situated in the centre of the
modern city of Naples above the church of Sta. Rosa; the coast
is now considerably advanced. People have sought for
Palaepolis likewise within the compass of the modern city. …
I alone should never have discovered its true site, but my
friend, the Count de Serre, a French statesman, who in his
early life had been in the army and had thus acquired a quick
and certain miliary eye, discovered it in a walk which I took
with him. The town was situated on the outer side of Mount
Posilipo, where the quarantine now is."

_B. G. Niebuhr,
Lectures on the History of Rome,
lecture 40 (volume 1)._

"Parthenopé was an ancient Greek colony founded by the
Chalcidians of Cuma on the northern part of the Bay of Naples.
In after years another city sprung up a little to the south,
whence the original Parthenopé was called Palæpolis or
Old-town, while the new town took the name of Neapolis. The
latter preserves its name in the modern Naples." Palæpolis was
taken by the Romans, B. C. 327, at the beginning of the second
Samnite War, and is heard of no more. Neapolis made peace with
them and lived.

_H. G. Liddell,
History of Rome,
book 3, chapter 21 (volume 1)._

{2247}

NEAPOLIS (Syracuse).

See TEMENITES.

NEARDA.

See JEWS: B. C. 536-A. D. 50.

----------NEBRASKA: Start--------

NEBRASKA:
The aboriginal inhabitants.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

NEBRASKA: A. D. 1803.
Embraced in the Louisiana Purchase.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

NEBRASKA: A. D. 1854.
Territorial organization.
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1854.

NEBRASKA: A. D. 1867.
Admission to the Union.

Nebraska was organized as a State and admitted
to the Union in 1867.

----------NEBRASKA: End--------

NECKER, Ministry of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1774-1788, to 1789 (JUNE).

NECTANSMERE, Battle of (A. D. 685).

See SCOTLAND: 7TH CENTURY.

NEERWINDEN, LANDEN, Battle of (1693).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1693 (JULY)

Battle of (1793).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (FEBRUARY-APRIL).

NEGRITO.

"The term Negrito, i. e. 'Little Negro,' [was] long applied by
the Spaniards to the dark dwarfish tribes in the interior of
Luzon, and some others of the Philippine Islands. Here it will
be extended to the dwarfish negroid tribes in the Andaman
Islands and interior of Malacca, but to no others."

_A. H. Keane,
Philology and Ethnology of the Interoceanic Races
(appendix to Wallace's Hellwald's Australasia),
section 4._

NEGRO, The.

See AFRICA: THE INHABITING RACES.

NEGRO PLOT, Imagined in New York.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1741.

NEGRO SLAVERY.

See SLAVERY: NEGRO.

NEGRO SUFFRAGE.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1867 (JANUARY), and (MARCH); and 1868-1870.

NEGRO TROOPS, in the American Civil War.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (MAY: SOUTH CAROLINA).

----------NEGROPONT: Start--------

NEGROPONT:
The Name.

The ancient island of Eubœa received from the Venetians the
name Negropont. "In the middle ages, Eubœa was called Egripo,
a corruption of Euripus, the name of the town built upon the
ruins of Chalcis. The Venetians, who obtained possession of
the island upon the dismemberment of the Byzantine empire by
the Latins, called it Negropont, probably a corruption of
Egripo, and 'ponte,' a bridge."

_W. Smith,
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography._

NEGROPONT: A. D. 1470.
Capture and Massacre by the Turks.

See GREECE: A. D. 1454-1479.

----------NEGROPONT: End--------

NEGUS, OR NEGOOS, The.

See ABYSSINIA: 15-19TH CENTURIES.

NEHAVEND, Battle of.

See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 632-651.

NELSON'S FARM, OR GLENDALE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA).

NEMEDIANS, The.

It is among the legends of the Irish that their island was
settled, about the time of the patriarch Jacob, by a colony of
descendants from Japhet, led by one Nemedius, from whom they
and their posterity took the name of Nemedians. The Nemedians
were afterwards subjugated by a host of African sea-rovers,
known as Fomorians, but were delivered from these in time by a
fresh colony of their kindred from the East called the Fir
Bolgs.

_T. Wright,
History of Ireland,
book 1, chapter 2._

NEMEAN AND ISTHMIAN GAMES.

"The Nemean and Isthmian [games in ancient. Greece] were
celebrated each twice in every Olympiad, at different seasons
of the year: the former in the plain of Nemea, in Argolis,
under the presidency of Argos; the latter in the Corinthian
isthmus, under the presidency of Corinth. These, like the
Pythian and Olympic games, claimed a very high antiquity,
though the form in which they were finally established was of
late institution; and it is highly probable that they were
really suggested by the tradition of ancient festivals, which
had served to cement an Amphictyonic confederacy."

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 10._

NEMETACUM.

Modern Arras.

See BELGÆ.

NEMETES, The.

See VANGIONES.

NEMI, Priest of.

See ARICIAN GROVE.

NEMOURS, Treaty and Edict of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

NEODAMODES.

Enfranchised helots, in ancient Sparta.

_G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 73._

NEOLITHIC PERIOD.

See STONE AGE.

NEOPLATONICS, The.