Chapter IV: Reproduction

I. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES

A. HISTORICAL SURVEY 155

B. FORMS OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 156
_a._ Apothecia
_b._ Perithecia

C. DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 159

1. DISCOLICHENS

_a._ Carpogonia of gelatinous lichens
_b._ Carpogonia of non-gelatinous lichens
_c._ General summary
_d._ Hypothecium and paraphyses
_e._ Variations in apothecial development
_aa._ Parmeliae
_bb._ Pertusariae
_cc._ Graphideae
_dd._ Cladoniae

2. PYRENOLICHENS

_a._ Development of the perithecium
_b._ Formation of carpogonia

D. APOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION 174

E. DISCUSSION OF LICHEN REPRODUCTION 177
_a._ The Trichogyne
_b._ The Ascogonium

F. FINAL STAGES OF APOTHECIAL DEVELOPMENT 181
_a._ Open or closed apothecia
_b._ Emergence of ascocarp

G. LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 184
_a._ Historical
_b._ Development of the ascus
_c._ Development of the spores
_d._ Spore germination
_e._ Multinucleate spores
_f._ Polaribilocular spores

II. SECONDARY SPORES

A. REPRODUCTION BY OIDIA 189

B. REPRODUCTION BY CONIDIA 190
_a._ Rare instances of conidial formation
_b._ Comparison with Hyphomycetes

C. CAMPYLIDIUM AND ORTHIDIUM 191

III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA

A. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SPERMOGONIA 192

B. SPERMOGONIA AS MALE ORGANS 193

C. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION 193
_a._ Relation to thallus and apothecia
_b._ Form and size
_c._ Colour

D. STRUCTURE 196
_a._ Origin and growth
_b._ Form and types of spermatiophores
_c._ Periphyses and sterile filaments

E. SPERMATIA OR PYCNIDIOSPORES 201
_a._ Origin and form
_b._ Size and structure
_c._ Germination
_d._ Variation in pycnidia

F. PYCNIDIA WITH MACROSPORES 204

G. GENERAL SURVEY 205
_a._ Sexual or asexual
_b._ Comparison with fungi
_c._ Influence of symbiosis
_d._ Value in diagnosis