Chapter XVI: Introduction: Object of the work. Data of the Question (2)

Two lectures relate to the methods that should be employed in making a survey of considerable extent, and on the appropriate scales.

Two lectures on military reconnaissance plans; instruments and scales employed.

Two preparatory lectures relate to the execution of a reconnaissance plan, in which the operations of a sham siege are intended to be recorded.

_Second Section.--Practical Lectures or Exercises._

The object of these lectures, which take place on the glacis of the fortification, is to show the students the practical modes of using the instruments, and the precautions which must be taken, together with the most elementary proceedings in topography. They are given to ten or twelve students at the same time, and the Professor is assisted by an officer of the staff. Each lecture lasts two and a half hours.

_Third Section.--On the Execution of Topographical Surveys._

The object is to familiarize the students with the use of the principal instruments and the principal operations, and they comprehend out-of-door work, of which the results are sketches, registers, and minutes made in pencil, and in the construction of plans, and inking in of the minutes in the Halls of Study.

The out-of-door work is performed under the superintendence of officers of the staff, who assist the students in their work. The construction of the plans is not commenced until the pencil minutes have been examined by the Professor.

These exercises comprise:--

1st and 2d. Construction of plans by the aid of the compass.
3d. The plan of a fortification made with the plane table.
4th. The determination of the variation of the compass.
5th. The execution of a second survey by the aid of the compass.
6th. “ “ rapid survey by pacing the distances.
7th. “ “ reconnaissance survey.
8th. “ “ an itinerary and reconnaissance sketch.
9th. The preparation of a plan on which the whole of the operations
of a sham siege may be laid down, as the works of attack and
defense proceed.

RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS.

[KEY]
Cr Credits for Lectures.
NL Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
T Total Credits.
I Number of Interrogations.

------------------------------------+----+------------------+---
| | Cr |
| +------------------+
I. LECTURES. | NL | +A | -A | T | I
------------------------------------+----+------+----+------+---
1st part: | | | | |
Topographical drawing, | 4 | 6 |....| } |
Art of Surveying-- | | | | } 36 |
On the instruments and | | | | |
Topographical processes, | 8 | 12 |....| } |
On Surveys of considerable | | | | |
magnitude, | 2 | .... | 6 | } | 2
On Reconnaissance Plans, | 2 | 1.5 | 3 | } |
Preparatory to out-of-door work, | 5 | 7.5 |....| } |
+----+------+----+------+---
Total, |21 | 27 | 9 | 30* | 2
------------------------------------+----+------+----+------+---

[* The credit is diminished here and carried forward to the exercises, which serve for the interrogations of many lectures. These lectures have therefore really three series of interrogations.]

[KEY]
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
V Various.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
O Out of doors.
C Credits.

------------------------------+----+----+----+--------------+-----
| | | | Attendances |
EXECUTION OF WORK. | | | +----+----+----+
| D | M | V | +H | -H | O | C
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----
1st Part:-- | | | | | | |
Topographical Drawing: | | | | | | |
Conventional Tints, | 1 |....|....| 3 |....|....| 10
Study of Maps, | 4 |....|....| 26 |....|....| 120
Reduction, | 1 |....|....| 2 |....|....| 10
Construction of a | | | | | | |
Triangulation with the | | | | | | |
Compass, | 1 |....|....| 3 |....|....| 15
1st Survey with the Compass:| | | | | | |
Out-of-door work, |....|....| 1 |....|....| 6 | 50
Laying down, | 1 |....|....| 4 |....|....| 20
Survey of Fortifications | | | | | | |
with the Plane-Table: | | | | | | |
Out-of-door work, |} 1 |....| 1 |....|....| 10 | 80
Laying Down, |} | 1 |....| 4 |....|....| 25
Determination of the | | | | | | |
Variation of the Compass, | 1 |....|....| 1 | 1h |....| 5
2d Survey with the Compass: | | | | | | |
Out-of-door work, | 1 |....| 1 |....|....| 8 | 65
Laying down, | 1 |....|....| 2 |....| 10 |
Rapid Survey: | | | | | | |
Out-of-door work, |} 1 |....| 1 |....|....| 6 | 50
Laying down, |} | 1 |....| 4 |....|....| 25
Reconnaisance survey: | | | | | | |
Out-of-door work, |} 1 |....| 1 |....|....| 4 | 30
Laying down, |} | 1 |....| 3 |....|....| 20
Itinerary and | | | | | | |
Reconnaissance,* | 1 |....|....|....|....| 1 | 10
Topographical operations | | | | | | |
relative to sham siege† |....|....|....|....|....|....| ....
Topographical exercises, | | | | | | |
4 each of 2½ hours | | | | | | |
duration, |....|....|....|....| 6 |....| 20‡
+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----
Total | 15 | 3 | 5 | 52 | 7 | 35| 565
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----

[* The description Itinerary is reckoned with the simulated siege operations.]

[† For a memoir.]

[‡ This number is formed with 5 taken from it for the credit of the interrogations because the exercises serve for the interrogations of several lectures.]

RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.

Lectures, 30}
Execution of work, 565} 595.

VII. PROGRAMME OF THE COURSE OF GEODESY AND DIALLING.

This course is divided into two parts--the one part special for the engineers, and the other common to the artillery and engineers.

The first comprises:--

1st. The study of the execution of a triangulation of some extent, and of its connection with the general triangulation of France, executed under the superintendence of the Dépôt de la Guerre, and

2d. Leveling with the barometer.

The second contains:--

1st. The study of reflecting instruments.

2d. The principles of dialling.

Each of these parts comprehend:--

1st. Lectures given in the amphitheatre.

2d. Practical lectures or exercises.

3d. An application.

FIRST PART.--SPECIAL FOR ENGINEERS.

1st Section--Lectures.

These Lectures include:--

1st. A description of the principal geodesical instruments.

2d. The establishment of the triangulation.

3d. The survey and the calculations connected with it.

4th. The orientation of the triangulation.

5th. The calculation of the co-ordinates of the points and their
construction from the minutes of the survey.

6th. The geodesical and barometrical leveling.

The first lecture is devoted to the explanation of the different kind of signals used under various circumstances; on the method of measuring bases and angles, and the principles on which these operations are performed; and concluding with the description and mode of using certain instruments for measuring angles.

The second lecture continues and enlarges on the subject of the measurement of angles, horizontal and vertical, with different kinds of instruments.

The third lecture relates to the corrections and reductions which must be made to observed angles, such as the correction for the eccentricity of the instruments, to the reduction of the angles to the horizon, and to the center of the station, and also on the adjustments of the instruments, or the application of corrections for certain errors.

The fourth lecture discusses the calculation of the triangles and their errors, and points out the best organization that can be given to the triangulation, and the exactitude which can be expected from it.

The fifth lecture also relates to the calculation and the development of the triangulation, and explains the nature of the geodesical operations for the map of France.

The sixth lecture explains the manner of observing for, and determination of the azimuthal bearing, for the orientation of the triangulation.

The seventh lecture has reference to the convergence of meridians, calculation of rectangular co-ordinates, sundry problems, and geodesical leveling.

The eighth lecture shows in what manner the barometer is made use of for the determination of differences of altitude, the nature of the corrections to be applied to the instrument, and the degree of exactitude to be found in the results of this process.

The ninth lecture points out the order in which geodesical calculations should be performed and the verifications which should be exacted.

The Second Section contains five lectures or exercises, and they have for their object to familiarize the students with the use of the various kinds of instruments employed in carrying on the operations which have been shortly described in the first section.

The Third Section relates to the practical application of the preceding principles, and mostly consists of geodesical applications.

SECOND PART.--COMMON TO THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS.

The First Section consists of lectures given in the amphitheatre, and relates to reflecting instruments, such as the sextant, reflecting circle, and the method of using them, and also on the principles of dialling, and its connection with various problems in astronomy; describes also the different kinds of dials.

SECOND SECTION.--PRACTICAL EXERCISES.

In which the students are called upon, in the presence of the Professor, to adjust the sextant, and to use it in connection with an artificial horizon for the measurement of the angle between any two objects of the altitude of these objects above the horizon, and also the same altitude.

Third Section contains the practical application of the principles enunciated in the preceding sections, in the preparation by the students of two drawings, in which they will exhibit the graphical representation of the hour in terms of the altitude of the sun previously observed, and show the various constructions of a sun-dial, according to the specified conditions based on the observation of the hour angle.

RECAPITULATION FOR THE ENGINEERS.

[KEY]
Cr Credits for Lectures.
L Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
I Number of Interrogations.
---------------------------------+----+-------------------+---
LECTURES. | | Cr |
| +------+----+-------+---
| L | +A | -A | Total | I
---------------------------------+----+------+----+-------+---
First Part:--Geodesy: | | | | |
Lectures with application, | 4 | 6 |....|} 21 | 1
Lectures without application, | 5 | .... | 15 |} |
Second Part: | | | | |
Reflecting Instruments, | 1 | 1.5 |}...| |
Dialling, | 2 | 3 |} | 4.5 | 1
+----+------+----+-------+---
Total, | 12 | 10.5 | 15 | 25.5 | 2
---------------------------------+----+------+----+-------+---

[KEY]
Att Attendances
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
V Etats Divers.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
C Credits.

------------------------------+----+----+----+---------+----
| | | | Att |
EXECUTION OF WORK. | | | +----+----+
| D | M | V | +H | -H | C
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----
First Part: | | | | | |
Geodesical calculations, |....|....| 1 | 4 |....| 20
Exercises of 2½ hours, |....|....| 1 |....| 5 | 10
| | | | | |
Second Part: | | | | | |
Drawings of Dialling, | 2 |....|....| 4 |....| 20
Exercises of 2½ hours, |....|....|....|....| 1 | 5
+----+----+----+----+----+----
Total | 2 |....| 2 | 8 | 6 | 55
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----

RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF IMPORTANCE.

Lectures, 25 }
Execution of Work, 55 } 80.

RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY.

[KEY]
Cr Credits for Lectures.
L Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
I Number of Interrogations.
---------------------------------+-----+-------------------+---
LECTURES. | | Cr |
| +------+----+-------+
| L | +A | -A | Total | I
---------------------------------+-----+------+----+-------+---
Reflecting Instruments, | 1} | 4.5 |....| 5 | 1
Dialling, | 2} | | | |
+-----+------+----+-------+---
Total, | 3 | 4.5 |....| 5 | 1
---------------------------------+-----+------+----+-------+---

[KEY]
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
C Credits.

------------------------------+-------------------+----
| Number of |
------------------------------+----+---------+----+
| | Days | |
EXECUTION OF WORK. | +----+----+ |
| D | +H | -H | M | C
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----
Drawings of Dialling, | 2 | 4 |....|....| 20
Exercises of 2½ hours, |....|....| 1 |....| 5
+----+----+----+----+----
Total, | 2 | 4 | 1 |....| 25
------------------------------+----+----+----+----+----

RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF IMPORTANCE.

Lectures, 5 }
Execution of Works, 25 } 30.

VIII.--PROGRAMME OF THE COURSE OF SCIENCES APPLIED TO THE MILITARY ARTS.

Lectures.
1st part--Geology, 12
2d “ On the Metallurgy of Iron, on Working in Iron, 6
3d “ Applications of the Working in Iron, 3
4th “ On the Manufacture of Small-arms, 4
5th “ “ “ of Ordnance, 5
6th “ “ “ of Powder, 5
7th “ On Pyrotechny, 2
--
Total, 37
--

FIRST PART.--GEOLOGY.

_Lecture_ 1.--Preliminary notions. Definition of geology expressed from its applications. Division in four sections:--1st. Mineralogy. 2d. Paleontology. 3d. Geognosy. 4th. Geogeny. (Only the three first are here treated of.)

First Section.--Mineralogy. Generalities. Distinctive characters of minerals. Fundamental principle of a mineralogical classification. Minerals are distinguished as having characters either exterior, crystalline, chemical, or physical; classification of minerals.

_Lecture_ 2.--First class: Simple bodies forming one of the essential principles of minerals. Genus silica, quartz, sulphur. Second class: Alkali and alkaline salts, potass, soda, &c. Third class: Alkaline earths, and earths. Genus lime. Fourth class: Metals. Iron of various kinds; copper, lead, tin, zinc.

_Lecture_ 3.--Fifth class: Silicates of various kinds. Sixth class: Combustibles, minerals.

_Lecture_ 4.--Description of various rocks. Classification of rocks.

_Lecture_ 5.--Use of rock and stone in the arts, and particularly in the art of construction.

_Lecture_ 6.--On the calcination of calcareous stones, lime-kilns.

_Lecture_ 7.--Manufacture of artificial hydraulic lime, manufacture of bricks, stucco, or cements.

_Lecture_ 8.--Second Section: Paleontology. General division established in zoology and botany. General notions relating to the different kinds of animals and vegetables, of which the remains are found in various geological formations. Third section: Geognosy. Lectures 9, 10, 11, 12, occupied with the explanation of the various formations.

SECOND PART.--ON WORKING IN IRON.

_Lecture_ 13.--Preliminary notions. Definitions and general considerations. Characteristics of iron, steel, cast-iron, &c.

_Lecture_ 14.--On iron ore and the various kinds of fluxes.

_Lecture_ 15.--On combustibles. Vegetable combustibles, mineral combustibles.

_Lecture_ 16.--Manufacture of cast-iron. High furnaces, different modes of proceeding with vegetable and mineral combustibles.

_Lecture_ 17.--Manufacture of iron and steel and the different kinds of iron.

THIRD PART.--APPLICATION OF THE WORKINGS OF IRON.

_Lecture_ 19.--Making of projectiles, carriages for guns and mortars, axle-trees and anchors. Use of cast-iron for artillery. General notions in moulding. Use of wrought-iron and steel. Materials first made use of for the making of projectiles, and in the casting of cannon-balls, &c.

_Lecture_ 20.--On the manufacture of hollow projectiles and the carriages for guns and mortars.

_Lecture_ 31.--On the manufacture of axles and anchors.

FOURTH PART.--ON THE MANUFACTURE OF SMALL-ARMS.

_Lecture 22._--Preliminary considerations. Assay of metals. Fire-arms, manufacture of gun-barrels, describing the various details.

_Lecture_ 23.--Bayonets, locks, &c.

_Lecture_ 24.--On the making of stocks. Finishing. Rifling small-arms.

_Lecture_ 25.--Manufacture of sabres, swords, lances, hatchets, cuirasses, and on the preservation, maintenance, and repair of arms.

FIFTH PART.--ON THE MANUFACTURE OF ORDNANCE.

_Lecture_ 26.--Preliminary notions. Metals proper for the manufacture of ordnance. Composition and properties of gun-metal. Wrought and cast-iron ordnance. Moulding generally. Moulding of cannons.

_Lecture_ 27.--Moulding of howitzers. Foundries. Fusion of the metals.

_Lectures_ 28, 29.--Boring. Turning. Carving. Turning of the trunnions, &c. Manufacture and reception of bushes. Insertion and replacement of bushes.

_Lecture_ 30.--Last operations. Proofs and reception of cannon. Chemical operations. Assay and analysis of the metals employed in the casting of gun-metal; proportion of the several ingredients.

SIXTH PART.--ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POWDER.

_Lecture_ 31.--General notions. Various kinds of powder, &c. On saltpetre and sulphur.

_Lecture_ 32.--Charcoal; wood employed; various kinds of charcoal; proceeding followed in making powder in various ways by the pestle.

_Lecture_ 33.--Manufacture by mills, &c.

_Lecture_ 34.--Influence of the proportion of the several ingredients, and of the manner of making it on its various properties. Preservation, inflammation, and combustion.

_Lecture_ 35.--Proofs and reception of powder. Proof of its projectile force. Mortar proof, and various kinds of other proofs to which it is subject. Reception and analysis of powder.

SEVENTH PART.--PYROTECHNY.

_Lecture_ 36.--Preliminary ideas. Objects of the course. Precautions that should be adopted to prevent accident. Mixture of the materials. Manufacture of leaden balls of various kinds. Caps. Fireworks for warlike purposes, used for setting buildings, &c., on fire. Firing cannon and exploding mines.

_Lecture_ 37.--Fireworks employed under various circumstances in war. Signal rockets. For illuminating or setting on fire. For explosions. Petards. On ordinary fireworks.

_Works of Application._--The works of application which are connected with the course of science applied to the military arts are as follows:--

1st. Study of samples of mineralogical specimens.
2d. Study of geological maps to be followed by a memoir.
3d. Memoirs on:
1st. Iron and its applications.
2d. Manufacture of cannon.
3d. Manufacture of small-arms and powder.
4th. Out-of-door geological excursions to be followed by memoirs.
5th. Manipulations relative to moulding in earth or sand.
6th. Chemical manipulations.
7th. Pyrotechnic manipulations.

_First.--Study of Samples of Mineralogical Specimens._

This study has for its object the determination of the kind of minerals described in the course. It is made in sections of ten or twelve Sub-Lieutenants and by attendances of one hour, each Sub-Lieutenant being called upon to reply at least three times.

_Second.--Study of Geological Maps, followed by a Memoir._

The study of geological maps will consist in indicating, by conventional colors, the different geological formations of a lithographical map, and to make a section in a particular direction. The map will be the same for all, and it will be conceived so as to correspond with the geological formation of France, but the sections will differ for each student.

An explanatory memoir will have for its object to call the attention of the Sub-Lieutenants to the most salient facts which will be placed in relief by this study.

One attendance in the halls of study will be devoted to this work.

_Third.--Three Memoirs._

Three memoirs on different parts of the course, other than the geological, will be made immediately after the interrogations relative to each section. Particular data will be furnished to each Sub-Lieutenant. Three attendances in the halls of study will be allowed for these memoirs.

_Fourth.--Geological Excursions._

Three geological excursions will be made in the environs of Metz by groups of ten or twelve Sub-Lieutenants under the direction of the Professor, and at the period of the out-of-door work, so as not to interfere with the current work in the halls. The first excursion will have for its object the study of the lias and lower oolite, met with in the vicinity of Metz. If the time will admit of it, a reconnaissance will be made to the great oolite at Taumont or at Amanvillers.

The second excursion will be made in the direction of Gorze for the study of the lower oolitic formation and to trace it up to Bradford clay, where an important fault occurs in this direction near to Metz. The study of this fault will be the great object of this excursion.

The third excursion will be made in the direction of Forbach, meeting with the lias, chalk-colored freestone, &c.

Three entire days will be devoted to these excursions, and each Sub-Lieutenant will enter his observations in a note-book, and make a certain number of sections, and report the results of these excursions in three memoirs in a specified time.

_Fifth.--Manipulations relative to Moulding in Earth or Sand._

These mouldings of projectiles will be made by sections of ten or twelve Sub-Lieutenants, two attendances of three hours each being devoted to them, one for ordinary and the other for hollow projectiles.

The manipulations for the moulding of cannon will be executed by the Professor.

All the Sub-Lieutenants will be successively called by sections a certain number of times, in order that they may be enabled to render an account of the different states of advancement of the work.

Programme of practical instruction for the casting of projectiles.

1st attendance. Making shot, &c.
2d attendance. Making hollow projectiles.

Programme of the moulds to be executed by the Professor.

Manufacture of cannon; moulding in earth and the various processes to be carried on.

_Sixth.--Chemical Manipulations._

The chemical manipulations are made by sections of ten or twelve Sub-Lieutenants.

Nine attendances of three hours each are employed.

1st. To the determination of the specific gravity and real density
of gunpowder and to its analysis.
2d. To two other analyses of gun-metal, iron-ore, &c.

_Seventh.--Manipulations in Pyrotechny._

The manipulations in pyrotechny will be made by the whole division, divided into three brigades. Each brigade will be assembled in one of the halls at the School of Pyrotechny, and will execute the different manipulations indicated in the following programme, under the direction of the Professor, and with the assistance of the master artificers of the School of Pyrotechny. Five attendances of three hours will be employed at these manipulations.

PROGRAMME OF THE PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS ON MUNITIONS AND FIREWORKS.

1st Attendance. Munitions for small-arms.
{Construction of bullets.
Infantry cartridges, { “ of pouches and caps.
{ “ of cartridges.
Cartridges with oblong bullets.
2d Attendance. Ammunition for field guns.
Construction and filling of pouches, packing in wood, &c.
3d Attendance. Ammunition for siege artillery, &c.
Construction and filling of cartridges, &c.
Charging hollow projectiles.
4th Attendance. Fireworks for war purposes.
Construction of matches, quick matches, tubes, fusees
for shells and grenades.
Construction of signal rockets.
5th Attendance. Carriage of field ammunition.
Loading and unloading field ammunition chests for cannons,
howitzers, and infantry wagons.
Construction of ornamental lances and Roman candles.

RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS.

[KEY]
NL No. of Lectures.
+A With Application, 1h. 5m.
-A Without Application, 3h. 0m.
T Total Credits
I No. of Interrogations

------------------------------------+----+---------------+----
Lectures.-- | | Credits for |
| | Lectures. |
| +-----+----+ |
Parts of the Course. | NL | +A | -A | T | I
------------------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----
1st Part, Geology, | 12 | 15 | 6 | 20 | 2
2d “ on Working in Iron, | 6 | | 18 | 20}| 1 *
3d “ Applications of | | | | |
working in Iron, | 3 | 15 | 6 | 10}| †
4th “ Manufacture of Small Arms, | 4 | | 12 | 10 | 1
5th “ Manufacture of Cannon, | 5 | | 15 | 15 | 1
6th “ Manufacture of Powder, | 5 | | 15 | 15}| 1
7th “ Pyrotechny, | 2 | 3 | | 5}|
| -- +-----+----+----+----
| 37 |19.50| 72 | 95 | 6
------------------------------------+----+-----+----+----+----

[* The first series of interrogations relates to mineralogy.]
[† The second to geognosy.]

[Transcriber’s Note:
The printed Observations column (shown here as footnotes) is
ambiguous; the best guess is that both items refer to Geology.]

[KEY]
St Studies.
Sk Sketches.
M Memoirs.
E Exercises.
Mp Manipulations.
H Attendances in halls, 4h. 5m.
OD Attendances out of doors, 6h.
Attendances at the Laboratory:
L1 1h. to 2h.
L3 of 3h.
P Attendance at the School of Pyrotechny 3h.
Cr Credits.

----------------------------------+-----------------------------+----
Works of | Number of |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Application. |St|Sk|M |E |Mp|H |OD|L1|L3|P | Cr
----------------------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----
Study of Mineralogical Specimens, | 3|..|..|..|..|..|..| 3|..|..| 5
Study of Geological Map, |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
followed by a Memoir Map, |..| 1|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..| 5
Memoir, |..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..| 10
Memoirs on the Metallurgy |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
of Iron, and its-- |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
1. Application, |..|..| 1|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..| 10
2. Manufacture of cannon, |..|..| 1|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..| 10
3. Manufacture of small arms |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
or powder, |..|..| 1|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..| 10
Geological Excursions, |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
followed by Memoirs: |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
Excursions, |..|..|..| 3|..|..| 3|..|..|..| 20
Memoirs, |..|..| 3|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 20
Manipulations in-- |..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| ..
Moulding, |..|..|..|..| 2|..|..|..| 2|..| 5
Chemistry, |..|..|..|..| 9|..|..|..| 9|..| 25
Pyrotechny, |..|..|..|..| 5|..|..|..|..| 5| 15
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----
Total, | 3| 1| 7| 3|16| 4| 3| 3|12| 5|135
----------------------------------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----

RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.

Lectures, 95 }
} 230.
Works of Application, 135 }

IX. PROGRAMME OF THE COURSE OF APPLIED MECHANICS.

FIRST SECTION.--GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

_Lectures_ 1 and 2.--Short account of the general principles which serve as a base for the application of mechanics to machines, under the compound ratio of their establishment and of the calculation of their effects.

_Lecture_ 3.--General composition of a factory; power, recipient, transmission of movement, tools. General method of calculating the effect of forces in a complete factory.

_Lectures_ 4, 5, and 6.--Theoretical rules and the results of experiments concerning the flow of liquids. (Particular reference is made to the principles which relate to the large orifices of machines moved by water.)

_Lecture_ 7.--Gauging of the volumes and valuation of the dynamical power of water-courses which feed machines.

SECOND SECTION.--MOTOR MACHINES.

_Lecture_ 8.--Theory of the effect of water on hydraulic wheels. Determination of the elements of the calculation.

_Lectures_ 9 to 13.--Application of the general theories to the principal hydraulic recipients. Conditions of the maximum, relative to the useful effect of each kind. Results of experiments, &c. (With reference to turbines, those which are most generally employed in the artillery workshops must be adverted to.)

_Lecture_ 14.--Comparative abstract of the usual properties of various hydraulic “recepteurs.” Operations that must be carried on in order to arrive at their results and to their reception in manufactories.

_Lecture_ 15.--Physical ideas relative to the use of the vapor of water as a motive power. Theoretical bases of the calculation of the effects of steam-engines. Force exerted by the compression and expansion of elastic fluids.

_Lectures_ 16 to 18.--Practical notions and results of experiments relating to the effects and to the usual properties of the principal systems of steam-engines in use, as to the employment, reception, and maintenance in workshops.

THIRD SECTION.--RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.

_Lecture_ 19.--Resistance to compression: 1st, by gradual pressure; 2d, by shock. Results of experience. Application to wooden and cast-iron supports, and to the foundations of machines. Stocks of hammers.

_Lecture_ 20.--Resistance to traction. Application to the shank of a piston, to bolts, chains, cordage, and leather straps. Resistance to flexure. Practical formulæ for calculating the transverse dimensions of the wooden or cast-iron arms of hydraulic wheels, of the catches or sails.

_Lecture_ 21.--Continuation of the resistance to flexure. Practical formula for calculating the dimensions of the several parts of such machines. Cranks, winches, and handles in wood or in metal.

_Lecture_ 22.--Resistance to torsion. Practical formulas. Results of experiments relative to the resistance of wood and metals to boring and turning. Resistance of cast-iron plates to clipping.

FOURTH SECTION.--WORKING MACHINES

_Lectures_ 23 and 24.--Of blowing machines. General expression of their useful effect. Conditions of the maximum effect. Ventilators; their use in workshops and galleries of mines. Practical bases of their construction. Blowing machines with a piston. Description. Calculation of the effects and results of experiment.

_Lectures_ 25 and 26.--Description and properties of alternative and circular sawing machines. Practical rules for their establishment. Results of experiments concerning the motive power they require, the useful effect obtained, and the resistance of various kinds of wood to the action of the tool. Results of observation relative to the work in shops by hand-saws.

_Lectures_ 27 and 28.--Machines which act by shocks. Practical formula for the calculation of the loss of acting force in the shock. Description and usual properties of various kinds of hammers employed in workshops. Results of experiments proper for serving as the base for the establishment of lever hammers and pestles in powder manufactories. Results of calculation and observation relative to hammers and pestles moved directly or by the transmission of a movement by steam.

_Lecture_ 29.--Grindstones for powder manufactories. Rapidity suitable to the different parts of the work. Means of obtaining it. Calculation of the necessary motive power. Sharpening grindstones for the manufacture of arms. Ventilation.

_Lecture_ 30.--Lathes and drilling bits. Description. Rapidity of movement and form of the tools, according to the nature of the matter and kind of work. Results of experiments concerning the motive force required, and its relation to the useful effect obtained. Composition of a workshop of turning-lathes for an arsenal of artillery.

_Lecture_ 31.--Boring. Machines for cutting and boring. The form of the tool and the rapidity of its action must depend on the nature of the material and the kind of work. Results of experience concerning the motive power required, and its relation to the useful effect obtained, principally for the boring machines of the manufactories of arms and of foundries. Boring machines, disposal of them in an arsenal.

_Lecture_ 32.--Flatteners. Machines for centering, for making screw holes. Descriptions. Different rapidity of the work, dependent on its nature and that of the material. Results of experiments concerning the amount of the motive power and its relation to the useful effect obtained.

FIFTH SECTION.--LECTURES PREPARATORY TO THE WORKS OF APPLICATION.

_Lecture_ 33.--Proceeding to be followed in the preparation of the sketches of a machine. Observations on the effects of machines, their duration, original cost, and cost of maintenance, mode of making, &c. Indications of the difficulties which are met with, and means which should be employed.

_Lecture_ 34.--Project of a factory (specially for the sub-lieutenants of artillery.) Legal conditions respecting the erection of factories. General mode of proceeding with the project. Choice of motor machines dependent on local circumstances and the nature of the work to be performed.

_Lecture_ 35.--(Special for the sub-lieutenants of artillery.) Determination of the effects supported by the pieces, whose dimensions should be calculated in applying the practical formula of the resistance of materials. Selection of materials.

_Lecture_ 36.--(Special for the sub-lieutenants of artillery.) Principal assemblages of various pieces of machines. Building, foundations, supports of trunnions and pivots.

SECTION SECOND.--WORKS OF APPLICATION.

_Survey of Workshops._

This survey of workshops comprehends:--

1st. Figured sketches and observations made on the ground.

2d. Drawing of the whole and of details shaded.

3d. A memoir containing an accurate description of the machines and workshops, the calculation of the dynamical effect, the exposition of the mode of fabrication, and, in general, the results and consequences of the observations made on the spot. It must be executed by each, conformably with the particular programme, and to the instruction which will be given to him. He is allowed for this work thirty-four days.

_Project of Machines._

This work, executed immediately following the preceding, by the sub-lieutenants of artillery only, has exclusively for its object the establishment of a workshop for the service of the artillery, comprehending the driving machines and the principal operators; or, if there be time, the improvement of the workshops of the same arm, described in the preceding work. This project must be executed conformably to the particular programme given to each sub-lieutenant. It comprehends; 1, sheet of drawings: 2, a memoir. Twenty-six days are allowed for this work,

RECAPITULATION.

NL No. of Lectures.
CL Credits for Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
C Total Credits.
I No. of Interrogations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
| Artillery. | Engineers.
Oral Instruction +----+----+----+----+---+----+-----+----+-----+---
--Parts of | | CL | C | D | A | CL | | D
the Course. | +----+----+ | | +-----+----+ |
| NL | +A | -A | TC | I | NL | +A | -A | TC | I
------------------+----+----+----+----+---+----+-----+----+-----+---
1st Section--General Principles, | | | | | | |
| 7 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 1
2d Sec.--Driving Machines, | | | | | | | |
| 11 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 1
3d Sec.--Resistance of materials,| | | | | | |
| 4 | 5 | 3 | 8 |...| 4 | 5 | 3 | 8 |...
4th Sec.--Working Machines, | | | | | | | |
| 10 | 15 |....| 15 | 1 | 10 | 15 | | 15 | 1
5th Sec.--Lectures preparatory to the works of application, |
| 4 | 6 |....| 6 | | 1 | 1.50|....| 1.50|...
+----+----+----+----+---+----+-----+----+-----+---
Total | 36 | 44 | 21 | 65 | 3 | 33 |39.50| 21 |60.50| 3
------------------+----+----+----+----+---+----+-----+----+-----+---

RECAPITULATION.

D Sheets of drawings.
M Memoirs.
Att Attendances.
H In the halls.
O Out-of-doors.
C Credits.

---------------------+----------------------+----------------------
| Number of | Number of
+---+---+--------+-----+---+---+---------+----
Works of application | | | Att | | | | Att |
| | +----+---+ | | +----+----+
| D | M | H | O | C | D | M | H | O | C
---------------------+---+---+----+---+-----+---+---+----+----+----
Survey of workshops: | | | | | | | | | |
Figured sketches | | | | | | | | | |
and observations,| * |...|....| 8 | 65 | 1 |...|....| 8 | 65
Shaded drawings, | 1 |...| 22 |...| 100 | 1 |...| 22 |....| 100
Memoir, |...| 1 | 4 |...| 40 |...| 1 | 4 |....| 40
Project of machines: | | | | | | | | | |
Calculations | | | | | | | | | |
and drawings, | 1 |...| 20 |...| 90 |...|...|....|....|....
Preparation | | | | | | | | | |
of memoir |...| 1 | 6 |...| 60 |...|...|....|....|....
+---+---+----+---+-----+---+---+----+----+-----
Total, | † | 2 | 52 | 8 | 355 | † | 1 | 26 | 8 | 205
---------------------+---+---+----+---+-----+---+---+----+----+-----

[* 1 note book.]

[† 1 note book 2 sheets]

RECAPITULATION.

Artillery. Engineers.
Credits for lectures assigned to the
interrogations, 65 60
Credits for works of application, 355 205
--- ---
420 265

X.--PROGRAMME OF THE COURSE ON CONSTRUCTION.

The course on construction is divided into four parts.

The first part relates to the elements of masonry and the principles which should regulate the form, dimensions, and the construction of walls, and the different parts of buildings; it contains eighteen lectures.

The second part is devoted to the architecture of military buildings--twelve lectures.

The third part supplies the theory of the stability of construction, and is divided into--

1st section, relating to the resistance of materials--six lectures.

2d “ to the stability of walls of revetments and arches--nine lectures.

The fourth part applies to constructions in water--twenty lectures.

The course is very nearly the same for the Artillery as for the Engineers.

ELEMENTS OF MASONRY, ETC.

_Lectures_ 1, 2, and 3.--Relate to the elements of which masonry is composed, such as the different kinds of stones, usual dimensions, manner in which good stone may be known; bricks, lime, cement, sand, mortar, stucco, mastic plaster, asphalte, &c., and to the general considerations relating to foundations, and the different kinds of walls under various circumstances.

_Lecture_ 4.--Treats of sustaining walls and the probable effects of the pressure of the earth. Of the conditions which must be fulfilled to insure stability. Various formulæ on the subject. Details of construction and on the proper material to be used.

_Lecture_ 5.--Refers to the manner of facing masonry. Openings in walls, windows. Partition-walls.

_Lecture_ 6.--On cylindrical arches, vaults, key-stones. Formulæ for the calculation of the thickness of piers of an arch or vault. Construction and use of tables for the calculation of the thickness. Construction of arches and vaults in different materials.

_Lecture_ 7.--Arches continued, flat arches, plate bands, &c.

_Lecture_ 8.--On the woods used in construction. On the influence of the soil on its quality. Characteristics of good wood. Preservation of wood. Proper wood for constructions.

_Lecture_ 9.--Flooring. Beams. Girders. Joists. Ceilings.

_Lecture_ 10.--Staircases, conditions respecting. Construction of different kinds of staircases, part of masonry, wood, &c.; steps. Construction of landing-places, &c.

_Lectures_ 11 and 12.--Roofs in carpentry. Conditions which should be satisfied. Composition of the roof of a building. On the different kinds of roofs.

_Lecture_ 13.--On the different ways of joining pieces of wood or timber together.

_Lecture_ 14.--On permanent kinds of roofing. Conditions which should be fulfilled by good roofing. Composition of roofing. Tiles, lathing, cut slates, ridge tiles, hollow tiles, Dutch tiles. On slate roofing. Metallic roofing. Metal mostly used. Precautions to be taken with reference to all metal roofing.

_Lecture_ 15.--Details relating to inhabited buildings. Cellars. Privies. Drainage. Chimneys; cause of their smoking. Most favorable forms of the flues, pipes. Bake-house, hearth.

_Lecture_ 16.--On joinery and locksmiths’ work. Flooring of different kinds. Doors. Camp-beds. Racks and mangers in stables. Shutters.

_Lecture_ 17.--Apparatus for heating and for cooking food. Hearth, ash-pan. Grate-flues. Amount of surface to be given to heating apparatus. Furnace of kitchens in barracks. Summary notions on the heating and ventilating of buildings. Calorifiéres with hot air, steam, and hot water.

_Lecture_ 18.--Plan of a building. Projections adopted for the representation of a building. Plans, sections, and elevations. Order in which the measurements should be made, and the sketch prepared. Height at which the horizontal plane of projections should pass, &c.

SECOND PART.--ARCHITECTURE OF MILITARY BUILDINGS.

_Lecture_ 1.--Decoration, without making use of the orders of architecture. Principal conditions relating to decoration. Symmetry, regularity, simplicity, unity, and apparent soliditity. Proper character. Proportions of the façades. Height of the stories. Basements. Horizontal chains or fillets. Vertical chains and pilasters. Proportions of the doors and windows. Arcades and arched windows. Cornices, pediments.

_Lecture_ 2.--Distribution of buildings. Considerations that should have weight in the distribution. Number composing the edifice. Circumstances that guide in the disposal of masses. Conditions that should be satisfied in placing a building. Locality and suitable dimensions. Relations that should exist between them. Interior and exterior communications. Stories on the same floor. Position of the large rooms. Separation of the rooms. Position and arrangement of staircases. Verification of stability.

_Lecture_ 3.--Conditions to be fulfilled in the distribution of the principal military establishments. Arsenals. Polygons for drill. Military establishments to the School of Bridges.

_Lecture_ 4.--Foundries. Manufacture of arms.

_Lecture_ 5.--Refining saltpetre. Powder. Powder magazines. Details relative to the construction of lightning conductors.

_Lecture_ 6.--Infantry and cavalry barracks.

_Lecture_ 7.--Hospitals. Military prisons and penitentiaries.

_Lecture_ 8.--Storehouse for corn. Store-pits. Storehouse for fodder. Preserving houses.

_Lecture_ 9.--Cisterns. Filtration.

_Lecture_ 10.--Military tribunals. Guard-house. Gates of cities. Hotels and dwelling-houses. Officers’ quarters.

_Lecture_ 11.--Preparatory to the execution of a project for a building. Method of proceeding. Composition of the sketch; approximate surface of all the locality; separation into symmetrical groups in the case of several buildings; number of stories; surface of the ground floor; length and breadth of the building between its walls; distribution of each story; verification of the relation between the stories. Elevation of the building. Sketches. Memoir. General details, and details of execution.

_Lecture_ 12.--Discussion before the abstraction of the measurements and the preparation of the estimate of the building.

THIRD PART.--FIRST SECTION: ON THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.

1. Resistance of prismatic bodies to extension and compression. Elasticity of bodies. Modulus of elasticity. Limits of permanent efforts. Resistance to extension and compression of stone, bricks, and analogous materials; also of wood and metals. Applications.

2. Transverse resistance. Some cases in which it is brought into play. Results of experience. Resistance of bodies submitted to the effects of transversal flexure. Results of experience and conventions. Conditions of equilibrium of bodies submitted to efforts directly transversal to their length. Direction and value of molecular efforts. Equation of the axis of the body. Equation of the squaring. Discussion of these equations.

3. Geometrical method for determining the inertia. Application to the research for the inertia of various sections. Applications of general equations of equilibrium and of squaring to straight pieces.

1st. A horizontal piece set in a frame at one extremity, and subjected to a weight acting at the other extremity, with a uniform vertical effect.

2d. Horizontal beam placed upon two supports, and subjected to a
weight acting at its center, and with a uniform vertical effect.

3d. Beam placed horizontally on two supports, and having two equal
weights symmetrically placed with respect to its center.

4th. Beam placed horizontally on two supports, and subjected to a
weight acting at any point whatever throughout its length.

5th. Horizontal beam fixed at both its extremities, and subjected to a
weight acting at its center with an equal vertical effect.

6th. Horizontal beam placed on three points of support, at unequal distances, and weighted with two weights acting at the middle of the intervals between the supports.

7th. Vertical beam fixed at the foot, and charged with a weight acting
at a certain distance from the axis of the beam.

5. Solids of equal resistances. Most suitable form for cast girders. Applications of the formula of equilibrium and squaring to various kinds of carpentry.

6. On polygonal roofs. Conditions respecting them. Arched roofs, pressure, &c. On the stability of walls required to resist the pressure of roofs.

SECOND SECTION: ON THE STABILITY OF REVETMENT WALLS AND ARCHES.

7. On the pressure of earth. Explanation of the theory on Coulomb’s system. Investigation of the pressure of earth by analysis. Hypothesis necessary in order to simplify the calculations. General formula of the value of the pressure, &c. Equations of stability and equilibrium under the hypothesis of slipping and rolling.

8. Simplification of the general equations of equilibrium in three particular cases. Determination of the co-efficient of stability in Vauban’s profile. M. Poncelet’s formula for calculating the thickness of revetment walls with perpendicular face. Transformation of the profile of a revetment to another of equal stability. Vauban’s counterforts, &c.

9. Geometrical method for determining the pressure of earth, whatever may be the profile of the wall and of the earth, taking into account the friction of the earth on masonry. Geometrical determination of the amount of the pressure. Proceeding for the determination, by geometry, of the thickness of a revetment wall at the level of the exterior ground.

10. On buttresses. Geometrical determination of the buttressing of earth, and of its momentum. Simplification of the geometrical constructions of the pressure, of the buttressing, and of their momenta under certain hypotheses.

11. Points of application of the pressure and of the buttress. 1st. In the case of a terrace sloping less than the natural slope of the ground. 2d. In the case of the ordinary revetments of fortification.

On the stability of the foundations of revetment walls.

Compressible soil. The resultant of all the forces should pass through the center of the base. Size of the footing of the wall or depth of the foundations to arrive at the result. Possibility of the wall slipping over the base of the foundations. Use of the buttress to prevent this movement. Graphical method to determine the depth of the foundations. Depth of the foundations in unstable soil.

12. Pressure of arches. Case of cylindrical arches. Explanation of the theory of the pressure of arches. Point of application of the pressure in the five modes of possible rupture. Expression for the pressures and resistances by rolling or slipping. Proceeding to be followed to find by calculation the pressures and resistances.

13. Geometrical determination of the pressures and resistances by rolling. Explanation of the solution of this question. Construction of lines proportional to the surfaces of the voussoirs. 1st. In the case of an arch. Extrados without coping or additional weight. 2d. In that of an arch with extrados in the form of coping, and with or without additional weight. Construction of the verticals passing through the center of gravity of the voussoirs. Abstract of the operations to be performed. Determination by geometrical means of the pressure and resistance against slipping.

14. Co-efficient of stability of arches from the springing. Manner of finding the outline of an arch for a certain given co-efficient. Stability of a cylindrical arch on its piers. Thickness of the piers. Considerations relative to the value of the co-efficient of stability. Stability of an arch on the base of its foundations. Filling in and depth of the foundations of piers.

Extension of the geometrical methods serving for the determinations of the pressures and thicknesses of piers in case of cross vaulting, arcades, and spherical vaulting.

15. Investigation by analysis of the pressures and resistances of an arch.

1st. Hypothesis of a plat-band; stability at the springing charge necessary on the coussinet; stability of the plat-band on its piers; thickness of the piers. Squaring of a tie-beam of iron which annihilates the pressure.

2d. Hypothesis of a semicircular vaulting with arched extrados. Pressures and resistances. In similar arches the pressure is proportional to the square of the radius.

FOURTH PART.--HYDRAULIC CONSTRUCTION.

1st. Classification of ground on which it may be necessary to place a foundation. Soundings. Their object. Various kinds of sounding line. Dams in earth, and in wood and earth combined. Case of an unstable foundation. Construction on rock. Thickness of dams and of the clay work. General disposition of a dam. Bottom-springs. Means of choking or smothering them or of diverting them. Use of sunk dams. Service bridges. Their height and disposition. Railways in great constructions. Their disposition.

2d. Summary review of draining or pumping machines. Choice between the different methods of draining. Table of the useful effect of such machines.

Pile driving. Pile driving machine with band ropes. Preparation of the pile and operation of driving. Pile driving machine with catch. Choice between the two kinds of pile driving machines. Precautions to be taken in the driving of piles. Distribution of piles, the space to be left between them, and the squaring of them. Disposition and driving of planks. Method of drawing up piles and planking. Execution of a foundation on piles. Driving stakes out of water. Machine for squaring piles.

3d. Parafouilles. Their object and construction.

Foundations in mortar under water. Preparation and immersion of the mortar. Examples.

Thickness of sunk dams with the enceint in mortar.

4th. Foundation frames and platforms. Their object and their construction. Preparation of the foundation frames in masonry.

Foundation by packing.

Foundation by coffer-dams. Details of a coffer-dam.

5th. Foundations on solid gravel. Properties of gravel. Case where it is advantageous to make use of gravel. Examples.

Foundations on sunk wooden piles, in gravel, and in gravel and mortar.

Foundation on pillars built in masonry.

Foundations on quicksand.

Species of foundation to adopt according to the nature of the ground.

6th. Banks of reservoirs. Conditions which should be fulfilled in their establishment. Banks in earth; their profile; revetments to protect them; the wet slope; sort of remblai; precautions which exact a large remblai. Banks in remblai and sustaining walls combined. Banks entirely in masonry; movements observed in walls; most suitable profile. Comparison between banks in earth and masonry. Works which are employed in connection with banks of reservoirs. Dikes of inundations. Their profile; defense of their slope against the action of water; their establishment and works in connection with them.

7th. Batardeaux in the ditches of strong places. Situation; profile; details of construction. Weirs. Their object; effect of a weir in a current. Advantages of the wedge or circular form. Height to give to a weir; and longitudinal form of the swelling occasioned by a horizontal dam. Construction of weirs with vertical walls, with a long slope down the stream. Injuries to which weirs are liable. Profile to adopt according to the nature of the ground.

8th. Sluice-dams, their object; form of the piles; distance apart, and dimensions. Details of construction. Various kinds of apparatus for opening and shutting sluice-dams. Play of a revolving gate. Calculation of the dimensions of the two half sluice gates and of the wicket. Carpentry of a revolving gate. Movable dams with iron wickets. Modifications to render them applicable to the retention of water at a greater height than 2.80 meters.

9th. Navigable locks. Canal lock; its management; form of the chamber; profile of the cheeks. Trace of the pier on which the gates work. Means of filling and emptying the chambers. Means of raising the paddle-valves. Wood-work of the gates sheathed in timber. Planes. Details of the pivots, collars and rollers. Arrangements for the management of the sheathed gates.

10th. Gates sheathed in wood; curves. Ties of cast-iron, and lining in wood or sheet-iron. Cast-iron gates.

_River Navigation._--Advantages and disadvantages of water transit. Conditions of a navigable river. Works for the improvement of the navigation on a river.

_Artificial Navigation._--Classification of canals. Conditions which determine the best position for a summit level. Search after a minimum of elevation. Expenditure of water at the summit level.

11th. Principal processes employed to economise the water in passing through a lock. Profile of a navigable canal.

Deep cuttings; their profile. Great landslips and means of remedying them.

Tunnels; their profile. Piercing of a tunnel.

12th. Bridges in masonry. Position; breadth of the roadway; outlet to be left for the water; size and form of the arches; trace of the surbased arches on more than five centers. Expansion of the bridge-heads. Profile of the arch. Thickness of the piles and abutments. Apparatus for the arches and bridge-heads. Parts above the arches. Leveling with the banks. Fixed and movable centerings. Removal of the centerings of arches.

13th. _Wooden Bridges_ composed of straight pieces. Arrangement of the stakes and starlings. Different construction of the openings according to their span. Arrangement of the platform.

_American Bridges._--Arrangement of the earliest form of bridge on Town’s system. Height of the trusses constructed in the form of trellis-work. Modifications introduced to increase the resistance of the bridge. Calculation of the resistance of the trusses.

Arched frame-work of bridges. Composition of the arches. Junction of the straight beams with the arches.

_Cast-iron Bridges._--Different systems. General principles of their construction.

_Aqueducts_ in masonry; in cast-iron.

14th. _Suspension Bridges._--Equation of the curve of the chains and construction of this curve. Tension supported by the suspension cables, their thickness. Influence of the length of the flèche upon the tension of the cables. Inconveniences resulting from a long flèche. Vibrations and means of diminishing them. Limits of length of the flèche. Length of the curve of suspension. Causes operating to vary this length; means of obviating the effects produced by them. Length of the suspension rods. Number of supports to be adopted. Thickness of the piles. Points at which the fixing cables are to be attached. Advantages and disadvantages of chains composed of bars and of cables of iron wire. Some details of construction.

15th. _Drawbridges._--Conditions which they must satisfy. General principle of their balance.

_Drawbridges with Plyers._--Special theory of this bridge. Reduction of it to practice. Alteration of equilibrium and means of remedying it.

Disadvantages of the drawbridge with plyers.

16th. Spiral drawbridge of Captain Berché. Trace of the spiral. Determination of the radius of the chain-roller, and of the greatest radius of the spiral.

17th. Drawbridges with variable counterbalances, invented by M. Poncelet. Construction of the chains of the counterbalance. Establishment of the leverage. Calculation of the counterbalances for the special case of the pulleys in front corresponding to the axis of the platform. Influence of the nature of the chains. Method of allowing for the weight of the small chains. Definitive construction of the chains of the counterbalance. Provision of loose cords.

18th. Succinct ideas upon the motion of the sea, and its action on the shore.

Undulating movement. Height of the waves, and depth at which the agitation is perceptible. Effects of the waves on the coasts. Tides; spring-tides; neap-tides. Height of tides and hour of flood. General currents. Action of the sea on its shores. Protection of level and steep shores.

19th. Sea-ports. Requisites of a good port. Ports in the Mediterranean. Conditions of a good roadstead. Moles and breakwaters. Ocean ports, channel tide-dock, floating dock, and sluice of floating dock, laying-up dock, and sluice for the ditch of fortifications. General arrangement of a harbor.

20th. Construction of moles. Stones dropped for foundations. Profile of a loose heap. Volume of the materials which insure their stability. Settling of masonry resting on a heap. Instances of masonry constructed at sea. 1. Wall of Cherbourg. 2. Fort Boyard.

_Piers._--Direction, length, form of interval between, and profile of piers. Their construction. Passages reserved through piers.

RECAPITULATION.

First Part.--Parts of Buildings 18
Second Part.--Architecture of Military Buildings 12
{ First Section. Resistance of Materials, 6}
Third Part.--{ } 15
{ Second Section. Stability of }
{ Constructions, 9}
Fourth Part.--Hydraulic Constructions, 20
--
Total 65

WORKS OF APPLICATION.

Name of work.
No. Days allowed for execution of work to Students of
Artillery. / Engineers.
Subject employed on.
Observations.

Survey of a Building:
31 // 31
Sketch (out-of-door work,)
8 / 8
Drawing,
21 / 21
Memoir,
2 / 2
Representation of an existing building or a part of a building
by means of plans, sections, and elevations.
The memoir contains an accurate and critical description of the
distribution, construction, and decoration of the building.
Each day is equivalent to 4½ hours’ work.
The sketches are executed to scales approximating to
one-fiftieth for the whole drawing, of one-twentieth for the
large details, and of ¼ to ½ for the minute details.
The drawing prepared from the sketches is made on the scale
of 1-100th.