Chapter XIII: The Caucasic Peoples (3)

[1055] _Hist. de la Gaule_, I. Chap. IV. The author makes it clear, however, that his "Ligurians" are not necessarily an ethnic unit, "De l'unite de nom, ne concluons pas a l'unite de race" (119), and later (p. 120), "Ne considerons donc pas les Ligures comme les representants uniformes d'une race determinee. Ils sont la population qui habitait l'Europe occidentale avant les invasions connues des Celtes ou des Etrusques, avant la naissance des peuples latin ou ibere. Ils ne sont pas autre chose."

[1056] _Gaule av. Gaulois_, p. 248.

[1057] _Loc. cit._ p. 23 _n._ I.

[1058] _Early Age of Greece_, 1901, p. 237 ff., and "Who were the Romans?" _Proc. Brit. Acad._ III. 19, 1908, p. 3.

[1059] See R. S. Conway, Art. "Liguria," _Ency. Brit._ 1911. It may be noted, however, as Feist points out (_Ausbreitung und Herkunft des Indogermanen_, 1913, p. 368), this hypothesis rests on slight foundations ("ruht auf schwachen Fuessen").

[1060] _Arii e Italici_, p. 60.

[1061] _Corresbl. d. d. Ges. f. Anthrop._, Feb. 1898, p. 12.

[1062] Yet Ligurians are actually planted on the North Atlantic coast of Spain by S. Sempere y Miguel (_Revista de Ciencias Historicas_, I. v. 1887).

[1063] _Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 22.

[1064] _Caesar's Conquest of Gaul_, 1911, p. 287.

[1065] "La Civilisation Primitive dans la Sicilie Orientale," in _L'Anthropologie_, 1897, p. 130 sq.; and p. 295 sq.

[1066] _Praehistorische Studien aus Sicilien_, quoted by Patroni.

[1067] p. 130.

[1068] See p. 21.

[1069] It may be mentioned that while Penka makes the Siculi Illyrians from Upper Italy ("Zur Palaeoethnologie Mittel-u. Suedeuropas," in _Wiener Anthrop. Ges._ 1897, p. 18), E. A. Freeman holds that they were not only Aryans, but closely akin to the Romans, speaking "an undeveloped Latin," or "something which did not differ more widely from Latin than one dialect of Greek differed from another" (_The History of Sicily_, etc., I. p. 488). On the Siculi and Sicani, see E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, 1909, I. 2, p. 723, also Art. "Sicily, History," _Ency. Brit._ 1911. Dechelette (_Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, II. 1910, p. 17) suggests that Sikelos or Siculus, the eponymous hero of Sicily, may have been merely the personification of the typical Ligurian implement, the bronze _sickle_ (Lat. secula, sicula).

[1070] I. 22.

[1071] VI. 2.

[1072] _Parte I. Dati Antropologici ed Etnologici_, Rome, 1896.

[1073] p. 182.

[1074] _Atti Soc. Rom. d' Antrop._ 1896, pp. 179 and 201.

[1075] Cf. W. Z. Ripley, "Racial Geography of Europe," _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, New York, 1897-9, and _The Races of Europe_, 1900, pp. 54, 175.

[1076] _Arii e Italici_, p. 188. Hence for these Italian Ligurians he claims the name of "Italici," which he refuses to extend to the Aryan intruders in the peninsula. "A questi primi abitatori spetta legittimamente il nome di Italici, non a popolazioni successive [Aryan Umbrians], che avrebbero sloggiato i primi abitanti" (p. 60). The result is a little confusing, "Italic" being now the accepted name of the Italian branch of the Aryan linguistic family, and also commonly applied to the Aryans of this Italic speech, although the word _Italia_ itself may have been indigenous (Ligurian) and not introduced by the Aryans. It would perhaps be better to regard "Italia" as a "geographical expression" applicable to all its inhabitants, whatever their origin or speech.

[1077] _Science Progress_, July, 1894. It will be noticed that the facts, accepted by all, are differently interpreted by Beddoe and Sergi, the latter taking the long-headed element in North Italy as the aboriginal (Ligurian), modified by the later intrusion of round-headed Aryan Slavs, Teutons, and especially Kelts, while Beddoe seems to regard the broad-headed Alpine as the original, afterwards modified by intrusive long-headed types "Germanic, Slavic, or of doubtful origin." Either view would no doubt account for the present relations; but Sergi's study of the prehistoric remains (see above) seems to compel acceptance of his explanation. From the statistics an average height of not more than 5 ft. 4 in. results for the whole of Italy.

[1078] For the identification of the Mediterranean race in Greece with the Pelasgians, see W. Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_, I. 1901, though Ripley contends (_The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 407), "Positively no anthropological data on the matter exist."

[1079] [Greek: To ton Pelasgon genos Hellenikon.]

[1080] I. 57.

[1081] _Il._ X. 429; _Od._ XIX. 177.

[1082] "We recognize in the Pelasgi an ancient and honourable race, ante-Hellenic, it is true, but distinguished from the Hellenes only in the political and social development of their age.... Herodotus and others take a prejudiced view when, reasoning back from the subsequent Tyrrhenian Pelasgi, they call the ancient Pelasgians a rude and worthless race, their language barbarous, and their deities nameless. Numerous traditionary accounts, of undoubted authenticity, describe them as a brave, moral, and honourable people, which was less a distinct stock and tribe, than a race united by a resemblance in manners and the forms of life" (W. Wachsmuth, _The Historical Antiquities of the Greeks_, etc., Engl. ed. 1837, I. p. 39). Remarkable words to have been written before the recent revelations of archaeology in Hellas.

[1083] That the two cultures went on for a long time side by side is evident from the different social institutions and religious ideas prevailing in different parts of Hellas during the strictly historic period.

[1084] [Greek: kata ten Hellada pasan epepolase] (Strabo, V. 220). This might almost be translated, "they flooded the whole of Greece."

[1085] _Early Age of Greece_, 1901, Chaps. I. and II.

[1086] _Od._ XIX.

[1087] Thuc. I. 3.

[1088] This idea of an independent evolution of western (European) culture is steadily gaining ground, and is strenuously advocated, amongst others, by M. Salomon Reinach, who has made a vigorous attack on what he calls the "oriental mirage," _i.e._ the delusion which sees nothing but Asiatic or Egyptian influences everywhere. Sergi of course goes further, regarding the Mediterranean (Iberian, Ligurian, Pelasgian) cultures not only as local growths, but as independent both of Asiatics and of the rude Aryan hordes, who came rather as destroyers than civilisers. This is one of the fundamental ideas pervading the whole of his _Arii e Italici_, and some earlier writings.

[1089] Pausanias, III. 20. 5.

[1090] G. Sergi, _The Mediterranean Race_, 1901. In the main he is supported by philologists. "The languages of the indigenous peoples throughout Asia Minor and the Aegean area are commonly believed to have been non-Indo-European." H. M. Chadwick, _The Heroic Age_, 1912, p. 179 n.

[1091] W. Ridgeway, _The Early Age of Greece_, 1901, p. 681 ff.

[1092] _The Dawn of History_, 1911, p. 40. For his views on Pelasgians, see _Journ. Hell. St._ 1907, p. 170, and the Art. "Pelasgians" in _Ency. Brit._ 1911.

[1093] E. Petersen and F. von Luschan, _Reisen in Lykien_, 1889.

[1094] W. Z. Ripley, _The Races of Europe_, p. 404 ff. The map (facing p. 402) does not include Greece, and the grouping is based on language, not race.

[1095] The Mykenaean skull found by Bent at Antiparos is described as "abnormally dolichocephalic." W. Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_, I. 1901, p. 78.

[1096] But in Ridgeway's view the "classical Hellenes" were descendants of tall fair-haired invaders from the North, and in this he has the concurrence of J. L. Myres, _The Dawn of History_, 1911, p. 209.

[1097] _Mitt. d. K. d. Inst. Athen._ XXX. See H. R. Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, 1913, pp. 61-4.

[1098] _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 1909, Sec. 507.

[1099] For a discussion of the meaning of "Pelasgic Argos" see H. M. Chadwick, _The Heroic Age_, 1912, pp. 274 ff. and 278-9, and for his criticism of Meyer, p. 285.

[1100] But see W. Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_, I. 1901, p. 138 ff.

[1101] Art. "Indo-European Languages," _Ency. Brit._ 1911.

[1102] R. S. Conway, Art. "Aegean Civilisation," in _Ency. Brit._ 1911, whence this summary is derived, including the chronology, which is not in all respects universally adopted (see p. 27). For a full discussion of the chronology see J. Dechelette, _Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique_, Vol. II. 1910, _Archeologie celtique ou protohistorique_, Ch. II. Sec. V. Chronologie egeenne, p. 54 ff.

[1103] In his valuable and comprehensive work, _Africa: Antropologia della Stirpe Camitica_, Turin, 1897. It must not be supposed that this classification is unchallenged. T. A. Joyce, "Hamitic Races and Languages," _Ency. Brit._ 1911, points out that it is impossible to prove the connection between the Eastern and Northern Hamites. The former have a brown skin, with frizzy hair, and are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastors; the latter, whom he would call not Hamites at all, but the Libyan variety of the Mediterranean race, are a white people, with curly hair, and their purest representatives, the Berbers, are agriculturalists. For the fullest and most recent treatment of the subject see the monumental work of Oric Bates, _The Eastern Libyans: An Essay_, 1913, with bibliography.

[1104] "Les Maures du Senegal," _L'Anthropologie_, 1896, p. 258 sq.

[1105] That is, the _Sanhaja-an Litham_, those who wear the _litham_ or veil, which is needed to protect them from the sand, but has now acquired religious significance, and is never worn by the "Moors."

[1106] p. 269.

[1107] See F. Stuhlmann's invaluable work on African culture and race distribution, _Handwerk und Industrie in Ostafrika_, 1910, especially the map showing the distribution of the Hamites, Pl. II. B.

[1108] The Kababish and Baggara tribes, chief mainstays of former Sudanese revolts, claim to be of unsullied Arab descent with long fictitious pedigrees going back to early Muhammadan times (see p. 74).

[1109] "Les Chaouias," _L'Anthropologie_, 1897, p. 14.

[1110] P. 17.

[1111] The words collected by Sir H. H. Johnston at Dwirat in Tunis show a great resemblance with the language of the Saharan Tuaregs, and the sheikh of that place "admitted that his people could understand and make themselves understood by those fierce nomads, who range between the southern frontier of Algeria and Tunis and the Sudan" (_Geogr. Jour._, June, 1898, p. 590).

[1112] Cf. Meinhof, _Die Moderne Sprachforschung in Africa_, 1910.

[1113] _Ti-bu_ = "Rock People"; cf. _Kanem-bu_ = "Kanem People," southernmost branch of the family on north side of Lake Chad.

[1114] [Greek: Onton de kai auton ede mallon Aithiopon] (I. 8). I take [Greek: ede], which has caused some trouble to commentators, here to mean that, as you advance southwards from the Mediterranean seaboard, you find yourself on entering Garamantian territory already rather amongst Ethiopians than Libyans.

[1115] Reclus, Eng. ed. Vol. XI. p. 429. For the complicated ancestral mixture producing the Tibu see Sir H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913, p. 386.

[1116] Reclus, Eng. ed. Vol. XI. p. 430.

[1117] From the enormous sheets of tuffs near the Kharga Oasis Zettel, geologist of G. Rohlf's expedition in 1876, considered that even this sandy waste might have supported a rich vegetation in Quaternary times.

[1118] See _Histoire de la Civilisation Egyptienne_, G. Jequier, 1913, p. 53 ff. Also, concerning pottery, E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XXXVII. 1907, p. 203.

[1119] The Egyptians themselves had a tradition that when Menes moved north he found the delta still under water. The sea reached almost as far as the Fayum, and the whole valley, except the Thebais, was a malarious swamp (Herod. II. 4). Thus late into historic times memories still survived that the delta was of relatively recent formation, and that the _Retu_ (_Romitu_ of the Pyramid texts, later _Rotu_, _Romi_, etc.) had already developed their social system before the Lower Nile valley was inhabitable. Hence whether the Nile took 20,000 years (Schweinfurth) or over 70,000, as others hold, to fill in its estuary, the beginning of the Egyptian prehistoric period must still be set back many millenniums before the new era. "Ce que nous savons du Sahara, lui-meme alors sillonne de rivieres, atteste qu'il [the delta] ne devait pas etre habitable, pas etre constitue a l'epoque quaternaire" (M. Zaborowski, _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ 1896, p. 655).

[1120] G. Jequier, _Histoire de la Civilisation Egyptienne_, 1913, p. 95, but see E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XXXVII. 1907, p. 209.

[1121] _Handwerk und Industrie in Ostafrika_, 1910, p. 143.

[1122] "Migrations," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ XXXVI. 1906.

[1123] "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIII. 1913.

[1124] See p. 482 below.

[1125] For an alternative route see E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XXXVII. 1907, p. 209; J. L. Myres, _The Dawn of History_, 1911, pp. 56-7, also p. 65, and the criticism of Elliot Smith, _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911, pp. 88-9.

[1126] _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911.

[1127] _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911, pp. 56, 58, 62.

[1128] _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911, pp. 104-5.

[1129] G. Elliot Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 97 and 147.

[1130] E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_, I. 2, 1909, Sec.Sec. 229, 232, 253.

[1131] G. Elliot Smith, _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1911, p. 108, but for a different interpretation see J. L. Myres, _The Dawn of History_, 1911 pp. 51 and 65.

[1132] _Loc. cit._ p. 147.

[1133] H. R. Hall (_The Ancient History of the Near East_, 1913, p. 87 _n._ 3) sees "no resemblance whatever between the facial traits of the Memphite grandees of the Old Kingdom and those of Hittites, Syrians, or modern Anatolians, Armenians or Kurds. They were much more like South Europeans, like modern Italians or Cretans."

[1134] Cf. H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Soc._ XLIII. 1913, p. 383, and also E. Naville, "The Origin of Egyptian Civilisation," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XXXVII. 1907, p. 210.

[1135] G. A. Reisner, "The Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Der,"