Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's Note:

Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

In many cases, Bancroft uses both “u” and “v” to spell an
author’s name. Examples include:

Villagutierre and Villagvtierre
Mondo Nuovo and Mondo Nvovo
Villagutierre and Villagvtierre
Aluarado and Alvarado
Gvat. and Guat.
Cogolludo and Cogollvdo
Vetancurt and Vetancvrt.

Other archaic letter substitutions include "b" for "v" and "i" for
"y" and vice versa. These have been left as printed.

Possible printers errors include:

Esquemelin and Exquemelin are both used, possibly for the same
person.

Castile and Castille are both used, possibly for the same
place.

Fray Zambano and Zambrano are both used, possibly for the
same person.

On page 16, Mama Ocollo should possibly be Mama Ocllo or Occlo.

On page 237, "In 1519 he ordered the council of the Indies to
draw" (date possibly incorrect).

On page 424, mines of Chuluteca should possibly be mines of
Choluteca.

In footnote I-17, "vamrasen en tieren" is a possible printer's
error.

There is possibly text missing from the quote in footnote I-31.

In footnote X-45, Ariat should possibly be Arias.

In footnote X-45, Malapalte should possibly be Malaparte.

In footnote XI-11, "Ia Gottierez" is a possible printer's error.

In footnote XI-11, "ten zy binnen vier dagen" is a possible
printer's error.

The references in footnote XVII-12 and footnote XVII-20 to
Volume ii. of this series should possibly refer to Volume i.

In footnote XVII-35, "mirá que todo lo bueno que bacare" is a
possible printer's error.

The reference to "this volume" in footnote XVIII-31, is
ambiguous. A map of Guatemala can be found in the current
volume.

In footnote XXVI-24, "en gaossir" should possibly be
"engrossir."

In footnote XXVII-6, Casttell should possibly be Castell.

In footnote XXVII-15, Governor Mercedo should possibly be
Governor Mercado.

The sentence "no hicesters enterar la suma que el cinsutacto,
y corneríco de Lima so obligo a suplir por imaginaria, á lo
epetwo del registro que salió de aquella ciudad" in footnote
XXVII-22 was corrected to "no hicesteis enterar la suma que
el Consulado, y comercio de Lima se obligo a suplir por
ynmaxinaria, a lo efectibo del rexistro que salio de aquella
ciudad."

In footnote XXXVII-46, Moninbo should possibly be Monimbo (Nicaragua).

Italics in the footnote citations were inconsistently applied
by the typesetter.

Accents and other diacritics are inconsistently used.

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

This volume contains references to the previous six volumes
of this work.

They can be found at:

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THE WORKS
OF
HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME VII.
HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

VOL. II. 1530-1800.

SAN FRANCISCO:
A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1883.

Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1883, by
HUBERT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

_All Rights Reserved._

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

PIZARRO AND PERU.
1524-1544.

PAGE.

Origin and Character of the Conqueror—The Triumvirate
Copartnership of Pizarro, Friar Luque, and
Diego de Almagro for Continuing the Discovery of
Andagoya—Departure—Attitude of Pedrarias—Slow Development
of their Plans—Return and Reëmbarkation—Persistence of
Pizarro—Sufferings on Gallo Island—Fate Defied—Discovery
of Tumbez and the Coast Beyond—Return to Panamá—Pizarro
Visits Spain—A New Expedition—Aboriginal History of
Peru—The Rival Incas—Establishment of the Spaniards at
San Miguel—Atahualpa at Caxamalca—The Spaniards Visit Him
there—Seizure of the Inca—Pacification of Peru—Arrival
of Almagro—Death of Father Luque—Judicial Murder of
the Inca—A King's Ransom—Downfall of the Peruvian
Monarchy—Disputes and Violent Deaths of the Almagros and
Pizarros 1

CHAPTER II.

CASTILLA DEL ORO.
1527-1537.

Administration of Pedro de los Rios—He is Superseded
by the Licentiate Antonio de la Gama—Barrionuevo's
Reign—A Province in Nueva Andalucía Granted to Pedro
de Heredia—He Sails for Cartagena—Conflicts with the
Natives—Treasure Unearthed—The Devil's Bohío—Prosperity
of the Settlement—Alonso Heredia Sent to Rebuild San
Sebastian—Is Opposed by Julian Gutierrez—Capture
of Gutierrez—The Golden Temple of Dabaiba Once
More—Expeditions in Search of the Glittering Phantom,
Francisco César and Others—Audiencia Established
at Panamá—Maleadministration—Complaints of the
Colonists—Destitution in the Province—Bishops of Castilla
del Oro—Miraculous Image of the Virgin—Bibliographical 44

CHAPTER III.

THIRD ATTEMPTED COLONIZATION OF VERAGUA.
1535-1536.

The Dukes of Veragua—María de Toledo Claims the Territory
for her Son Luis Colon—Felipe Gutierrez Appointed to
the Command—Landing on the Coast of Veragua—Sickness
and Famine—The Cacique Dururua Enslaved—He Promises to
Unearth his Buried Treasures—Messengers Sent in Search
of It—They Return Empty-handed—But Warn the Chief's
Followers—He Guides the Spaniards to the Spot—They are
Surrounded by Indians—Rescue of the Cacique—Cannibalism
among the Christians—Sufferings of the Few Survivors—The
Colony Abandoned 63

CHAPTER IV.

THE CAKCHIQUELS AGAIN IN REVOLT.
1525-1526.

Alvarado Sets forth to Honduras to Join Cortés—Mutiny
among his Men—Gonzalo de Alvarado Appointed
Lieutenant-governor—His Meeting with Marin and his
Party—The Second Revolt of the Cakchiquels—Gonzalo
the Cause of the Insurrection—Massacre of the
Spaniards—Alvarado Returns to Guatemala—He Captures the
Peñol of Xalpatlahua—He Marches on Patinamit—His Return
to Mexico—His Meeting with Cortés 74

CHAPTER V.

SUBJUGATION OF ZACATEPEC AND CAPTURE OF SINACAM'S
STRONGHOLD.
1527-1528.

Puertocarrero in Charge of Affairs—Revolt at
Zacatepec—Escape of the Spanish Garrison—The
Place Recaptured—Execution of the High Priest
Panaguali—Sinacam's Stronghold—Its Siege and
Capture—Jorge de Alvarado Appointed Governor—The City of
Santiago Founded in the Almolonga Valley—Prosperity of
the new Settlement 87

CHAPTER VI.

INDIAN REVOLTS AND CIVIL FACTIONS IN GUATEMALA.
1529-1530.

Alvarado Returns to Spain—He is Arraigned before
the Council of the Indies—His Acquittal—His
Marriage—He Returns to Mexico—His Trial before the
Audiencia—Francisco de Orduña Arrives at Santiago—And
Takes the Residencia of Jorge de Alvarado—The
Confederated Nations in Revolt—Juan Perez Dardon's
Expedition to the Valley of Xumay—The Spaniards Attack
the Stronghold of Uspantan—Their Repulse and Retreat—The
Place Afterward Captured by Francisco de Castellanos—The
Circus of Copan Besieged by Hernando de Chaves—Gallant
Conduct of a Cavalry Soldier—Alvarado's Return to
Santiago—Demoralized Condition of the Province 100

CHAPTER VII.

ALVARADO'S EXPEDITION TO PERU.
1531-1536.

Ship-building in Guatemala—Alvarado Prepares an
Expedition to the Spice Islands—But Turns his
Attention toward Peru—Opposition of the Treasury
Officials—The Pilot Fernandez Brings News of Atahualpa's
Ransom—Strength of Alvarado's Armament—He Lands at
Puerto Viejo—Failure of his Expedition—His Return to
Guatemala—Native Revolts during his Absence—The Visitador
Maldonado Arrives at Santiago—He Finds No Fault in
the Adelantado—But is Afterwards Ordered to Take his
Residencia—Alvarado in Honduras 122

CHAPTER VIII.

THE ECCLESIASTICS IN GUATEMALA.
1529-1541.

Francisco Marroquin Arrives at Santiago—He is Appointed
Bishop—Godlessness of the Colonists—The Prelate Invites
Las Casas to Join Him—Marroquin's Consecration in
Mexico—The Church at Santiago Elevated to Cathedral
Rank—Difficulty in Collecting the Church Tithes—The
Merced Order in Guatemala—Miraculous Image of Our Lady
of Merced—Bibliographical 133

CHAPTER IX.

AFFAIRS IN HONDURAS.
1527-1536.

Diego Mendez de Hinostrosa Appointed
Lieutenant-governor—Salcedo Returns to Trujillo—His
Office Usurped by Vasco de Herrera—Death of Salcedo—Three
Rival Claimants for the Governorship—Expeditions to
the Naco and Jutigalpa Valleys—Diego Mendez Conspires
against Herrera—Assassination of the Latter—A Reign of
Terror—Arrest and Execution of the Conspirator—Arrival of
Governor Albitez at Trujillo—His Death—Andrés de Cereceda
at the Head of Affairs—Distress of the Spaniards—Exodus
of Settlers from Trujillo—They Establish a Colony in the
Province of Zula—Cereceda Appeals for Aid to Pedro de
Alvarado—He is Roughly Used by his own Followers—Alvarado
Arrives in Honduras—He Founds New Settlements—His
Departure for Spain 144

CHAPTER X.

ADMINISTRATION OF AFFAIRS IN NICARAGUA.
1531-1550.

Malefeasance of Castañeda—Diego Álvarez Osorio the First
Bishop of Nicaragua—A Convent Founded at Leon—Las Casas
Arrives—Castañeda's Flight—Arrival of Contreras—Proposed
Expedition to El Desaguadero—Opposition of Las
Casas—Departure with All the Dominicans—The Volcano
of El Infierno de Masaya—Fray Blas Believes the Lava
to be Molten Treasure—His Descent into the Burning
Pit—Exploration of the Desaguadero—Doctor Robles
Attempts to Seize the New Territory—Contreras Leaves
for Spain—His Arrest, Trial, and Return—His Son-in-law
Meanwhile Usurps the Government—Antonio de Valdivieso
Appointed Bishop—Feud between the Ecclesiastics and the
Governor—Alonso Lopez de Cerrato Takes the Residencia of
Contreras—Missionary Labors in Nicaragua 166

CHAPTER XI.

EXPEDITION OF DIEGO GUTIERREZ TO COSTA RICA.
1540-1545.

Diego Gutierrez Appointed Governor—Desertion of
his Soldiers—He Proceeds to Nicaragua—The Advice
of Contreras—The Expedition Sails for the Rio San
Juan—Friendly Reception by the Natives—His Men Desert a
Second Time—Reënforcements from Nicaragua and Nombre de
Dios—The Historian Benzoni Joins the Party—Gutierrez as
an Evangelist—He Inveigles Camachire and Cocori into his
Camp—He Demands Gold under Pain of Death—Noble Conduct
of the Cacique Cocori—The Spaniards March into the
Interior—Their Sufferings from Hunger—They are Attacked
and Massacred—Benzoni and Five Other Survivors Rescued
by Alonso de Pisa 187

CHAPTER XII.

ALVARADO'S LAST EXPEDITION.
1537-1541.

The Adelantado's Match-making Venture—Its
Failure—Alvarado's Commission from the Crown—He Lands
at Puerto de Caballos—And Thence Proceeds to Iztapa—His
Armament—He Sails for Mexico—His Defeat at Nochistlan—His
Penitence, Death, and Last Will—Character of the
Conqueror—Comparison of Traits with Those of Cortés—While
above Pizarro He was far beneath Sandoval—His Delight
in Bloodshed for its own Sake—The Resting-place and
Epitaph—Alvarado's Progeny 201

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CONQUEST OF CHIAPAS.
1520-1529.

Origin of the Chiapanecs—They Submit to the Spaniards
after the Mexican Conquest—But Rise in Arms when
Required to Pay Tribute—Captain Luis Marin Undertakes
the Conquest of the Province—His Battles with the
Natives—The Panic-stricken Artillerymen—Capture of the
Stronghold of Chiapas—The Chamulans Rise in Revolt—Their
Fortress Besieged—Repulse of the Spaniards—Bernal Diaz in
Peril—Flight and Surrender of the Chamulans—Marin Returns
to Espíritu Santo—Second Revolt of the Chiapanecs—Their
Subjugation by Diego de Mazariegos—Third Rebellion—Their
Self-destruction—Pedro Puertocarrero in the Field—His
Discomfiture—Founding of Villa Real—Juan Enriquez
de Guzman Takes the Residencia of Mazariegos—His
Maleadministration 213

CHAPTER XIV.

THREATENED DESTRUCTION OF THE INDIES.
1526-1543.

Decrease of Indian Population at the Isthmus—And in
Honduras—Treatment of Spanish Allies in Guatemala—Torture
and Butchery of Hostile Natives—Terror Inspired by
Alvarado—Early Legislation—Its Non-observance—The New
Laws—The Audiencia of Panamá Abolished—The Audiencia of
Los Reyes and Los Confines Established—Disgust Caused by
the New Code—The First Viceroy of Peru Arrives at the
Isthmus—He Takes Charge of Treasure Acquired by Slave
Labor—And Liberates a Number of Indians 232

CHAPTER XV.

PANAMÁ AND PERU.
1538-1550.

Administration of Doctor Robles—Interoceanic
Communication—Proposed Change of the Site of
Panamá—Nombre de Dios and its Trade—The Isthmus the
Highway of Commerce between the Hemispheres—Vasco
Nuñez Vela Lands in Peru—Gonzalo Pizarro at the Head
of a Rebellion—Dissolution of the Audiencia of Los
Reyes and Arrest of the Viceroy—His Release—His Defeat
and Death at Añaquito—Gonzalo's Dreams of Conquest—He
Despatches Bachicao to Panamá—Hinojosa's Expedition—His
Bloodless Conquest of the Province—Melchor Verdugo's
Invasion—Pedro de la Gasca—His Negotiations with the
Revolutionists—Gasca Lands in Peru—Execution of Gonzalo
Pizarro 245

CHAPTER XVI.

REVOLT OF THE CONTRERAS BROTHERS.
1550.

Cause of the Revolt—Preparations of the
Conspirators—Assassination of Bishop Valdivieso—The
Rebels Defeat the Men of Granada—Their Plan of
Operations—The Expedition Sails for Natá—Gasca Arrives
at the Isthmus with the King's Treasure—Capture of
Panamá—Blunders of the Rebel Leaders—Hernando de
Contreras Marches to Capira—He is Followed by his
Lieutenant Bermejo—Gasca's Arrival at Nombre de
Dios—Uprising of the Inhabitants of Panamá—Bermejo's
Attack on the City—His Repulse—His Forces
Annihilated—Fate of Hernando and his Followers 274

CHAPTER XVII.

AFFAIRS IN HONDURAS.
1537-1549.

Francisco de Montejo Appointed Governor—Revolt
of the Cacique Lempira—Dastardly Artifice of the
Spaniards—Establishment of New Colonies—Condition of
the Settlements—Mining in Honduras—Return of Pedro
de Alvarado—Montejo Deposed from Office—Alonso de
Maldonado the First President of the Audiencia of the
Confines—Maltreatment of the Natives—Rival Prelates in
Honduras—Their Disputes—Las Casas Presents a Memorial to
the Audiencia—He is Insulted by the Oidores—His Departure
for Chiapas—Maldonado's Greed—He is Superseded by Alonso
Lopez de Cerrato—The Seat of the Audiencia Moved to
Santiago de Guatemala 289

CHAPTER XVIII.

PROGRESS OF AFFAIRS IN GUATEMALA.
1541-1550.

Mourning for Alvarado—Grief of Doña Beatriz—An
Anomalous Government—A Female Ruler—A Beautiful but
Treacherous Mountain—A Night of Horrors—Death of Doña
Beatriz—Destruction of Santiago—A Ruined City—Burial of
the Dead—Gloom of Conscience-stricken Survivors—Joint
Governors—Removal of the City Resolved upon—A New
Site Discussed—Another Santiago Founded—Maldonado
Appointed Governor—Action of the Audiencia Relative to
Encomiendas—Controversies and Recriminations—Removal of
the Audiencia to Santiago—President Cerrato Offends the
Settlers—His Mode of Action 311

CHAPTER XIX.

THE ECCLESIASTICS IN CHIAPAS.
1550.

A Convent Founded by the Merced Order—Ciudad Real
Appointed a Cathedral City—Las Casas a Bishop—He
Attempts to Enforce the New Laws—He Refuses Absolution
during Holy Week—His Controversy with the Audiencia
of the Confines—He Departs for Spain—His Dispute with
Sepúlveda—His Appeal to the Conscience of Philip—The
Audiencia Transferred from Panamá to Guatemala—Death of
the Apostle of the Indies—His Character—The Dominicans
in Chiapas 328

CHAPTER XX.

MARROQUIN AND LAS CASAS IN GUATEMALA AND VERA PAZ.
1541-1550.

A New Cathedral Wanted—A Poor Prelate and Unwilling
Tithe-payers—Two Contentious Bishops—Charitable
Institutions Founded—Dominican Convent
Organized—Franciscans Arrive—Their Labors—Motolinia
Founds a Custodia—Disputes between Franciscans and
Dominicans—La Tierra de Guerra—Las Casas' System—His
First Efforts in Vera Paz—He Goes to Spain—Decrees
Obtained by Him and an Indignant Cabildo—Las Casas
Returns—Progress in Vera Paz—Peaceful Submission and
Heavy Tributes—Cancer's Expedition to Florida—Ominous
Opinions—An Indifferent Captain—A Dominican Martyr 341

CHAPTER XXI.

GUATEMALA AND CHIAPAS.
1551-1600.

Quesada's Administration—The Oidor Zorita Gathers the
Natives into Towns—Expedition against the Lacandones—Its
Failure—Landecho Appointed Quesada's Successor—His
Residencia Taken by the Licentiate Brizeño—Famine,
Pestilence, and Earthquake in Guatemala—The Audiencia of
the Confines Removed to Panamá—And Again Transferred to
Guatemala—Gonzalez Appointed President—He is Succeeded
by Villalobos—Changes in Church Affairs—Death of
Bishop Marroquin—Quarrels between the Dominicans and
Franciscans—Bishops Villalpando and Córdoba—Fracas
between two Ecclesiastics—Administration of President
Valverde, Rueda, Sandé, and Castilla—Industrial Condition
of the Province 358

CHAPTER XXII.

AFFAIRS IN PANAMÁ.
1551-1600.

Revolt of the Cimarrones—Pedro de Ursua Sent against
Them—A Second Revolt—Bayano Caught and Sent to
Spain—Regulations concerning Negroes—Commercial
Decadence—Restrictions on Trade—Home Industries—Pearl
Fisheries—Mining—Decay of Settlements—Proposed Change
in the Port of Entry—Its Removal from Nombre de Dios to
Portobello—Changes in the Seat of the Audiencia—Tierra
Firme Made Subject to the Viceroy of Peru—Defalcations
in the Royal Treasury—Preparations for Defence against
Corsairs and Foreign Powers 386

CHAPTER XXIII.

DRAKE AND OXENHAM'S EXPEDITIONS.
1572-1596.

Drake's Attack on Nombre de Dios—Panic among the
Inhabitants—Stores of Treasure—Retreat of the
English—They Sail for Cartagena—And Thence for the Gulf
of Urabá—Visit to the Isle of Pinos—The Ships Moved to
the Cabezas Islands—Second Expedition to Cartagena—March
to the Isthmus—Drake's First Glimpse of the South
Sea—Ambuscade Posted near Cruces—The Bells of Approaching
Treasure Trains—The Prize Missed through the Folly of a
Drunken Soldier—Capture of Cruces—Thirty Tons of Gold and
Silver Taken near Nombre de Dios—Voyage on a Raft—The
Expedition Returns to England—Oxenham's Raid—Drake's
Circumnavigation of the Globe—His Second Voyage to the
West Indies—His Final Expedition—His Death and Burial
off Portobello 404

CHAPTER XXIV.

NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA.
1551-1600.

Revolt of Juan Gaitan—His Defeat by the Licentiate Juan
de Caballon—Expedition of Caballon and Juan de Estrada
Rábago to Costa Rica—Settlements Founded—Distress of
the Spaniards—Juan Vazquez Coronado Comes to their
Relief—Further Expeditions—Flight of the Natives—Capture
of the Stronghold of Cotu—Administration of Diego de
Artiega Cherino—The Franciscans in Costa Rica—Martyrdom
of Juan Pizarro—The Ecclesiastics in Nicaragua—Fray Juan
de Torres—Condition of the Settlements—Slow Growth of
Trade 424

CHAPTER XXV.

NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA.
1601-1700.

Leon Abandoned—Another Site Selected—Description
of the New City—The Sacrilegious Mouse—The Trade of
Granada—Freebooters in Nicaragua—Church Matters—The
Jesuits Enter the Province—They are Recalled—The
Diocese Subject to the Archbishop of Lima—Succession
of Prelates—Eruption of El Infierno de Masaya—Massacre
of Spaniards in Costa Rica—Maldonado's Expedition
to Talamanca—Verdelete's Mission to Tologalpa—Its
Failure—His Further Attempts to Christianize the
Natives—Massacre of Soldiers and Ecclesiastics 439

CHAPTER XXVI.

BUCCANEERS AND BUCCANEERING RAIDS.
1518-1664.

Buccaneers at Santo Domingo—Tortuga the Head-quarters
of the Pirates—Their Modes of Life—François L'Olonnois
the Filibuster—His Vessel Cast on the Shore of
Campeche—He Escapes to Tortuga—And Reappears in the Bay
of Honduras—He Captures San Pedro—He Plans a Raid on
Guatemala—His Comrades Desert Him—His Vessel Wrecked off
Cape Gracias á Dios—His Expedition to Desaguadero—And
to Costa Rica—He is Hacked to Pieces—Mansvelt Captures
the Island of Santa Catarina—And Attacks Cartago—Santa
Catarina Retaken by the Spaniards 451

CHAPTER XXVII.

PANAMÁ, PORTOBELLO, AND PIRACY.
1601-1670.

An Audiencia again Established in Panamá—Its
Presidents—Captain Parker's Raid on Portobello—Growth
of Portobello and Decadence of Panamá—Malefeasance
of Officials—Interoceanic Communication—Contraband
Trading—Church Matters in Panamá—Disputes between
the Bishops and the Oidores—The Ecclesiastics
in Evil Repute—Destructive Conflagration—Bazan's
Administration—His Downfall and its Cause—The Annual Fair
at Panamá 464

CHAPTER XXVIII.

MORGAN'S RAIDS ON THE ISTHMUS.
1664-1671.

Morgan's Early Career—He Resolves to Attack
Portobello—The Castle of Triana Blown into the
Air—Capture of the City—Atrocities Committed by the
Buccaneers—The President of Panamá Marches against
Them—He is Driven Back—Morgan Sends Him a Specimen of
his Weapons—Ransom of the City and Return to Jamaica—The
Buccaneers Prepare Another Armament, and Resolve to
Attack Panamá—Capture of Fort San Lorenzo—March across
the Isthmus—Morgan Arrives in Sight of Panamá—Cowardice
of the Governor—Battle with the Spaniards—Burning of
the City—Torture of Prisoners—Bravery of a Captive
Gentlewoman—The Buccaneers Recross the Isthmus—Division
of the Booty 482

CHAPTER XXIX.

CORSAIRS IN THE SOUTH SEA.
1671-1682.

The New City of Panamá—Portobello Sacked by Pirates—A
Buccaneer Fleet Assembles at Boca del Toro—The Corsairs
Plan a Raid on Panamá—They Capture Santa María—And
Thence Sail for Plantain Island—Massacre of their
Captives—Desperate Conflict in Panamá Bay—Some of
the Marauders Return across the Isthmus—The Remainder
Proceed to the Island of Taboga—And there Capture Several
Prizes—They are Asked to Show their Commissions—The
Answer—They Sail for the Coast of Veragua—Their Repulse
at Pueblo Nuevo—Their Operations on the Coast of South
America—Some of Them Return to England—They are Tried
and Acquitted 517

CHAPTER XXX.

FURTHER PIRATICAL RAIDS.
1681-1687.

Dampier and his Comrades on the Santa María River—They
Meet with Spanish War Vessels—Their March to the North
Sea—They Fall in with a French Ship—And Sail round Cape
Horn to the South Sea—They Attack Realejo—They Sail for
the Island of La Plata—Here They are Reënforced—They
Proceed to the Coast of South America—Where they
Gain Intelligence of the Treasure-fleet—The Pirates
Sail for the Pearl Islands—Their Defeat in the Bay of
Panamá—Raids on Leon, Realejo, and Granada—Piety of the
Filibusters—Further Operations of the Pirates 543

CHAPTER XXXI.

PANAMÁ.
1672-1800.

The Scots Colony—They Propose to Establish Settlements
in Darien—Subscriptions for the Enterprise—Departure of
the Expedition—Its Arrival at Acla—Sickness and Famine
among the Colonists—They Abandon their Settlement—A
Second Expedition Despatched—Its Failure—Cartagena
Sacked by Privateers—Indian Outbreaks—Conflagrations in
Panamá—Pearl Fisheries—Mining—Spanish Commerce Falling
into the Hands of the British—Seizure of British Vessels
and Maltreatment of their Crews—Jenkins' Ears—Declaration
of War—Vernon's Operations on the Isthmus—Anson's Voyage
round the World—Vernon's Second Expedition—Its Disastrous
Result 570

CHAPTER XXXII.

MOSQUITIA, NICARAGUA, AND COSTA RICA.
1701-1800.

The Sambos of Mosquitia—Their Territory—A Mosquito
Chieftain Crowned King—Treaties between Spain and
England—The British Occupy Mosquitia—Galvez Captures
an English Settlement on the Black River—An Armament
Despatched from Jamaica to Mosquitia—Surrender of the
Spaniards—Colonists Ordered to Leave the Coast—The
Governors of Nicaragua—The British Defeated at Fort San
Cárlos—They Capture Fort San Juan—But are Compelled
to Retreat—Church Matters—Missionary Expeditions to
Talamanca—Affairs in Costa Rica 595

CHAPTER XXXIII.

BELIZE.
1650-1800.

Buccaneer Settlements in Yucatan—The Pirates Engage
in Wood-cutting—Governor Figueroa Ordered to Expel
them—Raid of the Wood-cutters on Ascension Bay—They
are Driven Back by the Governor—Their Settlement in
Belize Destroyed by Figueroa—They Return in Stronger
Force—Further Expeditions against Them—The Wood-cutters
under British Protection—They are Attacked by Governor
Rivas—The Boundaries of Belize Defined by the Treaty
of Versailles—Stipulations of a Later Treaty—Further
Encroachments of the English 623

CHAPTER XXXIV.

HONDURAS.
1550-1800.

Piratical Raids on Trujillo and Puerto de
Caballos—Condition of the Settlements—Church
Matters—Missionary Expedition to Tegucigalpa—Martyrdom
of the Missionaries—Labors of the Franciscans in
Honduras—Interference of the Bishop—Trujillo Destroyed by
the Dutch—Fort San Fernando de Omoa Erected—Its Capture
by the English—And Recovery by President Galvez—Roatan
Several Times Occupied by Buccaneers—Their Final
Expulsion 637

CHAPTER XXXV.

GUATEMALA AND CHIAPAS.
1601-1700.

President Castilla—Port Santo Tomás
Founded—Factions—A Gambling President—Condition of
the Colonists—Grievances—Patronage of the Crown,
the Audiencia, and the Cabildo—Disputes—Defensive
Measures—Rule of President Caldas—Reorganization of the
Audiencia—President Barrios and Bishop Navas—Political
Dissensions—A Troublesome Visitador—The Berropistas
and Tequelies—A Line of Bishops—Wealth of the Regular
Orders—A Prelate Bewitched—The Bethlehemites—Royal
Order concerning Curacies—The New Cathedral and
Festivities—Succession—The Progress of Chiapas 649

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE ITZAS AND LACANDONES.
1601-1700.

Early Efforts at Pacification—Priests and Soldiers
Sacrificed—Massacre of Mirones and his Party—El
Prospero Expedition—Indifference of the Orders—Bishop
Navas in the Field—A Tripartite Campaign Determined
upon—Expedition of President Barrios—Meeting with
Mazariegos—Velasco's Operations—The Expeditions
Return—Further Expeditions—Fate of Velasco and
his Command—Failure—Ursua's Enterprise—Progress of
Paredes—Negotiations with the Canek—Opposition of
Soberanis—Ursua Takes Command—Treacherous Allurements—The
Itzas Conquered—Peten Garrisoned—Jealousy of
Soberanis—Unsatisfactory Operations—Questionable
Possession 672

CHAPTER XXXVII.

GUATEMALA AND CHIAPAS.
1701-1800.

The Tzendal Rebellion—A New Miracle—Atrocities—A
Novel Hierarchy—The Tzendales Repulsed—Segovia's
Operations—President Cosío Assumes Command—Fall of
Cancuc—Spread of the Rebellion—Its Suppression—Decadence
of Chiapas—Earthquakes—Riots—Venality
of the Clergy—Establishment of the
Archbishopric—Heresy—Boundaries of Provinces—Abolition
of Corregimientos—Another Great Earthquake—Quarrels over
Removal—Expulsion of the Jesuits 696

HISTORY OF CENTRAL AMERICA.