Chapter LVIII: Introduction (2)

If found desirable to teach them to move together in _large masses_, (in which our militia are certainly deficient,) it can be accomplished by organizing two, three, or more regiments, into a brigade, to be commanded by the chief instructor, he selecting for his _staff_ the most intelligent of the scholars who could relieve him of much of the labor which the systematic working of this large military department would render necessary. Thus those assigned to the staff would be learning the technicalities of the department and the duties of aids, secretaries, &c.

These staff officers, and any other of the pupils who showed a decided talent, should be assisted in acquiring knowledge in the military science by means of lectures, &c., from the chief instructor. An orderly system once organized, with the incentive to improvement by promotion for correct deportment, and of military disgrace for ungentlemanly and unsoldierly conduct, would soon render this military instruction of great assistance to _teachers in the schools_. Let the boys understand that disobedience or improper behavior debarred them from military honors and the whole tone of their conduct would be improved.

Of the exigencies of this war, if complicated by foreign interference, it is impossible to foresee, but every one is aware of the importance of early training upon the destinies of nations, and but few will deny the value of a well-trained battalion of selected elder boys, in case of INVASION or trouble, by their relieving the fatigue of regular troops in mounting guard at the least exposed positions, at the camps, on baggage, or for convoys; likewise to act as drill-masters for the recruits.

The above plan, which was submitted to several Boards of Education last fall, was offered as being the best adapted for _immediate use_, and is therefore provided for the instruction of the _teachers_. If, however, the _Normal Schools and Colleges_ would provide systematically for this instruction, it would be far better as they are the proper fields for _permanent benefit_, as each graduate would there become fully prepared to instruct in these exercises in the public schools.

The views of the Hon. Joseph White, of Massachusetts, respecting military studies in colleges, are well worth noting. He says, “let the drill be regular and compulsory, taking the place of the very irregular and insufficient physical exercises now taken, and our colleges would be vastly improved in their educational power, and the commonwealth would in a short time have a numerous body of educated men well skilled in the military science and art, who will become teachers in our lower grades of schools and in our military companies and associations, and be competent when the alarm is sounded, to lead our citizen soldiers to the field.” New Jersey has just offered a noble example by making an appropriation for military instruction in her State Normal School.

But we must look at the practical working of physical and military training in small district schools. Of necessity they are far behind, in intellectual culture, those in the cities, and owing to the small and uncertain attendance, physical and military drill would also have to be simplified. The duties of a country life are such as not to render these exercises so necessary on the score of health, nor are the pupils wearied by such constant application to study. But how beneficial it would be in smoothing the rough, clownish manners of the country pupil by teaching him the _position of a soldier_, and correct _walking_. In respect to this, it should be the duty of the trustees to see that the drill was taught as far as practicable to the boys (calisthenics to the girls) by the teacher himself, who, if he were not already instructed from a Normal School, would find but little difficulty in mastering the details of tactics sufficiently for his purposes. With as small a number as twelve boys, company and skirmish drills could be taught; the latter is admirably suited for country schools, and would be a delight to the boys. If near the water they should be taught to swim.

It is thus we would teach our public school boys when they reach a certain age, to act together as citizen soldiers and be prepared when called upon, to do yeomen service in the country; to make it their pride as well as their duty, to defend the Country and State which so liberally educates them, let us cultivate in them a lofty and noble patriotism, which shall have its effect upon future generations, for it is upon these qualities, their intelligence and enterprise, aided by _physical strength and health_, that the FUTURE of our country depends.

Although a course of military training in the public schools would soon furnish our State with an intelligent class of soldiers and line officers, yet the _art_ of war in many of its branches, such as artillery, engineering, &c., requires a scientific education, which can not be given in a private institution. Our colleges undoubtedly could, to a certain degree, supply this want. New York city possesses in its Free Academy a college which needs but the addition of two or three professorships to carry out in part this requirement, yet a _State Military and Scientific_ College seems a necessity to which early attention should be given, but to prevent its becoming a tax upon the State, it should be managed somewhat upon the plan of the Polytechnic of France, namely, that pupils at large may be admitted upon passing an examination and paying the annual fee.

Offer inducements in the way of superior education and careful training, and sufficient income would be received from the _paying_ scholars to cover the expense to the State. Thus, from this college, might annually graduate men educated for the most scientific and skillful pursuits of life, and who, in time of war, would richly repay the State for the care devoted to their culture.

As an incentive to the public-school boys, several of the most deserving should annually be sent to this college by the State, and to the National Military and Naval Academies.

There is yet another important matter to be considered in physical exercises for public education, more particularly in sea ports, viz., _Naval Training_.

A late report of the Shipmaster’s Association has shown us that the reputation of our American vessels is deteriorating so rapidly, that unless something is done, quickly and effectually, to provide a remedy, foreign vessels will supersede ours in freighting. The necessities of our navy are too well known to need notice here, and surely these evils which assail the country at this trying moment of peril, should arrest attention.

In large seaboard cities the naval training school, which has worked so advantageously in England and Belgium, could be established very economically by the fitting up of some hall, at a slight expense, with spars, sails, &c. Here of an _evening_, lectures and classes for instruction in navigation and seamanship could be formed. This would be the means of improving our sailors and of forming useful citizens from those who now idle away their time around the streets and docks. The expense would be but light, and the advantages obvious to our merchant marine and navy. This would soon improve our class of sailors and officers, reduce the rate of insurance upon American vessels, and relieve us from the stain which is being cast upon us as a commercial and naval power.

The evening schools of New York city cost $73,000 per annum; a small per centage of this sum would place in successful operation an _evening nautical_ school, which would enable, in less than three months, American sailor boys to acquire sufficient knowledge of navigation to aspire to the quarter deck. The handling of heavy guns and the principles of naval gunnery could also be taught. If a war with Great Britain breaks out, are we to be found slumbering in this respect, and must we wait for the _first gun_ before taking active measures!

We are a peace-loving and domestic people, and we have indulged in the delusive fancy that peace was to shine over us forever, until rudely awakened from our dreams by a formidable attack at the very foundation of our nationality. Every family circle is represented in that mighty army which is battling for the Union, and we know that much of the suffering caused to our brothers by this new and unexpected calling, is due to the defects of their physical education, and to the want of a sufficient number of well trained officers. But the war is upon us and we must meet it as may best become a free nation and be better prepared for the future.

It is the proud boast of England that in time of war she is “Ready, aye Ready,” but a much prouder and nobler cry for us would be, the prompt “Here” at the roll-call of our militia when summoned, like the minute men of the Revolution, to the defense of the country. We want no large standing army. In times of peace let our merchants, artisans, farmers, and mechanics, enrich and develop the resources of the country. It needs their industry and will amply repay their toil. But let them be trained and educated from school-days to their military duties, and at the first note of war let that response of “Here” come cheerfully from our rich prairie lands, from our counting-houses, from our machine shops, from the decks of far off vessels and from our public schools,--one mighty cry of POWER and SELF-RELIANCE from a noble militia, possessing a thorough _knowledge of its duties_; intelligent and earnest in the right; patriotic and strong in its devotion to freedom.

A few words to those who fear the tendency of these exercises to instil a warlike and blood-thirsty spirit, and we will close. To them we say, we would emulate the ancients only so far as we can obtain from them some of their earlier and nobler traits of patriotism, courage, strength, endurance, and health. Let us picture what effect this training would have upon individual character.

Let us take the example of a young lad, entering the public school in the primary department, with perhaps a sickly, indolent disposition, and somewhat careless and slovenly in his appearance.

We know very well from the present system of studies, that his mind will be well cared for, and therefore pass to the effect of the physical training upon him.

The first lesson then is to stand in an erect and commanding attitude, with his chest well expanded, then his careless, slouching steps, with hanging head, are soon changed to the brisk, smart _walk_ of a young gentleman, Calisthenics and exercises proportionate to his strength, and tending to develop his limbs very soon improve his health and impart a youthful vigor and energetic purpose to his motions, which are so much to be admired in young lads and give such rich promise of the future manhood. He soon learns exact and unhesitating obedience, and is taught by precept and example, that no small advantage in appearance is to be derived from a clean face and well brushed clothes. Is it to be denied that he thus learns habits of order, activity and cleanliness which will be invaluable to him in after years?

But his greatest ambition, the goal of all his hopes,--the reward for which he studies diligently, is active and neat in his deportment, docile and obedient to his teachers,--is to be promoted to the grammar department or higher classes, where the boys have military exercises. He looks with longing eyes at their neat, orderly ranks, as they form for drill or parade; their brightly polished shoes, neatly brushed clothes and well kept arms. All this is something to look forward to, and when he has accomplished it, has he not to strive by activity to win his _grade_ and by self-control and obedience prove himself deserving to command others? Manhood, when it arrives, finds him bright, active, self-reliant and ready to become a public spirited member of society.

Let the necessity of military exercises be placed before the boy in a patriotic light and it will induce him not only to take greater care in the execution, but likewise implant a still greater love of country from the very knowledge that some day he may be of use to her,--of use to her in the pulpit, in the legislative forum, in the busy pursuits of industry and the various walks of life. And if the necessity again calls for action, or if the present war is of long duration and tests the strength and perseverance of our national character, let us not shrink from the ordeal, but with a firm reliance upon an Almighty God and a righteous cause, let us go forth in this good fight, we of this generation and our children, and faithfully discharge the duties of Christian soldiers in defense of truth, justice, and our country.

U.S. MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL MARINE SCHOOLS.

NAVY AND NAVAL AFFAIRS.

By the Constitution of 1789, Congress is empowered “to regulate commerce, to provide and maintain a navy, and make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.” The initiatory steps for establishing and regulating a navy were taken by the Continental Congress in November and December, 1775. The management of naval affairs was first assigned to a Marine Committee of Congress, appointed Dec. 11, 1775, which in 1779 (June 9), was converted into Commissioners, and before the close of that year, into a Board of Admiralty, which consisted of five members, two of whom were members of Congress, with a secretary, who was appointed by Congress. In 1781 (Feb. 7), a Secretary of Marine was created to execute all the duties and powers of the Board of Admiralty. In the condition of the public treasury, and “in the dilatory and parsimonious action of the several States in forwarding funds for the construction of ships, docks, and naval arsenals, and for the support of the naval service,” Congress voted in August, 1783, “that it was not advisable to purchase ships for the present.”

The necessities of a disordered commerce, and of a sufficient naval force to protect the navigation of the country, and repel the first approach of a hostile army from abroad, were among the motives for establishing a more efficient federal government. But until the danger of war with England became imminent, a large party in the country, in and out of Congress, opposed the necessary appropriations for putting the Navy of the United States on a respectable footing.

In constituting the executive departments of the national government under the Constitution, the administration of the navy and naval affairs were committed to the War Department, where it remained till 1798, when (April 30) an Act was passed “to establish an executive department to be denominated the Department of the Navy.”

The Act of March 27, 1794, by which the construction and manning of four ships of 44 guns each, and two of 36 were ordered, was called for by the depredations on our commerce, and particularly in the Mediterranean Sea. In this Act the appointment of eight midshipmen, to rank with the warrant and petty officers, was authorized, and the Navy Register bears the names of only eight officers holding that rank prior to 1800. In 1801 the naval force of the United States consisted of 13 ships, viz.: 4 of 44 guns each (_United States_, _President_, _Constitution_, and _Philadelphia_); 4 of 36 guns each (_Chesapeake_, _Constellation_, _Congress_, and _New York_); 5 of 32 guns each (_Benton_, _Essex_, _Adams_, and _John Adams_); and by an Act of that year all others were ordered to be sold, and the completion of any more in the yards, was suspended. But the insults to our flag and destruction of our commerce by the Barbary powers, and the privateers of England and France, aroused such a feeling in the country that Congress ordered a squadron to be fitted out for the Mediterranean in 1803, which proved to be the school in which the seamanship of the Navy was trained, and the gallantry of its officers signally displayed. In the legislation of this period originated the “gun-boat” policy as an auxiliary means of harbor defense. In 1805 the first vessel of this class was added to the Mediterranean squadron, and in 1806 the President announced that 50 more could be relied on for the naval service. Gun-boats, properly constructed and armed, are now part of the system of harbor defense in all countries.

By an Act of Congress approved April 21, 1806, the whole number of able seamen, ordinary seamen and boys, for the United States Navy was not to exceed 925. March 3, 1807, the President was authorized to employ 500 additionals, increasing the authorized number to 1,425. January 31, 1809, the President was authorized to employ 3,600 able seamen, ordinary seamen and boys, in addition to the number of petty officers, seamen, etc., previously authorized, which increased the number of enlisted men allowed to 5,125.

In 1810 an appropriation was made to test the value of torpedo or submarine explosives, as engines of war, and in 1842 to test the submarine battery ignited by a submerged electric wire, devised by Samuel Colt. The introduction, of these “engines of war” into the defense of Southern harbors, in 1861-65, demonstrated their efficiency and inaugurated a new system of not only harbor defense, but of attack.

March 30, 1812, the President was further authorized to increase the seamen, etc., and as far as necessary to equip the frigates _Chesapeake_, _Constellation_, and _Adams_, any law to the contrary notwithstanding. In this Act provision was made for the appointment of a schoolmaster to each ship having a complement of 12 midshipmen.

March 3, 1813, he was authorized to have built six sloops-of-war, and to have them manned and equipped, and to employ the number of seamen which were necessary for such vessels as were authorized by law to be put in commission.

In 1816, in the appropriation annually of $1,000,000 for eight years to the gradual increase of the Navy by nine 74 gun-ships, and twelve 44 gun-frigates, provision was made to procure the steam-engines and build and equip three steam-batteries for the defense of ports and harbors--the introduction of a new element into the naval service. In 1839 the Secretary was authorized to construct three steam-vessels of war, “according to the best advices that could be obtained.”

In 1837, after strenuous efforts to enlist Congress in some systematic plan for supplying the navy with well instructed and thoroughly disciplined seamen, the Secretary was authorized to enlist under certain conditions, boys between the ages of 13 and 18, who should receive special opportunities for school and professional training.

In 1844, $100,000 was appropriated to build at Pittsburg an iron steamer (the _Alleghany_); and the appearance and exploits of the _Merrimac_ and the _Monitor_, in the waters of the Chesapeake, in 1863, introduced a new system of naval construction and armament, not only into our navy, but in less than ten years revolutionized the ship-yards and ordnance foundries of the world.

By Act of March 3, 1845, it was provided “that the whole number of petty officers, seamen, ordinary seamen, landsmen and boys, in the naval service, shall not exceed 7,500 at any one time during the fiscal year,” for which appropriation was then made.

By Act of March 3, 1857, the Secretary of the Navy was authorized to enlist 8,500 men for the Navy, instead of 7,500. During the late civil war the limitation of enlisted men was suspended; and in his annual report, December, 1862, the Secretary states the number of persons employed on board our naval vessels, including receiving ships and recruits, as about 28,000; and in his report of December, 1865, he says the number was increased to 51,500 at the close of the war, which in 1867 had been reduced to 11,900.

In 1864 the Secretary of the Navy revived the system of naval apprenticeship, which was inaugurated under the Act of March 2, 1837, but suspended because the favorable results anticipated from a fair trial were not realized at once, under various disadvantages of a new enterprise, and because Congress, in 1845, by limiting the whole number of persons employed in the naval service, compelled the Department to discharge boys instead of men.

By Act of June 17, 1868, the number of persons enlisted into the Navy, including apprentices and boys, was limited to 8,500--a limitation actually below the maximum which existed prior to the war, and compelled the department to reduce the number of naval apprentices, and finally to again abandon that system.

The number of line officers is now (1871) limited by law to one admiral, one vice-admiral, 10 rear admirals, 25 commodores, 50 captains, 90 commanders; total flag and commanding officers, 177. To these are added 80 lieutenant commanders, 280 lieutenants, 200 masters and ensigns--making the total line officers of all grades, excepting midshipmen (309 including those at Annapolis), 737.

The medical staff consists of 180, viz.: 15 medical directors (captains); 15 inspectors (commanders); 50 surgeons (Lieut.-commanders), and 100 passed assistant and assistant surgeons.

The engineers’ department (total 250) includes 10 chief engineers (captains); 15 _do._ (commanders); 45 _do._ (lieut.-commanders); 100 assistants (masters and ensigns). There are 126 paymasters, 13 ranking as captains; 13 as commanders; 50 as lieut.-commanders. The number of chaplains is limited to 24, and of professors to 12.

Although, strangely enough, not under the administration of the Navy Department, the inauguration of the Coast Survey in 1807, and its thorough prosecution since 1844, when the employment of officers of the army and navy in the work was authorized; the recognition of the Naval Observatory at Washington city, and authorizing the making astronomical and meteorological observations, in the Act of August 3, 1848; the assignment of a competent officer of the navy to the preparation of the Nautical Almanac; the institution of the bureau of Hydrography and Ordnance, in 1842; the employment of three suitable vessels of the navy to test and perfect the plans of Lieutenant Maury in his investigations of the winds and the currents of the ocean, by Act of March 3, 1849; the concentration of the teaching staff of the corps of midshipmen preparatory for their examination at the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, and their removal to separate accommodations at the old military station of Fort Severn, in Annapolis, by order of Secretary Bancroft in 1845, and the formal recognition of the institution as the Naval School, in the appropriations for the navy in 1847--these and other acts of Congress, and the action of the Department under them, are important data in the history of the Navy and Naval Education--especially of their scientific character.

GROWTH IN SHIPS, OFFICERS AND MEN.

The following Tables, prepared by Capt. George H. Preble, U.S.N., which are copied from the Army and Navy Journal for Nov. and Dec., 1871, exhibit in a condensed view the expansion of the military and merchant marine of the United States, from 1816 to 1871 inclusive, as well as its condition in each year from 1816.

TABLE I.--_Naval Vessels, Tonnage, Officers, Seamen, and Cost. Tonnage._

[KEY]
NV Number of Vessels United States Navy.
NG Number of Guns.
TV Tonnage of Vessels belonging to the United States Navy.
TNO Total Number of Navy Officers, including Midshipmen and Mates.
TPO Total Number of Petty Officers, Seamen, etc.
Exp Total Expenditures for the Navy and Marine Corps.
TT Total Tonnage of U.S. Enrolled, Licensed and Registered.

-----+-----+------+--------+------+--------+------------+----------
Year | NV | NG | TV | TNO | TPO | Exp | TT
-----+-----+------+--------+------+--------+------------+----------
1816 | ... | ... | 40,032 | 838 |unknown.|$3,908,278 |1,372,219
1817 | 111 |1,267 | 39,642 | 954 | ... | 3,314,598 |1,399,911
1818 | 115 |1,383 | 39,682 | 948 | ... | 2,953,695 |1,225,184
1819 | 90 |1,243 | 36,512 | 926 | ... | 3,847,640 |1,260,752
1820 | 88 |1,384 | 38,057 | 895 | ... | 4,387,990 |1,280,166
1821 | 36 |1,017 | 33,851 | 876 | ... | 3,319,243 |1,290,959
1822 | 38 |1,047 | 34,413 | 848 | ... | 2,224,459 |1,324,670
1823 | 45 |1,085 | 36,039 | 812 | ... | 2,503,766 |1,336,566
1824 | 49 |1,122 | 36,338 | 843 | ... | 2,904,581 |1,389,163
1825 | 44 |1,107 | 36,174 | 856 | ... | 3,049,087 |1,423,111
1826 | 46 |1,104 | 39,577 | 859 | ... | 4,218,902 |1,534,190
1827 | 49 |1,163 | 42,708 | 877 | ... | 4,263,878 |1,620,608
1828 | 53 |1,243 | 44,149 | 898 | ... | 3,918,786 |1,741,392
1829 | 52 |1,315 | 40,865 | 996 | ... | 3,988,643 |1,260,798
1830 | 51 |1,287 | 40,865 |1,051 | ... | 3,239,429 |1,191,776
1831 | 50 |1,269 | 41,953 | 990 | ... | 3,856,183 |1,276,846
1832 | 52 |1,292 | 42,147 | 987 | ... | 4,947,718 |1,439,450
1833 | 53 |1,872 | 60,002 |1,022 | ... | 4,274,184 |1,606,149
1834 | 53 |1,872 | 67,804 |1,012 | ... | 4,613,657 |1,758,907
1835 | 53 |1,872 | 66,479 |1,035 | 3,627 | 4,209,836 |1,824,940
1836 | 51 |1,969 | 66,281 |1,044 | 3,804 | 6,252,145 |1,882,685
1837 | 55 |1,982 | 69,043 |1,048 | 5,201 | 6,646,915 |1,886,684
1838 | 55 |1,982 | 69,233 |1,104 | 5,650 | 6,131,581 |1,985,649
1839 | 56 |2,022 | 71,396 |1,157 | 6,932 | 6,182,294 |2,096,479
1840 | 62 |2,106 | 74,776 |1,171 | 7,072 | 6,113,896 |2,180,764
1841 | 67 |2,106 | 72,418 |1,222 | 7,419 | 6,001,077 |2,130,744
1842 | 69 |2,044 | 73,895 |1,482 | 9,784 | 8,397,243 |2,092,391
1843 | 71 |2,022 | 77,031 |1,493 | 10,321 | 3,727,712* |2,158,603
1844 | 74 |2,464 | 78,221 |1,448 | 10,000 | 6,498,199 |2,280,095
1845 | 76 |2,400 | 79,592 |1,434 | 7,500 | 6,297,178 |2,417,002
1846 | 76 |2,345 | 80,992 |1,398 | 7,500 | 6,455,014 |2,562,084
1847 | 81 |2,398 | 86,456 |1,391 | 7,500 | 7,900,636 |2,839,046
1848 | 92 |2,401 | 95,755 |1,425 | 7,500 | 9,408,477 |3,154,042
1849 | 78 |2,380 | 92,391 |1,465 | 7,500 | 9,786,706 |3,334,016
1850 | 77 |2,370 | 91,591 |1,423 | 7,500 | 7,904,725 |3,535,454
1851 | 74 |2,336 | 90,786 |1,416 | 7,500 | 8,880,582 |3,772,439
1852 | 75 |2,346 | 90,992 |1,432 | 7,500 | 8,918,842 |4,138,440
1853 | 75 |2,329 | 91,814 |1,417 | 7,500 |11,067,790 |4,407,010
1854 | 73 |2,115 | 91,787 |1,423 | 7,500 |10,790,096 |4,802,902
1855 | 78 |2,355 |112,715 |1,433 | 7,500 |13,327,095 |5,212,001
1856 | 76 |2,359 |111,803 |1,196 | 7,500 |14,074,835 |4,872,652
1857 | 73 |2,332 |109,224 |1,206 | 8,500 |12,651,695 |4,940,842
1858 | 78 |2,231 |113,765 |1,287 | 8,500 |14,053,265 |5,049,808
1859 | 86 |2,273 |132,489 |1,351 | 8,500 |14,690,927 |5,145,038
1860 | 91 |2,329 |133,832 |1,436 | 8,500 |11,514,650 |5,353,868
1861 | 90 |2,309 |133,842 |1,497 | 10,000 |12,387,157 |5,539,813
1862 |383 |2,876 |284,377 |3,493 | 28,000 |42,674,569 |5,112,165
1863 |449 |2,926 |333,841 |4,613 | |63,211,105 |5,155,055
1864 |617 |4,088 |463,107 |6,170 | 51,500 |85,733,293 |4,986,401
1865 |681 |4,662 |470,362 |7,296 | |116,781,676 |5,096,783
1866 |320 |2,688 |336,874 |2,847 | 13,600 |43,324,526 |4,310,778
1867 |273 |2,235 |313,056 |2,770 | 11,900 |31,034,011 |4,304,486
1868 |229 |1,704 |281,629 |2,420 | 8,500 |20,120,395 |4,351,758
1869 |203 |1,701 |255,217 |1,921 | 8,500 |18,985,165 |4,144,639
1870 |186 |1,443 |183,217 |1,853 | 8,500 |15,870,531 |4,246,507
1871 |177 |1,446 |181,738 |2,020†| 8,500 |19,431,027 |4,111,412

[* Change of the fiscal year.]

[† From this number should be deducted 130 mates not permanent officers of the Navy.]

TABLE II. _Line Officers_--_1816 to 1871._

[KEY]
Y Year.
A Admirals.
VA Vice-Admirals.
RA Rear Admirals.
Cm Commodores.
Cp Captains.
MC Master Command’ts or Commanders.
LC Lieut. Command’rs.
Lt Lieutenants.
Mr Masters.
PM Passed Midshipmen or Ensigns.
Mm Midshipmen.
Cm Cadet Midshipmen.
Mt Mates.
TLO Total Line Officers.

-----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+---+--+-----
Y | A |VA | RA| Cm| Cp | MC | LC | Lt | Mr| PM | Mm |CM |Mt| TLO
-----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+---+--+-----
1815 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1816 | | | | | 32| 18| | 150| | | 495| | | 695
1817 | | | | | 31| 22| | 157| 87| | 415| | 4| 716
1818 | | | | | 34| 26| | 182| 83| | 404| | 7| 736
1819 | | | | | 35| 23| | 213| 76| | 362| | 7| 716
1820 | | | | | 34| 22| | 202| 76| | 350| | 4| 688
1821 | | | | | 32| 21| | 193| 62| | 364| | 2| 674
1822 | | | | | 31| 31| | 196| 58| | 336| | 1| 653
1823 | | | | | 30| 30| | 183| 53| 75| 249| | 1| 621
1824 | | | | | 28| 30| | 172| 51| 71| 312| | | 664
1825 | | | | | 24| 30| | 228| 48| | 356| | | 680
1826 | | | | | 32| 29| | 209| 43| 15| 361| | | 689
1827 | | | | | 31| 27| | 228| 36| | 374| | | 696
1828 | | | | | 33| 29| | 229| 33| | 392| | | 716
1829 | | | | | 35| 33| | 263| 30| 10| 435| | | 806
1830 | | | | | 37| 39| | 258| 32| 41| 435| | | 842
1831 | | | | | 37| 34| | 255| 31| 54| 377| | | 788
1832 | | | | | 40| 37| | 259| 32| 74| 345| | | 787
1833 | | | | | 37| 41| | 259| 31| 94| 356| | | 818
1834 | | | | | 37| 41| | 259| 29| 133| 317| | | 807
1835 | | | | | 37| 41| | 257| 27| 178| 272| | | 812
1836 | | | | | 38| 40| | 257| 27| 199| 251| | | 812
1837 | | | | | 40| 41| | 258| 27| 200| 241| | | 807
1838 | | | | | 50| 49| | 276| 27| 181| 247| | | 830
1839 | | | | | 52| 55| | 285| 27| 196| 249| | | 844
1840 | | | | | 55| 55| | 290| 29| 191| 231| | | 851
1841 | | | | | 55| 55| | 288| 28| 195| 262| | | 883
1842 | | | | | 68| 96| | 328| 30| 103| 460| | 4|1089
1843 | | | | | 67| 94| | 324| 31| 133| 410| | 7|1066
1844 | | | | | 67| 96| | 324| 30| 147| 356| |12|1032
1845 | | | | | 68| 96| | 327| 31| 159| 314| |11|1006
1846 | | | | | 67| 97| | 326| 28| 181| 264| |11| 974
1847 | | | | | 64| 97| | 324| 31| 206| 240| | 9| 970
1848 | | | | | 67| 97| | 327| 31| 208| 228| | 8| 966
1849 | | | | | 68| 97| | 327| 31| 270| 181| | 8| 982
1850 | | | | | 68| 97| | 327| 32| 208| 152| | 5| 940
1851 | | | | | 68| 97| | 327| 33| 233| 171| | 3| 932
1852 | | | | | 68| 97| | 325| 32| 205| 144| 55| 3| 929
1853 | | | | | 68| 97| | 327| 32| 197| 122| 76| 3| 892
1854 | | | | | 68| 97| | 326| 18| 198| 89| 94| 2| 892
1855 | | | | | 68| 97| | 326| 32| 190| 66|128| 2| 912
1856 | | | | | 68| 97| | 326| 19| | 46|124| 1| 681
1857 | | | | | 64| 96| | 311| 24| 24| 30|145| 1| 696
1858 | | | | | 76| 106| | 319| 1| 23| 45|174| 1| 745
1859 | | | | | 81| 116| | 338| 20| | 47|187| | 789
1860 | | | | | 80*| 114| | 325| 34| | 49|238| | 840
1861 | | | | | 79*| 114| | 321| 36| | 55|267| | 872
1862 | | | 4| 18| 40| 91| 144| 90| | | 67|220| | 664
1863 | | | 4| 14| 37| 72| 144| 96| | 30| 9|382| | 788
1864 | | | 6| 18| 36| 72| 144| 96| | 88| 2|457| | 913
1865 | | 1 | 5| 19| 35| 67| 139| 113| | 53| 31|458| | 931
1866 | | 1 | 4| 19| 35| 71| 142| 90| 11| 39| 84|450| | 946
1867 | 1 | 1 | 10| 24| 46| 90| 165| 22| 53| 54| 72|421| | 959
1868 | 1 | 1 | 9| 24| 49| 90| 136| 45| 29| 52| 157|344| | 937
1869 | 1 | 1 | 10| 25| 50| 89| 171| 46| 80| 154| 77|286| | 990
1870 | 1 | 1 | 10| 25| 50| 90| 180| 64| 99| 160| 74|251| |1103†
1871 | 1 | 1 | 12| 25| 50| 89| 178| 141|151| 69| 69|246| |1256‡
-----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+---+--+-------

[* One senior flag officer.]

[† Including 98 mates, temporary officers not eligible for promotion and not properly belonging to the Regular Navy, and should be classed as Volunteers.]

[‡ Including 130 mates, temporary officers not eligible for promotion and not properly belonging to the Regular Navy, and should be classed as Volunteers.]

TABLE III. _Warrant or Forward Officers, and Marine Corps, 1816 to 1871._

[KEY]
Y Year.
B Boatswains.
G Gunners.
Cr Carpenters.
S Sailmakers.
C Colonels.
LC Lieut-Colonels.
M Majors.
Cp Captains.
L Lieutenants.
SL Second Lieutenants.
T Total.

-------------------------------+---------------------------------
Warranted or Forward Officers, | Officers of the United States
1815 to 1871 inclusive. | Marine Corps,
| 1815 to 1871 inclusive.
-----+----+----+----+----+-----+---+---+---+----+----+-----+-----
Y | B | G | Cr | S | T | C |LC | M | Cp | L | SL | T
-----+----+----+----+----+-----+---+---+---+----+----+-----+-----
1815 | 28 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 82 | 1 | | 2 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 62
1816 | 28 | 24 | 6 | 2 | 60 | 1 | | 1 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 61
1817 | 28 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 58 | 1 | | 1 | 16 | 19 | 13 | 50
1818 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 11 | 72 | 1 | | | 9 | 23 | 16 | 49
1819 | 22 | 22 | 16 | 11 | 71 | | | | 9 | 23 | 16 | 48
1820 | 19 | 22 | 17 | 12 | 70 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 9 | 43
1821 | 14 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 52 | | 1 | | 8 | 24 | 16 | 49
1822 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 10 | 56 | | 1 | | 8 | 21 | 15 | 45
1823 | 16 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 58 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1824 | 15 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 59 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 15 | 49
1825 | 16 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 52 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 14 | 48
1826 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 44 | | 1 | | 9 | 23 | 17 | 50
1827 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 49 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1828 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 57 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1829 | 17 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 63 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1830 | 18 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 70 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1831 | 18 | 19 | 13 | 17 | 67 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1832 | 21 | 16 | 12 | 18 | 67 | | 1 | | 9 | 24 | 16 | 50
1833 | 16 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 63 | | 1 | | 10 | 24 | 16 | 50
1834 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 65 | | 1 | | 10 | 24 | 16 | 50
1835 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 77 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 19 | 58
1836 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 19 | 58
1837 | 22 | 23 | 20 | 19 | 84 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1838 | 25 | 29 | 23 | 24 | 101 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 58
1839 | 32 | 35 | 27 | 26 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 19 | 58
1840 | 32 | 37 | 24 | 25 | 118 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1841 | 29 | 36 | 28 | 27 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1842 | 32 | 41 | 36 | 33 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 19 | 58
1843 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 35 | 150 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1844 | 32 | 39 | 35 | 33 | 139 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1845 | 30 | 42 | 36 | 34 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1846 | 31 | 42 | 36 | 34 | 143 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1847 | 32 | 42 | 36 | 31 | 141 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 20 | 59
1848 | 38 | 44 | 40 | 29 | 151 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 23 | 24 | 70
1849 | 39 | 44 | 42 | 33 | 158 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 18 | 24 | 24 | 75
1850 | 39 | 43 | 42 | 34 | 158 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 18 | 23 | 23 | 73
1851 | 43 | 46 | 45 | 37 | 171 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 17 | 23 | 21 | 70
1852 | 41 | 45 | 45 | 38 | 169 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 21 | 21 | 67
1853 | 44 | 46 | 49 | 41 | 180 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 65
1854 | 38 | 48 | 51 | 41 | 178 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 63
1855 | 37 | 45 | 32 | 40 | 174 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 62
1856 | 39 | 40 | 48 | 39 | 166 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 63
1857 | 38 | 40 | 48 | 39 | 165 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 61
1858 | 38 | 44 | 47 | 42 | 171 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 62
1859 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 41 | 173 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 20 | 19 | 63
1860 | 41 | 46 | 46 | 42 | 175 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 63
1861 | 43 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 175 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 20 | 63
1862 | 54 | 93 | 60 | 46 | 253 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 24 | 30 | 30 | 95
1863 | 53 | 84 | 56 | 45 | 238 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 20 | 28 | 29 | 88
1864 | 49 | 71 | 53 | 40 | 213 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 21 | 30 | 22 | 84
1865 | 46 | 65 | 47 | 36 | 194 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 30 | 24 | 87
1866 | 39 | 63 | 43 | 32 | 177 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 30 | 24 | 87
1867 | 52 | 59 | 40 | 30 | 181 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 30 | 30 | 93
1868 | 52 | 55 | 36 | 31 | 174 | | 2 | 7 | 21 | 30 | 27 | 88*
1869 | 51 | 50 | 32 | 30 | 163 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 30 | 23 | 86*
1870 | 46 | 52 | 38 | 31 | 167 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 23 | 30 | 26 | 90*
1871 | 46 | 57 | 39 | 34 | 176 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 30 | 30 | 93*
------------------------------------------------------------------

[* One brigadier-general since 1868. The senior officer has always been styled the lieutenant-colonel-commandant, colonel-commandant, or brigadier-general commandant. Since 1868, in the number of majors and captains is included those of the staff ranking with the line. At present there are three staff officers holding the rank of major, and two that of captain.]

[KEY]
S Surgeons.
PAS Passed Ass’t Surgeons.
AS Assistant Surgeons.
SM Surgeons’s Mates.
PP Pursers or Paymasters.
CPT Chaplains, Professors of Mathematics, and Teachers.
T Total Staff Officers.

--------------------------------------------------------
STAFF OFFICERS, 1815 TO 1842
INCLUSIVE.
-----+---------------------------+------+-------+-------
| Medical Dep’t. | | |
+---------------------------+ | |
Year.| S | PAS | AS | SM | PP | CPT | T
-----+------+------+------+------+------+-------+-------
1815 | 43 | | | 44 | 39 | 4 | 130
1816 | 45 | | | 44 | 40 | 4 | 133
1817 | 48 | | | 72 | 53 | 7 | 180
1818 | 44 | | | 44 | 45 | 7 | 140
1819 | 52 | | | 33 | 45 | 9 | 139
1820 | 47 | | | 34 | 44 | 12 | 137
1821 | 47 | | | 46 | 44 | 13 | 150
1822 | 46 | | | 41 | 42 | 10 | 139
1823 | 42 | | | 32 | 40 | 9 | 123
1824 | 35 | | | 38 | 39 | 8 | 120
1825 | 34 | | | 40 | 40 | 10 | 124
1826 | 39 | | | 35 | 42 | 10 | 126
1827 | 40 | | | 40 | 43 | 9 | 132
1828 | 37 | | | 37 | 42 | 9 | 125
1829 | 43 | | 34 | | 41 | 9 | 127
1830 | 39 | | 58* | | 43 | 9 | 149
1831 | 37 | | 46 | | 43 | 9 | 135
1832 | 44 | | 38 | | 42 | 9 | 133
1833 | 44 | | 45 | | 43 | 9 | 141
1834 | 43 | | 46 | | 43 | 8 | 140
1835 | 44 | 15 | 31 | | 43 | 13 | 146
1836 | 43 | 15 | 35 | | 42 | 17 | 152
1837 | 44 | 26 | 23 | | 44 | 20 | 157
1838 | 49 | 20 | 37 | | 45 | 22 | 178
1839 | 60 | 16 | 51 | | 49 | 27 | 193
1840 | 61 | 17 | 53 | | 51 | 30 | 202
1841 | 59 | 17 | 57 | | 53 | 33 | 219
1842 | 69 | 11 | 55 | | 64 | 52 | 251
-----+------+------+------+------+------+-------+-------

[* Sixteen acting assistants.]

[KEY]
S Surgeons.
PAS Passed Ass’t Surgeons.
AS Assistant Surgeons.
P Paymasters.
PAP Passed Ass’t Paymasters.
AP Assistant Paymasters.
CE Chief Engineers.
1AE 1st Assistant Engineers.
2AE 2d Assistant Engineers.
3AE 3d Assistant Engineers.
Ch Chaplains.
PTL Professors and Teachers of Language.
T Total Staff Officers

----------------------------------------------------------------
STAFF OFFICERS, 1842 TO 1871 INCLUSIVE.
-----+------------+-----------+------------------+---+----+-----
| Medical | Pay | Engineer | | |
| Dep’t. | Dep’t. | Dep’t. | | |
+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+ | |
Year.| S |PAS| AS | P |PAP|AP | CE| 1AE| 2AE| 3AE| Ch| PTL| T
-----+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---+----+-----
1843 | 69| 9| 60| 64|...|...| 5| 8| 5| 5| 22| 29| 277
1844 | 69| 26| 39| 64|...|...| 5| 9| 5| 10| 22| 26| 277
1845 | 96| 26| 41| 64|...|...| 5| 11| 9| 11| 23| 25| 286
1846 | 69| 29| 36| 64|...|...| 5| 5| 13| 13| 23| 24| 281
1847 | 69| 33| 34| 62|...|...| 4| 5| 13| 13| 22| 24| 280
1848 | 68| 41| 37| 63|...|...| 6| 9| 18| 24| 24| 23| 308
1849 | 69| 39| 41| 64|...|...| 6| 12| 17| 38| 24| 14| 325
1850 | 68| 37| 43| 64|...|...| 8| 8| 18| 33| 24| 12| 316
1851 | 68| 34| 44| 63|...|...| 9| 7| 17| 35| 23| 12| 313
1852 | 69| 34| 45| 64|...|...| 10| 19| 29| 28| 24| 12| 334
1853 | 69| 40| 37| 63|...|...| 13| 18| 34| 34| 24| 12| 345
1854 | 69| 37| 42| 64|...|...| 11| 24| 25| 44| 24| 12| 353
1855 | 69| 35| 44| 64|...|...| 12| 22| 23| 41| 24| 12| 347
1856 | 69| 36| 43| 64|...|...| 13| 21| 28| 39| 24| 12| 349
1857 | 69| 43| 37| 64|...|...| 17| 24| 20| 35| 24| 12| 345
1858 | 69| 41| 39| 62|...|...| 18| 31| 21| 54| 24| 12| 371
1859 | 69| 41| 39| 64|...|...| 21| 33| 23| 63| 24| 12| 389
1860 | 69| 37| 42| 64|...|...| 24| 36| 23| 92| 23| 11| 421
1861 | 69| 43| 36| 64|...|...| 28| 43| 20| 92| 24| 12| 450
1862 | 80| 2| 118| 62|...| 31| 48| 32| 78| 240|116| 12| 724
1863 | 80| 1| 117| 63|...| 31| 49| 32| 92| 264|118| 12| 759
1864 | 80| 7| 108| 64|...| 32| 52| 48| 149| 252|120| 12| 815
1865 | 78| 22| 108| 63|...| 33| 59| 65| 235| 115|121| 12| 811
1866 | 79| 44| 33| 62|...| 30| 54| 65| 175| 64| 19| 12| 637
1867 | 79| 38| 37| 80| 39| 11| 54| 86| 146| 37| 19| 11| 637
1868 | 80| 42| 38| 80| 39| 26| 50| 88| 131| 21| 18| 11| 617
1869 | 80| 35| 33| 79| 38| 18| 49| 91| 112| 35| 16| 11| 597
1870 | 80| 33| 35| 80| 40| 20| 48| 81| 122| 1| 21| 10| 571
1871 | 80| 32| 38| 80| 39| 20| 56| 98| 93| ...| 23| 9| 575
-----+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+----+----+----+---+----+-----

[* Also one engineer-in-chief and one principal engineer in 1843, ’44, and ’45.]

[† Also one engineer-in-chief 1847 to 1855 inclusive.]

[KEY]
LC Acting Lieutenants and Lieut.-Commanders.
VL Acting Vol. Lieutenants.
E Acting Ensigns.
M Acting Masters.
MM Acting Master’s Mates and Mates.
BG Acting Boatswains and Gunners.
T Total.

------------------------------------------------
VOL. OFFICERS, 1862 TO 1871 INCLUSIVE.
LINE.
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+----+------
Year.| LC | VL | M | E | MM | BG | T
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+----+------
1862 | 14 | 28 | 581 | 60 | 572 | | 1255
1863 | 15 | 50 | 581 | 336 | 754 | 31 | 1767
1864 | 4 | 81 | 516 | 896 | 901 | 47 | 2445
1865 | 14 | 112 | 583 |1280 | 843 | 75 | 2907
1866 | 8 | 39 | 133 | 258 | 192 | 9 | 619
1867 | 4 | 36 | 140 | 251 | 201 | 2 | 634
1868 | 4 | 26 | 114 | 163 | 142 | 2 | 451
1869 | | | 12 | 9 | 79 | | 97
1870 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | 3
1871 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 4
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+----+------

[KEY]
APAS Acting Passed Ass’t Surgeons.
AAS Acting Assistant Surgeons.
AAP Acting Assistant Paymasters.
ACE Acting Chief Engineers.
AAE Acting Assistant Engineers, 1st, 2d, & 3d.
ACp Acting Carpenters.

------------------------------------------------------
STAFF.
-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-----+------
Year.| APAS | AAS | AAP | ACE | AAE | ACp |Total
-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-----+------
1862 | | 93 | 140 | | 364 | | 597
1863 | | 142 | 217 | 21 | 665 | 16 | 1061
1864 | | 197 | 330 | 44 | 1185 | 23 | 1784
1865 | | 246 | 372 | 55 | 1761 | 28 | 2453
1866 | 12 | 60 | 80 | 14 | 301 | 1 | 408
1867 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 7 | 296 | 1 | 360
1868 | 19 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 205 | | 242
1869 | 7 | 5 | 1 | | 61 | | 74
1870 | 2 | 2 | | | 5 | | 9
1871 | 2 | 7 | | | | | 9
-----+------+------+------+------+-------+-----+------

TABLE V. _Sailing Vessels of United States Navy--1817 to 1839._

[KEY]
SL Ships of the Line.
R Razees.
F Frigates.
C Corvettes.
SW Sloops-of-War.
BW Brigs-of-War.
Sn Schooners.
Gb Gunboats.
Ga Galleys.
B Barges.
SV Store Vessels.
BS Block Ships.
UV Unarmed Vessels.
BV Bomb Vessels.
SF Steam Frigates.
SG Steam Galliops.
EV Exploring Vessels.
T Total No. of Vessels.

----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----
Year|SL|R |F |C |SW|BW|S |Gb|Ga|B |SV|BS|UV|BV|SF|SG|EV| T
----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----
1817| 5| | 9| 2|13|12|11|11| 8|24| | 1| 9| 5| 1| | |111
1818| 5| |10| 3|11|13|10| 9| 8|34| | 1| 7| 3| 1| | |115
1819| 5| | 9| 3| 5|13|13| 7| 8|21| | 1| 3| 1| 1| | | 90
1820| 5| | 9| 3| 5|13|13| 5| 8|21| | 1| 3| 1| 1| | | 88
1821| 7| | 7| 2| 4| 2| 6| 6| | | 1| | | | 1| | | 36
1822| 7| | 7| 2| 4| 2| 8| 6| | | 1| | | | 1| | | 38
1823| 7| | 8| 2| 4| 2|15| 5| | | 1| | | | 1| | | 45
1824| 7| | 8| 2| 4| 1|13| 5| 5| | 2| | | | 1| 1| | 49
1825| 7| | 8| 2| 5| 1| 8| 5| 5| | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 44
1826|12| |14| 2| 8| 1| 5| | | | 2| | | | 1| 1| | 46
1827|12| |14| 2|13| | 5| | | | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 49
1828|12| |16| |17| | 5| | | | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 53
1829|12| |16| |16| | 5| | | | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 52
1830|12| |16| |16| | 5| | | | 1| | | | | 1| | 51
1831|12| |16| |15| | 5| | | | 1| | | | | 1| | 50
1832|12| |17| |15| | 7| | | | | | | | | 1| | 52
1833|12| |17| |15| | 8| | | | | | | | | 1| | 53
1834|12| |17| |15| | 8| | | | | | | | | 1| | 53
1835|12| |17| |15| | 8| | | | | | | | | 1| | 53
1836|11| 1|16| |15| | 7| | | | | | | | | 1| | 51
1837|11| 1|16| |14| 2| 6| | | | | | | | | 1| 4| 55
1838|11| 1|16| |14| 4| 7| | | | 1| | | | | 1| | 55
1839|11| 1|16| |16| 4| 7| | | | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 56
----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----

TABLE VI. _Sailing and Steam Vessels_--1840 _to_ 1861.

[KEY]
Y Year.
SL Ships of the Line.
R Razees.
F Frigates.
SW Sloops-of-War.
BW Brigs-of-War.
S Schooners.
SV Store Vessels.
BV Bomb Vessels.
PR Perman’t Rec’g Vessels.
SV Total Sailing Vessels.