Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: A. (p. 5) (1)

Since the first few pages of this book were in print an important memoir on the "Phylogeny of Recent and Extinct Anthropoids with Special Reference to the Origin of Man" has been published by W. K. Gregory (_Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ Vol. XXXV., Article XIX, pp. 258 ff., New York, 1916). As Gregory's lucid statement of the problems involved is based on a prolonged examination of very varied and abundant material we have considered it advisable to present his summary. The chief conclusions, which appear to be of a conservative character, are as follows (p. 341).

_The Origin of Man._

1. Comparative anatomical (including embryological) evidence alone has shown that man and the anthropoids have been derived from a primitive anthropoid stock and that man's existing relatives are the chimpanzee and the gorilla.

2. The chimpanzee and gorilla have retained, with only minor changes, the ancestral habits and habitus in brain, dentition, skull and limbs, while the forerunners of the Hominidae, through a profound change in function, lost the primitive anthropoid habitus, gave up arboreal frugivorous adaptations and early became terrestrial, bipedal and predatory, using crude flints to cut up and smash the varied food.

3. The ancestral chimpanzee-gorilla-man stock appears to be represented by the Upper Miocene genera _Sivapithecus_ and _Dryopithecus_, the former more closely allied to, or directly ancestral to, the Hominidae, the latter to the chimpanzee and gorilla.

4. Many of the differences that separate man from anthropoids of the _Sivapithecus_ type are retrogressive changes, following the profound change in food habits above noted. Here belong the retraction of the face and dental arch, the reduction in size of the canines, the reduction of the jaw muscles, the loss of the prehensile character of the hallux. Many other differences are secondary adjustments in relative proportions, connected with the change from semi-arboreal, semi-erect and semi-quadrupedal progression to fully terrestrial bipedal progression. The earliest anthropoids being of small size doubtless had slender limbs; later semi-terrestrial semi-erect forms were probably not unlike a very young gorilla, with fairly short legs and not excessively elongate arms. The long legs and short arms of man are due, I believe, to a secondary readjustment of proportions. The very short legs and very long arms of old male gorillas may well be a specialization.

5. At present I know no good evidence for believing that the separation of the Hominidae from the Simiidae took place any earlier than the Miocene, and probably the Upper Miocene. The change in structure during this vast interval (two or more million years) is much greater in the Hominidae than in the conservative anthropoids, but it is not unlikely that during a profound change of life habits evolution sometimes proceeds more rapidly than in the more familiar cases where uninterrupted adaptations proceed in a single direction.

6. _Homo heidelbergensis_ appears to be directly ancestral to all the later Hominidae.

_On the evolution of human food habits._

While all the great apes are prevailingly frugivorous, and even their forerunners in the Lower Oligocene have the teeth well adapted for piercing the tough rinds of fruits and for chewing vegetable food, yet they also appear to have at least a latent capacity for a mixed diet. The digestive tract, especially of the chimpanzee and gorilla, is essentially similar to that of man and at least some captive chimpanzees thrive upon a mixed diet including large quantities of fruits, vegetables and bread and small quantities of meat[1352]. Mr R. L. Garner, who has spent many years in studying the African anthropoids in their wild state, states[1353] that "their foods are mainly vegetable, but that flesh is an essential part of their diet." Other observers state[1354] that the gorilla and chimpanzee greedily devour young birds as well as eggs, vermin and small rodents.

Even the existing anthropoids, although highly conservative both in brain development and general habits, show the beginning of the use of the hands, and trained anthropoids can perform quite elaborate acts. At a time when tough-rined tubers and fruits were still the main element of the diet the nascent Hominidae may have sought out the lairs and nesting places of many animals for the purpose of stealing the young and thus they may have learned to fight with and kill the enraged parents. They had also learned to fight in protecting their own nesting places and young. And possibly they killed both by biting, as in carnivores, and by strangling, or, in the case of a small animal, by dashing it violently down.

We may conceive that the Upper Tertiary ape-men, in the course of their dispersal from a south central Asiatic centre[1355], entered regions where flint-bearing formations were abundant. In some way they learned perhaps that these "Eolith" flints could be used to smash open the head of a small strangled animal, to crack open tough vegetables, or to mash substances into an edible condition. Much later, after the mental association of hand and flint had been well established, they may have struck at intruders with the flints with which they were preparing their food and in this way they may have learned to use the heavier flints as hand axes and daggers. At a very early date they learned to throw down heavy stones upon an object to smash it, and this led finally to the hurling of flints at men and small game. Very early also they had learned to swing a heavy piece of wood or a heavy bone as a weapon. For all such purposes shorter and stockier arms are more advantageous than the long slender arms of a semi-quadrupedal ancestral stage and I have argued above (p. 333) that a secondary shortening and thickening of the arms ensued.

One of the first medium-sized animals that the nascent Hominidae would be successful in killing was the wild boar, which in the Pleistocene had a wide Palaearctic distribution.

From the very first the ape-men were more or less social in habits and learned to hunt in packs. Whether the art of hunting began in south central Asia or in Europe, perhaps one of the first large animals that men learned to kill after they had invaded the open country was the horse, because, when a pack of men had surrounded a horse, a single good stroke with a coup-de-poing upon the brain-case might be sufficient to kill it.

I have argued above (p. 321) that the retraction of the dental arch and the reduction of the canines is not consistent with the use of meat as food, because men learned to use rough flints, in place of their teeth, to tear the flesh and to puncture the bones, and because the erect incisors, short canines and bicuspids were highly effective in securing a powerful hold upon the tough hide and connective tissue. It must be remembered that with a given muscular power small teeth are more easily forced into meat than large teeth.

After every feast there would be a residuum of hide and bones which would gradually assume economic value. The hides of animals were at first rudely stripped off simply to get at the meat. Small sharp-edged natural flints could be used for this purpose as well as to cut the sinews and flesh. After a time it was found that the furry sides of these hides were useful to cover the body at night or during a storm. Thus the initial stage in the making of clothes may have been a byproduct of the hunting habit.

Dr Matthew (_loc. cit._ pp. 211, 212) has well suggested that man may have learned to cover the body with the skins of animals in a cool temperate climate (such as that on the northern slopes of the Himalayas) and that afterward they were able to invade colder regions. The use of rough skins to cover the body must have caused exposure to new sources of annoyance and infection, but we cannot affirm that natural selection was the cause of the reduction of hair on the body and of the many correlated modifications of glandular activity. We can only affirm that a naked race of mammals must surely have had hairy ancestors and that the loss of hair on the body was probably subsequent to the adoption of predatory habits.

The food habits of the early Hominidae, and thus indirectly the jaws and teeth, were later modified through the use of fire for softening the food. Men had early learned to huddle round the dying embers of forest fires that had been started by lightning, to feed the fire-monster with branches, and to carry about firebrands. They learned eventually that frozen meat could be softened by exposing it to the fire. Thus the broiling and roasting of meat and vegetables might be learned even before the ways of kindling fire through percussion and friction had been discovered. But the full art of cooking and the subsequent stages in the reduction of the jaws and teeth in the higher races probably had to await the development of vessels for holding hot water, perhaps in neolithic times.

This account of the evolution of the food habits of the Hominidae will probably be condemned by experimentalists, who have adduced strong evidence for the doctrine that "acquired characters" cannot be inherited. But, whatever the explanation may be, it is a fact that progressive changes in food-habits and correlated changes in structure have occurred in thousands of phyla, the history of which is more or less fully known. Nobody with a practical knowledge of the mechanical interactions of the upper and lower teeth of mammals, or of the progressive changes in the evolution of shearing and grinding teeth, can doubt that the dentition has evolved _pari passu_ with changes in food habits. Whether, as commonly supposed, the food habits changed before the dentition, or _vice versa_, the evidence appears to show that the Hominidae passed through the following stages of evolution:

1. A chiefly frugivorous stage, with large canines and parallel rows of cheek teeth (cf. _Sivapithecus_).

2. A predatory, omnivorous stage, with reduced canines and convergent tooth rows (cf. _Homo heidelbergensis_).

3. A stage in which the food is softened by cooking and the dentition is more or less reduced in size and retrograde in character, as in modernized types of _H. sapiens_.

The following is an abbreviation of Gregory's arrangement of the Primates (pp. 266, 267).

Order Primates
Suborder Lemuroidea
Suborder Anthropoidea
Series Platyrrhinae [New World monkeys]
Fam. Cebidae
Fam. Hapalidae [Marmosets]
Series Catarrhinae [Old World monkeys]
Fam. Parapithecidae [extinct]
Fam. Cercopithecidae
Fam. Simiidae
Sub-fam. Hylobatinae [Gibbons]
Sub-fam. Simiinae [Simians or Anthropoid apes]

By the courtesy of the author we are permitted to reproduce his provisional diagram of the phylogeny of the Hominidae and Simiidae (p. 337).

The following explanation is offered for the convenience of those who may not be familiar with the technical terms here employed.

_Simia_, the genus containing the orang-utan.

_Pan_, a name occasionally employed for the genus containing the
chimpanzee. Most authorities place the chimpanzee and the gorilla in
the genus Anthropopithecus.

_Hylobatinae_, the sub-family containing the gibbons.

_Palaeopithecus_, _Dryopithecus_, _Palaeosimia_, and _Sivapithecus_
are extinct simians.

_Pan vetus_ is the name suggested by Miller[1356] for the supposed
chimpanzee whose jaw was found associated with the Piltdown cranium.
He says "The Piltdown remains include parts of a brain-case showing
fundamental characters not hitherto known except in members of the
genus _Homo_, and a mandible, two molars, and an upper canine
showing equally diagnostic features hitherto unknown, except in
members of the genus _Pan_ [_Anthropopithecus_]. On the evidence
furnished by these characters the fossils must be supposed to
represent either a single individual belonging to an otherwise
unknown extinct genus (_Eoanthropus_) or to two individuals
belonging to two now-existing families (_Hominidae_ and _Pongidae_)."
He argues that the jaw was actually that of a chimpanzee and that
the cranium was that of a true man, whom he terms _Homo Dawsoni_.
Gregory accepts this hypothesis. W. P. Pycraft[1357] has submitted
Miller's data and conclusions to searching criticism and bases his
deductions on far more ample material than that at the disposal of
Miller. He says "That the Piltdown jaw does present many points of
striking resemblance to that of the chimpanzee is beyond dispute. Dr
Smith Woodward pointed out these resemblances long ago, in his
original description of the jaw. But Mr Miller contends that because
of these resemblances therefore it _is_ the jaw of a chimpanzee"
(_loc. cit._ p. 408). Pycraft points out that there is more
variability in the jaws of chimpanzees than Miller was aware of, and
that most of the features of the Piltdown jaw are well within the
limits of human variation; in discussing the conformation of the
inner surface of the body of the jaw he says "Between the two
extremes seen in the jaws of chimpanzees every gradation will be
found, but in no case would there be any possibility of confusing
the Piltdown fragment, or any similar fragment of a modern human
jaw, with similar fragments of chimpanzee jaws" (p. 407).

FOOTNOTES:

[1352] A. Keith, "On the Chimpanzees and their Relationship to the Gorilla," _Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1899, I. p. 296.

[1353] _Science_, Vol. XLII. Dec. 10, 1915, p. 843.

[1354] A. H. Keane, _Ethnology_, 1901, p. 111.

[1355] W. D. Matthew, "Climate and Evolution," _Ann. New York Acad. Sci._ XXIV. 1915, pp. 210, 214.

[1356] Gerrit S. Miller, "The Jaw of Piltdown Man," _Smithsonian Misc. Coll._ Vol. 65, No. 12, 1915.

[1357] "The Jaw of the Piltdown Man, a Reply to Mr Gerrit S. Miller," _Science Progress_, No. 43, 1917, p. 389.

INDEX

Thanks are due to Hilary and Patrick Quiggin for help in the preparation, and to Miss L. Whitehouse for help in the revision, of the index.

Ababdeh, the, 483

Abaka, the, 78

Abbadie, A. d', 123

Abbot, W. J. L., 7

Abipone, the, 420

Abkhasian language, the, 541

Abnaki, the, 354, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Abo, the, 117

Abor, the, 170 _n._

Abud, H. M., 484 sq.

Abydos, excavations at, 481

Abyssinians, the, 468 sq.

Achaeans, the, 463, 466, 533 sq.

Acheulean culture, 11, 14

Achinese, the, 223, 238 sq.

Acolhuas, the, 342, 394

Acoma, the, 382 _n._

Adam, L., 283, 415 _n._

Adelung, J. C., 127 _n._

Aderbaijani, the, 312

Aegean, the, culture of, 25 sq., 463 sqq., 467 sq., 501 sq.;
prehistoric chronology of, 27;
race, 466

Aeneolithic period, 21, 460

Aeta, the, 138, 149, 156 sqq., and Pl. II fig. 3

Afars, the, 468 sq., 484 sqq.

Afghans, the, 542 sq., 546

Ahoms, the, 192

Ahtena, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Aimaks, the, 312

Aimores. _See_ Botocudos

Ainu, the, 289, 294 sq., and Pl. VII figs. 1, 2

Akkadians, the, 261 sqq., 264

Akua. _See_ Cherentes

Alakalufs, the, 411; language of, 413

Alans, the, 312, 540

Albanians, the, 532, 538 sq.

Algonquian linguistic stock, the, 342, 347, 354 sq., 370 sqq., 381

Algonquin, the, 347 _n._ and map, pp. 334-5

Alldridge, T. J., 56 _n._

Alpine race, the, 449, 452 sq., Pl. XI figs. 3, 4, 6, and
Pl. XIV figs. 3-6;
in the Morea, 465;
in Western Asia, 498, 504;
in Scandinavia, 509;
in Germany, 509 sq.;
in France, 510, 525 sqq.;
in the Tyrol, 512;
and the Celts, 514 sq.;
in Britain, 516 sqq.;
in Italy, 529;
in Russia, 539 sq.;
in Irania, 541 sqq.;
in Central Asia, 544 sq.;
in India, 547 sq.

Altamira cave art, 13

Alur, the, 79

Ama-Fingu, the, 102

Ama-Tembu, the, 104

Ama-Xosa, the, 101

Ama-Zulu, the, 101

Amias, the, 250

Ammon, O., 511

Ammonites, the, 490

Amorites, the, 489 sq., 493, 545

Anau, exploration of, 257 sq.

Andaman Islanders, the, 138, 149 sqq., 155, 158, and Pl. II fig. 1

Anderson, J. D., 546 _n._

Anderson, John, 186 _n._

Andi language, the, 541

Andrae, W., 264 _n._

Angami Naga, the, 178;
language, 177

A-Ngoni, the, 102

Annamese, the, 180, 202 sqq.

Annandale, N., 153, 222 _n._

Anorohoro, the, 242

Ansariyeh, the, 497

Antankarana, the, 241

Antimerina. _See_ Hova

Anu, the, 197

Anuchin, A., 289

Apaches, the, 342, 354, 383

Aquitani, the, 525

Arabs, the, 468, 470 sqq., 480, 488, 495, 498 sqq.

Arakanese, the, 180

Aramaeans, the, 489 sq.

Aramka, the, 73

Arapaho, the, 354, 370, 372, 374, and map, pp. 334-5

Araucanians, the, 409 sqq.;
language, 412

Arawakan linguistic stock, 415 sq.

Arawaks, the, 348, 399, 416

Arbois de Jubainville, M. H. d', 459, 514 _n._

Arcadians, the, 466

Argentina, fossil man in, 338

Arikara, the, 355, 371, and map, pp. 334-5

Aristov, N. A., 316 _n._

Arldt, T., 93

Armenians, the, 449, 498, 545, and Pl. XIV figs. 3, 4

Armenoids, the, 449, 450 sq., 479, 481, 497 sq.

Aruan, the, 416

Arunta, the, 429, 435 sqq.

Arvernians. _See_ Alpine race

Aryan languages. _See_ Indo-European languages

"Aryans," the, 441 sq., 449, 501 sqq.;
"cradle" of, 503 sq.

Aryans, the, in India, 505 sq., 545 sq., 550 and Pl. XV figs. 1-3

Aryo-Dravidian type, Risley's, 546

Asha, the, 485

Ashango, the, 115

Ashanti, the, 58 sq.

Ashe, R. P., 95 _n._

Ashluslays, the, 421

Aspelin, J. R., 309 _n._, 319

Assami, the, 193, 550

Assiniboin, the, 355, 370, 372, and map, pp. 334-5

Assyrians, the, 488 sq., 492

Atacamenos, the, 408

Atarais, the, 416

Athapascan linguistic stock, the, 342, 347, 354, 363, 383

Atharaka, the, 97 _n._

Aucaes. _See_ Araucanians

Auetoe, the, 348, 419

Aurignacian man, 2, 9, 10;
culture, 12, 14

Australians, the, 422, 426-437, and Pl. X figs. 5, 6;
languages of, 428 sqq.

Austronesian languages, 221, 223, 240

Autenrieth, H. von, 237 _n._

Avars, the, 310, 326, 329 sq., 531

Ayamats, the, 52

Aymara, the, 407, 419

Aysa, the, 485

Azandeh, the, 44

Azilian culture, 12 sqq.

Aztecs, the, 384, 389-395, 397

Babine, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Babir, the, 70

Babylonia, Copper Age in, 22;
Bronze Age in, 24;
chronology, 27, 264 sq.;
writing, 32 sqq.;
influence of, on China, 207 sq.;
inhabitants, 261 sqq., 488 sq., 491 sqq.;
religion, 268;
social system, 269;
culture, 270 sq., 491;
connection with Egypt, 481

Badakhshi, the, 544

Baele, the, 73

Baelz, E., 294, 296 _n._

Ba-Fiot. _See_ Eshi-Kongo

Ba-Ganda, the, 44, 94 sqq., 248

Ba-Gesu, the, 91 _n._

Baggara, the, 74, 471 _n._

Baghirmi, the, 69, 72

Bagobo, the, 247

Bahau, the, 231

Ba-Hima, the, 91, 93, 468, 484, 486

Ba-Huana, the, 115

Baining, the, 142

Bajau, the, 228

Ba-Kalai, the, 115

Bakairi, the, 348, 415

Ba-Kene, the, 91

Ba-Kish, the, 117

Ba-Kundu, the, 117

Ba-Kwiri, the, 117

Balagnini, the, 228

Balbi, A., 420 _n._

Balinese, the, 224

Balkashin, M., 316 _n._

Ball, C. J., 208 _n._

Ball, J., Dyer, 212 _n._, 216 _n._

Baloch, the, 546

Ba-Lolo, the, 110, 114

Ba-Long, the, 117

Balti, the, 167

Balto-Slavs, the, 506

Ba-Luba, the, 113

Ba-Mangwato, the, 109

Ba-Mba, the, 112

Bambara, the, 49, 50

Bancroft, H. H., 353

Bandelier, A. F., 383 _n._

Bandziri, the, 87

Banjars, the, 52

Bantu, the, compared with Sudanese Negro, 44 sqq.;
Chap. IV. _passim_;
in Madagascar, 239 sq.

Ba-Nyai, the, 105

Ba-Nyoro, the, 92

Banyuns, the, 52

Ba-Puti, the, 109

Bara, the, 244 sq.

Barabra, the, 75 sqq., 484

Barawan, the, 231

Barea, the, 42

Bari, the, 78, 79

Ba-Rolong, the, 106

Ba-Rotse, the, 106 sqq.

Barrett, W. E. H., 100 _n._

Barth, H., 51, 64 _n._, 65 sq., 70 sq., 72 _n._

Bary, E. von, 446 _n._

Ba-Sa, the, 117

Ba-Sange, the, 113

Base, the, 42

Ba-Senga, the, 105

Ba-Shilange, the, 110, 113

Bashkirs, the, 303, 318 sq., 328 _n._

Ba-Soga, the, 91 _n._

Ba-Songe, the, 113

Basques, the, 454 sqq., 526 sq.

Bastarnae, the, 326, 507

Ba-Suto, the, 104, 106

Batak, the, 247

Ba-Tanga, the, 117

Ba-Tau, the, 109

Batchelor, J., 295 _n._

Ba-Teke, the, 115

Bateman, C. S. L., 113

Bates, O., 468

Ba-Teso, the, 91 _n._

Ba-Thonga, the, 102

Ba-Tlapin, the, 106

Batta, the, 237 sq.

Ba-Twa, the, 125, 130

Bavaria, blond type in, 510;
Mongoloid traits in, 512 _n._

Baya, the, 88

Ba-Yanzi, the, 120

Ba-Yong, the, 117

Bayots, the, 52

Bean, R. B., 248

Beaver, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Beccari, O., 231 _n._

Be-Chuana, the, 44, 49, 104, 106, 108 sq.

Beddoe, J., 449, 462, 522

Bede, the, 70

Bedouin, the, 499 sq., 545, and Pl. XII fig. 5

Beech, M. W. H., 486 _n._

Behr, V. D. v., 450 _n._

Beja, the, 76 sq., 443, 468 sq., 483 sq.

Bektash, the, 497

Belck, W., 26 _n._

Belgae, the, 526 sq.

Belgium, neolithic inhabitants of, 451

Bellacoola, the, 363, and map, pp. 334-5

Bengali, the, 547, 550

Beni Amer, the, 483 sq.

Bent, J. T., 44, 89, 105, 466 _n._, 493

Bentley, W. H., 111, 119

Berbers, the, 448, 449 _n._, 450 sqq., 453, 468-472, 476;
language of, 453 sqq., 472 sq.

Bernard, A., 137

Berrakis, the, 544

Bertholon, L., 448

Bertin, G., 129

Bertrand, A., 457

Bertrand-Bocande, M., 53 _n._

Betoya, linguistic stock, 415

Betsileo, the, 242 sqq.

Betsimisaraka, the, 242 sq.

Beuchat, H., 389 _n._, 392, 394 _n._, 397 _n._, 399, 406 _n._,
421 _n._

Bhotiya, the, 169 sq.

Bicol, the, 221 _n._, 247

Biddulph, J., 542 _n._, 543 sq.

Bigandet, P., 186, 190

Bigger, F. J., 520

Billet, A., 197 sq.

Binger, L. G., 50 _n._, 52, 62

Bingham, H., 405 _n._

Bini, the, 58 sq.

Bird, G. W., 188 _n._

Bisayas, the, 221

Bisharin, the, 483 sq., and Pl. XIII figs. 1, 2

Bishop, I. (Bird), 197 _n._, 218 _n._, 293 _n._

Blackfoot. _See_ Siksika

Blagden, C. O., 153 _n._, 154 _n._, 222 _n._, 426 _n._

Bleek, E. D., 128 _n._

Bleek, W. H. I., 118, 128 sq.

Blood Indians. _See_ Kainah

Blumentritt, F., 156 _n._

Blundell, H. Weld, 487 _n._

Boas, F., 343, 347 _n._, 358 sq., 364 sqq., 367 _n._

Bock, Carl, 192 _n._, 194

Bodo, the, 547

Bod-pa, the, 168 sq., 171

Bogoras, W., 288, 341

Boghaz Keui, 496, 502 _n._

Bollaert, W., 403 _n._

Bongo, the, 78 sq.

Bonjo, the, 87

Bonvalot, P. G., 544

Booth, A. J., 34 _n._

Borgu, the, 62

Bori, the, 170 _n._

Borlase, W. C., 520

Borneo, natives of, 230 sqq.

Boro, the, 414

Bororo, the, 411 sq., 415

Borreby type, the, 509 _n._

Botocudo, the, 416 sqq.

Bottego, V., 81 _n._

Boule, M., 8 sq.

Bove, G., 413

Bowditch, C. P., 393 _n._

Brahui, the, 546, 550

Braknas, the, 469

Bretons, the, 449 _n._, 529 sq.

Brett, E. A. de, 548 _n._

Breuil, H., 13 _n._

Bridges, T., 401 _n._, 413

Brinton, D. G., 337

Britain, neolithic inhabitants of, 451 sqq.;
and prehistoric trade routes, 501;
races of, 516 sqq., 524

Broca, P., 456, 512

Brocklehurst, T. U., 393 _n._, 397 _n._

Brogger, W. C., 14

Brooks, W. K., 399

Brown, A. R., 151, 431 _n._, 432 sqq.

Brown, G., 146 _n._, 555 _n._

Brown, J. M., 353, 552 _n._, 555 _n._

Brown, R., 181 _n._

Brown, R. Grant, 190

Brueckner, E., 13 sqq.

Bruenn, skeleton, the, 9

Bruex skull, the, 9

Brythons, the, 515

Budini, the, 536

Buduma, the, 69

Bugis, the, 224, 226 sqq., 236

Bukidnon, the, 247

Bulala, the, 73

Bulams, the, 53

Bulgarians, the, 532

Bulgars, the, 318, 326 sqq., 329

Burduna, the, 435

Burish dialect, 542 _n._

Burmese, the, 180, 188 sqq., 547;
language, 177 _n._

Burton, Sir R., 116

Bury, J. B., 303 _n._

Buryats, the, 272, 277

Buschmann, K. E., 393

Bushmen, the, 12, 30, 226 sqq., and Pl. I figs. 5, 6;
traces of, in Egypt, 476

Bwais, the, 187

Byrne, J., 283, 346 _n._

Byron-Gordon G., 397

Caddo, the, 355

Caddoan linguistic stock, the, 355, 381

Cagayans, the, 247

California, Indians of, 368 sqq. _See_ map, pp. 334-5

Callilehet, the, 411

Cambeba, the, 419 _n._

Cambojans, the, 180

Canaanites, the, 489 sq., 493, 503

Canary Islands, natives of the, 448, 450, 480

Capitan, L., 9 _n._

Carabuyanas, the, 348

Carapaches, the, 414

Carey, S., 183

Cariban linguistic stock, 415

Caribs, the, 399, 415 sq., and Pl. IX fig. 1

Carpin, J. du P., 328 _n._

Carrier, the, 361 sq., and map, pp. 334-5

Carruthers, D., 257

Cartailhac, E., 13 _n._

Cashibos, the, 414

Castren, M. A., 278, 317

Catios, the, 400 sq.

"Caucasic," definition of, 440 sq.;
peoples, Chaps. XIII, XIV, XV;
type in Central Asia, 291 sq.;
in Finno-Turki Mongols, 300 sqq.

Caucasus, racial elements in the, 540 sq.

Cayuga, the, 354, 377

Cebunys, the, 342

Celts, the, 442, 457, 459, 462 _n._, 506, 513 sqq., 525;
language of, 453, 512, 515

Cesnola, L. P. di, 463

Chadwick, H. M., 465 _n._, 466 _n._, 507 _n._, 508 _n._, 513 _n._

Chaldeans, the, 490

Chalmers, J., 146 _n._

Chamberlain, A. F., 344, 375 _n._

Chamberlain, B. H., 296 sq.

Champas, the, 166, 180, 203

Champion, A. M., 97 _n._

Chanda, Ramaprasad, 547

Chandra Das, S., 169 _n._, 175 _n._

Chanler, W. A., 124

Chantre, E., 540

Chao, the, 411

Chatelperron industry, the, 12

Chavanne, J., 446

Chavero, A., 393 _n._

Chechenz language, 541

Chekhs, the, 331, 532, 537

Chellean culture, 7, 11, 14 sq.

Cheremisses, the, 325

Cherentes, the, 417

Cherokee, the, 32 _n._, 342, 354, 378, and map, pp. 334-5

Chervin, A., 407

Cheyenne, the, 354, 357, 370, 372, 374, and map, pp. 334-5

Chibcha, the, 402 sqq., 421 _n._

Chichimecs, the, 342, 388 _n._, 394

Chickasaw, the, 355, 378, and map, pp. 334-5

Chilasi, the, 544

Chiliks, the, 316

Chimakuan, the, 363

Chimmesayan, the, 355

Chimu, the, 407 sq.

China, prehistoric age in, 30 sq.

Chinese, the, 193 sqq., 206 sqq.

Chingpaws. _See_ Singpho

Chinhwans, the, 250

Chinook, the, 363, 366, and map, pp. 334-5

Chins, the, 182 sqq.

Chipewyan, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Chiquito, the, 348, 420

Chiriqui, the, 400, 421 _n._

Chiru, the, 178

Chitimachan, the, 381

Chocos, the, 400 sq.

Choctaw, the, 355, 378, and map, pp. 334-5

Choglengs, the, 417

Chontals, the, 400

Choroti, the, 421

Christian, F. W., 555 _n._

Chudes, the, 258, 301, 317, 319 sq.

Chukchi, the, 274 sq., 277, 285 sqq., 344

Church, G. E., 348

Churchill, W., 552 _n._

Cimbri, the, 507

Circassians, the, 541

Clark, C. U., 317 _n._

Clifford, H., 153 sqq., 227 _n._, 229

Clozel, F. J., 88, 90

Coahuila, the, 342

Cochiti, the, 382 _n._

Cockburn, J., 166 _n._

Cocks, A. H., 323

Cocoma, the, 401

Cocopa, the, 383, and Pl. VIII fig. 3

Coconuco, the, 404

Codrington, R., 102 _n._

Codrington, R. H., 146 _n._, 241 _n._

Coffey, G., 23 _n._, 26, 520 _n._

Cole, Fay-Cooper, 248 _n._

Collas, the, 406 sq.

Collignon, R., 448, 455 sq., 469

Colquhoun, A. R., 193 _n._, 202

Colvile, Z., 243 _n._, 244

Comanche, the, 355, 370, 372, and map, pp. 334-5

Combe Capelle skeleton, the, 9, 10

Conestoga, the, 354

Conibos, the, 414

Conway, R. S., 453 _n._, 457 _n._, 467 _n._, 513 _n._, 529

Congo pygmies, the, 122, 125;
in Egypt, 122, 124, 476

Cook, S. A., 494 _n._

Cool, W., 225

Cooper, J. M., 413 _n._

Coorgs, the, 546 sq.

Corequajes, the, 415 _n._

Coroados. _See_ Kames

Corsicans, the, 461

Cowan, W. D., 242 _n._

Coyaima, the, 402

Crawfurd, J., 146 sq.

Cree, the, 354;
Plains-Cree, 371;
Wood-Cree, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Creek, the, 355, 378 sq., and map, pp. 334-5

Crete, bronze in, 25;
iron in, 26;
exploration in, 463, 467;
Pelasgians in, 464, 466;
language, 454;
and prehistoric trade routes, 502

Crevaux, J., 415 _n._

Croatians, the, 532, 537 sq.

Cro-Magnon skeletons, the, 9, 448, 450

Crook, Dr W., 189 _n._, 306 _n._, 308 _n._, 445 _n._, 548

Crossland, C., 484 _n._

Crow, the, 355, 370, 372, and map, pp. 334-5

Cummins, S. L., 79 _n._

Cunas, the, 400

Cunningham, A., 176

Cunningham, J. F., 94 _n._

Curzon, G. N., Lord, 204

Cushing, F. H., 381, 385 _n._, 387 _n._

Cyprus, 463;
Pelasgians in, 464, 467;
and prehistoric trade routes, 502

Czaplicka, M. A., 275, 277 _n._, 325

Dadikes. _See_ Tajiks

Daflas, the, 170

Dahae, the, 306 sq.

Dahle, L., 241, 245

Dahomi, the, 58 sq.

Dakota, the, 355, 370 sqq., and Pl. VIII figs. 5, 6

Dalton, E. T., 170 _n._, 186 _n._, 192 _n._, 548

Dalton, O. M., 62

Damant, G. H., 178 _n._

Damara. See Ova-Herero

Dames, M. Longworth, 548 _n._

Danakil. See Afars

Danes, the, 449, and Pl. XI figs. 1-3

Dards, the, 167

Darod, the, 485

Darwazi, the, 544

Darwin, C., 401 _n._, 413

Dauri, the, 281

Dawson, C., 3 _n._, 6 _n._

Daza, the, 473

Dechelette, J., on the prehistoric period, 11 _n._, 13 _n._, 21 _n._,
22 _n._, 25 _n._, 26, 27 _n._, 28 _n._, 35;
Iberians, 455 _n._;
Ligurians, 456 sqq.;
Siculi, 460 _n._;
AEgean chronology, 467 _n._;
trade routes, 502 _n._

Decle, L., 91

Deggaras, the, 68

Dehiya. _See_ Dahae

Dehwar. _See_ Tajik

Delaware (Leni Lenape), language, 349

Dene (Tinneh), the, 354, 361 sqq., and map, pp. 334-5

Deniker, J., 38 _n._, 240 _n._, 295, 340, 413 _n._, 469, 483 _n._,
511, 539

Denmark, Alpine type in, 509

Dennett, R. E., 45 _n._, 58 _n._

Deodhaings, the, 192

Desgodins, P., 167 _n._, 170 _n._, 171, 196, 197 _n._

Dewey, H., 10 _n._

Dhe. _See_ Dahae

Diaramocks, the, 250

Diasu, the, 197

Dieseldorff, E. P., 342, 389

Dinka, the, 46, 78 sqq., 484

Dittmar, C. von, 286

Diula, the, 51 _n._

Dixon, R. B., 347, 355 sq.

Dog Rib, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Doko, the, 123

Dongolawi, the, 75

Dorians, the, 466, 468, 505, 534

Doerpfeld, W., 466

Dorsey, G. A., 372 _n._ sqq., 385 _n._

Dottin, G., 514 _n._

Dravidians, the, 428, 546 sq., 549 sqq., and Pl. XV figs. 4, 5;
language, 550

Dris, Rajah, 230

Drouin, M., 307

Dru-pa, the, 168

Druses, the, 498, 545

Du Bois, C. G., 370

Dubois, E., 3 _n._

Dubois, F., 65

Duckworth, W. L. H., 2 _n._, 3 _n._, 4 _n._, 8, 243, 343 _n._

Dume, the, 123 sq.

Dumont, A., 447

Dundas, C., 486 _n._

Dungan, the, 311

Duodez language, 541

Durani, the, 543

Durkheim, E., 430

Dusun, the, 230 sq.

Dwaish, the, 469

Dwala (Duala), the, 47 _n._, 117

Dybowski, M., 86 sq.

Dzo, the, 178

Ebisu, the, 261

Edkins, J., 211 _n._

Edomites, the, 490

Efiks, the, 117

Egypt, Copper Age in, 21 sq.;
Bronze Age in, 24 sq.;
Iron Age in, 26;
prehistoric chronology, 27;
writing, 32 sq.;
Pelasgian influence in, 464;
racial elements in, 474-481;
and Babylonia, 481, 501;
and Palestine, 493

Egyptians, the, 450, 453, 455, 468, 474-483

Ehrenreich, P., 38, 331, 347 sq., 410 sq., 415, 417, 420, 441, 443

Elam, Copper Age in, 22;
Bronze Age in, 25

Elamites, the, 266

Eliot, C., 97 _n._

Eliri, the, 75

Ellis, A. B., 47 _n._, 55 _n._, 58 sqq., 119

Ellis, Havelock, 528

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 544

Emerillons, the, 419

Emmons, G. T., 363 _n._

Endle, S., 548 _n._

Enoch, C. R., 353

_Eoanthropus Dawsoni._ _See_ Piltdown

Eolithic period, 10

Ephthalites. _See_ Ye-tha

Ercilla, A. de, 409 _n._

Erie, the, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Eshi-Kongo, the, 110, 112, 248

Eskimauan linguistic stock, the, 354

Eskimo, the, Alaskan, 343, 357 sq., 401;
Labrador, 343, 357 sq.;
Asiatic, 344;
"blonde," 360;
_see also_ map, pp. 334-5, and Pl. VIII fig. 1

Esthonians, the, 320

Ethiopians. _See_ Eastern Hamites

Etruscan language, 453

Etruscans, the, 512 sq.

Euahlayi, the, 436

Europaeus, D. E. D., 319 _n._

Evans, Sir A. J., 454 _n._, 463

Evans, Sir J., 7

Ewe, the, 46, 58

Faidherbe, L. L. C., 450

Falghars, the, 543

Fallmerayer, J. P., 535

Fans, the (West Africa), 81 _n._, 115

Fans, the (Zerafshan), 543

Fanti, the, 58 sq.

Farrand, L., 354, 386 _n._

Featherman, A., 62 _n._

Feist, S., 452, 454, 457 _n._, 503 _n._, 504 sq., 507 _n._, 513,
527 _n._

Felups, the, 52 sq.

Fenner, C. N., 339

Fermuli. _See_ Purmuli

Fewkes, J. W., 350, 384 sqq., 387 _n._

Finlay, G., 535 _n._

Finno-Turki Mongols, the, Chap. IX. _passim_

Finno-Ugrians, the, 319 sq.;
language, 454

Finns, the, 317 sqq., 504, 508, 531, 536 _n._;
Danubian, 318;
Volga, 318, 320;
Baltic, 320 sq.;
Tavastian, 320, 322;
Karelian, _ib._

Finsch, O., 146 _n._

Fishberg, M., 496 _n._

Fitzgerald, W. W. A., 98

Fitz-Roy, R., 413

Five Nations, the, 354, 375, 377

Flat-heads (Columbia River). _See_ Chinook

Flat-heads (Inland Salish), the, 343, 366

Fleischer, H. L., 241

Fletcher, A. C., 372 _n._ sq.

Fleure, H. J., 522

Flower, Sir W., 123

Foerstemann, E., 342, 389 sq., 394, 396

Folkmar, D., 156 _n._

Foote, R. B., 545 _n._

Forbes, C. J. F. S., 147, 188 _n._

Foreman, J., 156, 246 _n._, 247 sq.

Formosa, aborigines of, 248 sqq.

Fouillee, A., 510 _n._

Foy, W., 236 _n._

Fraipont, J., 8 _n._

France, neolithic inhabitants of, 451 sq.;
racial elements in, 510 sq., 525 sqq.

Frazer, Sir J. G., 364, 430

Freeman, E. A., 460 _n._

Friederici, G., 138 sq.

Friis, J. A., 323

Fritsch, G., 126

Frobenius, L., 62 _n._

Fuegians, the, 401, 411, 413

Fulah, the, 46, 53, 59, 66 sq., 73, 75, 90, 468, 476, 482 sq.

Fulani. _See_ Fulah

Fulbe. _See_ Fulah

Fuluns, the, 52

Funj, the, 78

Fur, the, 75

Furfooz brachycephals, the, 451

Furlong, C. W., 413 _n._

Furness, W. H., 234 _n._

Furtwaengler, A., 507

Ga, the, 58 sq.

Gabelenz, G. v. d., 454

Gadabursi, the, 485

Gaddanes, the, 157

Gadow, H., 395 _n._

Gagelin, Abbe, 204

Gaillard, R., 69 _n._

Gait, E. A., 192 _n._, 551 _n._

Galatians, the, 545

Galcha, the, 541, 543 sq.

Galchic language, 541 sqq.

Galibi, the, 416

Galla, the, 90 sqq., 98, 468, 485 sq.

Galley Hill skeleton, the, 8 sq.

Gallinas, the, 53

Gamergu, the, 70

Gannett, H., 248 _n._

Garamantes, the, 473

Garhwali, the, 170

Garner, R. L., 557

Gatschet, A. S., 379 _n._

Gauchos, the, 410

Gautier, J. E., 258

Geer, Baron G. de, 14 sq.

Geikie, J., 14, 16 _n._, 123 _n._

Gentil, E., 69

Georgians, the, 541

Gepidae, the, 329

Germanic race. _See_ Nordic race

Germans, the, 318, 321

Germany, racial elements in, 509 sq.

Gesan linguistic stock, 415 sq.

Getae, the, 326

Ghegs, the, 538

Ghuz. _See_ Oghuz

Giao-shi, the, 203

Gibbons, A. St H., 107 _n._

Gibraltar skull, the, 8

Gidley, J. W., 339

Giles, H. A., 215 _n._, 218 _n._, 280 _n._

Giles, P., 34 _n._, 453 _n._, 467, 503 _n._, 504

Gill, W., 197 _n._

Gillen, F. J., 430, 436 _n._

Gilyaks, the, 274 sq., 277, 285, 288 sq., 344, and Pl. VI fig. 6

Gladstone, J. H., 21, 24

Gleichen, A. E. W., 487 _n._

Goddard, P. E., 383 _n._

Godden, G. M., 177 _n._

Goez, B., 543

Goidels, the, 515

Gola, the, 53

Golds, the, 274 sq., 277, 289, and Pl. VI fig. 5

Goliki, the, 172

Golo, the, 78 sq.

Gomes, E. H., 234 _n._

Gonaqua, the, 128

Gorjanovi[vc]-Kramberger, 8 _n._

Gors, the, 544

Goths, the, 449, 508, 540

Gowland, W., 260

Graebner, F., 139, 350, 429 sqq.

Grasserie, R. de la, 345 _n._

Gravette industry, the, 12

Gray, J., 522

Greece, prehistoric chronology of, 27

Greeks, the, 463 sqq., 466, 532 sqq.

Gregory, W. K., 556, 559 sqq.

Grenard, F., 169 _n._

Grey, Sir G., 237

Grierson, G. A., 176 _n._, 177 _n._, 178 _n._, 546 _n._

Grimaldi skeletons, the, 447

Grinnell, G. B., 372 _n._, 375 _n._

Griqua, the, 128

Gros Ventre, the, 370, and map, pp. 334-5

Guacanabibes, the, 399

Guanches, the, 450, 468, 480

Guarani, the, 419. _See also_ Tupi-Guarani

Guatusos, the, 400, and Pl. IX fig. 2

Guillemard, F. H. H., 147 _n._, 247, 296 sq.

Guinness, H. G. (Mrs), 114

Gujarati, the, 547, 550

Guppy, H. B., 137

Gura'an, the, 73

Gurdon, P. R. T., 548 _n._

Gurkhas, the, 170

Gurungs, the, 170 _n._, 547

Habiru. _See_ Khabiri

Hackman, A., 261, 319 _n._

Hacquard, Pere, 65 _n._

Haddon, A. C., on Negrilloes, 126 _n._, 149 _n._, 154 _n._, 156 _n._;
Melanesia, 135 _n._, 138 _n._, 146 _n._;
Indonesians, 221 _n._;
Borneo, 230 sqq., 426 _n._;
America, 336 _n._, 341 _n._, 415 _n._, 416 _n._;
Australia, 432 _n._;
racial migrations, 292 _n._, 453 _n._, 483 _n._, 490 _n._, 493 _n._,
547 _n._

Hadendoa, the, 483 sq.

Haebler, K., 337 _n._

Hagar, S., 351

Hagen, B., 224

Hahne, H., 507 _n._

Haida, the, 363, and map, pp. 334-5

Hakas (Ki-li-Kisse), the, 310

Hakas, (Burma), the, 183, 185

Hakkas, the, 211, 249

Hale, H., 412

Halevy, J., 262

Hall, H. Fielding, 191 _n._

Hall, H. R. H., on prehistoric periods,
21 _n._, 26 _n._, 27 _n._, 43 _n._;
Greece, 466 _n._, 533, 534 _n._

Hall, R. N., 89 _n._, 106 _n._

Hallett, H. S., 190 sq., 192 _n._, 201 _n._, 202 _n._

Hallstatt, Iron Age, culture of, 28 sq.

Hamada, K., 260

Hamilton, A., 170 _n._

Hamites, the, 441, 447, 468-487, 488, and Pl. XIII;
Abyssinian, 486 sq.;
Eastern, 468 sqq., 474 sqq., 483-7;
Egyptian, 468, 474 sqq.;
Northern, 468 sqq.

Hammer, G., 543

Hampel, J., 23, 24 _n._

Hamy, E. T., 50 _n._, 126, 221 _n._, 276, 290, 303

Hano, the, 382 _n._

Hans (San-San), the, 291

Harding, Sir A., 97

Hares, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Harri, the, 545

Harrison, H. S., 49 _n._

Harrison Lake. _See_ Lillooet

Hartland, E. S., 100 _n._, 120 _n._, 430, 436

Hausa, the, 44, 66 sqq., and Pl. I fig. I

Havasupai, the, 383

Hawes, C. H., 27 _n._, 534 _n._

Hawes, H. B., 27 _n._

Hawiya, the, 485

Hazaras, the, 312

Hebrews. _See_ Khabiri

Hedin, Sven, 257, 310

Heikel, A. O., 309

Hellenes, the, 463 sq., 466, 532

Helm, O., 24 _n._

Hermann, K. A., 262

Herve, G., 454

Hewitt, J. N. B., 375 _n._

Hickson, S. J., 119 _n._, 148 _n._

Hidatsa, the, 371, and map, pp. 334-5

Hill-Tout, C., 363 _n._, 367

Hilprecht, H. V., 265 _n._

Hilton-Simpson, M. W., 113 _n._

Himyarites, the, 487 sq., 499

Hirt, H., 503 _n._

Hirth, F., 210 _n._

Hittites, the, 449, 467, 490, 493, 496 sqq.

Hiung-nu, the, 291 sq., 305

Hobley, C. W., 97 _n._

Hodge, H., 385 _n._

Hodgson, B. H., 177

Hodson, T. C., 178, 181, 182 _n._, 548 _n._

Hoei, the, 211

Hoernle, A. F. R., 546 _n._

Hoffman, W. J., 375 _n._

Hogarth, D. G., 268 _n._, 496 _n._, 497 _n._

Hok-los, the, 211, 249

Hollis, A. C., 486 _n._

Holmes, T. Rice, 25 _n._, 174 _n._, 451 _n._;
on the Mediterranean Race, 452-456, 459;
Indo-Europeans, 505 _n._, 507 _n._;
Celts, 514;
Picts, 516;
British round-heads, 517 _n._, 518;
525 _n._

Holmes, W. H., 339, 351, 357, 381 _n._, 387 _n._

Hommel, F., 210 _n._, 270

_Homo Alpinus_, 449 sq. _See also_ Alpine race

---- _Europaeus_, 449. _See also_ Nordic race

---- _heidelbergensis_, 8, 9. _See also_ Mauer jaw

---- _primigenius_, 8, 9. _See also_ Neandertal man

---- _recens_, 8 sqq.

Hooper, W. H., 286

Hoops, J., 507 _n._

Hopi, the, 355, 357, 382, 385, and map, pp. 334-5

Hor-pa, the, 172

Horsoks, the, 172

Hose, C., 231

Hottentots, the, 126 sqq., and Pl. I figs. 3, 4

Hough, W., 351, 385 _n._, 387 _n._

Houghton, B., 183

Hova, the, 224, 240, 242 sqq., 244 sq.

Howitt, A. W., 430, 435 _n._, 436

Howorth, Sir H. H., 172 _n._, 281, 302

Hrasso, the, 170

Hrdli[vc]ka, A., 338 sqq.

Huaxtecans, the, 388, 393 sqq., 396

Huaxtecs (Totonacs), the, 342, 388 sq., 395

Huc, E. R. (Abbe), 280

Huichols, the, 395 _n._

Huilli-che, the, 410

Hungarians, the, 317 _n._, 328 sqq.

Hungary, Copper Age in, 23

Huns, the, 307, 326 sqq., 531

Huntington, E., 165 _n._, 257, 263 _n._, 384 _n._

Hurgronje, C. S., 239 _n._

Huron, the, 354, 375, 378, and map, pp. 334-5

Hyades, P. D. J., 401 _n._, 413

Hyksos, the, 476, 490

"Hyperboreans," the, 285

Iban, the, 230, 232 sqq.

Ibara, the, 242

Ibea, the, 117

Iberians, the, 449, 452, 455 sq., 459, 525;
language of, 454

Ibis, P., 249

Idoesh. _See_ Dwaish

Igorots (Igorrotes), the, 157, 247

Ihring, H. V., 270

Illanuns, the, 228 _n._

Illinois, the, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Illinois dialect, the, 354

Illyrians, the, 460 _n._, 529 _n._, 538

Ilocano, the, 247

Imeritian language, 541

Inca, the, 404-407, 421 _n._

Indo-Aryan type, Risley's, 546

Indo-European languages, 441 sq., 453, 456 sq., 502 sqq.;
type, 504 sq.;
migrations, 505 sqq.

Indo-Germanic.
_See_ Indo-European

Indonesians, the, 221, 230, 235, 248 sq., 551 sq.

Ingham, E. G., 56 _n._, 57

Ingrians, the, 322

Iowa, the, 371, and map, pp. 334-5

Ipurina, the, 348, 416

Iranians, the, 506, 541 sqq., and Pl. XII fig. 6

Ireland, Copper Age in, 23;
Bronze Age in, 25 sq., 502;
racial elements in, 519 sqq.

Ireland, A., 191 _n._

Iroquoian linguistic stock, the, 354 sq., 375 sqq., 381

Iroquois, the, 342, 354 sq., 375 sqq., and map, pp. 334-5

Irula, the, 423, and Pl. X fig. 2

Ishak, the, 485

Ishogo, the, 115

Isleta, the, 382 _n._

Israelites, the, 490, 494

Italic language, 461 _n._

"Italici" of Sergi, 461 _n._

Italy, racial elements in, 528 sqq.

Itaves, the, 157

Itelmes.
_See_ Kamchadales

Iungs (Njungs), the, 196

Ivanovski, A., 316 _n._

Iyer, L. K. A. K., 548 _n._

Jaalin, the, 74

Jackson, F. G., 324

Jackson, J. Wilfred, 353, 520 _n._

Jallonke the, 49, 51

Jaluo, the, 80

James, A. W., 386 _n._

James, G. C., 522

Jansens, the, 178

Japan, Stone Age in, 260 sq.

Japanese, the, 274, 294 sqq.;
language, 297;
religion, 297 sqq., and Pl. VII figs. 3, 4

Jastrow, M., 493 _n._, 500

Jats, the, 306 sqq., 546

Java, fossil man in, 3

Javanese, the, 224, 240

Jazyges, the, 326

Jemez, the, 382 _n._

Jenks, A. E., 247 sq., 375 _n._

Jequier, G., 475 _n._

Jette, J., 363

Jews, the, 494 sqq.

Jicarilla, the, 383, and map, pp. 334-5

Jigushes, the, 52

Joats, the, 52

Jochelson, W. I., 286 _n._

Johns, C. H. W., 265 _n._, 268 _n._, 491 _n._, 492 _n._, 493 _n._

Johnston, Sir H. H., on the Sudanese, 43 _n._, 45, 57 _n._, 65,
67 _n._, 86;
Bantu, 92 sq., 94 _n._, 96 _n._, 106 _n._, 113 _n._, 116, 117 _n._;
Bushman, 121 _n._, 126, 129 _n._, 229 _n._;
Berbers, 452 _n._, 473 _n._;
Egypt, 476 sq., 481 _n._;
Fulah, 483

Johnson, J. P., 43 _n._, 161

Jola, the, 52

Jolof, the, 47

Jones, W., 377 _n._

Joyce, T. A., on Africa, 41 _n._, 43 _n._, 44 _n._, 113 _n._,
115 _n._, 468 _n._;
Madagascar, 240, 244 sq.;
Central Asia, 311, 545 _n._;
Mexico, 342, 393 _n._, 395 _n._;
Central America, 399;
South America, 400 _n._, 403 _n._, 404 _n._, 407 _n._, 409 _n._,
410 _n._, 412 _n._

Jullian, C., 455, 457, 459

Junker, W., 79 sq., 82 sq., 122, 124

Junod, H. A., 102 _n._, 104 _n._

Juris, the, 348

Kababish, the, 74, 471 _n._, 484, and Pl. XII figs. 3, 4

Kabard language, the, 541

Kabinda, the, 110, 112 sq.

Kabuis, the, 178

Kabyles, the, 452

Kachins.
_See_ Kakhyens

Kadayans, the, 232

Kadir, the, 423

Kai-Colo, the, 137 _n._, 343

Kainah, the, 374, and map, pp. 334-5

Kaingangs.
_See_ Kames

Kaitish, the, 436, and, Pl. X fig. 5

Kajuna dialect, the, 542 _n._

Kakhyens, the, 182, 186, 193

Kalabit, the, 230 sq.

Kalapooian, the, 363, and map, pp. 334-5

Kalina, the, 416

Kalmuks, the, 272, 274 sq., 311, and Pl. VI fig. 4

Kamassintzi, the, 317

Kamayura, the, 348, 419

Kamchadales, the, 274 sq., 285 sqq., 344

Kames, the, 417

Kamjangs, the, 192

"Kanakas," the, 137

Kanarese, the, 549, and Pl. XV fig. 6

Kanembu, the, 69, 72 sq.

Kanet, the, 547

Kansa, the, 371

Kanuri, the, 69, 72

Kara, the, 75

Karagasses, the, 317

Kara-Kalpaks, the, 312

Kara-Kirghiz, the, 314, 316

Kara-Tangutans, the, 169

Karaya, the, 415

Karenni, the, 187

Karens, the, 182, 186 sq., 199

Kargo, the, 75

Karian inscriptions, 453

Karigina, the, 415 _n._

Karipuna, the, 414

Karons, the, 52

Karsten, R., 421 _n._

Kartweli, the, 541

Kasak, the, 316

Kashgarians, the, 311, 313 _n._

Kashmiri, the, 550

Kassonke, the, 49

Kattea.
_See_ Vaalpens

Kauffmann, F., 504

Kavirondo, the, 91 _n._

Kawahla, the, 484

Kayan, the, 159 _n._, 231 sqq.

Kayapos, the, 417

Keith, A., 2 _n._, 3 _n._, 5 _n._, 6, 8 _n._, 9, 447, 511 _n._,
517 _n._, 557 _n._

Keller, C., 485

Kelt (Celt), use of term, 449, 512, 514

"Keltiberians," the, 527

Kelto-Slavs, the, 449

Kennan, G., 288 _n._

Kennan, R., 314

Kennelly, M., 212 _n._, 216 _n._

Kenyah, the, 231 sqq.

Keresans, the, 382 _n._

Keribina, the, 70

Kerrikerri, the, 70

Khabiri (Hebrews), the, 490, 493 sq.;
religion of the, 500

Khamti, the, 180

Khanikoff, N. V., 542 sq.

Khanungs.
_See_ Kiu-tse

Khas (Gurkha), the, 170

Khas (of Siam), the, 170 _n._

Khatri, the, 546

Khatti, the, 496

Khazars, the, 326, 494

Khemis, the, 188

Kheongs, the, 187

Kheta, the, 496

Khitans, the, 279

Khmers, the, 199

Khorvats.
_See_ Croatians

Khos, the, 544

Khotana, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Khyengs, the, 188

Khyungthas, the, 188

Kiao-shi.
_See_ Giao-shi

Kichai, the, 355

Kickapoo, the, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Kidd, D., 104 _n._

Kimmerians, the, 267 _n._

Kimos, the, 239

King, L. W., 23 _n._, 27 _n._, 262 _n._ sqq., 481 _n._, 491 _n._,
493 _n._, 497 _n._

King, P. P., 413

Kingsley, M. H., 58, 116

Kiowa, the, 370, 372, and map, pp. 334-5

Kiowa-Apache, the, 370

Kipchaks, the, 312, 315

Kirghiz, the, 274, 301, 303, 310 sq., 314 sqq.

Kitars, the, 316

Kiu-tse, the, 197

Klaatsch, H., 2, 9 _n._, 10 _n._

Klangklangs, the, 183

Klaproth, H. J., 306, 309 _n._

Kleinschmidt, S., 346 _n._

Klemantan, the, 231 sqq.

Klements, D. A., 310

Kloss, C. B., 252 _n._

Kobito, the, 260

Knowles, W. J., 520

Koch-Gruenberg, T., 415

Koeze, C. A., 248 _n._

Koganei, Y., 295 _n._

Kohistani, the, 544

Kohlbrugge, J. H., 230 _n._

Koibals, the, 317

Kolaji, the, 75

Koldewey, K., 264 _n._

Kollmann, J., 123

Kols, the, 548 sq.

Kolya, the, 178

Komans, the, 312

Kono, the, 53

Konow-Sten, 176 _n._, 177 _n._, 178 _n._

Koraqua, the, 128

Koreans, the, 274, 289 sqq., and Pl. VII fig. 5;
Korean script, 294

Korinchi, the, 236

Koro-pok-guru, the, 260, 295

Koryak, the, 274 sq., 277, 285 sqq., 344

Kossacks.
_See_ Kasak

Kossinna, G., 503 _n._

Kowalewsky, M., 540

Kraemer, A., 552 _n._, 555 _n._

Krapina skeletons, the, 8, 12

Krause, F., 415 _n._, 417

Kreitner, G., 194

Krej, the, 78

Kretschmer, P., 529 _n._

Kroeber, A. L., 347, 368 sqq., 374 _n._

Kropotkin, P. A., prince, 165 _n._

Kru, the, 53, 57 sq.

Kshtuts, the, 543

Kubachi language, the, 541

Kuki, the, 178 sq., 182, 186

Kuki-Lushai, the, 178 _n._, sqq., 183;
language, 177

Kulfan, the, 75

Kumi, the, 188

Kumuks, the, 312

Kunbi, the, 546

Kurankos, the, 53

Kurds, the, 267 _n._, 505, 545, and Pl. XIV figs. 1, 2

Kuri, the, 69

Kurlanders, the, 320

Kurnai, the, 437

Kurugli, the, 303

Kurumba, the, 424, 547 _n._, 549

Kussas, the, 53

Kustenaus, the, 416

Kutchin, the, 361

Kutigurs, the, 329

Kwaens, the, 323

Kwakiutl, the, 343, 363 sqq., _see_ map, pp. 334-5, and
Pl. VIII fig. 2

Kwana, the, 416

Kymric race.
_See_ Nordic race

Kyzylbash, the, 497

La Chapelle-aux-Saints skull, the, 8, 9, 12

Lacouperie, T. de, 168 _n._, 176 _n._, 193, 195 sq., 207 sqq.,
294 _n._, 249 _n._, 251 _n._

Ladakhi, the, 166 sq.

La Ferassie skeleton, the, 9, 12

Lafofa, the, 75

Lagden, G., 109 _n._

Lagoa Santa race, the, 339 sq., 417

Laguna, the, 382 _n._

Lai, the, 183

Lai, the, 211

Laing, S., 267 _n._

Lake, P., 446 _n._

Laloy, L., 16, 511

La Micoque industry, the, 11

Lampongs, the, 235 sq.

Lampre, G., 258

Lamut, the, 274 sq.

Land Dayak, the, 230 sq., 426

Lang, Andrew, 151, 430, 437 _n._

Lansdell, H., 280, 281 _n._, 285 _n._, 289

Laos, the, 180, 191 sq., 201

Lapicque, L., 149 sq., 422

Lapouge, G. V. de, 449, 510, 512, 540

Lapps, the, 321 sqq., 324, and Pl. VII fig. 6;
physical characters of, 324

Lartet, L., 9 _n._

Last, J. T., 241

La Tene, Later Iron Age culture of, 28

Latham, R. E., 409 _n._

Lawas, the, 199

Layana, the, 416

Layard, N. F., 520

Laz language, 541

Leder, H., 258 sqq.

Lefevre, A., 536

Legendre, A. F., 196 _n._

Leitner, G. W., 167, 542 _n._

Le Moustier, culture, 8, 11, 14;
skeleton, 9, 12

Lenormant, F., 535

Lenz, O., 116 _n._

Lenz, R., 410

Leon, N., 345 _n._

Leonard, A. G., 45 _n._, 58 _n._

Leonhardi, M. F. v., 437 _n._

Lepcha, the, 547;
language, 177

Lepsius, K. R., 76 sq., 473

Lesghians, the, 541;
language of, 483

Letourneau, C., 36, 448

Letto-Slavs, the, 506

Letts, the, 321

Levallois industry, the, 11

Levchine, A. de, 316 _n._

Lewis, A. B., 367 _n._

Leyden, J., 222 _n._

Lho-pa, the, 170

Liberians, the, 53, 56 sq.

Libyan Race.
_See_ Northern Hamites

Libyans, the, 448 sq., 453, 476

Lichtenstein, M. H. K., 127

Ligurians, the, 449, 455-9, 461 sq., 504, 513, 529;
language of, 453

Lillooet, the, 343, 367, and map, pp. 334-5

Limba, the, 53

Limbu, the, 547

Lindsay, W. M., 529 _n._

Lin-tin-yu.
_See_ Yayo

Lippert, J., 67 _n._

Lithuanians, the, 318

Littmann, E., 453 _n._, 487 _n._

Liu-Kiu (Lu-Chu), the, 274, 296 sq.

Livi, R., 460, 462, 511, 528

Livingstone, D., 107

Livonians, the, 320

Logon, the, 70

Lohest, M., 8 _n._

Lokko, the, 53

Lolos, the, 173, 195 sq., 211

Lombards, the, 449

Loucheux, the, 361, and map, pp. 334-5

Low, Brook, 231

Lowie, R. H., 367 _n._

Luard, C. E., 548 _n._

Lubbers, A., 239

Lucayans, the, 399 sq.

Luchuans.
_See_ Liu-Kiu

Lugard, F. D., 62

Lugard, F. S. (Lady), 73 _n._

Luiseno, the, 355, 370

Lukach, H. C., 56 _n._

Lumholtz, C, 395 _n._, 397 _n._

Lupacas, the, 407

Luschan, F. v., 268 _n._, 450, 465, 492 _n._, 495 _n._, 497 sqq.,
542 _n._, 545

Lushai, the, 178

Lu-tse, the, 197

Lyall, C. J., 548 _n._

Lycia, inhabitants of, 497;
language, 454

Lydian dialect, the, 453

Lythgoe, A. M., 478

Maba, the, 73 sq.

Macalister, A., 511

Macalister, R. A. S., 492

MacCurdy, G. G., 5 _n._, 35

Macdonald, J., 104 _n._, 108

Mace, A. C., 478

Machas, the, 543

Mackintosh, C. W., 107 _n._

MacMichael, H. A., 74, 75 _n._

Macusi, the, 416

Madagascar, 239 sqq.

Madi, the, 78

Madurese, the, 224

Mafflian industry, the, 10, 14

Mafulu, the, 158

Magars, the, 170 _n._

Magdalenian culture, 12 sqq.

Mager, H., 555 _n._

Maghians, the, 543

Magyars, the, 301, 318, 326, 328 sqq., 531;
language of, 282

Mahaffy, J. P., 493 _n._

Mahai, the, 75

Mahamid, the, 73

Mahrati, the, 550

Mainwaring, G. B., 177 _n._

Ma-Kalaka, the, 104 sq.

Makaraka, the, 78 sq.

Makari, the, 69 sq.

Makirifares, the, 415

Ma-Kololo, the, 106 sqq.

Makowsky, A., 9 _n._

Maku, linguistic stock, 415

Malagasy, the, 239 sqq.;
language, 241;
mental qualities, 244

Mala-Vadan, the, 423

Malayalim, the, 549

Malayans, the, 221 sqq., 227;
folklore of, 229 sq.

Malayo-Polynesian.
_See_ Austronesian

Malays, the, 221 sqq., 226;
in Borneo, 230, 232 sqq.;
in Madagascar, 240;
in Australia, 428, 551

Malbot, H., 450, 472

Malinowski, B., 432, 434

Malliesors, the, 538

Malta, inhabitants of, 499

Man, E. H., 150 _n._, 152, 251 sqq.

Man, the, 197 sq., 211

Manaos, the, 416

Manchu, the, 274 sq., 279 sqq.

Manda, the, 267 _n._

Mandan, the, 355, 371 sq., and map, pp. 334-5

Mandara, the, 69 sq.

Mandaya, the, 247

Mandingans, the, 44, 46, 49 sqq., 66

Mangbattu, the, 44, 46, 78, 80 sqq.

Mangkassaras, the, 224, 226, 236

Manguianes, the, 237

Manipuri, the, 178 sqq., 181

Manobo, the, 247

Mans-Coc, the, 198

Mans-Meo, the, 198, 211

Mans-Tien, the, 198

Mansuy, M., 186 _n._

Man-tse.
_See_ Man

Mao Nagas, the, 178 sq.

Maori, the, 552, and Pl. XVI figs. 3, 4

Mapoches, the, 410

Maram Nagas, the, 178 sq.

Maratha Brahmans, the, 546 sq.

Margi, the, 70

Maricopa, the, 383

Markham, Sir C. R., 347 sq., 401 _n._, 405, 409, 414 _n._, 420 _n._

Maronites, the, 498

Marre, A., 241 _n._

Marrings, the, 178 sq.

Marstrander, C. J. S., 497 _n._

Martin, H., 449 _n._

Martin, R., 153 _n._, 154, 412, 426 _n._

Martius, V., 402 _n._, 411, 416 sq.

Masai, the, 97, 468, 484, 486

Mas-d'Azil, 12;
pebbles, 34 sqq.

Ma-Shona, the, 104

Maspero, G., 270, 493 _n._, 533

Massagetae, the, 305 sq.

Ma-Tabili, the, 105

Mataco, the, 420 sq.

Mathew, J., 237 _n._, 428

Matlaltzincas, the, 395

Matokki, the, 75

Matores, the, 317

Matthew, W. D., 557 _n._

Mauer jaw, the, 3 sqq., 11, 14

Ma-Vambu, the, 113

Maya, the, 389-398

Mayang Khong, the, 178

Maya-Quiche the, 342, 393, 397 sq.

Mayorunas, the, 402

Maypures, the, 416

Mbenga, the, 115

McCabe, R. B., 177

McDougall, W., 231 _n._

McGee, W. J., 396

Means, P. A., 406 _n._

Mecklenberg, A. F., Duke of, 113 _n._

Medes, the, 267 _n._

Mediterranean race, the, 448 sq., 452;
in Europe, 455-468;
in Africa, 468-478;
language of, 453 sq.

Mehinaku, the, 348, 416

Mehlis, C., 457

Meinhof, C., 473 _n._

Meithis, the, 181;
language of, 177 _n._

Melam, the, 197

Melanesians, the, 135 sqq.;
analysis of, 138 sq.;
culture of, 139-146

Mendi, the, 53

Menominee, the, 354, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Mentawi, the, natives of, 235

Mentone, Grottes de Grimaldi, the, 9

Mercer, H., 396

Merker, M., 486 _n._

Mescalero, the, 383, and map, pp. 334-5

Messapians, the, 452, 529 _n._

Messerschmidt, L., 496

Mesvinian industry, the, 10, 14

Meyer, A. B., 230

Meyer, E., 27 _n._, 262 sqq.;
on Indo-Europeans, 441 _n._, 456, 504, 506 _n._, 460 _n._;
Pelasgians, 466 sqq.;
Egyptians, 479, 482;
Semites, 489 _n._, 491 _n._, 492 _n._, 493 _n._

Meyer, H., 450

Meyer, Kuno, 515 _n._

Miami, the, 354, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Miao-tse.
_See_ Mans-Meo

Michelis, E. de, 505

Micmac, the, 375, and map, pp. 334-5

Micronesians, the, 551, and Pl. XVI figs. 5, 6

Mikhailovskii, V. M., 277 _n._, 278 _n._

Miklukho-Maclay, N. v., 137 _n._

Milanau, the, 231, 233

Miller, Gerrit S., 560 _n._, 561

Milliet.
_See_ Saint Adolphe

Milligan, J., 160

Milne, J., 260

Minaeans, the, 499

Minahasans, the, 224

Mindeleff, C., 383 _n._