Chapter XXIX: Appendix (1)

_Transcript of 'Indulgence' of Leo X.--the words which are abbreviated
in the original being written in full._

Albertus dei et apostolice sedis gratia . sancte Moguntinensis sedis . ac Magdeburgensis ecclesie Archiepiscopus . primas . et sacri Romani imperii in germania archicancellarius . princeps : elector ac administrator Halberstattensis . Marchio Brandenburgensis . Stettinensis . Pomeranie : Cassuborum Sclauorumque dux | Burggrauius . Nurenbergensis Rugieque princeps . Et guardianus fratrum ordinis minorum de obseruantia conuentus Moguntini . Per sanctissimum | dominum nostrum Leonem Papam decimum per prouincias Moguntinensem ac Magdeburgensem ac illarum et Halberstattenses ciuitates et dioceses necnon terras | et loca illustrissimi et illustrium Principum dominorum Marchionum Brandenburgensium temporali dominio mediate uel immediate subiecta nuncii et commissarii : ad infrascripta specialiter deputati . Vniuersis et singulis presentes literas inspecturis Salutem in domino . Notum facimus quod sanctissimus dominus | noster Leo diuina prouidentia Papa decimus modernus : omnibus et singulis utriusque sexus christifidelibus : ad reparacionem fabrice basilice principis apostolorum sancti Petri de vrbe : iuxta ordinationem nostram manus porrigentibus adiutrices : vltra plenissimas indulgentias ac alias gratias et facultates quas christifideles ipsi obtinere possunt : iuxta literarum apostolicarum desuper confectarum continentiam misericorditer etiam in domino indulsit atque concessit : vt idoneum possint | eligere confessorem presbyterum secularem . uel cuiusuis etiam mendicantium ordinis regularem . qui eorum confessione diligenter audita . pro commissis per eligentem | delictis et excessibus : ac peccatis quibuslibet : quantumcumque grauibus et enormibus : etiam in dicte sedi reseruatis casibus : ac censuris ecclesiasticis : etiam ab | homine ad alicuius instantiam latis . de consensu partium etiam ratione interdicti incursis . et quarum absolutio eidem sedi esset specialiter reseruata. Preterquam machinationis in personam summi pontificis : occisionis episcoporum aut aliorum superiorum prelatorum et iniectionis manuum violentarum in illos aut alios prelatos . falsificationis | literarum apostolicarum . delationis armorum et aliorum prohibitorum ad partes infidelium ac sententiarum et censurarum occasione aluminum tulfe[537] apostolice de partibus infidelium ad fideles contra prohibitionem apostolicam delatorum incursarum semel in vita et in mortis articulo quotiens ille imminebit . licet mors tunc non subsequatur | Et in non reseruatis casibus totiens quotiens id petierint plenarie absoluere et eis penitentiam salutarem iniungere . necnon semel in vita et in dicto mortis articulo : plenariam omnium peccatorum indulgentiam et remissionem impendere . Necnon per eos emissa pro tempore uota quecumque (vltramarino : visitationis | liminum apostolorum et sancti Jacobi in compostella : religionis et castitatis votis dumtaxat exceptis) in alia pietatis opera commutare auctoritate apostolica | possit et valeat . Indulsit quoque idem sanctissimus dominus noster prefatos benefactores eorumque parentes defunctos qui cum charitate decesserunt in precibus : | suffragiis : elemosynis : ieiuniis : orationibus : missis : horis canonicis : disciplinis : peregrinationibus : et ceteris omnibus spiritualibus bonis que fiunt : et fieri poterunt in tota vniuersali sacrosancta ecclesia militante : et in omnibus membris eiusdem in perpetuum participes fieri . Et quia deuotus | Philippus Kessel[538] presbyter ad ipsam fabricam et necessariam instaurationem | supradicte basilice principis apostolorum iuxta sanctissimi domini nostri Pape intentionem et nostram ordinationem de bonis suis contribuendo se gratum | exhibuit. In cuius rei signum presentes literas a nobis accepit Ideo eadem auctoritate apostolica nobis commissa : et qua fungimur in hac parte | ipsi quod dictis gratiis et indulgentiis vti et eisdem gaudere possit et valeat per presentes concedimus et largimur. Datum Auguste | sub sigillo per nos ad hec ordinato. Die xv Mensis Aprilis Anno domini M.D.xvij.

Forma absolutionis totiens quotiens in vita.

Misereatur tui &c. Dominus noster Jesus christus per meritum sue passionis te absoluat : auctoritate cuius et apostolica mihi in hac parte commissa: et | tibi concessa ego te absoluo ab omnibus peccatis tuis. In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti Amen.

Forma absolutionis et plenissime remissionis : semel in vita et in mortis articulo.

Misereatur tui &c. Dominus noster Jesus christus per meritum sue passionis te absoluat : et ego auctoritate ipsius et apostolica mihi in hac parte commissa : et tibi | concessa te absoluo . primo ab omni sententia excommunicationis maioris vel minoris si quam incurristi . deinde ab omnibus peccatis tuis : conferendo tibi plenissimam omnium | peccatorum tuorum remissionem remittendo tibi etiam penas purgatorii in quantum se claues sancte matris ecclesie extendunt . In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti Amen.

* * * * *

NOTE.--If one effect produced by the perusal of this often-talked-of document be surprise at the extent of the remissions offered to those who should 'stretch out a helping hand towards the repair of the fabric of the Church of the prince of the apostles, St. Peter of Rome,' another surely is amazement at the seeming incongruity of the exceptions. 'Indulgence' is extended to crimes and excesses and any kind of sin, however 'grave and enormous,' but is withheld not only from 'conspiracy against the person of the Pope, murder of Bishops or other superior prelates, laying violent hands on them or on other prelates, forgery of apostolic letters, exportation of arms and other forbidden goods to heathen parts,' but also from _the importation of alum from heathen to Christian parts, contrary to the apostolic prohibition, by which the faithful who wanted alum were required to use only that obtained from Tolfa belonging to the Pope_.

Superficially regarded, this last exception is suggestive of a commercial monopoly enforced by the threat of spiritual penalties; and so clearly has it been seen that a damaging significance might readily be attached to it, that the accuracy of the passage has frequently been doubted. M. Audin, who in his Histoire de Martin Luther, vol. i. pp. 429-432, gives a copy of the 'Indulgence,' renders the passage thus: 'occasione aluminum (_sic_) sanctæ ecclesiæ,' &c. By using the word sic, and by appending the note 'Tiré d'une source protestante par un protestant,' M. Audin would seem to have intended to suggest not merely that he doubted the correctness of the copy to which he had had access, but also that the apparently objectionable features of the document might be attributable to inaccuracy.

But transactions of which the causes are imperfectly understood may give rise to very erroneous opinions; and in this case even the most cursory glance at the state of Europe during the pontificate of Pius II., when the alum-works of Tolfa came into existence, will show that there were grave reasons for treating the importation of alum as a most heinous offence--reasons which might well affect the decrees of the Pope, and which had not lost their importance in the time of Leo X.

Until the discovery that alum could be obtained from the hills near Tolfa, the Italians had been dependent for their supplies of this commodity, which they used in very considerable quantities, upon the Turks, who, it is to be borne in mind, had but a few years previously taken Constantinople, and who were now the scourge and dread of Christendom. The Papal view as to the use to which the discovery should be turned is shown in the following extract from a brief of Pius II.:--

'Item quoniam diebus nostris faciens nobiscum Dominus
misericordiam suam de absconditis terræ, uberrimas pretiosi
aluminis venas antea nunquam inventas miraculo quodam in
montibus nostris, qui in patrimonio B. Petri in Tuscia prope
arcem Tolpham sunt patefecit, volens videlicet, ne ultra
ex fidelium pecunia Turchorum in eos persecutio cresceret,
sed ilia ad defensionem nostram uti possemus, justum et
pietati suæ placitum reputantes, fructum omnem, qui antehac
ex comportato in Christianitatem transmarino alumine penes
impios Turchos in Christianorum exitium erat, modo ad nos in
suffragium ecclesiæ catholicæ transeat, præsertim cum alumen
nostrum, magistra experientia, virtute perfectius, pretio
vilius, numero autem sit adeo abundans, ut usui Christianorum
in omnem partem satisfacere possit, ex parte omnipotentis Dei
Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus sancti, ac nostra ex hoc sancto
tribunali apostolica voce hortamur atque requirimus omnes,
et singulos profitentes nomen Christianum, ne posthac alumen
a Turchis aliisque infidelibus emant, &c. Dat. Romæ apud S.
Petrum anno MCDLXIII. vii. id. Aprilis, pontificatus nostri
anno v.' (Raynaldus, 'Annales Ecclesiastici,' tom. 29, p. 376).

In his 'History of Inventions, Discoveries,' &c. (_Bohn's Standard Library_), Beckmann, who, in treating of Alum, quotes several accounts of the works at Tolfa, says:--'The Pope himself has left us a very minute history of this discovery, and of the circumstances which gave rise to it;' and, alluding to the conflicting statements respecting the discoverer, he adds:--'But as I do not wish to ascribe a falsehood to the Pontiff, I am of opinion that the history of this discovery must have been best known to him. He has not, indeed, established the year with sufficient correctness; but we may conclude from his relation that it must have been 1460 or 1465.[539] The former is the year given by Felician Bussi; and the latter that given in the History of the City of Civita Vecchia.' Beckmann's rendering of the Pope's history, though the account is here and there open to criticism, throws much light on the passage in the Indulgence and is otherwise very interesting. It is in these terms:--'A little before that period came to Rome John di Castro, with whom the Pontiff had been acquainted when he carried on trade at Basle, and was banker to Pope Eugenius. His father, Paul, was a celebrated lawyer of his time, who sat many years in the chair of Padua, and filled all Italy with his decisions; for lawsuits were frequently referred to him, and judges paid great respect to his authority, as he was a man of integrity and sound learning. At his death he left considerable riches, and two sons arrived to the age of manhood, the elder of whom, following the profession of the father, acquired a very extensive knowledge of law. The other, who was a man of genius, and who applied more to study, made himself acquainted with grammar and history; but, being fond of travelling, he resided some time at Constantinople, and acquired much wealth by dyeing cloth made in Italy, which was transported thither and committed to his care, on account of the abundance of alum in that neighborhood. Having by these means an opportunity of seeing daily the manner in which alum was made, and from what stones or earth it was extracted, he soon learned the art. When, by the will of God, that city was taken and plundered about the year 1453, by Mahomet II., Emperor of the Turks, he lost his whole property; but, happy to have escaped the fire and sword of these cruel people, he returned to Italy, after the assumption of Pius II., to whom he was related, and from whom he obtained, as an indemnification for his losses, the office of Commissary-General over all the revenues of the Apostolic Chamber, both within and without the city. While in this situation he was traversing all the hills and mountains, searching the bowels of the earth, leaving no stone or clod unexplored, he at length found some alum-stone in the neighborhood of Tolfa. Old Tolfa is a town belonging to two brothers, subjects of the Church of Rome, and situated at a small distance from Civita Vecchia. Here there are high mountains, retiring inland from the sea, which abound with wood and water. While Castro was examining these, he observed that the grass had a new appearance. Being struck with wonder, and inquiring into the cause, he found that the mountains of Asia, which enrich the Turkish treasury by their alum, were covered with grass of the like kind. Perceiving several white stones, which seemed to be minerals, he bit some of them, and found that they had a saltish taste. This induced him to make some experiments by calcining them, and he at length obtained alum. He repaired therefore to the Pontiff, and addressing him said, "I announce to you a victory over the Turk. He draws yearly from the Christians above three hundred thousand pieces of gold, paid to him for the alum with which we dye wool different colors, because none is found here but a little at the island of Hiscla, formerly called Aenaria, near Puteoli, and in the cave of Vulcan at Lipari, which, being formerly exhausted by the Romans, is now almost destitute of that substance. I have, however, found seven hills so abundant in it, that they would be almost sufficient to supply seven worlds. If you will send for workmen, and cause furnaces to be constructed, and the stones to be calcined, you may furnish alum to all Europe; and that gain which the Turk used to acquire by this article being thrown into your hands will be to him a double loss. Wood and water are both plenty, and you have in the neighborhood the port of Civita Vecchia, where vessels bound to the West may be loaded. You can now make war against the Turk: this mineral will supply you with the sinews of war, that is money, and at the same time deprive the Turk of them." These words of Castro appeared to the Pontiff the ravings of a madman: he considered them as mere dreams, like the predictions of astrologers; and all the cardinals were of the same opinion. Castro, however, though his proposals were often rejected, did not abandon his project, but applied to his Holiness by various persons, in order that experiments might be made in his presence on the stones which he had discovered. The Pontiff employed skilful people, who proved that they really contained alum; but lest some deception might have been practised, others were sent to the place where they had been found, who met with abundance of the like kind. Artists who had been employed in the Turkish mines in Asia were brought from Genoa; and these, having closely examined the nature of the place, declared it to be similar to that of the Asiatic mountains which produce alum; and, shedding tears for joy, they kneeled down three times, worshipping God, and praising his kindness in conferring so valuable a gift on our age. The stones were calcined, and produced alum more beautiful than that of Asia, and superior in quality. Some of it was sent to Venice and to Florence, and, being tried, was found to answer beyond expectation. The Genoese first purchased a quantity of it, to the amount of 20,000 pieces of gold; and Cosmo of Medici for this article laid out afterwards seventy-five thousand. On account of this service, Pius thought Castro worthy of the highest honors and of a statue, which was erected to him in his own country, with this inscription:--"To John di Castro, the Inventor of Alum;" and he received besides a certain share of the profit. Immunities and a share also of the gain were granted to the two brothers, lords of Tolfa, in whose land the aluminous mineral had been found. This accession of wealth to the Church of Rome was made, by the divine blessing, under the Pontificate of Pius II.: and if it escape, as it ought, the hands of tyrants, and be prudently managed, it may increase and afford no small assistance to the Roman Pontiffs in supporting the burdens of the Christian religion--_Pii Secundi Comment . rer . memorab . quæ temp . suis contigerunt. Francof._ 1614, _fol. p._ 185'

Dr. Georg Voigt, in his 'Enea Silvio de Piccolomini als Papst Pius der Zweite und sein Zeitalter,' vol. iii. pp. 546-48, says:--

'Ein Glückszufall brachte dem Papste noch eine ganz
unerwartete Quelle von Einnahmen. Unter ihm wurden die
berühmten Alaungruben von Tolfa entdeckt. Der genannte
Giovanni de Castro, ein Mann der rührigsten Industrie, der
zu Konstantinopel die Färbung italienischer Zeuge betrieben,
bei der Eroberung der Stadt jedoch nichts als sein Leben und
seine technischen Kenntnisse davongetragen, war der Finder.
Umherschweifend auf dem einsamen culturlosen Waldgebirge,
das sich unweit Civita-vecchia mit seinen Ausläufern bis
zum Meer erstreckt, stöbernd unter den Steinen, Erden und
Pflanzen mit dem eigenthümlichen Antriebe solcher Naturen,
bemerkte er zunächst ein Kraut, das er auf den alaunhaltigen
Bergen Asiens gesehen, dann weisse Steine, die der salzige
Geschmack und gar die Auskochung als Alaun erwies. Freudig
eilte er zum Papste und verkündete ihm den Sieg über die
Türken, zunächst den Industriellen, da der Orient durch den
Alaun jährlich über 300,000 Ducaten von den Christen verdiene.
Von anderer Seite wird der Astrolog Domenico di Zaccaria
aus Padua wenigstens als Mitentdecker angegeben.[540] Pius
indess erwähnt nur de Castro. Er und die Cardinäle hielten
die Entdeckung anfangs für eine alchymistische Träumerei.
Doch bestätigten Sachverständige, dass das Gestein wirklich
Alaun und dass es in jenen Bergen in betriebsfähiger Masse
vorhanden sei; das reichliche Wasser der Gegend und der
nahe Seehafen begünstigten den Bau. Es wurden Gewerbsleute
aus Genua berufen, die einst bei den Türken den asiatischen
Alaun behandelt; sie weinten vor Freude, als sie das Mineral
erkannten, nach der Abkochung zeigte sich seine Güte: 80
Pfund hatten den Werth von 100 Pfund türkischen Alauns.
Proben wurden nach Venedig und Florenz versandt. Genuesische
Kaufleute schlossen zuerst einen Ankauf für 20,000 Ducaten
ab. Dann Cosimo de' Medici einen für 75,000. Der Papst fasste
den Vorsatz, das Geschenk Gottes auch zur Ehre Gottes, zum
Türkenkriege zu verwenden; er ermahnte alle Christen, fortan
nur von ihm, nicht von den Ungläubigen den Alaun einzukaufen,
zumal da der seinige nach der Erfahrung besser und billiger
sei.[541] Schon im Jahre 1463 wurde tüchtig in den Gruben von
Tolfa gearbeitet, 8,000 Menschen waren dabei beschäftigt: der
Finder wie die Besitzer des vorher unfruchtbaren Districtes
erhielten eine Quote des Gewinnes, der dem apostolischen
Schatze jährlich gegen 100,000 Ducaten einbrachte. In der
Wahlcapitulation von 1464 wurden sämmtliche Einkünfte von
Alaun für den Türkenkrieg bestimmt.'[542]

* * * * *

From Dr. Voigt's statements that as early as the year 1463, 8,000 men were employed in the alum-works of Tolfa, and that the profit to the apostolic treasury, after the claims of the discoverer and the proprietors had been duly recognized, amounted to 100,000 ducats a year, and from the date of the Pope's Brief quoted above, it would seem that the discovery could scarcely have been made later than 1462, the year assigned to it by Niccolo della Tuccia.

The following extract from R. Harrison's translation of A. von Reumont's 'Lorenzo de' Medici,' carries on somewhat further the history of this famous mine and of its position in regard to the Papal Government:--

'The Pope's affection and confidence were shown in various ways. The Roman depository, i.e., the Receiver's office, was handed over to the Medici, with the permission to choose as their representative Giovanni Tornabuoni, director of the Roman bank. New privileges were also granted to them in connection with their share in the farming of the alum-works of Tolfa. It was an important concession. In the days of Pope Pius II., Giovanni di Castro, son of the famous jurisconsult, Paolo, the principal co-operator in the revision of the Florentine statutes (finished in 1415), discovered alum-deposits in the rock while making geological investigations in the hilly country between Civita Vecchia and the territory of Viterbo, in the vicinity of Tolfa. He instantly perceived the importance of his discovery, which promised to free the West, hitherto poor in this mineral, from a tribute to the distant East, made more inaccessible by the Turkish conquests. In fact the produce soon amounted to 160,000 gold florins; and it is well known what sanguine hopes Pius II., whose eyes were directed towards the East, indulged, that this new source of revenue would aid his enterprises. Genoese houses had employed themselves with the alum-trade till the Medici concluded a contract with the Papal exchequer, which afterwards gave rise to many unpleasant misunderstandings with the financial department.'--(Vol. I. p. 275).

An account of the alum of Tolfa is also given in vol. v. chap. i., of the 'Voyages du P. Labat de l'Ordre des FF. Prescheurs, en Espagne et en Italie;' and in the article 'Alaun,' in the 'Oeconomische Encyclopädie,' by Dr. J. G. Krünitz, which is in part derived from Labat's work.

GENERAL INDEX

TO

VOLUMES I.--VIII.

_Aarau_, meeting of pastors at, to complain of exile of
Megander, vi. 367;
deputation sent to Berne, 367

_Abelard_, ii. 18; iii. 44

_Ab Hofen_, Thomas, Bernese deputy to Geneva, ii. 311 _sqq._;
his evangelical work, 312;
opposition and dejection, 314;
death, 316

_Adam_, iii. 301 _sqq._

_Adrian VI._, Pope, attempts to prevent introduction of
Luther's works and followers into Spain, viii. 4

_Adrian_, Dr., umpire at conference of Schässburg, vii. 384

_Agrippa_, Cornelius, at Strasburg, i. 360;
his career, 363;
his book on marriage, 363

_Alasco_, John, Baron, primate of Poland, vii. 433, 443;
unfriendly reception of his nephew John, 445;
his devotion to the papacy, 445;
examines John, 446;
his death, 450

-- Stanislaus, vii. 433;
at court of Francis I., 442

-- Yaroslav, vii. 433;
gets his brother John appointed a bishop, 452;
interview with John, 458;
his relations with Zapolya, 458;
military service and imprisonment, 458;
his death, 459

_Alasco_, John, Polish reformer, his birth and early life, vii. 434;
sets out to visit European courts and universities, 434;
at Louvain, 434;
meets Zwinglius at Zurich, 435;
difficulty of fixing dates of his travels, 436, _note_;
grateful remembrance of Zwinglius, 436;
becomes guest of Erasmus, 437;
influence of Erasmus on him, 438, 439;
studies at Basel under Pellican, 439;
friendship with Glareanus, 439;
enjoined by King Sigismund to leave Basel, 441;
uncertainty of his next course, 442;
in Italy, 442;
again in Poland, 443;
his struggles, 444;
worldly associations, 444;
decline of faith, 445;
false reports about him, 445;
examined by the primate, 446;
renounces doctrines of the Reformation, 447;
urges Erasmus to write to the king, 448;
named provost of cathedral church of Gnesne, 448;
reads and corresponds with Melanchthon, 449;
leans towards Luther, 449;
coolness of Erasmus, 450;
his place among reformers, 451;
has to give up hope of reforming Poland, 451;
appointed bishop of Wesprim, 452;
bishop of Cujavia, 452;
his difficult position, 452;
refuses bishopric of Cujavia, 453;
leaves Poland, 454;
goes to Mentz and Louvain, 454;
offers made to him, 455;
marries, 456;
his life at Embden, 456, 457;
declines offer of pastorate there, 458;
attends death-bed of his brother Yaroslav, 458, 459;
returns to Friesland, 459;
writes to Hardenberg, 459;
accepts direction of churches in Friesland, 462;
invited to Poland, 462;
his task in Friesland, 462;
charges against him, 463;
opposition of John of Falkenberg, 464;
writes to Bullinger, 464;
conflict with the monks, 465;
his appeal to Countess Anna, 466;
victory over John of Falkenberg, 467;
aims at union of Protestant sects, 468;
has a conference with Menno, 468;
with David Joris, 470;
his ministry, 471;
his church government, 471;
relations to Erasmus, Zwinglius, and Melanchthon, 472;
his _Epitome of doctrine_, 472;
again appeals to Countess Anna, 473;
resigns office of superintendent, 473;
resumes it, 474;
death of his child, 474;
his country home, 475;
his first letter to Calvin, 475, _note_;
at Louvain, 548, 552;
meetings with Francis de Enzinas, viii. 43, 59

_Albany, John Stuart_, duke of, i. 414;
special ambassador of Francis I. to Clement VII., ii. 148;
his career, 148, 155;
commands French fleet escorting Catherine de' Medici to Nice, 189;
escorts Clement VII. to Marseilles, 190;
regent of Scotland, vi. 15;
returns to France, 15;
again in Scotland, defeated by the English, finally quits the
country, 21

_Albert_, duke of Prussia, protects the reformed in Poland, vii. 431

_Albigenses_, the, ii. 102

_Alcagnices_, Marchioness of, her conversations with Carranza, viii.
117;
gets his works copied and translated, 119

_Alcala de Henares_, viii. 13;
a theological disputation at, 14

_Alciati_ of Milan, at Bourges, ii. 23

_Aleander_, papal nuncio, obtains edict of persecution for the
Netherlands, vii. 488;
receives recantation of Spreng, 490

_Alençon_, Duchess of [_Margaret of Angoulême_]

_Alençon_, Duke of, i. 346

_Alesius_, presents Melanchthon's _Common places_ to
Henry VIII., v. 106;
account of him, 186;
present at convocation, 187;
his speech, 188, 189;
refused admission, 190;
his birth and early life, vi. 11;
publicly refutes Luther's doctrine, 51;
his interviews with Patrick Hamilton, 52;
refuses to condemn him, 75;
preaches before the synod, 76;
assailed by Prior Hepburn, and imprisoned, 76, 77;
released by command of the king, 77;
immediately imprisoned again, 78;
urged to escape, reluctant to leave Scotland, 80, 81;
his flight, 81, 82;
embarks at Dundee, 83;
his wanderings, 84;
his letter to James V., 90, 91

_Alexander VI._, Pope, i. 119, 211;
his decree on printing, ii. 173

_Alexander Canus_ (_Dumoulin_), goes to Geneva, iv. 195;
attempts to arrest him, 198;
seized and banished, 205;
leaves Geneva, 206

_Alexander_, Dr., preaches at Dantzic, vii. 425

_Alexander_, Peter, chaplain to the Regent of the Netherlands,
viii. 86;
holds a disputation with De Soto, 87;
his flight, trial, and burning in effigy, 87;
pastor of French church in London, 88

_Alva_, Duke of, i. 325

_Amadeus V._ of Savoy, i. 17;
seizes the château de l'Ile, 17;
becomes _vidame_, 18;
bids for popular favor, 18

_Amadeus VIII._, his attempt on Geneva, i. 19;
his abdication, 21;
nominated pope by Council of Basel as Felix V., 21;
makes himself prince and bishop of Geneva, 21;
his death, 21

_Amadeus IX._, i. 22

_Amman_, Louis, vi. 434

_Amsterdam_, beginning of the Reformation at, vii. 531 _sqq._;
arrests of evangelicals by night, their execution, 535;
Jan van Geelen's attempt to surprise, viii. 348

_Amyot_, Jacques, iii. 76

_Anabaptists_, burnt by Henry VIII., v. 63; viii. 160 [_Spirituals_]

_Ancina_, Messire d', i. 116, 122

_Anderson_, Lawrence, his birth and early life, vii. 239;
receives evangelical doctrine, 240;
administrator of diocese of Strengnaes, 240;
friendship with Olaf and Lawrence Peterson, 241;
before Gustavus, 258;
appointed chancellor of the kingdom, 258;
his character, 259;
advises Gustavus, 259;
translates the New Testament, 269;
advises the king on church power, 281;
his speech at Diet of Westeraas, 285 _sqq._;
deputy with Olaf to the king, 291;
his speech on return of the king, 293;
president of synod of Orebro, 299

_Anderson_, William, a Protestant of Perth, vi. 178;
seized and condemned to death, 181;
hung, 181

_Andronicus_, invited into Switzerland by Farel, iii. 233 _sqq._;
joins Farel, 235

_Angelis_, Francis de, viii. 4

_Angers_, University of, declares for divorce of Henry VIII.,
iv. 40

_Angoulême_, city, iii. 5

_Angus_, Earl of, marries Margaret, regent of Scotland, vi. 15;
takes the Great Seal, 22;
defeats Lennox, 24;
renews proscription of New Testament, 43;
keeps the king in subjection, 72;
banished, 74;
joins English army against the Scots, 138;
accompanies the liberated nobles to Scotland, 158;
reinstated, 161;
imprisoned, liberated, 184

_Anhalt_, Principality of, the reformation in, viii. 322;
the princes of, 322;
Luther's letter to them, 326;
the reformation established in, 327

_Anna_, Countess [_Friesland_]

_Annates_, in England, abolished, iv. 87

_Anne Boleyn_, meets Henry VIII., ii. 105; iv. 21, 27;
lodged in palace at Greenwich, 103;
marriage of, 118, 127;
included in Clement's excommunication of Henry VIII., 128;
appears as queen, 131;
her marriage pronounced lawful, 135;
presented to the people, 135;
her coronation, 136;
unsatisfied, 137;
her course and fate, 138;
change in her character, v. 32;
protects evangelicals, 32;
orders liberation of Harman, 33;
her bringing up, 119;
her good works, 120, 121;
esteem for Latimer, 121;
Tyndale's present to, 122;
character of, 124;
opposite views of her, 125;
hostility of Norfolk, 126;
her difficult position, 127;
jealousy of Jane Seymour, 128;
gives birth to a dead son, 129;
co-operates with Cranmer, 130;
her choice of bishops, 130, 131;
forebodings, 132;
commends her daughter Elizabeth to Parker, 133;
charges against her, 133, 134 _sqq._;
ordered to keep her room, 138;
before the council, 139;
taken to the Tower, 140;
her sympathy, 141;
watched, 145;
agitation, 146;
her letter to the king, 150 _sqq._;
alleged pre-contract of marriage not proved, 153;
her trial, 155 _sqq._;
sentenced to death, 157;
her address to the judges, 158;
asks pardon of the princess Mary, 162;
her execution, 165 _sqq._;
effect of her death in Europe, 170, 171

_Anne_ of Beauregard, v. 427, 428

_Anne of Cleves_, proposal for her marriage with Henry VIII.,
viii. 193;
her portrait, 193;
the marriage arranged, 193;
at Calais, 194;
a game of cards, 194;
reaches Canterbury, 195;
at Rochester, seen by the king, 195;
received by him, 197;
enters London, 197;
married, 198;
hopes, 198;
scheme contrived for her divorce, 230 _sqq._;
consents, 231;
receives report of judgment of convocation, 232;
her submission, 233;
a pension and a palace for her, 234

_Anne_ of Cyprus, i. 21, 22, 23;
accused by her son Philip to her husband, 25

_Annonay_, the 'holy virtues' of, i. 429;
preaching of Stephen Machopolis at, 430;
of Rénier, 430;
of Jonas, 430;
arrest and imprisonment of many evangelicals, 431

_Anschar_, apostle of Scandinavia, vii. 120

_Antwerp_, vii. 481;
beginning of reformation at, 483 _sqq._;
persecution, 492;
the convent of the Augustines destroyed, 499;
open-air meeting of the reformed, 503;
murder of Nicholas, 504;
preaching attended by crowds, 517

_Aosta_, Lutheranism at, v. 451 _sqq._;
assembly of estates at, 452;
resolution against Lutheranism, 453;
monuments of Calvin's passage through, 454

_Apologists_, Christian, iii. 10, 182

_Appeals_ to the pope, abolished in England, iv. 179

_Aquinas_, Thomas, Calvin's admiration of, i. 387; ii. 167

_Arcimbold_, sells indulgences in Scandinavia, vii. 127;
gains over the King of Denmark, 128;
sends his brother to Gothland, 236

_Aresen_, Johan, bishop of Holum, vii. 226;
his quarrel with bishop of Skalholt, 226;
vanquished in single combat, 226;
takes up arms against the reformation, 229;
usurps the see of Skalholt, 229;
arrested and executed with his sons, 230;
barbarous revenge of his partisans, 230

_Arlod_, Jean d', i. 271; iv. 313; v. 352;
imprisoned at Chillon, 353

--, Domaine d', iii. 364;
proscribed by the bishop, 439;
seized and imprisoned, 441, 457.

_Arnold_ of Winkelried, i. 194

_Arran_, Earl of, vi. 152;
his character, 154;
proclaimed regent of Scotland, 154;
his evangelical chaplains, 155;
favors project of marriage of Mary Queen of Scots with Edward of
England, 158;
confirmed in the regency, 161;
dismisses his chaplains, 168;
refuses the hostages to Henry VIII., 171;
assembles an army at Edinburgh, 172;
his irresolution, 173;
joins the cardinal at Stirling, 173;
submits to the pope and is absolved, 174;
accompanies Beatoun to Perth, sanctions martyrdom of Protestants,
181;
and persecution in Forfarshire, 182;
flies from Edinburgh with Beatoun, 183;
gives up Wishart to Beatoun, 197;
writes to the cardinal about him, 197

_Arras_, martyrs at, i. 349; iii. 142

_Artois_, preaching of Berquin in, i. 332, 333

_Aske_, Robert, heads revolt of Catholics in Yorkshire, v. 206;
the _pilgrimage of grace_, 206;
at Pomfret Castle, 209;
confronts the Lancaster herald, 209;
resolves to march on London, 210

_Askew_, Anne, account of, viii. 274;
her marriage and separation, 275;
imprisoned, her examinations, 276;
before Bishop Bonner, 277;
liberated on bail, 277;
again arrested, examined, 277, 278;
her firmness, 279;
condemned to be burnt, 279;
again examined and tortured by Wriothesley and Rich, 280, 281, and
_note_;
her martyrdom, 283 _sqq._

_Athanasian Creed_, the, vi. 317

_Audley_, Sir Thomas, Speaker, iv. 9;
appointed Chancellor, 91;
one of Fryth's examiners, 151;
begs for gift of convents, v. 99;
member of commission of inquiry into conduct of Queen Anne, 136,
139; viii. 226

_Augsburg_, Diet of, ii. 216, 255, 415, 421; vii. 170;
influence of the confession in Hungary, 345

_Augustines_, at Geneva, i. 44

_Augustine_, St., iv. 46

_Austria_, ii. 215, 216;
delegates at Diet, of Augsburg, 217, 218, 219
[_Ferdinand_ of Austria, _Philip_ of Hesse]

_Avalos_, Don Gaspard d', opposes publication of Spanish New
Testament, viii. 61

_Avenches_, iii. 212

_Avignon_, Francis I., holds council at, ii. 214;
the embroiderer of, iv. 325;
seized and ill-used, 325;
reaches Geneva, 326

_Avila_, John d', his preaching in Andalusia, viii. 4, 5, 6;
exposes the fraud of Madeline de la Croix, 7;
defends St. Theresa, 7;
counsels Sancha de Carile, 8;
arrested by the Inquisition, and acquitted, 17

_Babinot_, Albert, iii. 46;
sent by Calvin to preach, 58;
at Toulouse, 59, 61

_Baduel_, Claude, ii. 257;
seeks introduction to Margaret of Navarre, 258;
visits her, 259;
his career, 259;
envoy from Margaret to Melanchthon, iv. 368

_Baillot_, Jacques, of Neuchâtel, advocates giving help to
Geneva, v. 323;
on the march, 327

_Bainham_, James, iv. 106;
arrested and tortured by More, 106;
before Bishop of London, 107;
his abjuration and sentence, 107;
remorse, 108;
repentance, 108;
condemned, 109;
visited by Latimer, 109;
martyrdom, 110

_Bakker_, Johan van, with his father denounced as a Lutheran, vii.
510;
sent to Louvain, becomes a priest, 511;
imprisoned, liberated, goes to Wittenberg, 511;
returns, and is banished, 511;
wanderings, 511;
separates from Rome, 512;
opposes indulgences, 512;
arrested, 513;
his trial, 513;
imprisoned, 514;
his father, 515;
his martyrdom, 515, 516

_Balard_, syndic of Geneva, i. 204;
elected syndic, 263;
cited, 292, _note_; iii. 282, 286, 290;
recommends celebration of the mass, v. 367;
his views, 411;
examined before the Council, vi. 502 _sqq._

_Balkerley_, Martin, imprisoned at Edinburgh for reading the
Scriptures, vi. 113;
pays a ransom and is left in prison, a double ransom demanded,
113;
liberated, 113

_Balleyson_, M. de, i. 278, 291, 295, 297

_Balue_, Master, deputy of the Sorbonne, ii. 287

_Bandière_, Ami, i. 267, 270, 276, 292;
leads the search for Pontverre, and is wounded, ii. 379

_Bandière_, Jean, i. 292

_Bandini_, Francesco, Archbishop of Siena, receives deputation
accusing Paleario, iv. 444;
consents to support the charge, 445

_Baner_, Eric, in charge of Gustavus Vasa, vii. 245

_Baptism_, a reformed, at Geneva, iv. 249

_Barbarossa_, iv. 465

_Barbier_, instigates plot against reformers at Geneva, v. 244

_Bar-le Duc_, conference and treaty of, ii. 224 _sqq._, 297

_Barlow_, Dr., prior of Bisham, his embassy to Scotland, vi.
100, 101;
ready to preach, 105

_Barnes_, envoy to reformers at Wittenberg, v. 106;
sent by the king to invite Melanchthon, 107;
well received by Elector of Saxony, 107;
joined by Fox and Hare, 109;
takes part in negotiating marriage of the king with Anne of Cleves,
viii. 202;
appointed to preach at Paul's Cross, superseded by Gardiner, 202;
preaches, 203;
reprimanded by the king, 204;
reads a retractation, and again preaches, 204;
committed to the Tower, 204;
with Garret and Jerome and three Papists, burnt at Smithfield,
227, 228

_Barton_, Elizabeth [_Maid of Kent_]

_Basel_, council of, i. 21;
embassy to Geneva, ii. 390, 392;
treaty with landgrave of Hesse, 420;
conferences at, vi. 325; vii. 43, 44

_Baud_, Claude, syndic of Geneva, attempts to direct Catholic
rioters, iii. 375;
plants the city banner, 379;
refuses to give the signal for attack, 385;
takes part in consultation for peace, 395; iv. 200;
searches for Froment, 205

_Bayfield_, Richard, in prison, iv. 83;
his martyrdom, 84

_Beatoun_, David, abbot of Arbroath, negotiates return of his
uncle, the primate, to St. Andrews, vi. 28;
one of the judges of Patrick Hamilton, 61;
accompanies James V. to Paris, 108;
again in France, made bishop of Mirepoix, 108;
negotiates marriage of James with Mary of Lorraine, 109;
his character and aims, 110, 111;
created cardinal, 111;
unites with the king against the gospellers and the nobles, 112;
finds money for the king, 113;
his arrogance, 113;
goes to France to seek aid for Scotland, 115;
persecutes the gospellers, 116 _sqq._;
demands the burning of Kennedy and Russel, 123;
succeeds his uncle as primate, 124:
his persecutions checked by the king, 126;
holds assembly of prelates and nobles at St. Andrews, 126;
aims at ruin of Henry VIII., 133;
prevents interview of James and Henry, 135;
visits James V. on his death-bed, 149;
under alleged will of the king claims to be president of the
council of regency, 153;
opposes appointment of Arran to the regency, 154;
appointed chancellor, 155;
resists scheme for marriage of Mary Queen of Scots with Prince
Edward of England, 158;
excluded from the council and imprisoned, 159;
results of his arrest, 160;
liberated, 169;
his intrigues against the regent, 169;
convokes the clergy, 170;
induces the regent to refuse the hostages, 171;
removes the two queens to Stirling, 172;
receives submission of Arran and absolves him, 174;
crowns the queen, 175;
resolves to crush the Reformation, 177;
goes to Perth, condemns six Protestants to death, 181;
persecutes them in Forfarshire, 182;
on appearance of English army at Leith, flies from Edinburgh with
Arran, 183;
sets a body of armed men to waylay Wishart, 196;
imprisons Wishart, 197;
convokes the bishops, 197;
arms his men to escort them and Wishart, 198;
presides at his trial, 198 _sqq._;
witnesses his martyrdom, 205 _sqq._;
marries his daughter to David Lindsay, 208;
quarrels with Norman Lesley, 209;
a conspiracy formed against him, orders his partisans to meet him
at Falkland, 209;
his castle seized by Norman Lesley, 211;
murdered, 212;
opinions on the murder, 214

_Beatoun_, James, primate of Scotland, gathering of the
Hamiltons in his palace, vi. 16;
dissensions with the queen-mother and the nobles, 22;
deprived of the Great Seal by Angus, 23;
plots with the priests against Angus, 23;
in concealment in Fifeshire, 24;
returns to St. Andrews, 28;
cites Patrick Hamilton before him, 28;
invites him to a conference, 48;
cites him on a charge of heresy, 54;
orders his arrest, 59;
pronounces sentence on him, 64;
sanctions imprisonment of Alesius, 78;
condemns Seaton's doctrines, 88;
imprisons Thomas Forrest, 92;
leaves his see to his nephew David, 124

_Beatrice_ of Portugal, married to duke Charles III., i. 218;
reception of, at Geneva, 219 _sqq._;
birth of a son, 234;
deputation of women to her in behalf of Levrier, 251;
quits Geneva, 251; ii. 452

_Beaugency_, ancient custom at, ii. 6

_Becon_, Thomas, quoted, iv. 162

_Beda_, syndic of the Sorbonne, advises persecution of
Lutherans, i. 332, 333;
reports on Berquin's works, 334;
principal of Montaigu College, 386;
attacks Berquin, 403;
his refutation of Erasmus, 404;
arrested, 405;
attacked by Berquin, 406;
urges persecution of Berquin, 431, 432; ii. 34, 36, 40;
attacks the professors, 59;
his charges dismissed by the parliament, 60;
adopted by the Sorbonne, 60;
declaims against reformers, 90;
urges arrest of preachers, 119;
general in the war against Lutherans, 121;
sets mendicant friars to work, 121, 122;
confined to his house by the king's order, 124;
breaks loose, 125;
appears before the parliament, 129;
banished, 130;
his departure, 133;
censor of books, 167;
detects heresy in Margaret's _Mirror_, 167;
returns to Paris, 230;
attacks professors of University of Paris, 230;
demands burning of Roussel and others, 231;
his debate with Roussel in the prison, 233;
his _Remonstrance_ read by the king, 233;
imprisoned, 233;
accuses the king, iii. 115;
charged with treason, his imprisonment and death, 116; iv. 40

_Bell_, Dr., joint commissioner to Oxford University, iv. 33

_Bellantes_, Antonio, his friendship with Paleario, iv. 439;
his mother, 440;
her property stolen by the monks, 440

_Bellantes_, Faustus, warns Paleario, iv. 441;
at his trial, 441, 451

--, Evander, at trial of Paleario, iv. 451

_Bellegarde_, Sieur de, prepares ambuscade for Levrier, i. 246;
seizes and takes him to castle of Bonne, 247;
tortures him, 251;
treachery to Bonivard, ii. 406;
envoy to the emperor, iii. 282;
bribes the grand equerry, 262;
has audience of Charles V., 263;
interview with Granvella, 265;
his letter to the duke, 266;
his plans against Geneva, 267;
projects a fortress, 273

_Bellessert_, Captain, commands one of the bands against
Lutherans, iii. 378;
strikes down Philippe, and is wounded by him, 387

_Bembo_, Pietro, Cardinal, iv. 432, 465, 482

_Benoit_, Andrew, goes to Geneva, vi. 299
[_Spirituals_]

_Berger_, Nicholas, assassinated by Pennet, iv. 233

_Bergeron_, G., syndic of Geneva, i. 308

_Bernard_, Carmelite, martyrdom of, vii. 516

_Bernard_ of Lublin, vii. 422

_Bernard_, Claude, iii. 277, 296, 314;
his daughter, 325, 327, 328;
rescues Froment, 347;
aids in rescue of Olivétan, 363;
leads Huguenots in the fight in the Molard, 416;
receives evangelists into his house, v. 245, 247, 250;
proposes suppression of the mass, &c., 275

_Bernard_, Jacques, superior of Franciscans, converted by
Farel's preaching, iv. 254; v. 251;
preaches in convent church, 251;
undertakes a public disputation, 253;
ten theses, 254, 255, 263;
at the debate, 265 _sqq._;
appointed pastor at Geneva, vi. 414

_Bernard_, John, i. 57, 134, 256; ii. 333

_Bernard_, Louis, throws off his priestly robes, iv. 283;
marries, 305;
writes to Calvin, vii. 14

_Berne_, i. 154, 155, 182;
friendly to Geneva, 276, 277;
embassy to Geneva, 280;
exiles at, 283;
receives news of Huguenot triumph at Geneva, 302;
alliance with Friburg and Geneva, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310,
376;
Genevese and Savoyard deputations to, ii. 307;
admonishes duke of Savoy, 338;
warns Geneva, 338;
triumph of the Scriptures at, 346;
Bernese Lutherans at Geneva, 385, 390, 392, 400, 420;
prepares to succour Geneva, 424, 432;
asks help of Geneva, 442;
refuses help to Geneva, 445;
deputies propose renunciation of alliance, 446;
demands it again, 449;
Genevese embassy to, 450;
alliance maintained, 450;
joint-suzerain of Orbe, iii. 205;
orders that all fathers of families should attend Farel's
preaching, 217;
opens churches at Granson to reformers, 238, 239;
with Friburg publishes first act of religious liberty in
Switzerland, 244;
intervenes in favor of religious liberty at Geneva, 365;
counter embassies to, from Geneva, 402, 403, 404;
embassy to Geneva, 428;
the deputies counsel yielding to the bishop, 453;
sends Farel to Geneva, iv. 207;
embassy to Geneva, 215;
protects the reformers, 216;
compels opening of a church to them, 219;
insists upon trial of Furbity, 220;
deputies assist at his examination, 243 _sqq._, 255;
farewell of the embassy, 256;
intervention on behalf of Maisonneuve, 273;
Genevese embassy to, 309;
exhorts Savoy and Burgundy to cease hostilities against Geneva,
317, 318;
intervenes for Maisonneuve and Janin, 322;
supports duke of Savoy, 340;
refuses aid to Geneva, v. 316;
negotiates with duke of Savoy on its behalf, 360;
helps Geneva, 372;
declares war against duke of Savoy, 373;
march of the army under Nägueli, 374;
demands sovereignty of Geneva, 397;
reduction and annexation of Vaud, 398;
the envoys at Aosta, 450, 451;
the Bernese take Yverdun, and abolish Romish worship, vi. 229;
edict issued for disputation at Lausanne, 234;
ordinances for the Pays de Vaud, 263;
treaty with Lausanne, 265;
issues edict of reformation for the Pays de Vaud, 272;
synod of, 320;
another synod convoked, 327;
a patched-up peace, 327;
another synod, 327 _sqq._;
deputies of, at Geneva, support the malcontent Huguenots, 340;
letter to the Reformers, 348;
an embassy to Geneva promised, 348;
and not sent, 349;
sanctions the Genevese confession, 350;
dismissal of Megander, 367;
deputation of country pastors to Berne, 367, 368;
views of Bernese on church and state, 371;
on worship, 372;
convoke a synod at Lausanne, 373;
letters to Calvin and the Council of Geneva, 376;
letter of the council to the Genevese on behalf of Calvin and
Farel, 418;
delegates sent with them to Geneva, 431;
received by the council, 433;
dispute about treaty with Geneva, 512;
a new treaty, 513;
quarrel about it, 514;
summons the Genevese to a trial at Lausanne, 516;
sentence against Geneva, 516;
proposes fresh discussion, 517

_Berquin_, Louis, arrested and liberated, i. 332;
his character, 332;
preaching in Artois, 332;
assailed by priests and nobles, 333;
his books examined by the Sorbonne, 334;
imprisoned, 335;
interrogated, 343;
threatened with the stake, 343;
proceedings stopped by Francis I., 344;
partial liberation, 358;
set free, 377;
his task, 378;
resolves to attack the papal power, 403;
letter to Erasmus, 404;
rejects advice of Erasmus, 405;
attacks Beda and the Sorbonne, 406;
censured by Erasmus, 407;
abuse of, 431; ii. 30;
judges appointed to try him, 33;
Margaret's intercession, 34;
arrested, 35;
his letter discovered, 35;
sentence pronounced, 36;
appeals, 37;
efforts of Budaeus, 38;
a fall and a recovery, 39;
sentenced to be burnt, 40;
execution hurried on, 41;
martyrdom, 43 _sqq._;
effect on spectators, 44, 55

_Berthaud_, appointed to preach in Paris, ii. 117;
his end, 119;
confined by the king's orders, 125;
forbidden to preach, 228;
burning of, demanded by Beda, 231;
set free, 234;
arrested, iii. 113;
before the king, 117;
sent to a convent, 125

_Berthelier_, Philibert, Genevese patriot, i. 2;
his character and aim, 30, 36, 39;
accepts from the Bastard the government of Peney, 40;
friendship with Bonivard, 47, 50;
tears up his commission, 56;
his school of liberty, 59, 64;
frustrates attempt of the duke to seize Levrier, 64;
his intercourse with Bonivard, 66, 67, 68;
calls a meeting of patriots, 69 _sqq._;
his exhortation to unity, 70;
watched by agents of the bishop, 71;
practical joke about Claude Gros' mule, 73;
threatened with a fine by the vidame, 74;
scheme to get rid of him, 76, 80;
demanded by the bishop, 83;
warned, 83;
escapes with the Friburgers, 84;
the search for him, 84;
at Friburg, 84;
his speech to the guilds, 86;
offered a pardon by the duke, 92;
alleged to be a 'charmer' 97;
his return to Geneva, 110;
promotes the Swiss alliance, 110;
obstacle to destruction of liberty, 112;
his trial, 112;
his energy and devotion, 130, 131;
his proposition for consultation of patriots, 134;
his friendship with Marty, of Friburg, 136;
rouses the Genevese to action, 143;
tried by the syndics and acquitted by the council, 144;
rejects bribe offered by the duke, 153, 160, 161, 173, 178, 185;
the bishop 'watches for' him, 188;
his serenity, 188;
his retreat, 188;
arrested, 189;
in prison, 190;
his religious faith, 191;
refuses to be tried by Desbois, 192;
proposal to rescue him, 193;
sentence of death, 195;
execution, 196;
procession through Geneva, 196;
impression produced by his death, 197;
_sanguis semen_, 198, 213, 282;
his memory honored, 314; iv. 210

'_Bésolles war_,' the, i. 181, 207

_Beyaerts_, Jan, vii. 550, 551;
removes pictures from the churches, 552;
arrested, 554, 555

_Beza_, Theodore, i. 386, 396, 398; ii. 8, 19, 21, 22;
birth and early life of, first meets Calvin, 23

_Bible, the_, in French, prohibited in France, i. 342;
difficulty of obtaining at Paris, ii. 87;
Latin, of Stephens, 87;
first French published, v. 272;
act passed by Scottish parliament for freedom to read, vi. 163
[_Tyndale_, _Cromwell_, _Cranmer_, and names of various versions]

_Biderman_, John [_Blanchet_]

_Billik_, Carmelite, papal delegate at _Ratisbon_, viii. 102

_Bilney_, Thomas, character and opinions of, iv. 77;
his preaching, 78;
friendship with Latimer, 78;
arrested, 79;
attempts of monks to convert him, 79;
his trial, 80;
condemned, 80;
his last evening, 81;
martyrdom, 82, 83, 93

_Bishopers and Commoners_, at Geneva, ii. 329, 350

_Bishops_, of England, their reply to petition of the Commons,
iv. 13, 14;
the reply criticised, 15;
resist attack on their privileges, 17;
their subterfuge, 18;
alliance with the king against reformers, 72;
attempt to impose on lower clergy the payment promised to the
king, 73 _sqq._;
begin persecution of Lutherans, 77;
submit to the king, 89;
their oath at consecration, 89;
renounce orders of the pope prejudicial to the king, 90;
election of, regulated, 180;
declare the papacy a human invention, 181;
suspension of their jurisdiction, v. 83;
decline to answer German envoys, viii. 156;
find a compromise impossible, 180, 181;
protest against referring the translation of the Bible to the
universities, 257

_Bishops_, government by, i. 284, 285;
arguments for temporal power, iii. 452

_Bishops_ in Denmark, excluded from the Diet, vii. 220

'_Bishop's Book_,' the, viii. 261

_Blancherose_, physician, takes part in disputation at
Lausanne, vi. 242, 245, 250, 253, 254

_Blanchet_, i. 69;
his adventures, 109;
imprisoned at Turin, 114;
his examination, 115;
tortured, 116, 121;
sentenced to death, 122;
beheaded, 123;
treatment of his remains, 123, 124;
agitation in Geneva, 124, 127, 182

_Blois_, Roussel and Lefèvre at, i. 363;
a 'placard' on the king's door, iii. 106

_Bockhold_ [_John of Leyden_]

_Bocking_, Friar, instigates imposture of Maid of Kent, v. 8, 9;
before Star Chamber, 15

_Bocquet_, Christopher, preaches at Geneva, iii. 329;
again, 336, 353;
ordered to leave Geneva, 354

_Boehmer_, Edward, his researches on the brothers Valder, iv.
457 _note_, 467 _note_

_Bohemia_, the Reformation in, vii. 417;
the Calixtines, 417;
the Taborites, 417

_Boiling to death_, penalty for poisoning, iv. 68

_Bois-le-Duc_, martyrs at, vii. 537

_Boisseau de la Borderie_, Jean, iii. 46

_Bologna_, Conference of, ii. 142 _sqq._;
another congress, iv. 22;
meeting of Clement VII. and Charles V., 126;
beginning of reformation at, 451;
address of evangelicals to John of Planitz, 452

_Bologna_, University of, appealed to by Henry VIII. on his
divorce, iv. 40;
the judgment, 41

_Boniface VIII._, Pope, ii. 461

_Boniface_, Cardinal bishop of Ivrea, arrests Curione and his
friends, iv. 416

_Bonivard_, Francis, his arrival at Geneva, i. 46;
birth and education, 46;
friendship with Berthelier, 47, 50, 57;
rejects proposal made to him to seize Levrier, 63, 64;
warns him, 64;
his character, 67;
fascinates Berthelier, 67;
their intercourse and aims, 67, 68;
his difference with the bishop, 72, 76, 80, 83, 96;
attempts to save Pécolat, 98;
resolves to 'bell the cat,' 100;
gets inhibition of the metropolitan served on the bishop, 100;
his advice to Pécolat's friends, 103, 104;
goes to Rome, 117;
what he saw there, 118;
fails in his suit for bishopric, 120;
warned of danger at Turin, 121;
his flight, 121;
discouraged, 131, 134, 143, 151, 153;
his speech in chapter, 157;
his protest, 159;
pacifies the people threatening the canons, 160, 161, 168, 169;
escapes from Geneva, 173, 175;
betrayed, 185;
compelled to resign his priory, 186;
imprisoned by the duke, 186, 191, 199;
set at liberty, 211, 245, 255, 264;
his estimate of La Baume, 265;
restored to his priory, 314;
advocates expulsion of the prince-bishop, ii. 329, 334, 336;
detested by papal party, 348;
threatened with expulsion from his priory, 348;
his estimate of excommunication, 349;
reflections on state of Geneva, 352, 353;
his reply to proposal of Huguenots, 354;
his fief at Cartigny, 358;
maintains reciprocity of rights between prince and subject, 358;
obtains support of the council to his claim, 359;
takes possession of Cartigny, 360;
loses it, 360;
his expedition to recover it, 360;
his grass mown by Pontverre, 371;
among the Lutherans, 385;
his raids to recover his rents, 401;
fires at the papal proctor, 401;
illness of his mother, 402;
obtains safe-conduct to visit her, 403;
at Seyssel, 403;
slandered at Geneva, 403;
perplexity, 404;
safe-conduct extended, 405;
proposes to give up his priory, 405;
at Moudon, 406;
journey to Lausanne, 406;
kidnapped, 407;
imprisoned at Chillon, 408;
treatment, 408;
liberation of, demanded and refused, 432;
incidents of his confinement, v. 399;
orders given for his death, 400;
liberated, 401;
made free of city of Geneva, marries, 416;
a prediction fulfilled, 417, 418

_Bonivard_, Jean Aimé, prior of St. Victor, i. 46;
orders his culverins to be cast into church bells, 47;
his death, 47

_Bonner_, Edmund, envoy to Marseilles, iv. 168;
forces his way into the pope's palace, 169;
presents the king's appeal to a council, 170;
threatened by the pope, 173;
ambassador in France, viii. 177;
conveys to Cromwell the Bibles printed at Paris, 177;
appointed bishop of London, 202;
declares against Cromwell, 211;
his activity, 237;
assails Grafton, 238;
persecutes citizens of London, 238 _sqq._;
admonitions to his diocese, 257

_Borthwick_, Sir John, cited before Cardinal Beatoun, escapes
to England, vi. 127;
his property confiscated and his effigy burnt, 128;
withdraws from the court, 168

_Bothniensis_, Nicolaus, president of assembly at Upsala, vii. 340

_Bothwell_, Earl of, opens negotiations on the part of Scottish
nobility with Northumberland, vi. 85;
withdraws from the court, 168;
sides with Beatoun, 169;
prohibits preaching of Wishart in Haddingtonshire, 194;
arrests him, 196;
gives him up to the regent, 197

_Boulet_, Bernard, treasurer of Geneva, i. 257;
assaulted by Richardet, 258;
his friends turn it to account, 259;
reports it to ducal council, 259;
appears at a general council, 260;
condemned, 285

_Bourbon_, Constable of, i. 325, 337

_Bourges_, University of, ii. 23;
centre of reformed doctrine, 24, 29;
declares for divorce of Henry VIII., iv. 40

_Bouteville_, Prior of, iii. 14, 17

_Boxley_, fraud of monks at, v. 89

_Brandenburg_, George, margrave of, vii. 392

_Brask_, bishop of Linkoping, resolves to suppress the Lutheran
heresy, vii. 242, 243;
entreats the pope that Olaf may be sentenced to death, 244, 257;
his violence, 262;
remonstrates with Magnus, 263;
demands trial of the reformers, 263;
circulates books against them, 264;
his services to Sweden, 268;
letters to Gustavus, 268;
excommunicates Olaf, 268;
stirs up the people against him, 269;
censures the primate, 276;
attends diet of Westeraas, 282;
at secret meeting of the bishops, instigates opposition to
reforms, 283;
gains Thure Joensson, 284;
his speech at the diet, 287;
deprived of his castle, 294, 295;
leaves Sweden, 295;
his death, 295

_Brereton_, William, arrested, v. 136;
examined, 148;
beheaded, 159

_Briconnet_, bishop of Meaux, i. 355, 366, 428; ii. 57; iii. 76

_Brion_, Denis, burnt, iv. 364

_Brothers_, enmities of, viii. 99;
love of, 119, 120

_Brouwart_, Jean de, i. 349

_Brown_, George, made archbishop of Dublin, v. 131

_Bruccioli_, translates New Testament into Italian, iv. 410

_Bruly_, Pierre, preaches at Ghent, vii. 546;
removes to Strasburg, 547

_Brunswick_, beginning of reformation at, viii. 319;
evangelical preaching decreed, 319;
organization by Pomeranus, 320

_Brussels_, the reformation at, vii. 565;
persecution, 568 _sqq._