Chapter II

HISTORY OF THE PROTECTIVE SPIRIT, AND COMPARISON OF IT IN FRANCE AND
ENGLAND.

About the eleventh century the spirit of inquiry began to
weaken the church 108-110

Coinciding with this, the feudal system and an hereditary
aristocracy appeared 110-112

The nobles displace the clergy, and celibacy is opposed by the
principle of hereditary rank 112

In England the nobles were less powerful than in France 113-116

And were glad to ally themselves with the people against the
crown 116-118

Hence a spirit of popular independence unknown in France, where
the nobles were too powerful to need the help of the people 118-119

Effects of this difference between the two countries in the
fourteenth century 119-122

Centralization was in France the natural successor of feudality 122-126

This state contrasted with that of England 126-127

Power of the French nobles 128-131

Illustration from the history of chivalry 131-135

Another illustration from the vanity of the French and pride of
the English 135-137

Also from the practice of duelling 137

The pride of Englishmen encouraged the Reformation 138

Analogy between the Reformation and the revolutions of the
seventeenth century 138-139

Both were opposed by the clergy and nobles. Natural alliance
between these two classes 139-142

In the reign of Elizabeth both classes were weakened 143-146

James I. and Charles I. vainly attempted to restore their power 147

Chapter III.

THE ENERGY OF THE PROTECTIVE SPIRIT IN FRANCE EXPLAINS THE FAILURE OF
THE FRONDE. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FRONDE AND THE CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH
REBELLION.

Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion 148-150

The English rebellion was a war of classes 150-159

But in France the energy of the protective spirit and the power
of the nobles made a war of classes impossible 160-162

Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles 162-170

As such men were the leaders of the Fronde, the rebellion
naturally failed 167-173

But the English rebellion succeeded because it was a democratic
movement headed by popular leaders 174-175