Chapter LXVI: Appendix: No. 27. VOL. iv., p. 583

_Number and Tonnage of Iron Steam Vessels built and first registered in the United Kingdom in each Year, from 1861 to 1874._

+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| Years. | Number. | Tonnage. |
+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| 1861 | 159 | 68,368 |
| 1862 | 181 | 76,303 |
| 1863 | 240 | 105,837 |
| 1864 | 342 | 156,981 |
| 1865 | 344 | 177,382 |
| 1866 | 299 | 129,653 |
| 1867 | 224 | 90,823 |
| 1868 | 188 | 75,109 |
| 1869 | 238 | 118,421 |
| 1870 | 382 | 222,922 |
| 1871[470] | 416 | 295,109 |
| 1872[470] | 446 | 335,750 |
| 1873[470] | 335 | 279,088 |
| 1874[470] | 393 | 328,094 |
+-------------+-----------+-----------+

_Total Tonnage (distinguishing sailing and steam) belonging to the United Kingdom, British Possessions, United States, France, Holland and Norway, in each of the Years 1850, 1860, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874 (so far as the same can be given)._

SAILING:
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------
| British Empire. | United States. | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | |
| United | British | | Enrolled| France. |Holland| Norway.
Years.| Kingdom.| Posses- | Regis- | and | | |
| | sions. | tered. |Licensed.| | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons.
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------
1850 |3,337,546| 707,785|1,540,769|1,468,739| 690,111|393,750|Not dist-
1860 |4,134,390|1,076,434|2,448,941|2,036,990| 915,971|543,320|inguished
1870 |4,506,318|1,440,682|1,324,256|1,795,389| 917,633|474,463|1,008,800
1871 |4,305,112|1,425,976|1,244,228|1,898,551| 917,133|458,274|1,042,259
1872 |4,145,888|1,427,302|1,232,982|2,037,422| 911,613|449,717|1,090,006
1873 |4,024,581|1,443,911|1,229,865|2,252,895| 882,866|438,031|1,205,998
1874 |4,043,955|1,502,302| | | |440,879|
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------

STEAM:
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------
1850 | 167,398| 20,233| 44,942| 81,004| 13,925| 3,762|Not dist-
1860 | 452,352| 47,792| 97,296| 770,641| 68,025| 12,990|inguished
1870 |1,111,375| 90,759| 192,544| 882,551| 154,415| 24,942| 13,715
1871 |1,317,548| 94,255| 180,914| 906,723| 160,478| 34,629| 20,015
1872 |1,536,075| 104,564| 177,666| 933,887| 177,462| 43,820| 303,082
1873 |1,711,787| 113,951| 193,423| 963,020| 185,165| 57,254| 39,295
1874 |1,868,359| 118,876| | | | 71,101|
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------

TOTAL:
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------
1850 |3,504,944| 728,018|1,585,711|1,949,743| 704,036|397,422| 281,377
1860 |4,586,742|1,124,226|2,546,237|2,807,631| 983,996|556,310| 558,928
1870 |5,617,693|1,531,441|1,516,800|2,677,940|1,072,048|499,405|1,022,515
1871 |5,622,660|1,520,231|1,425,142|2,805,274|1,077,611|492,903|1,062,274
1872 |5,681,963|1,531,866|1,410,648|2,971,309|1,089,075|493,537|1,120,388
1873 |5,736,368|1,557,862|1,423,288|3,215,915|1,068,031|495,285|1,245,293
1874 |5,912,314|1,621,178| | | |511,980|
------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+---------

FOOTNOTES:

[470] Number and tonnage of vessels of which the building was completed within the year.

INDEX.

_Achilles, The S.S., belonging to Mr. Holt_, from Foochow, by Cape,
made passage to London, 13,552 miles, in 58 days 9 hours, Sept.
1869, p. 435, _note_

_Admiralty, The Lords of_, slow to construct ships of iron, p. 97

—— secure nearly a million for the reconstruction of a _wooden_
navy in 1861, p. 98

—— object to screw-propeller, as likely to cause loss of
mechanical power, p. 106

_Adriatic, The_, purchased by Galway Co. from Collins Co., very fast
passage of, p. 268

——, of the “White Star Line,” accomplishes 455 miles in 24 hours,
p. 279

_Africa, The_, details of the construction of, pp. 217-8

_Agamemnon, The_ (Mr. Holt’s ship), beats the mails from Shanghai to
London by nine days, July 1873, p. 436, _note_

_Allan, J._ (in 1722), proposes to navigate a ship “by forcing water
through the stern,” p. 26

_Allan, Mr. Alex._, sketch of life of, pp. 260-1, _note_

_Allan_, or _Montreal Line_, starts April 1862, p. 262

—— now maintains a regular weekly service, _ibid._

—— deservedly famous for the speed of many of its vessels, such as
the _Polynesian_, _Hungarian_, and _Peruvian_, p. 263

——, steamers of, 1875, Append. p. 612

_Allan, Mr. James_, ultimately one of the Managing Directors of P.
and O. Co., a sketch of his early history, pp. 380-1, _note_

_Amazon, The_, launched June 28, 1851, various details of, p. 305,
_note_, and p. 306

——, dreadful destruction of, by fire, pp. 307-8

_America_, sketch of lakes in, pp. 122-3, _note_

——, the first vessel of, on the western waters, the brig _Dean_
launched at Alleghany in 1806, p. 123, _note_

—— has now navigable communication throughout of more than 3000
miles, _ibid._

——, chief navigable rivers, bays, roadsteads, and harbours of, pp.
125-8

——, great dangers in the navigation of the Western rivers of, as
shown by the loss of sixty-six vessels in 1832-4; while no less
than 233 steamers blown up, between 1816 and 1848, with the
loss of 2563 people killed, and 2097 wounded, pp. 134-40, and
_note_

——, Atlantic steamboats of, generally with low-pressure engines,
working at 18 to 20 lbs. on the square inch, with a difference
of rating as compared with English vessels, p. 141

——, river boats of, sustain an average speed of 20 miles an hour,
p. 144

——, their peculiar construction, p. 149

—— still retains the whole of her river, lake, and coasting trade,
p. 164

—— determines on subsidizing a fleet of steamers to provide for
the protection of “American rights,” p. 197

——, merchants of (at Boston, Philadelphia, &c.), complain of the
monopoly of Transatlantic Trade, at New York, p. 228

——, wooden clippers of, no chance against the iron screws of
England, but, for a time, probably as remunerative, p. 270

_American Government_, for a while, subsidize vessels for the
carrying of their mails, and, especially, the “Collins Line,”
p. 197

——, wherein they take a natural pride, p. 215

_American Line of Steamers_, from New York to Bremen, calling at
Southampton, 1847, p. 195

_American Steamers, Bristol and Providence_, dimensions of, Append.
p. 600

_American Sailing-Vessels_, do more with twenty hands than the
English with thirty, p. 167

_Americans_, we owe to them the modifications of Watt’s engine, still
in use, p. 122

——, the first to improve steam-vessels by substituting a fine
entrance and a clear run for round and bluff bows, _ibid._

—— send the first trading steamer across the Atlantic in 1819, p.
167

—— resolve to compete with the Cunard Line, by subsidized vessels
of their own, p. 199

—— prefer to “skim” the water rather than to force the ship
through, p. 582

_Amherst, Lord_ (as Governor General), warmly approves of Steam
Navigation with India, p. 339

—— offers a premium to any Company or person who will establish a
steam service to India by the end of 1825, p. 339

_Anchor Line_, started from the Clyde, in 1856, by Messrs. Handyside
and Henderson, with lines to Quebec and the Mediterranean, pp.
287-90

—— start fortnightly service between Glasgow and New York in 1865,
p. 287

—— now owns 71,328 tons of steam-ships, their Mediterranean
vessels connecting with India by Suez Canal, pp. 287-9

——, their steam-ship _Victoria_ an excellent specimen of a
“business” ship, p. 289

——, particulars of line of steamers, Append. p. 633

_Anderson, Arthur_, sketch of his life, p. 379, _note_

_Anthemius_, account of (from Gibbon, c. xl.), how he avenged himself
on the philosopher Zeno, p. 8, _note_

_Aquatic animals_, as whelks, cuttle fish, &c., exhibit many types of
machinery, p. 2

_Arago, M._, in his “Éloge de James Watt,” speaks highly of the
invention of Solomon de Caus, p. 16

_Archimedes, The_, screw steam-ship, of Mr. T. P. Smith, her trials
with the _Widgeon_, Oct. 14, 1839, between Dover and Calais,
pp. 107-8

——, important as settling satisfactorily the value of the “screw,”
pp. 108-10

_Arctic, The_, commonly called the “clipper of the seas,” details of,
pp. 204-7

——, collision of, with the _Vesta_, and dreadful loss of life,
Sept. 27, 1854, pp. 222-4

_Arsenals_, extensive, established by Chinese Government at Nankin,
Foochow, &c., p. 473, _note_

_Atherton, Mr. Charles_, views of, with regard to the speed of
steam-vessels when greatly increased, pp. 491-2

—— thinks the views of the Directors of the Eastern Steam
Navigation Company are not supported by their data, pp. 495-6

_Atlantic Steam Navigation_, not the idea of any one man, but of many
working together, p. 178

_Australia_, details of routes to, considered by Committee of House
of Commons, pp. 390-1, _note_

——, stringent penalties enforced by Government for failure in
conveying the mails to, p. 433

——, anecdote, with reference to the penalties to be imposed on
failure in the mail service to, p. 433, _note_

_Australian Mail Service_, proposal for independent line, May 1856,
p. 396

——, peculiar conditions of the contracts for carrying the mails to,
pp. 431-2

_Austrian Lloyd’s Company_, and other shrewd persons, question the
commercial plans of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, p. 491

_Auxiliary Screws_, presumed advantage of, fallacious, as the
machinery takes up too much room, pp. 428-9

_Bacon (Roger)_ describes a boat capable of obtaining greater speed
than the “London pinnaces,” A.D. 1214-1296, p. 15

_Baltimore Clippers and “American Liners,”_ the result of the efforts
towards improvement by American shipbuilders, p. 166

_Batture_, the name technically applied to the alluvial soil of the
Mississippi at New Orleans, p. 137

_Bavarian, The_, fine steam-ship belonging to Messrs. Leyland,
employed in Mediterranean, p. 421

_Bayard, Mr._, absurd notions of, with reference to high speed, p. 214

_Bell, Henry_, lays before the English and other Governments his plan
for the improvement of Steam Navigation in 1800, p. 62

—— gives, in letter to Mr. Miller, 1816, an account of his steamer
the _Comet_, pp. 63-4

——, no more than Fulton, can claim to be the _inventor_ of the
present system of Steam Navigation, p. 64

_Bell, Mr. Lothian_, estimate of the amount of pit coal in America,
p. 139

_Bentinck, Lord W._, arrives at Calcutta on July 3, 1838, and at once
takes up the cause of Steam-vessels on Indian rivers, pp. 449-50

_Bergenroth, M._, gives a list of the letters of Blasco de Garay,
found by him at Simancas, pp. 14-15, _notes_.

_Berlin, The City of_, splendid ship belonging to the Inman Company,
1875, p. 259, _note_

_Bessemer, The_, built by Mr. E. J. Reed, details of her
construction, pp. 563-6

——, the “swinging saloon” of, her most important feature, not
available on her first trial, May 8, 1875, p. 566, _note_

_Bessori, J._, describes a vessel with two prows (not unlike the
_Castalia_), (1582), p. 15

_Black Ball Line, Old_, ultimately merged in the Guion Line of
sailing-ships, p. 273

——, still, as of old, a line of sailing-packets, so called, but
under the management of Marshall and Co., p. 273, _note_.

_Boilers, Marine_, of which, now, four different patents, hard to
make strong enough to withstand the great pressure required, p.
580

_Bombay Government_, letter approving of Mr. Taylor’s plan for Steam
communication with India, p. 350

_Boston, Shipowners of_, complain that individual enterprise is
paralysed by the unfair giving of Government patronage, p. 200

——, and, therefore, protest against the adoption, by the American
Government, of a protective system, _ibid._

_Bothnia_ and _Scythia, The_, magnificent steamers built for Cunard
Line, 1874, by Messrs. J. and G. Thompson of Glasgow, pp. 232-7
and _note_

——, of 1874, compared with the _Britannia_ of 1840, p. 238

_Bougner, M._, in 1746, uses “revolving arms, like the vanes of a
mill,” to propel vessels, p. 101

_Bourne, W._, proposes a “boate without oares or sayle” (1578), p. 15

_Bramah, Joseph_ (the inventor of the hydraulic press), invents also
(in 1785) the “screw-propeller,” pp. 31-2, _note_

——, in 1798, tests the application of the screw to a boat, pp. 101-2

_Branca, G._, applies steam to blow against vanes attached to the external
rim of a wheel (1629), p. 16

_Bright, John, The_, Parsee trader between Bombay, Calcutta, and China, p.
455 and _note_

_Britannia, The_, one of the four first ships of the “Cunard Line;”
details of her construction, p. 183, _note_

_Britannic, The_, one of the “White Star Line,” engines of, by
Maudslay, Sons, and Field, p. 279;
further details of, p. 279, _note_

_British and Indian Steam Navigation Company_, originally, and till
1862, called the Calcutta and Birmah Steam Navigation Company,
p. 455

—— now own 42 iron screw-steamers, p. 456 and _note_

——, vessels of, now traverse 1,100,000 miles annually, p. 459

——, and is now the most important of all the Indian Companies, pp.
455-60

_Brunel, Mr. I. K._, proposes to Eastern Steam Navigation Company the
building of a ship of enormous dimensions, p. 487

_Builder’s Measurement_, meaning and mode of calculating the old and
the new, p. 173, _note_

_Burhampooter, The_, and the _Hooghly_ sent to India in 1828; details
of the, p. 449 and _note_

_Burns, Mr. John_, valuable table provided by, of the work done by
all the Cunard vessels, p. 238, _note_

_Burns, Mr. George_, and _Mr. MacIver_, sketch of their commercial
history, p. 179, _note_

_Busterich_, an early Teutonic god, noticed by Arago in his “Éloge de
James Watt,” p. 8, _note_

_Calcutta, Meeting at_, Dec. 17, 1823, to promote Steam Navigation
with India, p. 339

_Canadian Government_ contracts with Messrs. McKean & Co. for line
between Canada and England, 1853, p. 261

_Cape Route to India_, at first proposed for steam in 1822, p. 339

_Carrying Trade, Transatlantic_, great struggle between England and
the United states to secure, pp. 163-7

_Castalia, The_, plans and details of, pp. 561-3, and _note_.

_Caus, Solomon de_, shows clearly in 1635 his acquaintance with the
“motive” power of steam, p. 16

_Chabert, M._ (in 1710), describes a paddle-wheel vessel, p. 25

_Chain cables of iron_, used by the ancient Tyrians, p. 1

_Charlwood, E. F., R.N., Capt._, evidence in favour of iron ships as
splintering less when struck by shot, p. 98, _note_

_Chesney, Col._, makes an elaborate survey and report of the
Euphrates Route, p. 358, _note_

_Chicago_, sketch of the history of, p. 123, _note_

——, first steamer to, in 1832, p. 132

_Chimborazo, The_, launched in 1871 from the yard of J. Elder & Co.,
for Pacific Company, p. 325

_China_, character of the country and of the inhabitants of the
interior of, p. 465

——, tea-boats of, on Canton River and Yang-tse, p. 481

_Chinese Merchants_, Steam Navigation Company established under the
Chinese flag, pp. 472-3

_Cigar Ships, The_, of Messrs. Winans, built at Baltimore, 1858, and
on the Thames in 1864, pp. 567-70

_Clermont, The_, built by Mr. Fulton for Mr. Livingston, p. 52

_Clyde_, the mechanics on the, at Glasgow, take the lead in the
construction of marine engines, p. 61

——, remarkable improvements in the navigation of, pp. 68-9, _note_

——, return of the number of ships built on its banks between 1868
and 1873 inclusive, p. 70, _note_

——, dredging machines on, Append. p. 591

——, ships launched on, 1863-4, _ibid._, p. 593

——, shipbuilders on, 1871, _ibid._, p. 594

_Coal_, the carrying of, for long voyages, commercially, a mistake,
p. 494, _note_

_Collins, Mr. E. K._, undertakes to establish the well known “Collins
Line” between New York and Liverpool, p. 202

—— arranges for the construction of the _Arctic_, _Baltic_,
_Atlantic_, and _Pacific_ steamers for the “Collins Line,” p.
203

“_Collins Line_,” details of the steamers of, p. 204

——, enormous cost of the ships on the, p. 211

——, finally started in 1850, just ten years after the Cunard had
commenced, p. 214

—— at length relinquished, 1858, pp. 228-9

_Colquhoun, Sir Patrick_, idea of, that guilds (a form of trades’
unions) came from the East, p. 479, _note_

_Comet, The_, (Henry Bell’s steamer), completed in Jan. 1812; details
of, pp. 64-7, and _notes_

—— not remunerative to her enterprising owner, p. 67

——, original engine of, now in Patent Museum, p. 67, _note_, and p.
574

_Compound Engines_, introduced in order to utilise steam at high
pressures, p. 577

——, principle of the construction of, pp. 577-8

——, how distinguished from simple, pp. 578-9

——, much more economical than simple, pp. 579-80

_Condensing Engine_, distinguishing characteristics of, p. 576

_Coolie Chinese Emigration_ (as conducted by the Portuguese from
Macao), no better than a slave-trade, pp. 469-70, _note_

_Cram, Capt._ (1860, July 11), points out the advantages of the
“Truss” plan on which Mr. Randall’s steamer was to have been
built, p. 159, _note_

_Cunard, Mr. Samuel_, so early as 1830, contemplates the
establishment of mail steamers between Liverpool and Halifax,
p. 178

—— obtains the contract for the conveyance of the mails between
England and America, p. 180

—— commences a regular service between Liverpool, Halifax, and
Boston in 1840, p. 183

—— adds, in 1844, the _Cambria_ and _Hibernia_, p. 184

_Cunard Line_, all the first ships built on the Clyde, with engines
by Mr. Robert Napier, p. 181

——, vessels of, clearly shown to be superior in many respects to
any others, p. 185, _note_

——, but, at first, slightly beaten in speed, by the Collins Line,
p. 219

—— now (1875) own 90,208 tons of shipping, p. 237

——, comparative statement of the consumption of coals in, p. 237,
_note_

——, in _thirty-five_ years, have _never lost one life or one letter
entrusted to their charge_, p. 239

——, chief reasons of this remarkable success, pp. 240-4

——, strict regulations on board, and special orders for the course
to be taken by the ships of, according to the season of the
year, pp. 242-5

——, ships of Burns, MacIver, and Co., Append. p. 606

_Cunard Company_, a striking example of what can be done, p. 248

——, regulations of, Append. p. 609

_Cunard and Collins Lines_, comparison of, Append. p. 601

_Cunard Steamer, the Persia_, passages of 1856-1868, _ibid._, p. 603

_Cunard Steamers_, progress of, 1840-1875, _ibid._, p. 608

_Curaçoa, The_, crosses the Atlantic, several times in 1829, between
Holland and the Dutch West Indies, p. 170

_Darien Expedition_, illustrates the difficulty of trade with Central
America, p. 330

_Denny, W._, the builder of the _Rob Roy_, and of the first steamers
of “Allan Line;” sketch of the life of, with account of his
firm, p. 79, _note_

_Diana, The_, second steamer in India, takes Mr. Crauford, the
Resident, up to Amarapura, p. 448

_Dicey, Capt._, plans the new Channel steamer _Castalia_, p. 561

_Ditchburn and Mare, Messrs._, build the _Fairy_, the tender to yacht
of H.M. the Queen, p. 87

_Drew, Daniel, The_, surpasses even the _New World_ in speed, and
attains 25 miles per hour, p. 150

_Dublin and Holyhead Line of Steam-packets_, first started in 1819,
p. 551

——, early success on, of the _Meteor_, _Banshee_, and _Llewellyn_,
p. 552

——, splendid new steamers of, the _Connaught_, _Ulster_, _Munster_,
and _Leinster_, built 1860, pp. 552-5

——, details of the construction of the new steamers for, pp. 552-5,
and _note_

_Dundas, Lord_, his vessel, the _Charlotte Dundas_ (fitted with
engine by Symington), “_the first practical steamboat_,” p. 37

_Dundas, Charlotte_, the machinery of, mechanically superior to that
of either the _Clermont_ or the _Comet_, p. 64

_Duquet, M._, invents a kind of screw-propeller, in 1729, p. 100

_Eastern Steam Navigation Company_, proposed in reply to circular
from the Admiralty after Lord Jocelyn’s Company, of 1851, p. 486

_East India Company_, Directors of, establish a Tátar post between
Constantinople and Baghdad, p. 338

—— take no interest in steam to India, p. 351

—— are compelled at length to act on the Report of the Committee
of 1834, p. 358

—— for years insist on carrying the mails in their own vessels,
between Bombay and Suez, p. 387

_Economy, Political_, erroneous reasoning about, in America, p. 215

_Elder, John, and Company_, details of the vast shipbuilding
business, conducted by, pp. 71-2, _note_

_Elevator, The_, a peculiar machine invented by M. de Lesseps, during
the making of the Suez Canal, p. 372

_Elizabeth, during Reign of_, and some time after, English merchants
trade by Syria, with Baghdad and India, p. 337

_Elphinstone, Hon. Mount-Stuart_, as Governor of Bombay, in 1823,
recommends steam communication with England, p. 344

——, to prove his views, returns to England, viâ Isthmus of Suez, in
1827, p. 345

_Emperor, The_, yacht presented to Japanese by Lord Elgin in 1858-9,
and, thus, the first Japanese steamer, p. 482

_England_ more interested than any one else in securing a route for
her ships to the East, p. 369

——, the wisest statesmen of, Mr. Gladstone, Mr. S. Herbert, Mr.
Cobden, Mr. Bright, &c., support M. de Lesseps’ scheme, p. 369,
_note_

_England, The_, a ship sold to Japanese by W. S. Lindsay, in Jan.
1861, p. 484, _note_

_Enterprize, The_, first steamer to India in 1825, is 113 days on her
passage to Calcutta, p. 341

——, showing thereby, that, commercially, the Cape route would not
pay, p. 342

—— proves of great value to the East India Co., in first Burmese
war, p. 342

_Ericsson, Capt._, in 1836, fully demonstrates the merits of the
screw, p. 104

——, exhibits successfully his screw steamer to the Lords of the
Admiralty, pp. 105-6

_Euphrates, Route to India_, reasons advanced in its favour by
Committee of 1839, pp. 356-7, _note_

_European and Australian Mail Company_, tender of, accepted, p. 397

—— proves a failure more disastrous than even that of the Galway
Line, p. 398

_Evans, F. J., R.N._, able report by, on the “Deviations of the
Compass” in iron ships, Phil. Trans. 1860, p. 90, _note_

_Evans, Oliver_, tries a plan for propelling vehicles by steam on
common roads, in 1786, p. 47

_Farrer, T. H._, letter from, noticing the Naval Review of 1853, p.
106, _note_

_Ferry-boats at Quebec_ and between Yarmouth and Norwich, propelled,
till recently, by oxen walking on a circular platform, p. 20

_Fins of fish_ suggest the idea of a paddle, or oar, as their tails
do that of sculling, p. 4

_Fitch, Mr. F._, sketch of his life, and boat built by, pp. 42-3,
_note_, and p. 44

“_Flat floor_,” advantages of this construction for steam-vessels, as
advocated by the Americans, p. 160

_Forbes, R. B., Mr._, sketch of his commercial life, pp. 193-4, _note_

_Fowler, Mr._, proposes a steam-boat to carry a railway train from
Dover to Calais, pp. 557-8;
with details, pp. 559-60, and _note_

_France_, now, 1875, owns (including _Messageries Maritimes_) 160,
478 tons of steam shipping, p. 239, _note_

_Froude, Mr. W._, experiments on H.M.S. _Greyhound_, show a loss of
49 per cent. of motive power to attain 10½ knots, p. 581

_Fruit Schooners_, in the Mediterranean, for a while maintain their
ground against steamers, p. 418

_Fulton, Robert_, conceives, previously to 1796, the idea of
propelling vessels by steam, p. 48

——, sketch of his life, p. 50, _note_

—— pays a visit to Mr. Symington, and studies his boat and its
machinery, p. 50

—— (in 1806) builds the _Clermont_ steamer on East (Hudson) River,
p. 51

—— never claimed any patent for his assumed discovery, p. 52

——, engine of, for his _Clermont_, nearly the same as that of the
_Charlotte Dundas_, p. 52

—— not fairly spoken of by such men as Sir J. Rennie and Mr.
Woodcroft, p. 55, _note_

——, unquestionably, the first to keep a steam-boat regularly
running for purposes of trade, p. 56

——, vessel launched by, on July 4, 1815, the exact copy of that of
Mr. Miller of Dalwinston, p. 131, _note_

——, note of origin and place of birth, Append. p. 585

_Galloway, Mr._, patents, in 1829, a plan for “feathering”
paddle-wheels, still in use, pp. 99-100

_Galway Line_, or _Royal Atlantic Steam Navigation Company_, proposes
(in 1859) to carry H.M. mails in six days from Galway to St.
John’s, Newfoundland, &c., p. 265

——, contractors for, fail to deliver the vessels at the time agreed
on, p. 267

——, ships, built for, always behind their time, pp. 267-8

—— compelled to terminate their contract, May 1861, p. 269

_Ganges_, length of journey up, previously to steam, Calcutta to
Benares 2½ months; Calcutta to Cawnpore 3½ months; Calcutta to
Agra 6 months; Calcutta to Delhi 7½ months; p. 449

_Garay, Blasco de_, exhibits to Charles V. a mode of propelling
vessels in a calm, p. 11

——, his letters shown by Mr. MacGregor not to refer to a
steam-boat, pp. 12-14, _notes_

_Garry Owen, The_, being driven on shore, thereby shows the
superiority of iron over wood for strength, p. 88

_Gauthier, M._ (in 1756) writes a treatise on “Navigation by Fire,”
which, though approved at Venice, was not published, p. 28

_Gellatly, Messrs., and Company_, establish steamers _viâ_ Suez Canal
to the East, p. 437

_Germanic, The_, magnificent vessel of the “White Star Line” (1875),
p. 279, _note_

_Glasgow, The_, steam-vessel built by Mr. Cook in 1814, the standard
for some years for river steamers, p. 73

_Glasgow, The City of_, screw-steamer launched in 1850, and placed on
the Inman Line, Dec. 1850, p. 252

_Grant, T., M.D._, patents an invention “for the more speedy passage
of calmed ships,” p. 17

_Gray, Mr. John, of Liverpool_, plans the magnetic apparatus to
insure the correct steering of the _Great Eastern_, pp. 509-10

_Great Britain_, built at Bristol, from Mr. Patterson’s design, 1843,
with details of, p. 187, and _note_

—— launched July 19, 1843, and great success of, from that time to
this, p. 189, _note_, and p. 434

_Great Eastern_, relative claims of Mr. Brunel and Mr. Scott Russell
to different parts of her construction, pp. 492-3

——, Messrs. Watt & Co., of Birmingham, to make her screw-engines,
and Mr. Scott Russell her paddle-engines and hull, p. 493

——, actually commenced May 1, 1854, p. 496

——, general details of her construction, pp. 497-504

——, chief distinguishing feature of, the combined application of
the paddle and the screw, pp. 501-2

——, under full sail, can spread 65,000 yards of canvas, p. 508

——, ingenious apparatus for steering, pp. 510-11

——, conversation about, between Mr. Lindsay and Mr. Brunel in 1857,
as to whether she will “pay,” p. 513, _note_

——, a wonder of construction, but a commercial failure, pp. 513-14

——, enormous preparations made for launching, pp. 514-15

——, launching of, repeated several times, but unsuccessfully, pp.
519-20

—— at length floats of her own accord, Jan. 31, 1858, pp. 521-2

——, the whole scheme, in fact, of her mode of launching, a blunder
from beginning to end, p. 522

—— offered to Government, but this offer wisely declined, pp. 523-4

—— starts on her first sea voyage, Sept. 9, 1859, p. 526

——, report of the pilot in command of her, pp. 527-8

——, peculiar construction of rudder and anchors of, pp. 511-3

——, daily performances of, on first voyage across the Atlantic, p.
530, _note_

—— encounters a heavy gale, Sept. 1861, 100 miles S.W. of Ireland,
and returns to Cork, pp. 532-3, and _notes_

——, chief subsequent value as a cable layer, but, even then,
scarcely remunerative, p. 538, _note_

——, thus employed in 1855-6, 1868, 1870, 1873-4, pp. 539-41

——, in spite of every error, a vessel of which the people of
England may well be proud, pp. 541-3

_Great Western, The_, the first vessel specially built for the
Atlantic trade, leaves Bristol for New York April 7, 1838, p.
172

_Great Western Company_ naturally annoyed that, having started the
_Great Western_, they did not obtain the Government contract
for the mails to America, p. 180

—— obtain a Parliamentary inquiry into the relative costs of the
Trans-Atlantic mail service, pp. 184-5

_Guion, Mr. S. B._, the chief owner of the Guion Line, supplies, in
1863, cargoes for the Cunard and National Companies, p. 273

——, and his partners commence, in 1866, a line of steamers, the
_Manhattan_ being the first, p. 273

_Guion Line_, otherwise called Liverpool and Great Western Steamship
Company, excellent vessels of, pp. 273-4

_Gutznur, Mr._, of Leith, adopts in the _Athol_ and _Tourist_
steamers a new plan for connecting the piston-rod with the
crank of the paddle-shaft, p. 82, _note_

_Hall (Admiral Sir W. H.)_, evidence that iron ships are less injured
by shot than wooden ones, p. 97, _note_

_Hamburg_, now (1875) owns 45,669 tons of steam shipping, p. 239,
_note_

_Hamburg American Steam Packet Company_, fine ships of, pp. 290-1

_Hankow_, nine steamers employed in trade of, so early as in 1863-4,
since when, many more, pp. 468-9

_Hankow and Pekin Steamers_ (completed April 1874), belonging to
Messrs. Swire and Co., details of, p. 470, and _note_

_Harfield, Mr._, invents a new steam windlass, which is fitted in the
_Bothnia_, &c., p. 234, _note_

_Harland, Mr._, invents a new method of lifting the screw, pp. 280-1

_Head, Major, C. F._, account of his journeys by Red Sea and Suez in
1829-30, and evidence about Overland route to India, p. 345 and
_note_

_Heat, used in creating steam_, great loss during its conversion, p.
581, _note_

_Hero_, a mathematician of Alexandria, B.C. 120, p. 4

—— writes a work “On Pneumatics,” containing 78 experiments, many
of them of much interest, p. 4

——, machine of, called the _Æolipile_, resembling the modern
engines of Avery and Ruthven, pp. 5-7, and _note_

——, the first to record, if not actually to invent, the steam
engine, p. 7

——, experiments of, often applied to superstitious purposes, as in
the case of Nos. 37 and 70, pp. 7-8 and _note_

_Hibernian, The_, built in 1861, the first vessel with a promenade
deck from stem to stern, p. 263

_High Pressure_, meaning of, in America, p. 139

_Himalaya, The_, building of, and details, p. 392 and _note_

_Hindoo, The_, fine ship of, belonging to Messrs. Gellatly, p. 437

_Hindostan, The_, sent, in 1842, to open the line between Calcutta,
Madras, Ceylon, and Suez, p. 388

_Hooghly Tug Company_, and Bombay Steam Navigation Company, among the
first private Companies in India, p. 452

_Holland_ now (1875) owns 36,644 tons of steam shipping, p. 239,
_note_

_Hollar_, curious drawing by (A.D. 1653), of a Dutch vessel,
preserved in the British Museum, p. 20

_Holt, Mr. Alfred_, notice of his life, with particulars of the line
established by him, to Colon and West Indies, p. 331, and p.
435, _note_

——, steamers, run in 1865, from Liverpool to the Mauritius, 8500
miles without stopping, p. 434

——, the first to use the compound engine in long oversea voyages,
p. 435, _note_

——, steamers to China, details of freight by, p. 436, _note_

_Holyhead and Kingston_, average passage between, for 14 years to
Sept. 30, 1874, Append. p. 644

_Holy Ship_, curious native pilgrim vessel, so-called, with notes of
the model, her construction, p. 460

_Hongs, The Chinese_, not unlike the “Guilds” of the Middle Ages, pp.
478-9

_Horse-power_, technical meaning of, pp. 52-3, _note_

_Hugh Lindsay, The_, sent to Suez from Bombay, March 20, 1830, under
command of Capt. Wilson, p. 352

—— makes one voyage annually from 1830, p. 352, _note_

——, details of her first voyage to Suez, pp. 354-5

_Hulls, Jonathan_ (in 1736), plan by, for converting reciprocating
rectilinear into a continuous rotary motion, p. 27

——, sketch of his life, p. 27, _note_

——, boats resembling the one he made still to be seen on the Upper
Thames in England, and on the Murray in Australia, p. 27

_Iberia, The_, the first ship of the P. and O. Company, sailed Sept.
1837, p. 383

_Independence, War of_, at the close of, ships of America and England
alike under the leading strings of protection, p. 164

_India_, steam navigation to, meeting in London for, 1822, p. 339

——, report of Committee, 1834, in favour of Euphrates route much
influenced by political considerations, pp. 355-6

——, method adopted for the conveyance of mails to, previously to
1839, pp. 383-4

——, postal service with, remains under the control of the Directors
of East India Company till 1854, p. 39

——, steam to, by the Cape even now is not very remunerative, p. 426

_Indian Produce_, the bulkiest articles of, as jute, &c., generally
brought home in sailing-vessels, p. 444, _note_

_Indian Steam Committee of 1857_, at length arouses people to the
advantage of steam in Indian trade, p. 452

_Indian Trade_, no private steam companies started for, till 1845, p.
452

_Indus, steamboat for_, designed by Mr. Windus, and built by Pearce
and Co., of Stockton-on-Tees, details of, p. 454, _note_

_Inglis and Co._, builders of the _Hankow_, _Pekin_, &c., for
Yang-tse trade, note from, about these ships, p. 472, _note_

_Inman, Mr._, the first to start a regular line across the Atlantic,
consisting of iron screw-steamers only, p. 255, _note_

——, sketch of the life of, pp. 255-6, _note_

_Inman Line_, or _Liverpool, New York, and Philadelphia Steam-ship
Company_, commencement of, in 1850, p. 251

——, splendid ships of, the _City of Paris_, the _City of Brussels_,
and the _City of Richmond_, p. 253

——, logs of the _City of Brussels_, and the _City of Richmond_, pp.
253-4, _note_

—— convey, in 1856-7, 85,000 passengers to and from the United
States, or about one-third of all who then crossed the
Atlantic, p. 256

——, details of the voyages of the _City of Chester_, and the _City
of Richmond_, pp. 257-8

——, the _City of Berlin_ of, the longest, and probably the largest,
merchant ship afloat, except the _Great Eastern_, p. 259

——, steamers of, Append. p. 611

_Insurance of Vessels_, going to sea, note on, pp. 248-9

_Iona, The_, successful paddle-wheel steamer between Glasgow and the
Western Highlands, p. 545, details of, _note_

_Iron_, as a material for shipbuilding, first used partially in 1830,
p. 83

—— at first objected to by many because heavier than water, p. 84

—— successfully used by Messrs. Fawcett and Co. at Liverpool, Mr.
Laird at Birkenhead, Mr. (Sir William) Fairbairn and others, on
the Thames, p. 87

—— long objected to, owing to the difficulty in adjusting the
compasses, p. 90

_Iron ores of America_, now being largely developed (‘Times,’ May 28,
1875), p. 166, _note_

_Iron ships_, general consideration of their superiority over wooden
vessels, with reasons for this, pp. 92-7

——, various reasons why more economical, pp. 96-7

——, accidental damages in, more easily repaired than in the case of
wooden ones, p. 97

—— liable to lose their speed by the adherence to them of animal
and vegetable matter, p. 93

_Iron Steam Ships_, total built in United Kingdom, 1861-74, and total
tonnage compared with four other nations, Append, p. 645

_Irrawaddy River_, great fertility of the country it drains, p. 465

——, before introduction of steam, more than 25,000 native craft
engaged on, p. 463

_Irrawaddy Flotilla and Burmese Steam Navigation Company_, started
in 1865, one of the most remarkable commercial undertakings in
India, pp. 462-5

——, Mr. Jas. Galbraith, the managing Director, chief partner of the
firm of Henderson & Co., p. 462, _note_

—— now run their steamers up to Bhamo, 1000 miles above the mouth
of the Irrawaddy, p. 463

——, peculiar character of the vessels employed by, p. 464

——, fleet of (in Jan. 1875), consists of 15 steamers, and 25
“flats,” p. 464

_Japanese_, now have several merchant steamers and iron-clads built
for them in England, p. 482

_Japanese boats_, original form and character of, p. 483, _note_

_Jersey, New, The_, her value shown, as able to tow through drift
ice, where paddle-wheel steamers were useless, p. 115

——, many years a steam-tug on the Delaware and Schuylkill, _ibid._

_Jocelyn, Lord_, Indian Navy List supplied to the Committee of 1851,
pp. 359-60, _note_

_Johnston, Capt._ (_then Lieut._), sent to Calcutta in 1822 to
promote steam navigation with India, p. 339

—— commands the _Enterprize_ by Cape to India, 1825, p. 341

—— and, in 1828-30, the _Hooghly_ to Allahabad, p. 450

_Jouffroy, Marquis de_, said to have constructed (in 1781) a
steam-boat 140 feet long, p. 30

_Junks, Chinese_, general character of, pp. 473-4, _note_

_Just, Mr. J._, as Manager of the Pacific Company, adopts, in 1856,
the compound engine, and, thereby, saves much fuel, p. 322

_Khedive, The_, splendid new steamer of the P. and O. Company,
details of, pp. 410-14

——, log of, Append. p. 637

_Kinder, R._, in 1816, patents a shaft and screw, nearly the same as
at present used, p. 102

_King Coal_, The, collier so named, details of, p. 547, and _note_

_Laird, Mr. MacGregor_, states that wooden ships are more than twice
as heavy as those of iron, p. 95, _note_

——, under signature of “Chimera,” replies, in _Liverpool Albion_,
to Dr. Lardner’s objection against Transatlantic Steam
Navigation, pp. 171-2, _note_

_Laird, William_, sketch of his life, p. 87, _note_

_Laird, Messrs._, carry out the plan of iron vessels for ocean
navigation in 1832, and build the _Elburkah_ and _Lady
Lansdowne_, p. 88

—— build two iron steam-vessels in 1837 for the navigation of the
Indus, and those for the Euphrates Expedition, p. 90

_Lamport, C._, article by, on “Merchant Shipping Legislation” in
_Westminster Review_, for April 1875, p. 246, _note_

_Lange, Sir Daniel_, the warm supporter of M. de Lesseps from the
commencement; paper read by, to the Society of Arts, on the
nature of the ground through which the Suez Canal was cut, p.
373

_Lardner, Dr._, Report of lecture at Liverpool, December 1835, from
_Liverpool Albion_, pp. 168-9, _note_ 2.

_Law, Roberts & Co., Messrs._, undertake to carry U. S. mails between
New York, California, and Oregon monthly, in 1847, p. 156

_Leach, Harris and Forwood, Messrs._, build boats and extend line
started by Mr. Holt, p. 331

_Leith Smacks_, an early mode of communication, between Leith and
London, commenced in 1809, p. 550

——, a fleet of, successfully repel an attack of French privateers,
p. 550, _note_

_Lesseps, De, M._, sketch of the life of, p. 366, _note_

_Levees_, a peculiar kind of wharf on the western rivers of America,
and, especially, at New Orleans, p. 136

_Leyland, Messrs., and Co._, now employ twenty-three large steamers
in the Mediterranean trade, p. 420

——, the fleet of, alone could bring all the corn from Egypt
required by Ancient Rome, p. 421

_Lin, F._, patents an invention (1637) for working vessels “without
the use of horses,” p. 17

_Lindsay, Mr_., moves the reduction by 300,000_l._ of the vote for
the reconstruction of a _wooden_ navy, May 23, 1861, p. 98,
_note_

——, address to his constituents at Tynemouth, on the _Great
Eastern_, pp. 539-40, _note_

_Liners, Yankee, The_, the perfection of sailing ships, p. 270

_Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Company_ organized in 1865,
chiefly by Messrs. Lamport and Holt, p. 333

—— now own 49,294 tons of steamships, _ibid._

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 637.

_Livingston, Mr._, enters into Fulton’s plans, and builds a boat on
the Seine, in 1803, which, however, fails, p. 49

_Lloyd’s, North German_, an old established Company between Bremen,
Baltimore, and New York, p. 291

_Lowe, Robert, The_, account of her voyage up the Yang-tze, p. 468
and _note_

—— loads at Shanghai for Hankow, May 8, 1863, and brought tea
thence direct to England, pp. 468-9

_Luck_, good or bad, applicable only to games of chance, requiring no
skill or genius, p. 246

_Lynch, A. K._, excellent account by, of the early works in
connection with the Suez Canal, p. 370, _note_

_MacGregor, J._, investigates the story of the invention of a
steam-boat, by Blasco de Garay, pp. 10-14

—— arrives at the conclusion that De Garay did not invent any
steam-boat, p. 13, _note_

—— visits Simancas and Barcelona, to investigate the story of
Blasco de Garay, pp. 12-14, and _notes_

_Mackinnon, Mr._, the founder and Managing Director of the British
Indian Steam Navigation Company, pp. 455-6

_Malcolm, Sir J._, and his brothers, Sir Charles Malcolm and Sir
Pulteney Malcolm, support Mr. Elphinstone’s views for steam
communication with India, p. 345

_Manby, Mr._, fits a steam-engine, for the first time, into an iron
vessel, the _Aaron Manby_, in 1821, p. 86

_Manchester, The City of_, fine screw-steamer, purchased for the
Inman Line in 1851, p. 252 and _note_

_Margary, Mr._, murdered (Feb. 1875) in an attempt to explore the
country between Bhamo and Hankow, p. 463, _note_

_Marine Steam Engine_, history of the progress of, since the days of
the old _Comet_, pp. 573-8

_Maritime Casualties, can_ and _must_ be reduced, p. 246

_Massachusetts, The_, auxiliary screw-steamer, sent out by the
Americans in 1845, details of, pp. 190-1, and _note_

—— still running, under the name of the _Alaska_, pp. 191-2, _note_

_McKean, McLarty, and Lamont, Messrs._, successfully employ the
_Osmanli_ and _Levantine_ in the Mediterranean ports in 1849,
p. 419

_Mediterranean_, trade in, revived by the introduction of
steam-vessels, p. 417

_Melbourne, Lord_, present of 50_l._ granted by the Administration
of, to the four daughters of James Taylor in 1837, p. 36

_Merrifield, C. W., F.R.S._, statement of the amount of work to be
obtained from 1 lb. of coal, p. 581, _note_

_Messageries Maritimes_, the largest existing Steam Navigation
Company, but, altogether, the creation of the Government, p. 422

——, originally carriers by land, make their first oversea contract
with Government in 1851, p. 423

—— own now (1875) 175,000 tons of steam shipping, p. 424

—— now run over more than 423,607 French leagues annually, p. 424

——, details of the vast trade conducted by, pp. 425-6

——, list of all steamers of, and how employed (1875), Append. p. 641

_Michigan Lake_, first steam-boat on, 1827, p. 132

_Miller, Mr._, of Dalswinton, the first, in 1787, actually to use a
marine engine, p. 32

—— lays before Royal Society, Dec. 20, 1787, an account of his
mode of propulsion, p. 33, _note_

——, his success mainly due to Mr. Symington, p. 35

——, the “parent” engine of steam navigation made by, in 1788, now
in Patent Office, p. 36, _note_

_Mississippi_, first steamer launched on, in 1814, p. 131

——, steam-boats on, constructed, specially, to rise on the
_levees_, p. 136

——, peculiar character of the boats, barges, employed on, pp. 137-8

——, and of the boatmen on the barges of, _ibid._

_Mississippi and Dominion Steam-ship Company_, founded in 1870, to
trade between Liverpool and New Orleans in the winter, and
Canada in the summer, p. 274

_Mississippi and Ohio_, 234 steamers on, as early as 1834, p. 133

_Mitrovitch, Capt._, the commander of the _Telica_, blows up himself
and vessel at Guayaquil, p. 315

_Mitsu-Bishi Steam Navigation Company_, a Japanese line, started Feb.
1875, p. 481

_Mongredian, Mr._, attempts to establish a line of steamers to
Mediterranean in 1845, p. 419

_Morland, Sir Samuel_ (in 1683), writes a work entitled “Elévation
des Eaux par toutes Sources de Machines, etc.,” and dedicated
to Louis XIV., p. 24

——, accuracy of his view with relation to the expansion of water,
when converted into steam by fire, p. 24

_Morisotus_, strange and clumsy paddle-wheeled vessel, described and
figured in his work entitled “Orbis Maritima,” p. 19

_Muhammed Ali_ suggests to Mr. Galloway a railroad between Cairo and
Suez, p. 362

_Napier, Mr._, in 1815, starts his first “fire-boat” on the Thames,
p. 77

—— builds the _Rob Roy_ in 1818, “the first sea-going steamer” to
trade between Glasgow and Belfast, pp. 78-9

——, introduces a plan for “surface condensation,” in the _United
Kingdom_ steamer, 1826, p. 82, _note_

_Napier, Capt., R.N._ (afterwards Sir Charles), commands the _Aaron
Manby_, the first iron steam-vessel, in 1821, p. 86

_National Steam Navigation Company_, first started in 1863, between
Liverpool and New York, pp. 270-1

——, like the Cunard Line, has never lost a passenger by any
negligence or act of the sea, p. 272

—— now maintains a weekly service between Liverpool and New York,
and fortnightly between Havre and New York, _ibid._

_Nautilus, The_, possesses in itself powers of propulsion by
projecting water, p. 3

_Navarrette, M._, publishes the account of the experiments of Blasco
de Garay in 1543, p. 10

_Netherlands Steam Navigation Company_, started in 1863, now own
twenty-three steamers of 20,000 tons, p. 461

—— run their steamers through Torres Straits to Brisbane, Sydney,
and Melbourne, p. 461

_Newcomen, Mr._, a working blacksmith at Dartmouth, greatly improves
Savery’s engine in 1705, p. 25

_New World, The_, details of her construction and equipment, pp.
146-50

——, type of, as of other similar vessels, wholly different from
those in England, p. 148

_New York_, destined to rival (perhaps surpass,) any city, London
not excepted, owing, in part, to its extraordinary natural
advantages, p. 129

_New York and New Orleans_, first steamer between, 1818, p. 132

_Nightingale, Sir Miles_, the first to return to England by the Red
Sea and Suez Route, p. 344

_Ocean-race_ between Cunard and Collins Line, general results of, in
1852, pp. 218-9

_Ogden, Francis B., The_, a screw-steamer built for Captain Ericsson,
at Wapping, p. 105

_Ohio, Navigation of_, greatly impeded by rapids formed over bars or
chains of locks, p. 135

_Ontario, Lake_, thirteen screw-propelled vessels on, so early as
1846, p. 115

_Orleans, The_, the first steamer on any American lake in 1811, p. 132

_Osborn, Capt. Sherard, R.N._, takes H.M.S. _Furious_ up the Yang-tse
to Hankow in September 1858, p. 467, _note_ 1

_Over-insurance of Ships_, a matter requiring the careful
investigation of Parliament, p. 249

_Overland Route to India_, various details connected with, pp. 360-3

——, papers and books on, from 1819 to 1872, p. 343, _note_

_Overstone, Lord_, speech of, March 24, 1859, giving full details of
the failure of the European and Australian Steam Company, pp.
399-401

_Oxford, City of_, steamship belonging to Messrs. Smith, details of,
pp. 443-4 and _note_, p. 444

_Pacific, The_, general character and construction of, as
distinguished from other Transatlantic steamers, p. 208

——, loss of, from causes unknown, Jan. 1856, pp. 224-5

_Pacific Mail Steamship Company_ (American), great cost and
difficulty of starting and maintaining in 1847, p. 151

—— by far the greatest of all American maritime undertakings, p.
153

—— undertakes the service between San Francisco, Yokohama, and
China, pp. 153-4

—— (English), early details of, 1840, pp. 314-7

——, value of the trade obtainable by, as shown in a pamphlet by Mr.
Wheelwright, London, 1836, p. 318

——, great difficulties in its early career, pp. 319-20

—— accept the proposal of the Admiralty to run steamers monthly to
Panama, p. 321

——, the first to prove the value of the compound engine, p. 322,
_note_

—— establish, in 1870, a fortnightly service to Valparaiso, with
an addition to Callao, _ibid._

—— now own fifty-four steamers, with an aggregate of 119,870 tons,
p. 324

——, the _Cuzco_ and _Garonne_, built for, by J. Elder & Co., with
engines by R. Napier & Sons, p. 326

——, schemes of, too elaborate and too large to be successfully
carried out at present, pp. 326-7

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 635

_Palmerston, Lord_, resists, on political grounds, M. de Lesseps’
plan for the Suez Canal, p. 369

_Papin, Mr._, describes (in 1690) a steam cylinder and a mode of
propelling ships by “Rames volatiles” or paddle-wheels, p. 23

—— proposes to use gunpowder to create a vacuum under a piston,
_ibid._

—— makes various experiments with a boat constructed on the design
of the Prince Palatine Robert, _ibid._

——, sketch of his life, pp. 23-4, _note_

—— (in 1697) uses Savery’s engine to propel a _steam-boat_ on the
Fulda, p. 25

_Paris, The City of_, took H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught to America in
six days, twenty-one hours, the quickest passage ever known, p.
253, _note_ 1

_Passenger ships_, impossible to compare accurately the cost of
different, p. 284

_Pharaoh Necho_, the works of, as recorded by Herodotus, p. 365,
_note_

_Philadelphian Company_ establish a new line from Philadelphia to
Liverpool, managed by Americans only, pp. 284-5

—— have much to contend against, owing to the heavy duties imposed
by their own Government, p. 285

_Peacock, Mr._, thinks that steam to India will not pay, p. 352,
_note_

_Pekin, City of, The_, and _City of Canton_, the finest vessels that
have ever carried American flags, p. 155, _note_

_Pelican, H.M.S. The_, one of Messrs. Perkins’s “economical” engines
to be fitted in, p. 571

_Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company_, early history of,
pp. 376-7

—— propose a weekly mail from Falmouth to Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon,
&c., pp. 382-3

——, contract by Government with, Aug. 1837, to carry the mails, p.
383

——, _Oriental_ and _Great Liverpool_, the first ships of, p. 387

——, Parliamentary Committee of 1851, report strongly in favour of,
p. 389

—— obtain (instead of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company) the
tenders for mails to India, Hong Kong, and Sydney, pp. 391-2

——, various details of their contract of Jan. 1853 for carrying
mails to Singapore and Sydney during alternate months, pp. 393-5

——, eleven of their ships engaged during the Crimean War in the
transport service, p. 395, _note_

——, arrangements made in 1857, under contract of 1854, for
extending its services between Bombay, Aden, and Suez, pp.
397-8, _note_

—— contract in Feb. 1859 for transport of the mails to Australia,
p. 402

——, present enormous range of the services of, pp. 404-6

——, more than one-third of its shareholders are ladies, p. 404

——, details of the rates per mile paid to, pp. 406-8, _notes_

——, present condition (1874) and fleet of. pp. 404-10

—— employ 170 sailing-vessels to carry coal to their different
stations, p. 409

—— keep 90,000 tons of coal in stock at their different stations,
p. 409, _note_

——, for some time, have had a practical monopoly of the trade of
the Eastern seas, p. 454

——, list of all vessels belonging to (June 1875), Append. p. 369

_Perfection_ not yet attained by English or any other ships, although
there has been great improvement, p. 584

_Perkins, Jacob_, asserts that Fulton, having witnessed Symington’s
experiments, ordered an engine of Boulton and Watt for the
United States, p. 51

_Perkins, Messrs._, propose a new ship of extraordinary power, which
they call “the economical engine,” pp. 571-2 and _notes_

_Persia, The_, the first iron ship of the Cunard Line—launch of,
1855, and details, p. 226 and _note_

——, four times in 1856, runs from New York and Liverpool in less
than nine days and a half, p. 227

_Peruvian, The_, one of the Allan Line, crosses the Atlantic and back
from N. of Ireland, with cargo, in twenty-four days and fifteen
hours, pp. 263-4

_Pickard, James_, invents (Aug. 1786) the connecting rod and crank
and flywheel, so as to produce rotary motion, p. 30

_Pierson, J. P._, the inventor of the “double vacuum condenser,” p.
208

_Plombière, Guyon de la_, suggests a steam-engine for the propelling
of a boat, p. 41

_Preble, Commander_, states that Stevens invented, in 1804, the twin
screw-steamer, p. 46, _note_

_President, The, and The Pacific_, have left no record of their fate,
probably owing to their having foundered in deep water, p. 225,
_note_

_Princeton, The_, Captain Ericsson’s experiments in, quite
successful, p. 113

_Q. E. D._, first screw-collier, p. 546

_Queen of the East, The_, proposed in 1838 to run between England and
Calcutta, p. 386, _note_

_Queen Margaret, The_, runs (Sept. 1875) from London to Calcutta in
_thirty days_, including forty hours’ detention in the Suez
Canal, p. 438, _note_

_Ramelli, A._, gives a design for a boat with a wheel on each side
(1588), p. 15

_Ramsay, D._, patents an invention (1630) for making boats go against
the tide, _ibid._

_Randall, Mr._, projects the next largest steamer to the _Great
Eastern_ (1860), p. 157

——, detailed account of, and beauty of her model, pp. 157-61

——, brief sketch of what he has accomplished since 1833, and of the
various ships he built or commanded, pp. 161-2, _note_

_Rathbone and Company, Messrs._, details of ships belonging to, and
of their passages to India, pp. 438-9

_Rattler, The_, built, specially, for the purpose of testing the
screw-propeller, p. 110, and _note_

——, river trials of (1843-5) showed that, in smooth water, the
screw was equal to the paddle-wheels, pp. 110-11

——, but, not so successfully as expected, in a heavy sea in 1845,
between Portsmouth and Pembroke, p. 111

—— tows the _Erebus_ and _Terror_, in 1845, entirely to the
satisfaction of Sir John Franklin, p. 112

_Red Sea_, early popular notion that the waters were 25 to 30 feet
above the Mediterranean, p. 363

_Register at Lloyd’s_, wooden ships, never allowed by, to exceed
twelve years as A 1, though renewable, p. 96, _note_ 2

_Rennie, Mr._, services of, in advocating the employment of steam in
the navy, p. 78, _note_

_Rivault, D._, publishes (1605, 1668) “Les Elémens de L’Artillerie,”
and describes the power of steam in bursting a strong
bombshell, p. 16

_Robertson, W. J._, sets up, at the Patent Office, in 1862, the
engine of the _Comet_ he had placed in her, 50 years before, in
1812, p. 67, _note_

_Royal William, The_, crosses from Quebec to Gravesend in 1833, p. 170

——, the first steamer from Liverpool July 1838, pp. 176-7, and
_note_

_Rudder_, no real evidence as to when it was invented, pp. 511-12,
_note_

_Russell, Scott, Mr._, conversation between him and a naval
architect, on the subject of iron for shipbuilding, p. 84,
_note_

——, letter from, to the ‘Times,’ stating his share in the
construction of the _Great Eastern_, pp. 492-3, _note_

_Russia, The_, first Cunard _screw_-steamer (1862), p. 231

_Said, Port_, enormous preparatory works required for, and harbour of
132 acres, excavated, p. 370

_Salt-water_, chemical action of, on _iron alone_, less than on wood,
p. 92

_Sampans_, technical name of the small commercial craft on the
Chinese rivers, pp. 480-1, _note_

_Sauvage, F._ (one of the claimants, in 1832, to the invention of the
screw), p. 103, _note_

_Savannah, The_, the first American steam-vessel, which crossed the
Atlantic to Liverpool in 1819, p. 168

——, rigged as a sailing-ship with auxiliary steam-power and
removable paddles, p. 168, _note_ 1

_Savery, T._, proposes (in 1696) giving motion to mill-work by the
agency of fire, p. 24

——, sketch of the life of, p. 25, _note_

_Schiller, The_, evidence of chief mate, showing that the lead had
not once been cast during three days of fog, (May 1875), p.
241, _note_

_Scotia, The_, magnificent Cunard steamer (1862), details of, p. 228
and _note_

_Scotland, The_, belonging to Mr. W. S. Lindsay, the first foreign
vessel (in June 1860) to load a cargo at Shanghai for Hankow,
p. 467

_Screw-propeller_, not possible to decide the absolute inventor of,
p. 116

——, Messrs. Woodcroft, Ericsson and Smith, practically, the chief
authors of, pp. 117-8

_Sea, dangers of_, might be reduced by two-thirds with exercise of
sufficient foresight, &c., p. 245

_Seamen, great additional care of_, as shown especially in the coal
trade, pp. 549-50

_Seraffino Serrati_ plans a steam-boat on the Avon, in 1796, p. 41

_Shanghai Chamber of Commerce_, interesting reports from the
delegates of, with reference to the trade of the Upper
Yang-tse, p. 476, _note_

_Shannon Steam Packet Company_, the first to employ iron steamers in
river navigation in 1824, p. 86

_Shipbuilders_ (_American_) resolve to build the cheapest and most
remunerative merchant vessel, _ibid._

—— make many great improvements, especially in the mechanical
details of their ships, p. 167

_Shipbuilders_ (_English_) slow, at first, to improve their ships,
_ibid._

_Ship-building yards, private_, great importance of, in cases of
sudden emergency, p. 71

_Shipowners of America_ not allowed to compete on equal terms with
the vessels of any foreign country, p. 165

_Shipowners_ (_English_) having plenty of fields for employing their
ships, cling to protection, _ibid._

—— do not care to compete with Americans on equal terms, but with
inferior ships, _ibid._

_Shipowners of all countries_ ought to be compelled, under heavy
penalties, to send seaworthy ships to sea, p. 247, _note_

_Shorter, E._, in 1800, invents “a perpetual sculling machine,” which
was tried in H. M. S. _Dragon_ and _Superb_, p. 102

_Sirius, The_, leaves London for New York, on the suggestion of Mr.
MacGregor Laird, April 4, 1838, pp. 170-1, and _note_

_Smith, G., Esq._, letter from, giving an account of the rise and
progress of his firm, pp. 439-43

_Smith, T. S._, takes out a patent (May 1836) for a “sort of screw or
worm,” pp. 106-7

_Smith, Messrs._, send twenty-four sailing ships to Calcutta in 1871,
and sixteen to Bombay, p. 442, _note_

_“Snags” and “Sawyers,”_ peculiar character of, and danger arising
from, p. 134

“_Soma_,” technical name given to the Chinese tea-boats, p. 475, and
_note_

_Speed, high_, greatly increased danger from the desire to attain,
pp. 211-13

——, enormous cost of, shown in statement that to save a day or day
and a-half, cost Collins’ Company a million of dollars, p. 216

——, _relative_, of Cunard, Liverpool and New York, and P. and O.
Lines, pp. 403-4, _note_

_Stanhope, Lord_, is said to have built a small steamer, in 1790,
with a high pressure engine, p. 38, _note_

_Steam_, the ancients certainly were acquainted with the power of, p.
4

—— first applied for towing purposes on the Mersey, October 1816,
p. 77

—— in early use, between Norwich and Yarmouth in 1813; and London
and Margate in 1815, p. 73

——, on the Thames, long and bitterly opposed by the watermen, p. 74

_Steam-boat_, the first from the Clyde to Liverpool, on June 28,
1815, p. 77

——, the _Etna_, the first built as a special ferry-boat at
Liverpool in April 1816, pp. 77-8

——, the _Comet_, the first built by the Admiralty in 1819, p. 78

_Steam-engines_, general principles of all, p. 28, _note_

——, first application of, for pumping water out of mines, p. 575,
_note_

_Steamers_, owned, respectively, by the United States and Canada,
amounted in January 1875 to 258,980 tons, pp. 124-5, _note_

_Steamers of the Cunard, Inman, and National Companies_ adopt the
“Lane route,” i.e. to the south of the Newfoundland Banks, p.
286, _note_

——, by the Cape to India and Australia, cannot profitably compete
with Messrs. Green’s sailing-vessels, p. 427

_Steamers_ (_Mail_), not employed, since 1856, east of the Cape,
except perhaps to Natal and Mauritius, p. 429

_Steam-power_, ingenious plans for increasing, p. 577

_Steam-Ship Propeller Company_, incorporated by Act of Parliament,
July 29, 1839, p. 107

_Steam-ship building_, carried out by private enterprise for forty
years before the Admiralty recognised the value of steam-ships,
p. 72

_Steers, Mr._, the builder of the yacht _America_ and superintendent,
also, of the construction of the _Arctic_, p. 204

_Stephenson, Robert_, suggests the idea of covering the bottom of an
iron ship with sulphate of copper, p. 93, _note_

—— completes, in 1870, the railway from Alexander to Cairo, p. 363

_Stephenson, R. MacDonald, Sir_, publishes in _Calcutta Review_ his
plans for railway communication with India, p. 338, _note_

_Stevens, J. C._, devotes much time and money to the improvement of
steam navigation in America, p. 46

——, the first (in 1804) to place on the sea a steam-boat propelled
by a screw, p. 102

_Stevens, R. L. S._, ingenuity of his improvements, and the shape and
speed of steam-boats, pp. 142-3

_St. Lawrence, River_, the first steam-boat launched on, in 1809,
named the _Accommodation_, p. 58, and _note_

_Stockton, Capt._, orders two boats to be built (on his own account)
on Capt. Ericsson’s principle, p. 112

——, unlike the Lords of the Admiralty, at once takes up the cause
of Capt. Ericsson, p. 113

——, but, not able for two years, to persuade the United States of
the value of Capt. Ericsson’s plans, _ibid._

_Stockton, Robert F., Brig, The_, sails from England to America,
April 1839, and under the command of Captain Cram, p. 114

——, subsequently plies on the Delaware, under the name of _New
Jersey_, till 1840, p. 115

_Stuart, C. B._, valuable work by, entitled “On Naval and Mail
Steamers,” New York, 1853, p. 205, _note_

_Suavia, The_, of the Hamburg American Line, details of, p. 290,
_notes_

_Subsidies_, relative value of those paid to the P. and O. and
Messageries Maritimes, p. 426, _note_

_Suez Canal_, general details of, unquestionably the greatest
maritime work of any time, pp. 363-74

——, notices of an ancient one, across the Isthmus, p. 366

——, no reason to suppose that the men employed on, were in any
sense “slaves,” p. 370 and _note_

——, great ingenuity of the works, provided for, by M. de Lesseps,
p. 372

—— partially opened, April 18, 1869, p. 374

—— more completely opened, Sept. 28, 1869, when M. de Lesseps
steamed through it, from sea to sea, _ibid._

—— formally opened by the Empress Eugénie, Nov. 17, 1869, _ibid._

——, the whole cost amounted to about 20,000,000_l._, p. 375

——, more than three-fourths of the whole tonnage now passing
through, belongs to England, and, therefore, cannot be
prejudicial to English interests, pp. 445-6

——, its great value to India; notice in _Friend of India_, _ibid._,
_note_

——, if foreign nations wish to compete through it successfully,
they must adopt English “Free Trade,” p. 446.

——, list of vessels that have annually passed through it between
1870 and 1874, Append. p. 643

_Symington, Mr._ [if he did not suggest the use himself], employed
to carry out Mr. Taylor’s proposal to propel Mr. Miller’s
paddle-wheels by steam, p. 34, _note_

—— employed by Thomas Lord Dundas, in 1801, to place an engine in
the _Charlotte Dundas_, p. 37

——, the important points which his experiment established, p. 39,
_note_

_Szchuen, Province of_, remarkably rich in grain, tobacco, hemp,
sugar, &c., p. 477.

_Talbot, The_, the first mail steamer between Holyhead and Dublin, p.
80

_Tátar Post_, between Baghdad and Constantinople, established by East
India Company, p. 338

_Taylor, James_, a tutor in Mr. Miller’s family, said to have
suggested to him the use of steam for propelling boats, p. 34

_Taylor, Mr. J. R._, said to have lost 12,000_l._ in his efforts to
promote steam communication with India, p. 348, _note_

—— sends the plan of his scheme to Sir John Malcolm, _ibid._

_Teak_, at one time, like iron, objected to, as a material for
shipbuilding, as it will not float, p. 84, _note_

_Telica, The_, first steamer actually employed on the Pacific Coast,
in 1825, p. 315

_Thames, early traffic on_, before the invention of steam-boats,
chiefly by rowing-boats, barges, hogs, &c., p. 75

_Tobin, Sir John_, warmly takes up the cause of Ocean Steam
Navigation, October 1838, p. 177

_Tod and MacGregor, Messrs._, of Glasgow, build the _Princess
Royal_, for line between Glasgow and Liverpool, in 1840, p. 91

_Transatlantic Steam Navigation_, the Committee of House of Commons
report (1846) in favour of Messrs. Cunard, Burns, and MacIver,
p. 185

_Transatlantic Steamers_, average speed of, in 1856, p. 227, _note_.
Table of passages of, between Liverpool and New York 1873-4,
Append. p. 617

_Trevethick, R., and Mr. Dickenson_, propose, in 1809 and 1815, to
build ships of iron, but do not carry out their patent, p. 85

_Trevethick, R._, in 1815, patents a worm or screw, p. 102

_Underwriters, Liverpool_, remarks by, on the superior durability of
iron ships, p. 94, _note_

_United Kingdom, The_, steamer built by Mr. Steele of Greenock, 1826,
p. 81

_Unseaworthy Ships_, report of the Royal Commission on, 1873-4, p.
246, _note_

_Valturius_, A.D. 1472, gives several representations of
paddle-wheels, p. 10

——, his work, A.D. 1472 (published at Verona), the first in Latin,
containing woodcuts, _ibid._

_Van der Capellen, The_, the first actual steamer built in India,
about 1811, p. 448, _note_

_Verne, M. Jules_, considers the _Great Eastern_ a failure, both in
speed and comfort, p. 540, _note_

_Vessels, very large_, not so safe as smaller ones, pp. 537-8

_Vetch, Capt., R.N._, proposes, thirty years before M. de Lesseps, a
ship canal from Tineh, p. 367

_Victoria, The_, of the Anchor Line, details of, p. 290, _note_

——, Dover and Calais steam-boat, details of, p. 556, _note_

_Vincent, Mr._, intrepidity of, and dreadful story by, of the fate of
the _Amazon_, pp. 309-10

_Vivian and Co., Messrs._, the first to establish a line of
Mediterranean steamers from Liverpool in 1840, p. 419

_Waghorn, Lieut._, one of the most energetic early supporters of
steam communication with India, p. 346

——, sketch of his life, _ibid._, _note_

—— commissioned by Lord Ellenborough and Mr. Loch, leaves London
Oct. 28, 1829, and reaches Bombay, March 21, 1830, p. 347

——, rapid journey across Europe, and boat voyage for 628 miles on
Red Sea, 1829-30, _ibid._

——, as the paid agent of the Calcutta Company, at first, naturally,
supports the route of the Cape, p. 348

——, evidence of, before Committee of House of Commons, 1837, p.
361, _note_

——, the first to organize, systematically, the conveyance of the
Mails across the Isthmus of Suez, p. 361

_Walk-in-the-Water, The_, trades on Lake Erie in 1819, with cargoes
of furs, p. 132

_Wasborough, M._, patents (March 16, 1779) a plan for converting
rectilinear into circular motion, p. 29, and _note_, _ibid._ p.
101

_Washington, The_, steamship from New York to Bremen, detailed
comparison of, with the _Britannia_, pp. 195-6, _note_

_Watt, James_, by patents (of January 5th, 1769), first shows how the
steam-engine can be employed effectively for marine propulsion,
p. 28

—— invents the “double impulse” or double-acting engine, _ibid._

—— renders his engine more effective by using a detached
condenser, p. 29

—— invents (1781) the form of engine known as the “Sun and
Planet,” now preserved at South Kensington, p. 30

——, in 1770, speaks of using a screw-propeller to be turned by an
engine, p. 101

_Watt, James, Jun._, in 1817, takes the steamer _Caledonia_ up the
Rhine as far as Coblentz, p. 73, _note_

_Watt, James, The_, constructed to take the place of the Leith
smacks, p. 80

_Waves, deep sea_, approximative measurement of the height of, p.
535, _note_

_Wear River_, shipbuilding on, 1874-5, Append. p. 595.

_Welland Canal_, the bond between the other lakes and Ontario; its
great value thereby, p. 124 and _note_

_West India Royal Mail Steam Packet Company_ inaugurated, 1841, p. 292

——, their vessels to carry guns, and to be like H.M.’s war
steamers, p. 293

——, subsidy granted to, at the rate of 240,000_l._ per annum, p. 294

——, error of, in selecting, at first, as their commanders, naval
men, with no special knowledge of steam, &c., _ibid._

——, the public complain, not unnaturally, of the heavy subsidies
granted to, pp. 295-6

——, improved state of, in 1851, arising, chiefly, from improved
management, pp. 298-9

——, contract with, in 1857, requires acceleration of the mails
between England and Rio Janeiro, pp. 299-300

——, conditions of the services of, in 1864, details, &c., p. 301,
_note_

——, contract for, renewed, 1874, on a greatly reduced subsidy, p.
301

——, the _Forth_, steamship, details, pp. 302-3

——, no fewer than six of their vessels lost in their first eight
years as a Company, p. 303

——, return of vessels added to, 1851 to 1860, p. 311, _note_

——, details of present services of, pp. 312-13, _note_

—— arrange with Government, Feb. 1858, to perform the services of
the European and Australian Company, p. 401

——, particulars of, Jan. 1875, Append. p. 634.

_West India and Pacific Company_ now conveys the British mails to
Honduras and Mexico, p. 322

—— organized, in 1863, by union of several smaller companies,
_ibid._

_Wheelwright, Mr._, the first, in 1846, to point out the best eastern
and western route for Transatlantic steamers, p. 245, _note_

——, as United States Consul of Guayaquil, sees the advantages of
steam communication along the coasts of the Pacific, p. 316

——, sketch of his life and history, p. 316, _note_

—— obtains a charter with some peculiar conditions, Feb. 1840, for
the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, p. 317

_White Star Line_, conducted by Messrs. Ismay, Imrie, and Co., adopt,
in 1870, the name of this famous line of sailing packets, p. 275

——, originally, a line of the fast-sailing American clipper ships,
to Australia, now continued in steamships by Messrs. Ismay &
Co., p. 275, _note_

——, very strict regulations that no risks are to be run, safety of
life and property being always the first consideration, p. 276,
_note_

——, logs of their ships, the _Baltic_ and _Adriatic_, p. 277, _note_

—— now run in connection with the Erie Railway from New York,
booking through to San Francisco, p. 283

——, Letter of Instructions, Append. p. 613

——, passage of steamships of, _ibid._ p. 614

_Wilkinson, Sir Gardner_, supports the view that Mr. Waghorn, more
than any one else, made the Oriental route to Suez a success,
p. 361

_Willcox, Mr. B. McGhee_, sketch of his early life, p. 378, _note_

—— practically the starter of the Company since known as the
Peninsular and Oriental, pp. 378-9

—— greatly improves the Peninsular Mail Service, p. 382

_Wilson, T., of Faskine_, builds the Vulcan, the first iron vessel in
Scotland, which is still (1875) in use, p. 86

_Wilson, Robert_, brings, in 1827, under the notice of the Admiralty
a screw “perfect in all its details,” pp. 103-4

_Wilson, Capt._, note of the Journey of Hon. Mr. Elphinstone to
England by Red Sea and Suez, in 1827, p. 345, _note_

——, as Captain of the _Hugh Lindsay_, did much to “educate” the
Government of England and India, with regard to steam to India,
p. 352, _note_ 2

_Wind, the effect of_, as producing long rollers at the Cape and
elsewhere, p. 535

_Winter, T. B., Mr._, designs a very effective steam-vessel for the
Indus, pp. 453-4

_Wood_, much of the, for H.M. Ships, obtained by the vote of 1861,
left to rot in the Government Dockyards, p. 98, _note_

_Woodcroft, Mr. Bennet_, in 1832, patents “an increasing
screw-propeller” of special value, p. 103, _note_

——, “value of his varying pitch” propeller, patented Feb. 1849, p.
117

——, his invention accepted by the Admiralty, in the case of the
Royal Yacht _Fairy_, and H.M. Ship _Dwarf_, _ibid._

_Wooden and iron ships_, relative strength and weight of, Append. p.
599.

_Worcester, Marquess of_, no reasonable doubt that he was the first
to make a steam-engine, p. 18

——, but might not have succeeded if he had applied it to drive a
boat, _ibid._

“_World’s Highway, The_,” pamphlet on railway communication with
India, by Sir D. MacDonald Stephenson, p. 338, _note_

_Yang-tse-Kiang_, notice of the course of, for 3000 miles from E.
Tibet, to Shanghai, pp. 465-7

—— opened to Western Trade Feb. 1860, by Treaty, p. 467

——, navigation on, for boats drawing 8 ft., to Ichang, 363 miles
above Hankow, p. 480

END OF VOL. IV.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS

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Accents and other diacritics are inconsistently used.

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