Chapter LXVII: Part 67

"In 1643, the troubles in England between the King and Commons
grew violent, and in that year Alexander Rigby bought the old
grant called Lygonia or 'Plow Patent,' and appointed George
Cleaves his deputy-president. Governor Thomas Gorges about
that time returned to England, and left Vines in his place.
Between Cleaves and Vines there was of course a conflict of
jurisdiction, and Cleaves appealed for aid to Massachusetts;
and both parties agreed to leave their claims (1645) to the
decision of the Massachusetts Magistrates, who decided—that
they could not decide the matter. But the next year the
Commissioners for American plantations in England decided in
favor of Rigby; and Vines left the country. In 1647, at last,
at the age of 74, Sir Ferdinando Gorges died, and with him
died all his plans for kingdoms and power in Maine. In 1651,
Massachusetts, finding that her patent, which included lands
lying three miles north of the head waters of the Merrimack,
took in all the lower part of Maine, began to extend her
jurisdiction, and as most of the settlers favored her
authority, it was pretty well established till the time of the
Restoration (1660).
{2080}
Upon the Restoration of Charles II., the heir of Gorges
claimed his rights to Maine. His agent in the province was
Edward Godfrey. Those claims were confirmed by the Committee
of Parliament, and in 1664 he obtained an order from the King
to the Governor of Massachusetts to restore him his province.
In 1664 the King's Commissioners came over, and proceeded
through the Colonies, and among the rest to Maine; where they
appointed various officers without the concurrence of
Massachusetts; so that for some years Maine was distracted
with parties, and was in confusion. In 1668, Massachusetts
sent four Commissioners to York, who resumed and
re-established the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, with which
the majority of the people were best pleased; and in 1669 the
Deputies from Maine again took their seats in the
Massachusetts Court. Her jurisdiction was, however, disputed
by the heirs of Mason and Gorges, and it was not finally set
at rest till the year 1677, by the purchase of their claims
from them, by Massachusetts, for £1,250."

_C. W. Elliott,
The New England History,
volume 1, chapter 26._

ALSO IN:
_R. K. Sewall,
Ancient Dominions of Maine,
chapters 3-4._

_W. D. Williamson,
History of Maine,
volume 1, chapters 6-21._

MAINE: A. D. 1664.
The Pemaquid patent purchased and granted
to the Duke of York.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1664.

MAINE: A. D. 1675.
Outbreak of the Tarentines.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1675 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

MAINE: A. D. 1689-1697.
King William's War.
Indian cruelties.

See CANADA: A. D. 1689-1690; and 1692-1697.

MAINE: A. D. 1722-1725.
Renewed Indian war.

See NOVA SCOTIA: A. D. 1713-1730.

MAINE: A. D. 1744-1748.
King George's War.

See NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1744; 1745; and 1745-1748.

MAINE: A. D. 1814.
Occupied in large part and held by the English.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1813-1814.

MAINE: A. D. 1820.
Separation from Massachusetts.
Recognition as a distinct commonwealth and
admission into the Union.

"Petitions for the separation of the District of Maine were
first preferred to the legislature of Massachusetts in 1816,
and a convention was appointed to be holden at Brunswick. This
convention voted in favor of the step, but the separation was
not effected until 1820, at which time Maine was erected into
a distinct and independent commonwealth, and was admitted into
the American Union."

_G. L. Austin,
History of Massachusetts,
page 408._

"In the division of the property all the real estate in
Massachusetts was to be forever hers; all that in Maine to be
equally divided between the two, share and share alike. …
The admission of Maine and Missouri into the Union were both
under discussion in Congress at the same time. The advocates
of the latter, wishing to carry it through the Legislature,
without any restrictive clause against slavery, put both into
a bill together,—determined each should share the same fate.
… Several days the subject was debated, and sent from one
branch to the other in Congress, till the 1st of March, when,
to our joy, they were divorced; and on the 3d of the month
[March, 1820] an act was passed by which Maine was declared to
be, from and after the 15th of that month, one of the United
States."

_W. D. Williamson,
History of Maine,
volume 2, chapter 27._

See, also,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1818-1821.

MAINE: A. D. 1842.
Settlement of the northern boundary disputes,
by the Ashburton Treaty.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1842.

----------MAINE: End----------

MAIWAND, English disaster at (1880).

See AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1869-1881.

MAJESTAS, The Law of.

"The law of Majestas or Treason … under the [Roman] empire
… was the legal protection thrown round the person of the
chief of the state: any attempt against the dignity or safety
of the community became an attack on its glorified
representative. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that the first
legal enactment which received this title, half a century
before the foundation of the empire, was actually devised for
the protection, not of the state itself, but of a personage
dear to the state, namely, the tribune of the people. Treason
to the State indeed had long before been known, and defined as
Perduellio, the levying of war against the commonwealth. …
But the crime of majesty was first specified by the demagogue
Apuleius, in an enactment of the year 654 [B. C. 100], for the
purpose of guarding or exalting the dignity of the champion of
the plebs. … The law of Apuleius was followed by that of
another tribune, Varius, conceived in a similar spirit. …
[After the constitution of Sulla] the distinction between
Majestas and Perduellio henceforth vanishes: the crime of
Treason is specifically extended from acts of violence to
measures calculated to bring the State into contempt."

_C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 44._

MAJORCA:
Conquest by King James of Aragon.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1212-1238.

MAJORIAN, Roman Emperor (Western), A. D. 457-461.

MAJUBA HILL, Battle of (1881).

See SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1806-1881.

----------MALAGA: Start--------

MALAGA: A. D. 1036-1055.
The seat of a Moorish kingdom.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1031-1086.

MALAGA: A. D. 1487.
Siege and capture from the Moors by the Christians.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1476-1492.

----------MALAGA: End--------

MALAKHOFF, The storming of the (1855).

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854-1856.

MALAMOCCO.
The second capital of the Venetians.

See VENICE: A. D. 697-810; and 452.

MALATESTA FAMILY, The.

"No one with any tincture of literary knowledge is ignorant of
the fame at least of the great Malatesta family—the house of
the Wrongheads, as they were rightly called by some prevision
of their future part in Lombard history. … The story of
Francesca da Polenta, who was wedded to the hunchback Giovanni
Malatesta and murdered by him with her lover Paolo, is known
not merely to students of Dante, but to readers of Byron and
Leigh Hunt, to admirers of Flaxman, Ary Scheffer, Doré—to
all, in fact, who have of art and letters any love. The
history of these Malatesti, from their first establishment
under Otho III. [A. D. 996-1002] as lieutenants for the Empire
in the Marches of Ancona, down to their final subjugation by the
Papacy in the age of the Renaissance, is made up of all the
vicissitudes which could befall a mediæval Italian despotism.
{2081}
Acquiring an unlawful right over the towns of Rimini, Cesena,
Sogliano, Ghiacciuolo, they ruled their petty principalities
like tyrants by the help of the Guelf and Ghibelline factions,
inclining to the one or the other as it suited their humour or
their interest, wrangling among themselves, transmitting the
succession of their dynasty through bastards and by deeds of
force, quarrelling with their neighbours the Counts of Urbino,
alternately defying and submitting to the Papal legates in
Romagna, serving as condottieri in the wars of the Visconti
and the state of Venice, and by their restlessness and genius
for military intrigues contributing in no slight measure to
the general disturbance of Italy. The Malatesti were a race
of strongly marked character: more, perhaps, than any other
house of Italian tyrants, they combined for generations those
qualities of the fox and the lion, which Machiavelli thought
indispensable to a successful despot. … So far as Rimini is
concerned, the house of Malatesta culminated in Sigismondo
Pandolfo, son of Gian Galeazzo Visconti's general, the
perfidious Pandolfo. … Having begun by defying the Holy See,
he was impeached at Rome for heresy, parricide, incest,
adultery, rape, and sacrilege, burned in effigy by Pope Pius
II., and finally restored to the bosom of the Church, after
suffering the despoliation of almost all his territories, in
1463. The occasion on which this fierce and turbulent despiser
of laws human and divine was forced to kneel as a penitent
before the Papal legate in the gorgeous temple dedicated to
his own pride, in order that the ban of excommunication might
be removed from Rimini, was one of those petty triumphs,
interesting chiefly for their picturesqueness, by which the
Popes confirmed their questionable rights over the cities of
Romagna. Sigismondo, shorn of his sovereignty, took the
command of the Venetian troops against the Turks in the Morea,
and returned in 1465, crowned with laurels, to die at Rimini."

_J. A. Symonds,
Sketches in Italy and Greece,
pages 217-220._

ALSO IN:
_A. M. F. Robinson,
The End of the Middle Ages,
pages 274-299._

MALAYAN RACE, The.

Many ethnologists set up as a distinct stock "the '.Malayan'
or 'Brown' race, and claim for it an importance not less than
any of the darker varieties of the species. It bears, however,
the marks of an origin too recent, and presents Asian
analogies too clearly, for it to be regarded otherwise than as
a branch of the Asian race, descended like it from some
ancestral tribe in that great continent. Its dispersion has
been extraordinary. Its members are found almost continuously
on the land areas from Madagascar to Easter Island, a distance
nearly two-thirds of the circumference of the globe;
everywhere they speak dialects with such affinities that we
must assume for all one parent stem, and their separation must
have taken place not so very long ago to have permitted such a
monoglottic trait as this. The stock is divided at present
into two groups, the western or Malayan peoples, and the
eastern or Polynesian peoples. There has been some discussion
about the original identity of these, but we may consider it
now proved by both physical, linguistic and traditional
evidence. The original home of the parent stem has also
excited some controversy, but this too may be taken as
settled. There is no reasonable doubt but that the Malays came
from the southeastern regions of Asia, from the peninsula of
Farther India, and thence spread south, east and west over the
whole of the island world. Their first occupation of Sumatra
and Java has been estimated to have occurred not later than
1000 B. C., and probably was a thousand years earlier, or
about the time that the Aryans entered Northern India. The
relationship of the Malayic with the other Asian stocks has
not yet been made out. Physically they stand near to the
Sinitic peoples of small stature and roundish heads of
southeastern Asia. The oldest form of their language, however,
was not monosyllabic and tonic, but was disyllabic. … The
purest type of the true Malays is seen in Malacca, Sumatra and
Java. … It has changed slightly by foreign intermixture
among the Battaks of Sumatra, the Dayaks of Borneo, the
Alfures and the Bugis. But the supposition that these are so
remote that they cannot properly be classed with the Malays is
an exaggeration of some recent ethnographers, and is not
approved by the best authorities. … In character the Malays
are energetic, quick of perception, genial in demeanor, but
unscrupulous, cruel and revengeful. Veracity is unknown, and
the love of gain is far stronger than any other passion or
affection. This thirst for gold made the Malay the daring
navigator he early became. As merchant, pirate or explorer,
and generally as all three in one, he pushed his crafts far
and wide over the tropical seas through 12,000 miles of
extent. On the extreme west he reached and colonized
Madagascar. The Hovas there, undoubtedly of Malay blood,
number about 800,000 in a population of five and a half
millions, the remainder being Negroids of various degrees of
fusion. In spite of this disproportion, the Hovas are the
recognized masters of the island. … The Malays probably
established various colonies in southern India. The natives at
Travancore and the Sinhalese of Ceylon bear a strongly Malayan
aspect. … Some ethnographers would make the Polynesians and
Micronesians a different race from the Malays; but the
farthest that one can go in this direction is to admit that
they reveal some strain of another blood. This is evident in
their physical appearance. … All the Polynesian languages
have some affinities to the Malayan, and the Polynesian
traditions unanimously refer to the west for the home of their
ancestors. We are able, indeed, by carefully analyzing these
traditions, to trace with considerable accuracy both the route
they followed to the Oceanic isles, and the respective dates
when they settled them. Thus, the first station of their
ancestors ou leaving the western group, was the small island
of Buru or Boru, between Celebes and New Guinea. Here they
encountered the Papuas, some of whom still dwell in the
interior, while the coast people are fair. Leaving Boru, they
passed to the north of New Guinea, colonizing the Caroline and
Solomon islands, but the vanguard pressing forward to take
possession of Savai in the Samoan group and Tonga to its
south. These two islands formed a second center of
distribution over the western Pacific. The Maoris of New
Zealand moved from Tonga—'holy Tonga' as they call it in
their songs—about 600 years ago. The Society islanders
migrated from Savai, and they in turn sent forth the
population of the Marquesas, the Sandwich islands and Easter
island. The separation of the Polynesians from the western
Malays must have taken place about the beginning of our era."

_D. G. Brinton,
Races and Peoples,
lecture 8, section. 2._

ALSO IN:
_A. R. Wallace,
The Malay Archipelago,
chapter 40._

_R. Brown,
The Races of Mankind,
volume 2, chapter 7._

{2082}

MALCOLM III., King of Scotland, A. D. 1057-1093.

Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, 1153-1165.

MALDON, Battle of.

Fought, A. D. 991, by the English against an invading army of
Norwegians, who proved the victors. The battle, with the
heroic death of the English leader, Brihtnoth, became the
subject of a famous early-English poem, which is translated in
Freeman's "Old English History for Children." The field of
battle was on the Blackwater in Essex.

MALEK SHAH, Seljuk Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1073-1092.

MALIANS, The.

One of the early peoples of Greece, who dwelt on the Malian
Gulf, in the lower valley of the Sperchæus. They were a
warlike people, neighbors and close allies of the Dorians,
before the migration of the latter to the Peloponnesus.

_C. O. Müller,
History and Antiquity of the Doric Race,
volume 1, book 1, chapter 2._

MALIGNANTS.

"About this time [A. D. 1643] the word 'malignant' was first
born (as to the common use) in England; the deduction thereof
being disputable, whether from 'malus ignis,' bad fire, or
'malum lignum,' bad fuel; but this is sure, betwixt both, the
name made a combustion all over England. It was fixed as a
note of disgrace on those of the king's party."

_T. Fuller,
Church History of Britain,
book 11, section 4 (volume 3)._

MALINES: Taken by Marlborough and the Allies (1706).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1706-1707.

MALLUM. MALL. MALLBERG.

"The Franks … constituted one great army, the main body of
which was encamped round the abode of their Kyning or
commander, and the rest of which was broken up into various
detachments. … Every such detachment became ere long a
sedentary tribe, and the chief of each was accustomed, as
occasion required, to convene the mallum (that is, an assembly
of the free inhabitants) of his district, to deliberate with
him on all the affairs of his immediate locality. The Kyning
also occasionally convened an assembly of the whole of the
Frankish chiefs, to deliberate with him at the Champs de Mars
on the affairs of the whole confederacy. But neither the
mallum nor the Champs de Mars was a legislative convention.
Each of them was a council of war or an assembly of warriors."

_Sir J. Stephen,
Lectures on the History of France,
lecture 8._

"The Court was mostly held in a field or on a hill, called
'mallstatt,' or 'mallberg,' that is, the place or hill where
the 'mall' or Court assembled, and the judge set up his shield
of office, without which he might not hold Court."

_J. I. Mombert,
History of Charles the Great,
book 1, chapter 3._

ALSO IN:
_W. C. Perry,
The Franks,
chapter 10._

See, also.
PARLIAMENT OF PARIS.

MALMÖ, Armistice of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1848 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

MALO-JOROSLAVETZ, Battle of.

See RUSSIA: A. D.1812 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

MALPLAQUET, Battle of (1709).

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1708-1709.

----------MALTA: Start--------

MALTA: A. D. 1530-1565.
Ceded by the emperor, Charles V., to the Knights of St. John.
Their defense of the island against the Turks in the great siege.

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN: A. D. 1530-1565.

MALTA: A. D. 1551.
Unsuccessful attack by the Turks.

See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1543-1560.

MALTA: A. D. 1798.
Seizure and occupation by Bonaparte.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1798 (MAY-AUGUST).

MALTA: A. D. 1800-1802.
Surrender to an English fleet.
Agreement of restoration to the Knights of St. John.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1802.

MALTA: A. D. 1814.
Ceded to England.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (APRIL-JUNE).

----------MALTA: End--------

MALTA, Knights of.

During their occupation of the island, the Knights
Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem were commonly called
Knights of Malta, as they had previously been called Knights
of Rhodes:

See HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN.

MALVASIA, Battle of (1263).

See GENOA: A. D. 1261-1299.

MALVERN CHASE.

An ancient royal forest in Worcestershire, England, between
Malvern Hills and the River Severn. Few remains of it exist.

_J. C. Brown,
Forests of England._

MALVERN HILL, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (JUNE-JULY: VIRGINIA).

MAMACONAS.

See YANACONAS.

MAMELUKE, OR SLAVE, DYNASTY OF INDIA.

See INDIA: A. D. 977-1290.

MAMELUKES OF BRAZIL.

See BRAZIL: A. D. 1531-1641.

MAMELUKES OF EGYPT;
their rise;
their sovereignty;
their destruction.

See EGYPT: A. D. 1250-1517; and 1803-1811.

MAMELUKES OF GENEVA, The.

See GENEVA: A. D. 1504-1535.

MAMERTINE PRISON, The.

"Near the Basilica Porcia, and at the foot of the Capitoline
Hill [in ancient Rome], was the ancient carcer or prison. The
original erection of it has been attributed to Ancus Martius,
as we learn from Livy, who says 'he made a prison in the
middle of the city, overlooking the Forum.' The name by which
it is known—Mamertinus—may have been derived from its being
built by Ancus Martius. Mamers was the Sabine name of the god
Mars, and consequently from the name Mamertius, the Sabine way
of spelling Martius, may have been derived Mamertinus. In this
prison there are two chambers, one above the other, built of
hewn stone. The upper is square, while the lower is
semicircular. The style of masonry points to an early date,
when the Etruscan style of masonry prevailed in Rome. … To
these chambers there was no entrance except by a small
aperture in the upper roof, and a similar hole in the upper
floor led to the cell below. From a passage in Livy it would
appear that Tullianum was the name given to the lower cell of
the carcer. … Varro expressly tells us that the lower part
of the prison which was underground was called Tullianum
because it was added by Servius Tullius."

_H. M. Westropp,
Early and Imperial Rome,
page 93._

{2083}

"The oldest portion of the horror-striking Mamertine Prisons
… is the most ancient among all Roman buildings still extant
as originally constructed."

_C. I. Hemans,
Historic and Monumental Rome,
chapter 4._

"Here, Jugurtha, king of Mauritania, was starved to death by
Marius. Here Julius Cæsar, during his triumph for the conquest
of Gaul, caused his gallant enemy Vercingetorix to be put to
death. … The spot is more interesting to the Christian world
as the prison of SS. Peter and Paul."

_A. J. C. Hare,
Walks in Rome,
chapter 3. _

MAMERTINES OF MESSENE, The.

See PUNIC WAR, THE FIRST.

MAMUN, AL, Caliph, A. D. 813-833.

MAN, Kingdom of.

See MANX KINGDOM, THE.

MANAOS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

----------MANASSAS: Start--------

MANASSAS: A. D. 1861 (July).
First battle (Bull Run).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861 (JULY: VIRGINIA).

MANASSAS: A. D. 1862 (March).
Confederate evacuation.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1861-1862 (DECEMBER-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

MANASSAS: A. D. 1862 (August).
Stonewall Jackson's Raid.
The Second Battle.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1862 (AUGUST: VIRGINIA);
and (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER: VIRGINIA).

----------MANASSAS: End--------

----------MANCHESTER: Start--------

MANCHESTER:
Origin.

See MANCUNIUM.

MANCHESTER: A. D. 1817-1819.
The march of the Blanketeers,
and the "Massacre of Peterloo."

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1816-1820.

MANCHESTER: A. D. 1838-1839.
Beginning of the Anti-Corn-Law agitation.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (ENGLAND): A. D. 1836-1839.

MANCHESTER: A. D. 1861-1865.
The Cotton Famine.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1861-1865.

MANCHESTER: A. D. 1894.
Opening of the Ship Canal.

A ship canal, connecting Manchester with Liverpool, and making
the former practically a seaport, was opened on the 1st day of
January, 1894. The building of the canal was begun in 1887.

----------MANCHESTER: End--------

MANCHU TARTAR DYNASTY OF CHINA, The.

See CHINA: A.D. 1294-1882.

MANCUNIUM.

A Roman town in Britain which occupied the site of the modern
city of Manchester.

_T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5._

MANDANS, MANDANES, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: SIOUAN FAMILY.

MANDATA, Roman Imperial.

See CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS.

MANDUBII, The.

A tribe in ancient Gaul, which occupied part of the modern
French department of the Côte-d'Or and whose chief town was
Alesia, the scene of Cæsar's famous siege.

_Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, footnote (volume 2)._

MANETHO, List of.

"Of all the Greek writers who have treated of the history of
the Pharaohs, there is only one whose testimony has, since the
deciphering of the hieroglyphics, preserved any great value—a
value which increases the more it is compared with the
original monuments; we speak of Manetho. Once he was treated
with contempt; his veracity was disputed, the long series of
dynasties he unfolds to our view was regarded as fabulous.
Now, all that remains of his work is the first of an
authorities for the reconstruction of the ancient history of
Egypt. Manetho, a priest of the town of Sebennytus, in the
Delta, wrote in Greek, in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, a
history of Egypt, founded on the official archives preserved
in the temples. Like many other books of antiquity, this
history has been lost; we possess now a few fragments only,
with the list of all the kings placed by Manetho at the end of
his work—a list happily preserved in the writings of some
chronologers of the Christian epoch. This list divides into
dynasties, or royal families, all the kings who reigned
successively in Egypt down to the time of Alexander."

_F. Lenormant,
Manual of Ancient History of the East,
book 3, chapter 1, section 2 (volume 1)._

See, also,
EGYPT: ITS HISTORICAL ANTIQUITY.

----------MANHATTAN ISLAND: Start--------

MANHATTAN ISLAND:
Its aboriginal People and name.

"The earliest notice we have of the island which is now
adorned by a beautiful and opulent city is to be found in
Hudson's journal. 'Mana-hata' is therein mentioned, in
reference to the hostile people whom he encountered on his
return from his exploring of the river, and who resided on
this island. De Laet … calls those wicked people Manatthans,
and names the river Manhattes. … Hartger calls the Indians
and the island Mahattan. … In some of the early transactions
of the colony, it is spelled Monhattoes, Munhatos, and
Manhattoes. Professor Ebeling says, that at the mouth of the
river lived the Manhattans or Manathanes (or as the Englishmen
commonly called it, Manhados), who kept up violent animosities
with their neighbours, and were at first most hostile towards
the Dutch, but suffered themselves to be persuaded afterwards
to sell them the island, or at least that part of it where New
York now stands. Manhattan is now the name, and it was, when
correctly adopted, so given by the Dutch, and by them it not
only distinguished the Indians, the island and the river, but
it was a general name of their plantations. … Mr.
Heckewelder observes that hitherto an his labours had been
fruitless in inquiring about a nation or tribe of Indians
called the 'Manhattos' or 'Manathones'; Indians both of the
Mahicanni and Delaware nations assured him that they never had
heard of any Indian tribe by that name. He says he is
convinced that it was the Delawares or Munseys (which last was
a branch of the Delawares) who inhabited that part of the
country where New York now is. York Island is called by the
Delawares to this day [1824] Manahattani or Manahachtanink.
The Delaware word for 'Island' is 'Manátey'; the Monsey word
for the same is 'Manáchtey' … Dr. Barton also has given as
his belief that the Manhattæ were a branch of the Munsis."

_J. V. N. Yates and J. W. Moulton,
History of the State of New York,
volume 1, pages 223-224._

ALSO IN:
_Memorial History of the City of New York,
volume 1, chapter 2._

See, also,
AMERICAN ABORIGINES: DELAWARES,
and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

MANHATTAN ISLAND: A. D. 1613.
First settlements.
Argall's visit.

See NEW YORK: A. D. 1610-1614.

----------MANHATTAN ISLAND: End--------

{2084}

MANICHEANS, The.

"A certain Mani (or Manes, as the ecclesiastical writers call
him), born in Persia about A. D. 240, grew to manhood under
Sapor, exposed to … various religious influences. … With a
mind free from prejudice and open to conviction, he studied the
various systems of belief which he found established in
Western Asia—the Cabalism of the Babylonian Jews, the Dualism
of the Magi, the mysterious doctrines of the Christians, and
even the Buddhism of India. At first he inclined to
Christianity, and is said to have been admitted to priest's
orders and to have ministered to a congregation; but after a
time he thought that he saw his way to the formation of a new
creed, which should combine all that was best in the religious
systems which he was acquainted with, and omit what was
superfluous or objectionable. He adopted the Dualism of the
Zoroastrians, the metempsychosis of India, the angelism and
demonism of the Talmud and Trinitarianism of the Gospel of
Christ. Christ himself he identified with Mithra, and gave Him
his dwelling in the sun. He assumed to be the Paraclete
promised by Christ, who should guide men into all truth, and
claimed that his 'Ertang,' a sacred book illustrated by
pictures of his own painting, should supersede the New
Testament. Such pretensions were not likely to be tolerated by
the Christian community; and Manes had not put them forward
very long when he was expelled from the church and forced to
carry his teaching elsewhere. Under these circumstances he is
said to have addressed himself to Sapor [the Persian king],
who was at first inclined to show him some favour; but when he
found out what the doctrines of the new teacher actually were,
his feelings underwent a change, and Manes, proscribed, or at
any rate threatened with penalties, had to retire into a
foreign country. … Though the morality of the Manichees was
pure, and though their religion is regarded by some as a sort
of Christianity, there were but few points in which it was an
improvement on Zoroastrianism."

_G. Rawlinson,
The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 4._

First in Persia and, afterwards, throughout Christendom, the
Manicheans were subjected to a merciless persecution; but they
spread their doctrines, notwithstanding, in the west and in
the east, and it was not until several centuries had passed
that the heresy became extinct.

_J. L. Mosheim,
Christianity during the first 325 years, Third Century,
lectures 39-55._

See, also, PAULICIANS.

MANIFESTATION, The Aragonese process of.

See CORTES. THE EARLY SPANISH.

MANILIAN LAW, The.

See ROME: B. C. 69-63.

MANIMI, The.

See LYGIANS.

MANIN, Daniel, and the struggle for Venetian independence.

See ITALY: A. D.1848-1849.

MANIOTO, MAYNO, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ANDESIANS.

MANIPULI.

See LEGION, ROMAN.

MANITOBA.

See CANADA: A. D. 1869-1873.

MANNAHOACS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES:
POWHATAN CONFEDERACY.

----------MANNHEIM: Start--------

MANNHEIM: A. D. 1622.
Capture by Tilly.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1621-1623.

MANNHEIM: A. D. 1689.
Destroyed by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1689-1690.

MANNHEIM: A. D. 1799.
Capture by the Austrians.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

----------MANNHEIM: End--------

MANOA, The fabled city of.

See EL DORADO.

MANORS.

"The name manor is of Norman origin, but the estate to which
it was given existed, in its essential character, long before
the Conquest; it received a new name as the shire also did,
but neither the one nor the other was created by this change.
The local jurisdictions of the thegns who had grants of sac
and soc, or who exercised judicial functions amongst their
free neighbours, were identical with the manorial
jurisdictions of the new owners. … The manor itself was, as
Ordericus tells us, nothing more nor less than the ancient
township, now held by a lord who possessed certain judicial
rights varying according to the terms of the grant by which he
was infeoffed. Every manor had a court baron, the ancient
gemot of the township, in which by-laws were made and other
local business transacted, and a court customary in which the
business of the villenage was despatched. Those manors whose
lords had under the Anglo-Saxon laws possessed sac and soc, or
who since the Conquest had had grants in which those terms
were used, had also a court-leet, or criminal jurisdiction,
cut out as it were from the criminal jurisdiction of the
hundred, and excusing the suitors who attended it from going
to the court-leet of the hundred."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 9, section 98,
and chapter 11, section 129 (volume 1)._

"From the Conquest to the 14th century we find the same
agricultural conditions prevailing over the greater part of
England. Small gatherings of houses and cots appear as oases
in the moorland and forest, more or less frequent according to
the early or late settlement of the district, and its freedom
from, or exposure to, the ravages of war and the punishment of
rebellion. These oases, townships or vills if of some extent,
hamlets if of but a few houses, gather round one or more
mansions of superior size and importance, the Manor houses, or
abodes of the Lords of the respective Manors. Round each
township stretch the great ploughed fields, usually three in
number, open and uninclosed. Each field is divided into a
series of parallel strips a furlong in length, a rod wide,
four of which would make an acre, the strips being separated
by ridges of turf called balks, while along the head of each
series of strips runs a broad band of turf known as a
headland, on which the plough is turned, when it does not by
custom turn on some fellow-tenant's land, and which serves as
a road to the various strips in the fields. These strips are
allotted in rotation to a certain number of the dwellers in
the township, a very common holding being that known as a
virgate or yardland, consisting of about 30 acres. … Mr.
Seebohm's exhaustive researches have conclusively connected
this system of open fields and rotation of strips with the
system of common ploughing, each holder of land providing so
many oxen for the common plough, two being the contribution of
the holder of a virgate, and eight the normal number drawing
the plough, though this would vary with the character of the
soil. … At the date of Domesday (1086), the holders of land
in the common fields comprise the Lord; the free tenants,
socmanni or liberi homines, when there are any; the villani or
Saxon geburs, the holders of virgates or half virgates; and
the bordarii or cotarii, holders of small plots of 5 acres or
so, who have fewer rights and fewer duties. Besides ploughing
the common-fields, the villani as part of their tenure have to
supply the labour necessary to cultivate the arable land that
the Lord of the Manor keeps in his own hands as his domain,
dominicum, or demesne."

_T. E. Scrutton,
Commons and Common Fields,
chapter 1._

{2085}

Relative to the origin of the manor and the development of the
community from which it rose there are divergent views much
discussed at the present day. "The interpretation, current
fifteen years ago, was the natural outcome of the Mark theory
and was somewhat as follows: The community was a voluntary
association, a simple unit within which there were households
or families of various degrees of wealth, rank and authority,
but in point of status each was the equal of the other. Each
was subject only to the customs and usages of the community
and to the court of the Mark. The Mark was therefore a
judicial and political as well as an agricultural unit, though
cultivation of the soil was the primary bond of union. All
offices were filled by election, but the incumbent in due time
sank back into the general body of 'markgenossen.' He who was
afterwards to be the lord of the manor was originally only the
first Marksman,' who attained to this preeminence in part by
the prestige of election to a position of headship, in part by
usurpation, and in part by the prerogatives which protection
and assistance to weaker Marksmen brought. Thus the first
Marksman became the lord and held the others in a kind of
subjection to himself, and received from them, though free,
dues and services which grew increasingly more severe. The
main difficulty here seems to be in the premise, and it is the
evident artificiality of the voluntary association of freemen
which has led to such adverse criticism upon the whole theory.
… While the free village community was under fire at home as
well as abroad, Mr. Seebohm presented a new view of an exactly
opposite character, with the formula of the community in
villeinage under a lord. Although this view has for the moment
divided thinkers on the subject, it has proved no more
satisfactory than the other; for while it does explain the
origin of the lord of the manor, it leaves wholly untouched
the body of free Saxons whom Earle calls the rank and file of
the invading army. Other theories have sought to supply the
omissions in this vague non-documentary field, all erected
with learning and skill, but unfortunately not in harmony with
one another. Coote and Finlason have given to the manor an
unqualified Roman origin. Lewis holds to a solid British
foundation, the Teutonists would make it wholly Saxon, while
Gomme is inclined to see an Aryo-British community under Saxon
overlordship. Thus there is a wide range from which to select;
all cannot be true; no one is an explanation of all
conditions, yet most of them have considerable sound evidence
to support them. It is this lack of harmony which drives the
student to discover some theory which shall be in touch with
known tribal conditions and a natural consequence of their
development, and which at the same time shall be sufficiently
elastic to conform to the facts which confront us in the early
historical period. An attempt has been made [in the work here
quoted from] to lay down two premises, the first of which is
the composite character of the tribal and village community,
and the second the diverse ethnological conditions of Britain
after the Conquest, conditions which would allow for different
results. … Kemble in his chapter on Personal Rank has a
remark which is ill in keeping with his peaceful Mark theory.
He says: 'There can be no doubt that some kind of military
organization preceded the peaceful settlement, and in many
respects determined its mode and character.' To this statement
Earle has added another equally pregnant: 'Of all principles
of military regiment there is none so necessary or so
elementary as this, that all men must be under a captain, and
such a captain as is able to command prompt and willing
obedience. Upon this military principle I conceive the English
settlements were originally founded, that each several
settlement was under a military leader, and that this military
leader was the ancestor of the lord of the manor.' Professor
Earle then continues in the endeavor to apply the suggestion
contained in the above quotation. He shows that the 'hundreds'
represent the first permanent encampment of the invading host,
and that the military occupation preceded the civil
organization, the latter falling into the mould which the
former had prepared. According to this the manorial
organization was based upon a composite military foundation,
the rank and file composing the one element, the village
community; the captain or military leader composing the other,
settled with suitable provision by the side of his company;
the lord by the side of free owners. In this attempt to give
the manor a composite origin, as the only rational means
whereby the chief difficulty can be removed, and in the
attempt to carry the seignorial element to the very beginning
we believe him to be wholly right. But an objection must be
raised to the way in which Professor Earle makes up his
composite element. It is too artificial, too exclusively
military; the occupiers of the village are the members of the
'company,' the occupier of the adjacent seat is the
'captain,' afterwards to become the lord. … We feel certain
that the local community, the village, was simply the kindred,
the sub-clan group, which had become a local habitation, yet
when we attempt to test its presence in Anglo-Saxon Britain we
meet with many difficulties."

_C. McL. Andrews,
The Old English Manor,
pages 7-51._

ALSO IN:
_F. Seebohm,
English Village Communities,
chapter 2, section 12._

_Sir H. Maine,
Village Communities,
lecture 5._

MANSFIELD, OR SABINE CROSS ROADS, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1864 (MARCH-MAY: LOUISIANA).

MANSOURAH, Battle of (1250).

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1248-1254.

MANSUR, Al, Caliph, A. D. 754-775.

----------MANTINEA: Start--------

MANTINEA.

"Mantinea was the single city of Arcadia which had dared to
pursue an independent line of policy [see SPARTA: B. C.
743-510]. Not until the Persian Wars the community coalesced
out of five villages into one fortified city; this being done
at the instigation of Argos, which already at this early date
entertained thoughts of forming for itself a confederation in
its vicinity: Mantinea had endeavored to increase its city
and territory by conquest, and after the Peace of Nicias had
openly opposed Sparta."

_E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 5, chapter 5 (volume 4)._

MANTINEA: B. C. 418.
Battle.

See GREECE: B. C. 421-418.

{2086}

MANTINEA: B. C. 385.
Destruction by the Spartans.

See GREECE: B. C. 385.

MANTINEA: B. C. 371-362.
Restoration of the city.
Arcadian union and disunion.
The great battle.
Victory and death of Epaminondas.

See GREECE: B. C. 371; and 371-362.

MANTINEA: B. C. 222.
Change of name.

In the war between Cleomenes of Sparta and the Achæan League,
the city of Mantinea was, first, surprised by Aratus, the
chief of the League, B. C. 226, and occupied by an Achæan
garrison; then recaptured by Cleomenes, and his partisans, B.
C. 224, and finally, B. C. 222, stormed by Antigonus, king of
Macedonia, acting in the name of the League, and given up to
pillage. Its citizens were sold into slavery. "The dispeopled
city was placed by the conqueror at the disposal of Argos,
which decreed that a colony should be sent to take possession
of it under the auspices of Aratus. The occasion enabled him
to pay another courtly compliment to the king of Macedonia. On
his proposal, the name of the 'lovely Mantinea'—as it was
described in the Homeric catalogue—was exchanged for that of
Antigonea, a symbol of its ruin and of the humiliation of
Greece."

_C. Thirlwall,
History of Greece,
chapter 62 (volume 8)._

MANTINEA: B. C. 207.
Defeat of the Lacedæmonians.

In the wars of the Achæan League, the Lacedæmonians were
defeated under the walls of Mantinea with great slaughter, by
the forces of the League, ably marshalled by Philopœmen, and
the Lacedaemonian king Machanidas was slain. "It was the third
great battle fought on the same, or nearly the same, ground.
Here, in the interval between the two parts of the
Peloponnesian War, had Agis restored the glory of Sparta after
her humiliation at Sphakteria; here Epameinôndas had fallen in
the moment of victory; here now [B. C. 207] was to be fought
the last great battle of independent Greece."

_E. A. Freeman,
History of Federal Government,
chapter 8, section 2._

----------MANTINEA: End----------

MANTUA: 11-12th Centuries.
Rise and acquisition of republican independence.

See ITALY: A. D. 1056-1152.

MANTUA: A. D. 1077-1115.
In the dominions of the Countess Matilda.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1077-1102.

MANTUA: A. D. 1328-1708.
The house of Gonzaga.

See GONZAGA.

MANTUA: A. D. 1627-1631.
War of France, Spain and the Empire over the disputed
succession to the duchy.
Siege and capture of the city by the Imperialists.
Rights of the Duke de Nevers established.

See ITALY: A. D. 1627-1631.

MANTUA: A. D. 1635.
Alliance with France against Spain.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639.

MANTUA: A. D. 1796-1797.
Siege and reduction by the French.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1796 (APRIL-OCTOBER);
and 1796-1797 (OCTOBER-APRIL).

MANTUA: A. D. 1797.
Ceded by Austria to the Cisalpine Republic.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (MAY-OCTOBER).

MANTUA: A. D. 1799.
Siege and capture by Suwarrow.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1799 (APRIL-SEPTEMBER).

MANTUA: A. D. 1814.
Restoration to Austria.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1814 (APRIL-JUNE).

MANTUA: A. D. 1866.

The Austrians retained Mantua until their final withdrawal
from the peninsula, in 1866, when it was absorbed in the new
kingdom of Italy.

MANU, Laws of.

"The Indians [of Hindostan] possess a series of books of law,
which, like that called after Manu, bear the name of a saint
or seer of antiquity, or of a god. One is named after Gautama,
another after Vasishtha, a third after Apastamba, a fourth
after Yajnavalkya; others after Bandhayana and Vishnu.
According to the tradition of the Indians the law of Manu is
the oldest and most honourable. … The conclusion is …
inevitable that the decisive precepts which we find in the
collection must have been put together and written down about
the year 600 [B. C.]."

_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 5, chapter 6._

"The name, 'Laws of Manu,' somewhat resembles a 'pious fraud';
for the 'Laws' are merely the laws or customs of a school or
association of Hindus, called the Manavas, who lived in the
country rendered holy by the divine river Saraswati. In this
district the Hindus first felt themselves a settled people,
and in this neighbourhood they established colleges and
hermitages, or 'asramas,' from some of which we may suppose
Brahmanas, Upanishads, and other religious compositions may
have issued; and under such influences we may imagine the Code
of Manu to have been composed."

_Mrs. Manning,
Ancient and Mediæval India,
volume 1, page 276._

MANUAL TRAINING.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS, &C.: A. D. 1865-1886.

MANUEL I. (Comnenus),
Emperor in the East (Byzantine, or Greek), A. D. 1143-1181.

Manuel II. (Palæologus),
Greek Emperor of Constantinople, 1391-1425.

MANX KINGDOM, The.

The Isle of Man in the Irish Sea gets its English name, Man,
by an abbreviation of the native name, Mannin, the origin of
which is unknown. The language, called Manx (now little used),
and the inhabitants, called Manxmen, are both of Gaelic, or
Irish derivation. From the sixth to the tenth century the
island was successively ruled by the Scots (Irish), the Welsh
and the Norwegians, finally becoming a separate petty kingdom,
with Norwegian claims upon it. In the thirteenth century the
little kingdom was annexed to Scotland. Subsequently, after
various vicissitudes, it passed under English control and was
granted by Henry IV. to Sir John Stanley. The Stanleys, after
some generations, found a dignity which they esteemed higher,
in the earldom of Derby, and relinquished the title of King of
Man. This was done by the second Earl of Derby, 1505. In 1765
the sovereignty and revenues of the island were purchased by
the British government; but its independent form of government
has undergone little change. It enjoys "home rule" to
perfection. It has its own legislature, called the Court of
Tynwald, consisting of a council, or upper chamber, and a
representative body called the House of Keys. Acts of the
imperial parliament do not apply to the Isle of Man unless it
is specifically named in them. It has its own courts, with
judges called deemsters (who are the successors of the ancient
Druidical priests), and its own governor, appointed by the
crown. The divisions of the island, corresponding to English
counties, are called sheadings.

_S. Walpole,
The Land of Home Rule._

ALSO IN:
_H. I. Jenkinson,
Guide to Isle of Man._

_Hall Caine,
The Little Manx Nation.
Our Own Country,
volume 5._

See
MONAPIA:
and NORMANS: 8TH-9TH CENTURIES.

{2087}

MANZIKERT, Battle of (1071).

See TURKS: A. D. 1063-1073.

MAONITES, The.

"We must … regard them as a remnant of the Amorites, which,
in later times, … spread to the west of Petra."

_H. Ewald,
History of Israel,
introduction, section 4._

MAORIS. MAORI WAR.

See NEW ZEALAND: THE ABORIGINES: A. D. 1853-1883;
also, MALAYAN RACE.

MAPOCHINS, The.

See CHILE: A. D. 1450-1724.

MAQUAHUITL, The.

This was a weapon in use among the Mexicans when the Spaniards
found them. It "was a stout stick, three feet and a half long,
and about four inches broad, armed on each side with a sort of
razors of the stone itztli (obsidian), extraordinarily sharp,
fixed and firmly fastened to the stick with gum lack. … The
first stroke only was to be feared, for the razors became soon
blunt."

_F. S. Clavigero,
History of Mexico,
book 7._

ALSO IN:
_Sir A. Helps,
The Spanish Conquest of America,
book 10 (volume 2)._

MARACANDA.

The chief city of the ancient Sogdiani, in Central Asia—now
Samarcand.

MARAGHA.

See PERSIA: A. D. 1258-1393.

MARAIS, OR PLAIN, The Party of the.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

MARANHA, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

MARANGA, Battle of.

One of the battles fought by the Romans with the Persians
during the retreat from Julian's fatal expedition beyond the
Tigris, A. D. 363. The Persians were repulsed.

_G. Rawlinson,
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 10._

MARAPHIANS, The.

One of the tribes of the ancient Persians.

_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 8, chapter 3._

MARAT AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1790, to 1793 (MARCH-JUNE).

Assassination by Charlotte Corday.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY).

MARATA.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PUEBLOS.

MARATHAS.

See MAHRATTAS.

MARATHON, Battle of.

See GREECE: B. C. 490.

MARAVEDIS.

See SPANISH COINS.

MARBURG CONFERENCE, The.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1528-1531.

MARCEL, Etienne, and the States General of France.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1356-1358.

MARCELLUS II., Pope, A. D. 1555, April to May.

MARCH. MARK.

The frontier or boundary of a territory; a border. Hence came
the title of Marquis, which was originally that of an officer
charged with the guarding of some March or border district of
a kingdom. In Great Britain this title ranks second in the
five orders of nobility, only the title of Duke being superior
to it. The old English kingdom of Mercia was formed by the
Angles who were first called the "Men of the March," having
settled on the Welsh border, and that was the origin of its
name. The kingdom of Prussia grew out of the "Mark of
Brandenburg," which was originally a military border district
formed on the skirts of the German empire to resist the Wends.
Various other European states had the same origin.

See, also, MARGRAVE.

MARCH CLUB.

See CLUBS: THE OCTOBER AND THE MARCH.

MARCHFELD OR MARSCHFELD, Battle of the (1278).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1246-1282.

(1809) (also called the battle of Aspern-Esslingen,
or of Aspern).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

MARCIAN, Roman Emperor (Eastern), A. D. 450-457.

MARCIANAPOLIS.

See GOTHS: A. D. 244-251.

----------MARCOMANNI AND QUADI: Start--------

MARCOMANNI AND QUADI, The.

"The Marcomanni [an ancient German people who dwelt, first, on
the Rhine, but afterwards occupied southern Bohemia] stand
first in strength and renown, and their very territory, from
which the Boii were driven in a former age, was won by valour.
Nor are the Narisci [settled in the region of modern Ratisbon]
and Quadi [who probably occupied Moravia] inferior to them.
This I may call the frontier of Germany, so far as it is
completed by the Danube. The Marcomanni and Quadi have, up to
our time, been ruled by kings of their own nation, descended
from the noble stock of Maroboduus and Tudrus. They now submit
even to foreigners; but the strength and power of the monarch
depend on Roman influence."

_Tacitus,
Germany, translated by Church and Brodribb,
chapter 42._

"The Marcomanni cannot be demonstrated as a distinct people
before Marbod. It is very possible that the word up to that
point indicates nothing but what it etymologically
signifies—the land or frontier guard."

_T. Mommsen,
History of Rome,
book 5, chapter 7, foot-note._

See, also, AGRI DECUMATES.

MARCOMANNI AND QUADI:
War with Tiberius.

See GERMANY: B. C. 8-A. D. 11.

MARCOMANNI AND QUADI:
Wars with Marcus Aurelius.

See SARMATIAN AND MARCOMANNIAN WARS
OF MARCUS AURELIUS.

----------MARCOMANNI AND QUADI: End--------

MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS,
Roman Emperor, A. D. 161-180.

MARDIA, Battle of (A. D. 313).

See ROME: A. D. 305-323.

MARDIANS, The.

One of the tribes of the ancient Persians;
also called Amardians.

_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 8, chapter 3._

See, also, TAPURIANS.

----------MARDYCK: Start--------

MARDYCK: A. D. 1645-1646.
Thrice taken and retaken by French and Spaniards.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1645-1646.

MARDYCK: A. D. 1657.
Siege and capture by the French.
Delivery to the English.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1655-1658.

----------MARDYCK: End--------

MARENGO, Battle of (1800).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1800-1801 (MAY-FEBRUARY).

MARFEE, Battle of (1641).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1641-1642.

MARGARET,
Queen of the North: Denmark and Norway, A. D. 1387-1412;
Sweden, 1388-1412.

Margaret (called The Maid of Norway),
Queen of Scotland, 1286-1290.

Margaret of Anjou, and the Wars of the Roses.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

Margaret of Navarre, or Marguerite d'Angouléme,
and the Reformation in France.

See PAPACY: A.D. 1521-1535;
and NAVARRE: A.D. 1528-1563.

Margaret of Parma and her Regency in the Netherlands.

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1555-1559, and after.

{2088}

MARGHUSH.

See MARGIANA.

MARGIANA.

The ancient name of the valley of the Murghab or Moorghab
(called the Margos). It is represented at the present day by
the oasis now called Merv; was the Bactrian Mourn and the
Marghush of the old Persians. It was inhabited by the
Margiani.

_M. Duncker,
History of Antiquity,
book 7, chapter 1._

MARGRAVE. MARQUIS.

"This of Markgrafs (Grafs of the Marches, 'marked' Places, or
Boundaries) was a natural invention in that state of
circumstances [the circumstances of the Germany of the 10th
century, under Henry the Fowler]. It did not quite originate
with Henry; but was much perfected by him, he first
recognising how essential it was. On all frontiers he had his
'Graf' (Count, 'Reeve,' 'G'reeve,' whom some think to be only
'Grau,' Gray, or 'Senior,' the hardiest, wisest steel-gray man
he could discover) stationed on the Marck, strenuously doing
watch and ward there: the post of difficulty, of peril, and
naturally of honour too, nothing of a sinecure by any means.
Which post, like every other, always had a tendency to become
hereditary, if the kindred did not fail in fit men. And hence
have come the innumerable Margraves, Marquises, and such like,
of modern times; titles now become chimerical, and more or
less mendacious, as most of our titles are."

_T. Carlyle,
Frederick the Great,
book 2, chapter 1._

"The title derived from the old imperial office of markgrave
[margrave], 'comes marchensis,' or count of the marches, had
belonged to several foreigners who were brought into relation
with England in the twelfth century; the duke of Brabant was
marquess of Antwerp, and the count of Maurienne marquess of
Italy; but in France the title was not commonly used until the
seventeenth century, and it is possible that it came to
England direct from Germany. … The fact that, within a
century of its introduction into England, it was used in so
unmeaning a designation as the marquess of Montague, shows
that it had lost all traces of its original application."

_W. Stubbs,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 20, section 751._

See MARCH; also, GRAF.

MARGUS, Treaty of.

A treaty which Attila the Hun extorted from the Eastern Roman
Emperor, Theodosius, A. D. 434,—called by Sismondi "the most
shameful treaty that ever monarch signed." It gave up to the
savage king every fugitive from his vengeance or his jealousy
whom he demanded, and even the Roman captives who had escaped
from his bonds. It promised, moreover, an annual tribute to
him of 700 pounds of gold.

_J. C. L. de Sismondi,
Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 7 (volume 1)._

MARHATTAS.

See MAHRATTAS.

MARIA,
Queen of Hungary, A. D. 1399-1437.