Chapter I: Preface: To New Edition

Those who are familiar with the vast amount of ethnological literature published since the close of last century will realize that to revise and bring up to date a work whose range in space and time covers the whole world from prehistoric ages down to the present day, is a task impossible of accomplishment within the compass of a single volume. Recent discoveries have revolutionized our conception of primeval man, while still providing abundant material for controversy, and the rapidly increasing pile of ethnographical matter, although a vast amount of spade work remains to be done, is but one sign of the remarkable interest in ethnology which is so conspicuous a feature of the present decade. Even to keep abreast of the periodical literature devoted to his subject provides ample occupation for the ethnologist and few are those who can now lay claim to such an omniscient title.

Under such circumstances the faults of omission and compression could not be avoided in revising Professor Keane's work, but it is hoped that the copious references which form a prominent feature of the present edition will compensate in some measure for these obvious defects. The main object of the revisers has been to retain as much as possible of the original text wherever it fairly represents current opinion at the present time, but so different is our outlook from that of 1899 that certain sections have had to be entirely rewritten and in many places pages have been suppressed to make room for more important information. In every case where new matter has been inserted references are given to the responsible authorities and the fullest use has been made of direct quotation from the authors cited.

Mrs Hingston Quiggin is responsible for the whole work of revision with the exception of Chapter XI, revised by Miss Lilian Whitehouse, while Dr A. C. Haddon has criticized, corrected and supervised the work throughout.

A. H. Q.
A. C. H.
10 _October_, 1919.

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1
II. THE METAL AGES--HISTORIC TIMES AND PEOPLES 20
III. THE AFRICAN NEGRO: I. SUDANESE 40
IV. THE AFRICAN NEGRO: II. BANTUS--NEGRILLOES--BUSHMEN--
HOTTENTOTS 84
V. THE OCEANIC NEGROES: PAPUASIANS (PAPUANS AND
MELANESIANS)--NEGRITOES--TASMANIANS 132
VI. THE SOUTHERN MONGOLS 163
VII. THE OCEANIC MONGOLS 219
VIII. THE NORTHERN MONGOLS 254
IX. THE NORTHERN MONGOLS (_continued_) 300
X. THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES 332
XI. THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES (_continued_) 388
XII. THE PRE-DRAVIDIANS: JUNGLE TRIBES OF THE DECCAN,
SAKAI, AUSTRALIANS 422
XIII. THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES 438
XIV. THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES (_continued_) 488
XV. THE CAUCASIC PEOPLES (_continued_) 501
APPENDIX 556
INDEX 562

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

(at the end of the volume)

PLATE I.
1. Hausa slave of Tunis (Western Sudanese Negro).
2. Zulu girl, South Africa (Bantu Negroid).
3, 4. Abraham Lucas, Age 32, South Africa (Koranna Hottentot).
5, 6. Swaartbooi, Age 20, South Africa (Bushman).

PLATE II.
1. Andamanese (Negrito).
2. Semang, Malay Peninsula (Negrito).
3. Aeta, Philippines (Negrito).
4. Central African Pygmy (Negrillo).
5-7. Tapiro, Netherlands New Guinea (Negrito).

PLATE III.
1, 2. Jemmy, native of Hampshire Hills, Tasmania (Tasmanian).
3, 4. Native of Oromosapua, Kiwai, British New Guinea (Papuan).
5, 6. Native of Hula, British New Guinea (Papuo-Melanesian).

PLATE IV.
1. Chinese man (Mixed Southern Mongol).
2. Chinese woman of Kulja (mixed Southern Mongol).
3, 4. Kara-Kirghiz of Semirechinsk.
5. Kara-Kirghiz woman of Semirechinsk.
6. Solon of Kulja (Manchu-Tungus).

PLATE V.
1. Jelai, an Iban (Sea-Dayak) of the Rejang river, Sarawak,
Borneo (mixed Proto-Malay).
2. Buginese, Celebes (Malayan).
3. Bontoc Igorot, Luzon, Philippines (Malayan).
4. Bagobo, Mindanao, Philippines (Malayan).
5, 6. Kenyah girls, Sarawak, Borneo (mixed Proto-Malay).

PLATE VI.
1. Samoyed, Tavji.
2. Tungus.
3. Ostiak of the Yenesei (Palaeo-Siberian).
4. Kalmuk woman (Western Mongol).
5. Gold of Amur river (Tungus).
6. Gilyak woman (N.E. Mongol).

PLATE VII.
1. Ainu woman, Yezo, Japan (Palaeo-Siberian).
2. Ainu man, Yezo, Japan (Palaeo-Siberian).
3, 4. Fine and coarse types of Japanese men (mixed Manchu-Korean and
Southern Mongol.)
5. Korean (mixed Tungus-Eastern Mongoloid).
6. Lapp (Finnish).

PLATE VIII.
1. Eskimo, Port Clarence, West Alaska.
2. Indian of the north-west coast of North America. ?Kwakiutl
(Wakashan stock).
3. Cocopa, Lower California (Yuman stock).
4. Navaho, Arizona (Athapascan linguistic stock).
5, 6. Buffalo Bull Ghost, Dakota of Crow Creek (Siouan stock).

PLATE IX.
1. Carib, British Guiana.
2. Guatuso, Costa Rica.
3. Native of Otovalo, Ecuador.
4. Native of Zambisa, Ecuador.
5. Tehuel-che man, Patagonia.
6. Tehuel-che woman, Patagonia.

PLATE X.
1. Sita Wanniya, a Henebedda Vedda, Ceylon (Pre-Dravidian).
2. Sakai, Perak, Malay Peninsula (Pre-Dravidian).
3. Irula of Chingleput, Nilgiri Hills, South India
(Pre-Dravidian).
4. Paniyan woman, Malabar, South India (Pre-Dravidian).
5. Kaitish, Central Australia (Australian).
6. Mulgrave woman (Australian).

PLATE XI.
1, 2. Dane (Nordic).
3. Dane (mixed Alpine).
4. Breton woman of Guingamp (mixed Alpine).
5. Swiss woman (Nordic).
6. Swiss woman (Alpine).

PLATE XII.
1. Catalan man, Spain (Iberian).
2. Irishman, Co. Roscommon (Mediterranean).
3, 4. Kababish, Egyptian Sudan (mixed Semite).
5. Egyptian Bedouin (mixed Semite).
6. Afghan of Zerafshan (Iranian).

PLATE XIII.
1, 2. Bisharin, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite).
3. Beni Amer, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite).
4. Masai, British East Africa (mixed Nilote and Hamite).
5. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote, showing approach to Hamitic
type).
6. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote).

PLATE XIV.
1, 2. Kurd, Nimrud-Dagh, lake Van, Kurdistan, Asia Minor (Nordic).
3, 4. Armenian, Kessab, Djebel Akrah, Kurdistan (Armenoid Alpine).
5. Tajik woman of E. Turkestan (Alpine).
6. Tajik of Tashkend (mixed Alpine and Turki).

PLATE XV.
1, 2. Sinhalese, Ceylon (mixed "Aryan").
3. Hindu merchant, Western India (mixed "Aryan").
4. Kling woman, Eastern India (Dravidian).
5. Linga Banajiga, South India (Dravidian).
6. Vakkaliga, Canarese, South India (mixed Alpine).

PLATE XVI.
1, 2. Ruatoka and his wife, Raiatea (Polynesian).
3. Tiawhiao, Maori, New Zealand (Polynesian).
4. Maori woman, New Zealand (Polynesian).
5, 6. Girls of the Caroline Islands (Micronesian).

We offer our sincere thanks for the use of the following photographs:

A. H. Keane, _Ethnology_ (1896), IV. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; IX. 3, 4;
XII. 6; XIV. 5, 6.
A. H. Keane, _Man, Past and Present_ (1899), I. 2; II. 3; V. 2;
VI. 4, 5, 6; VII. 5; IX. 1, 2; X. 4, 6; XII. 5.
A. R. Brown, II. 1.
Prof. R. B. Yapp, II. 2.
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, II. 4; V. 4; VII. 1, 2;
VIII. 1, 2, 3, 4; IX. 5, 6; XV. 1, 2.
Dr Wollaston, cf. _Pygmies and Papuans_, p. 212; II. 5, 6, 7.
Dr G. Landtman, III. 3, 4.
Anthony Wilkin, III. 5, 6.
Prof. C. G. Seligman, V. 1; (_The Veddas_, pl. V) X. 1; XII. 3, 4;
XIII. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6.
L. F. Taylor, V. 3.
A. C. Haddon, I. 3, 4, 5, 6; III. 1, 2; IV. 1; V. 5, 6; VII. 6;
XI. 1, 2, 3; XII. 1, 2; XIII. 4; XVI. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Miss M. A. Czaplicka, VI. 1, 2, 3.
Dr W. Crooke (cf. _Northern India_, pl. III), XV. 3.
Baelz, VII. 3, 4.
Bureau of American Ethnology, VIII. 5, 6.
E. Thurston (_Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, II. p. 387),
X. 3; (ibid. IV. pp. 236, 240), XV. 5; XV. 6.
Sir Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen and Messrs Macmillan & Co.
(_Across Australia_, II. fig. 169), X. 5.
Prof. J. Kollmann, XI. 5, 6.
P. W. Luton, XII. 2.
Prof. F. von Luschan and the Council of the Royal Anthropological
Institute (_Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst._, XLI., pl. XXIV, 1, 2,
pl. XXX, 1, 2), XIV. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Dr W. H. Furness, XVI. 5, 6.