Chapter VI: Bionomics

A. GROWTH AND DURATION OF LICHENS 252

B. SEASON OF FRUIT FORMATION 255

C. DISPERSAL AND INCREASE 256
_a._ Dispersal of crustaceous lichens
_b._ Dispersal of foliose lichens
_c._ Dispersal of fruticose lichens

D. ERRATIC LICHENS 258

E. PARASITISM 260
_a._ General statement
_b._ Antagonistic symbiosis
_c._ Parasymbiosis
_d._ Parasymbiosis of fungi
_e._ Fungi parasitic on lichens
_f._ Mycetozoa parasitic on lichens

F. DISEASES OF LICHENS 268
_a._ Caused by parasitism
_b._ Caused by crowding
_c._ Caused by adverse conditions

G. HARMFUL EFFECT OF LICHENS 269

H. GALL-FORMATION 270